St mary book new setting - Catholic Gk Books/St. Mary, Mother of god.pdf · Malayalam Daivamathavaya Parishudha Mariam First Edition : Sept. 2007 Revised Edition : Sept. 2012 Author

MalayalamDaivamathavaya Parishudha Mariam

First Edition : Sept. 2007Revised Edition : Sept. 2012

AuthorP. O. LuiseTripunithura

© Reserved

Printed atViani Printings, Kochi-18Ph : 0484 - 2401635

Published byMar Louis PublicationsKochi - 31

Distributed byMar Louis Arts & Book CentreBroadway, ErnakulamKochi - 682 031, Ph : 0484-2352110website : www.marlouiskochi.come-mail : [email protected]

Price : 75/-

ssZh-am-Xm-hmb

]cn-ip≤ adnbw-(hnizmkm[njvTnXamb

Hcp amXrhn⁄m\{KŸw)

D≈-S°wA≤ymbw t]Pv

I. ]cnip≤ adnbØns‚ PohNcn{Xw 13

1. ]cn. adnbØns‚ amXm]nXm°ƒ 15

2. ]cn. adnbØns‚ P\\hpw _meyImehpw 17

3. ]cn. adnbhpw hn. butk∏pw 19

4. ]cn. adnbw I¿Øm-hns‚ AΩ 23

5. ]cn. adnbØns‚ kzm¿§mtcm]Ww 27

II. ]cn. adnbw k`m-{]-t_m-[-\-ß-fn¬ 33

6. ssZh amXmhv 35

7. Aa-tem-¤h amXmhv 37

8. I\yI amXmhv 39

9. kz¿§m-tcm-]nX amXmhv 43

10. amXm-hns‚ am≤yÿyw 47

11. ]cn. adnbw k`-bpsS amXmhpw amXr-Ibpw {]Xo-Ihpw 51

III. ]cn. adnbw hnhn[ ho£-W-ß-fn¬ 53

12. ]cn. adnbw hnip≤ {KŸ-Øn¬ 55

13. ]cn. adnbw k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑mcpsS ZrjvSn-bn¬ 59

14. ]cn. adnbw hnip≤cpsS ho£-W-Øn¬ 63

15. ]cn. adnbw am¿-∏m-∏-amcpsS Im-gvN-∏m-Sn¬ 65

16. ]cn. adnbw Nn{X-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw hy‡n-I-fn-eq-sSbpw 67

IV. ]cn. adnbØns‚ {]Xy-£o-I-c-W-ßƒ 71

17. I¿Ω-e- am-Xmhv 72

18. eq¿±v amXmhv 73

19. ^m-Øna amXmhv 75

20. thfm-¶Æn amXmhv 89

21. h√m¿]mS-ØΩ 92

22. sImcń apØn 96

23. amXmhv Kc-_-μmfn¬ 98

24. tdmkm anÃn° amXmhv 103

25. amXr-Z¿-i\w hnhn[ ÿe-ß-fn¬ 105

V. Xncp\mfpIfpw `‡nIr-Xy-ßfpw 113

26. adn-b-Øns‚ hnae lrZbw 115

27. adn-b-Øns‚ cm⁄n-]Zw 117

28. hymIp-e -am-Xmhv 118

29. \nXy-k-lmb amXmhv 119

30. P]-am-ebpw a‰p {]m¿∞-\-Ifpw 123

31. `‡-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw `‡n-Ir-Xy-ßfpw 131

]cn-ip≤ I\y-Im-am-Xmhv ss{IkvX-hsc kw_-‘n®v Aaq-ey-

amb Hcp \n[n-Ipw-àm-Wv. ]nXm-hmb ssZh-Øn¬\n∂p≈ kv\nKvZm-

\p{Klw Hgp-In-h-cp∂ \o¿®m-em-W-hƒ. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ k`

Bbncw \mhp-IƒsIm≠p adn-bsØ hmgvØn-∏m-Sp-∂p. ssZh-am-Xm-

hn-s\-°p-dn®v F{Xtbm {KŸ-Im-c-∑m-cmWv hnti-j hnti-j-W-ßƒ

Fgp-Xn-sh-®n-́ p-≈-Xv. Ah-sb√mw kw{K-ln-s®-gp-Xnb IrXn-bmWv ]n.H.-

eq-bn-kns‚ ssZh-am-Xm-hmb ]cn-ip-≤-a-dn-bw.

adn-b-Øns‚ Pohn-X-I-Y, k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑mcpw am¿∏m-∏-amcpw hnip-

≤-∑mcpw I\yIm amXm-hn-s\-°p-dn®v ]d™ Imcy-ßƒ, adn-bsØ

kw_-‘n-®p≈ hnhn-[-Xcw `‡n-Iƒ, amXm-hns‚ {]Xy-£o-I-c-W-

ßƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw Iqń-t®¿Øp≈ {]IrX {KŸw ssZh-I-\y-I-

tbmSv `‡n-bp-≈-h¿°v F∂pw Acn-In¬ kq£n-°m-hp∂ IrXn-bm-

Wv. I\y-Im-a-dn-bsØ CIgvØn ]d-bp-∂-h¿°v \s√mcp adp-]-Sn-bmWv

Cu {KŸ-Ønse Hmtcm ]cm-a¿i-hpw.

]n.-H.- eq-bnkv Cu {KŸw Xøm-dm-°m≥ [mcmfw kabw sNe-h-

gn-®n-´p-≠v. IqSm-sX, Zo¿L-amb {]m¿∞-\bpw CXn\v ]n∂n-ep≠v

F∂Xp kphn-Zn-X-am-Wv. Bg-amb acn-b-̀ -‡n-bm¬ {]tNm-Zn-X-\m-bmWv

eqbnkv CX-n\mbn Cd-ßn-∏p-d-s∏-́ -Xv. Xm≥ kvt\ln-°p∂ AΩ-bpsS

IWvT-Øn¬ Nm¿Ønb at\m-⁄-amb Hcp kpIr-Xm-lm-c-ambn

eqbn-kn\v Cu \n_-‘sØ IW-°m-°mw. thfm-¶Æn amXm-hv,

sImcń amXm-hv, h√m¿]mSw amXmhv F∂o ]c-am¿i-ß-fn-eqsS `mc-

X-Øn\v adn-b-tØm-Sp≈ _‘w {KŸ-Im-c≥ hc-®p-Im-´p-tºmƒ AXv

`mc-Xo-b¿°v ]cn-ip≤ AΩ-tbm-Sp≈ Bflo-b-_‘w Bg-am-°m≥

klm-b-I-cam-Wv. {KŸ-Im-c\v F√m-hn[ A\p-{K-l-ßfpw D≠m-

Is´sb∂v {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p.

+tPm¿Pv I¿±n-\mƒ Be-t©cn

kotdm ae-_m¿ k`-bpsS taP¿ B¿®v _nj∏v

au≠v sk‚ v tXmakv Im°-\mSv

Biwk

Pqsse 19, 2012

""ssZh-am-Xm-hmb ]cn-ip≤ adnbw'' F∂ t]cn¬ {ioam≥ eqbnkv cNn®

{KŸw hmbn-®p. Ncn{Xhpw ]mc-º-cyhpw hnizm-khpw Iqń-bn-W°n cNn®

Cu {KŸ-Øns‚ D≈-S-°hpw Ah-Xc-Whpw Rm≥ {]Xo-£n-®-Xn-tesd

BI¿j-Wo-b-ambpw hn⁄m-\-{]-Z-ambpw D]-Im-c-{]-Z-ambpw A\p-̀ -h-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Hcp ssZh-imkv{X {KŸ-sa-∂-Xn-s\-°m-tfsd ]cn-ip≤ I\yI-ma-dn-b-Øns‚

Pohn-X-sØbpw kz`mh khn-ti-j-X-I-sfbpw a°tfmSp≈ kvt\l-

sØbpwIpdn®v [ym\n-°m≥ klm-bn-°p∂ Hcp {KŸ-ambn CXns\ hnti-jn-

∏n-°m-\mWv Rm≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂-Xv. \o≠ Ggp-h¿j-ß-fmbn {KŸ-Im-c≥

I\y-Im-am-Xm-hn-s\-°p-dn®p ]Tn-°p-hm\pw [ym\n-°p-hm\pw ]cn-{i-an-®-Xns‚

ê-ß-fmWv Cu {KŸ-Øns‚ D≈-S-°w. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂ Bg-amb Hcp

A\p-̀ hw A\p-hm-N-I-cn-ep-f-hm-°m≥ Cu {KŸ-Øn\v km[n°pw.

H∂n-\pw kabw XnI-bp-∂n√ F∂p ]cm-Xn-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp temI-ØnemWv

\mw Pohn-°p-∂Xv. AXn-th-K-Øn¬ _lp-Zqcw k©-cn-°p-hm-\m-{K-ln-°p-∂-

h-cmWv \msa√mw. CXn-\n-Sbv°v Bg-ta-dnb ssZh-im-kv{X-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ hmbn-

°p-hm-\p≈ ka-btam kmh-Im-itam \ap-°n-√. AtX-k-abwXs∂ hnizmk

kXy-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ A⁄X ImcWw [mcmfw t]¿ hgn-sX-‰n-t]m-Ip-∂p-ap-

≠v. C∂sØ temI-Øns‚ Cu at\m-̀ mhw a\- n-em-°n-sIm≠v {KŸ-Im-c≥

IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ Ipd®p t]Pp-I-fn¬ BI¿j-Wo-b-amb coXn-bn¬ Ah-X-

cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ {ian-°p-∂p. {KŸ-Im-cs‚ Cu kao-]\w XnI®pw Imtem-Nn-

Xhpw A`n\μ\m¿l-hp-am-Wv.

]cn-ip≤ I\y-Im-a-dn-b-Øns‚ apºn-en-cp∂v kvt\l-]q¿Δw [ym\n-°p-

Ibpw Cu kvt\lm-\p-̀ hw Cu {KŸ-Øn-eqsS At\-I¿°v ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-

°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ {ioam≥ ]n. H. eqbnkn\v F√m-hn[ hnP-b-ßfpw ssZh-

Øns‚ kar-≤-amb A\p-{K-lm-»n- p-Ifpw t\cp-∂p. \ΩpsS kz¿§ob amXm-

hmb adn-bsØ IqSp-X¬ Adn-bp-hm\pw kvt\ln-°p-hm\pw B AΩ ImWn-

®p-X-cp∂ c£bpsS am¿§-Øn-eqsS apt∂m´p t]mIp-hm-\papff {]tNm-Z\w

At\-I¿°v e`n-°p-hm≥ Cu {KŸw D]-I-cn-°-s -́sb∂v {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p.

+tUm. kqk-]mIyw Fw.

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw, B¿®v _nj∏v

01-˛09˛2007 Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw -eØo≥ AXn-cq-]X

Biwk

Biwk

"ss{IkvXh s]mXp-hn-⁄m\w' F∂ an\n F≥sskt¢m

]oUnbbpsS cN-bn-Xmhv F∂ \ne-bn¬ {]Jym-X-\mb {io. ]n. H.

eqbnkns‚ as‰mcp hnin-jvS-{K-Ÿ-amWv "ssZh-am-Xm-hmb ]cn-ip-≤

-a-dnbw'. ssZh-Øns‚ c£-mI-c-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ amXm-hns‚ ]¶v F{X-

tØmfw Ds≠∂p hy‡-am-°p∂ Cu {KŸw Xncp- -`-bpsS {]t_m-

[-\-ß-fn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amWv. km[m-c-W-°m¿°v Ffp∏w hmbn-®p-

a\- n-em-°m≥ ]‰nb efn-X-a-t\m-l-c-amb cN-\m-k-{º-Zm-bhpw Ah-

X-c-W coXnbpamWv {KŸ-Im-c-t‚-sX∂v FSp-Øp-]-d-bp-hm≥ \mw

B{K-ln-°p-∂p. ItØm-en°m hnizm-k-Øn-\-\p-kr-X-ambn Fgp-Xn-

bn´p≈ Hcp amXr-hn-⁄m\{KŸ-sa∂ \nebv°v CXn\v {]Npc

{]Nmcw D≠m-Is´ F∂v Biw-kn-°p-∂p. ssZh-Z-Ø-amb Xme-¥p-

Iƒ ]Xn∑-S-ßmbn h¿≤n-∏n®v kmln-Xy-kr-jvSn-I-fmbn Xncp-

ap¬°mgvN A¿∏n-°p∂ {io. ]n. H. eqbn-kns\ k¿h-i-‡-\mb

ssZhw F√m Ir]-Ifpw \evIn A\p-{K-ln-°-s´.

+tamdm≥ tam¿ _t -en-tbmkv ¢oaokv

ImtXmen-°m- _mh

kotdm ae-¶c k`-bpsS taP¿ B¿®v _nj∏v

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw,

08-˛09˛2007

AhXmcnI

ssZh-Om-b-bn¬ krjvSn-°-s∏´ a\p-jy≥ Imem-Im-eßfn¬

Ahs‚ kzX-kn-≤-amb Ign-hp-Isf hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-Ibpw Hcp

]cn-[n-hsc {]IrXni‡n-IsfØs∂ Ahs‚ A[o-\-X-bn-em-°p-

Ibpw sNbvXpIgn-™p. Iºyp-´¿ bpK-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-tØmsS

temIw apgp-h≥ a\p-jys‚ ssIhn-c¬Øpºp-I-fn¬ HXp-ßn-°-gn-

™p. im-kv{X-km-t¶-XnI hnkvt^m-S\w, krjvSn-bmb a\p-jys\

krjvSm-hmb ssZh-Øn-¶-te°v IqSp-X¬ ASp-∏n-t°-≠-Xn\p]Icw

ssZhm-ÿn-XzsØØs∂ tNmZyw sNø-s∏-Sp∂ Zpc-h-ÿ-bn-te°v

FØn-®n-cn-°-bm-Wv. Hcp ImeØv IpSpw_˛k`m˛kmaq-lnI afi-

e-ß-fn¬ ]c-tam-∂-X-ß-fmbn Icp-Xn-bn-cp∂ ]eXpw aqey-NypXn kw -̀

hn®v Dd-sI-´p-t]mb D∏p-t]msebmbn-Øo¿∂p. \∑-bm-bn- I-cp-Xn-bn-

cp∂ kXy-Øn\pw \oXn°pw k∑m¿§-Øn\pw a\p-jy-lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬

ÿm\-an-√m-Xmbn. sSen-hn-j≥ Nm\-ep-Ifpw C‚¿s\‰pw IpSpw_

{]m¿∞-\-bp-sSbpw Xncp-h-N\]cm-b-W-Øn-s‚bpw ÿm\w ssIbS-

°n-°-gn-™p. Bkzm-Zy-I-c-a-√mØ F¥n-s\bpw tNmZyw sNøm\pw

\ncm-I-cn-°m-\p-ap≈ {]h-WX Ipń-I-fnepw apXn¿∂-h-cnepw Hcp-

t]mse hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Al-sa∂p am{Xw Nn¥-bp-≈-h≥

A]-cs\ ]mtS ad∂pw Ign-™p. C{]-Im-c-ap≈ kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬,

`qan-bpsS D∏pw temI-Øns‚ shfn-®-hp-ambn h¿Øn-t°-≠- k-̀ -bpsS

ZuXy-\n¿h-lWw ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ {]Xn-k-‘n-L-´-ßsfbmWv A`n-

ap-Jo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hnØn-s‚bpw If-I-fp-sSbpw D]-a-bn-

se∂t]mse kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-fmb k`m-X-\-b¿°p sX‰n-[m-cW Df-

hm-°-Ø-°hn[w hN-\sØ hf-s®m-Sn®pw Zp¿hymJym\w sNbvXpw

ssZh-h-N-\-Øn¬ am{Xw hniz-kn-°p-∂-h¿ F∂p hoºn-f-°p-∂-hcpw

"c£n-°-s∏-´-h¿' F∂p kzbw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cp-amb Hcp Iq´¿

k`m-a-°ƒ°p hcp-Øn-°q-´p∂ hn]-Øp-Iƒ h¿Æ-\m-Xo-X-am-Wv.

tbip-X-ºp-cm≥ Ahn-SpsØ AΩsb kv{Xosb∂p hnfn-®Xpw, `qan-

bn¬ Bscbpw ]nXm-sh∂p hnfn-°-cp-sX∂p ]d-™Xpw, GI a≤y-

ÿs\ D≈p-sh∂pw a‰p-ap≈ Btcm-]-W-ßƒ Db¿Øn N©eam\-

k-cmb ]e-scbpw C°q´¿ ]Sp-Ip-gn-bn¬ NmSn-°m-dp≠v. Cu Zpc-h-

ÿ-bn¬ \n∂pw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc k`m-a-°sf c£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw hnizm-

k-Øn¬ Dd-∏-n-°p-∂-Xn\pw {io. ]n.H. eqbn-kns‚ ""ssZh-am-Xm-hmb

]cn. adnbw'' F∂ {KŸw D]-I-cn-°-s∏Spw F∂p≈Xn¬ c≠p ]£-

an-√. ]cn-ip-≤-a-dnbw ssZh-am-Xm-hm-sW∂pw c£m-I-c-N-cn-{X-Øn¬

adnbw hln® ]¶v F{X al-\o-b-am-sW∂pw ]Tn-°p-tºm-gmWv ]cn.

adn-bsØ \mw IqSp-X-embn BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw _lp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw

sNøpI.

Cu {KŸw A©p {][m\ ̀ mK-ß-fmbn Xncn®v̨ ]cn-. a-dn-b-Øns‚

Poh-N-cn{Xw, adnbw k`m-{]-t_m-[-\-ß-fn¬, hn. {KŸ-Ønepw k`m

]nXm-°∑m-cpsS {]t_m-[-\-ß-fnepw, adn-b-Øns‚ {]Xy-£o-I-c-W-

ßƒ, Xncp-\m-fp-Iƒ `‡nIrXy-ßƒ˛Hmtcm-∂n-s\-°p-dn®pw hfsc

B[n-Im-cn-I-amb hni-Zo-I-c-W-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. adn-bØns‚ Poh-

N-cn{X`mK-ßƒ It\m-\nI {KŸ-ß-fn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp -Øn-bn -ń -

√mØXn\m¬ bmt°m-_n-s‚bpw tbml-∂m-s‚bpw t]cn-ep≈ A{]-

am-WnI {KŸ-ßsf B{i-bn-t°-≠-Xmbn h∂n-́ p-≠v. XpS¿∂p≈ Cu

`mK-ßƒ F√mw Xs∂ ]gb \nb-a-Ønepw ]pXnb \nb-a-Ønepw

adn-b-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]cm-a¿i--ßfpw {]t_m-[-\-ßfpw FSp-Øp-Im-

´p-∂-h-bmWv. Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ adn-b-sØ-°p-dn®v k` \S-Øn-bn-́ p≈

HutZym-KnI {]t_m-[-\-ßƒ, am¿∏m-∏m-am-cpsS Xncp-sh-gp-Øp-Iƒ,

k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS {]t_m-[-\-ßƒ k`m-Ncn-{X-Øn¬ adn-b-sØ-

°p-dn-®p≈ Imgv®-∏m-Sp-Iƒ adn-b-Øns‚ {]Xy-£o-I-c-W-ßƒ acn-

b-`‡nbpw Xncp-\m-fp-Ifpw F√mw {KŸ-Im-c≥ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.

]pkvX-I-Øns‚ Xmfp-I-fn¬°qSn IS∂pt]mIp-tºmƒ am{Xta {KŸ-

Im-c≥ \S-Øn-bn-´pff ITn-\m-[zm-\Øns‚bpw ka¿∏W at\m-`m-h-

Øn-s‚bpw ]mcayw A\p-hm-N-I¿°v t_m[y-am-hp-I-bp-≈p.

]cn-ip≤ AΩ-bpsS \ma-Øn¬ Hcp k`m-X-\-b≥ Gs‰-SpØp

]q¿Øn-bm-°nb Cu alXvbXv\w al-\o-b-a-t{X. {KŸ-Im-c≥ {io.

eqbn-kn\v AI-a-gn™ A\p-tam-Z-\-ßfpw A\p-hm-N-I¿°v Biw-

k-Ifpw t\cp-∂p. ssZh-am-Xm-hmb ]cn-ip-≤- a-dnbw F∂ {KŸ-Øn\v

{]Npc {]Nmcw D≠m-I-s´.

tIm¿_nj∏v tXmakv Xm∂n-°m-°pgn

dIvS¿, sk‚ v tacokv ae-¶c taP¿ skan-\mcn

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

05.09.2007

]n.-H. eqbnkv

P\\w : Ime-Sn°-Sp-Øp≈ \Sp-h´w F∂ ÿeØv.

]nXmhv : Hutk-^v

amXmhv : A∂w.

hnZym-`ymkw : B.Com, MBA, FCMA.

tI{μ s]mXptaJem ÿm]-\-amb lnμpÿm≥ Hm¿Km-\nIv

sIan-°¬kn¬ No^v ̂ n\m≥kv amt\Pcmbn tPmen sNøp-∂ {KŸ

I¿Ømhv 1994 apX¬ Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd CS-h-Imw-K-hpw Ct∏mƒ aXm-≤ym-

]I-\pam-Wv.

`mcy : knkn (A-≤ym-]n-I)

a°ƒ : entbm, sekven.

hnemkw : ]p√≥, ssI∏-t©cn tdmUv,

Ccp-º\w ]n.H., Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd,

FdWmIpfw˛682 309.

t^m¨ : 0484˛2775533, 9400408533

e-mail: [email protected]

a‰p ]pkvXIßƒ:

Basic and Commercial Mathematicsss{IkvXh s]mXphn-⁄m\whgnImńIƒA\p-Zn\ {]m¿∞-\-Iƒtbip-hns‚ ]oUm-\p-`h A\p-kva-cW {]m¿∞\Ipº-km-chpw Ip¿_m\ kzoI-c-Whpw

ZnhyImcpWy Bcm[\

sh_vssk‰v:

www.catholicgk.com(Website was inaugurated by Mar George Cardinal Alencherry.Data is prepared by P O Luise with the inspiration and directionof Rev. Dr. Jose Puthiyedath).

\ΩpsS AΩ-bmb ]cn-ip≤ I\yImadn-b-Øns‚ P\\w apX¬

C∂p-h-sc-bp≈ Ncn-{Xhpw ]mc-º-cyhpw hnizm-khpw Iqń-bn-W°n

]c-am-h[n hnh-c-ßƒ Npcp-ßnb t]Pp-I-fn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°pI F∂

e£y-tØmsS Ggp-h¿jw apºv XpS-ßnb Fs‚ Ffnb kwcw`w

tPmenØnc-°p-aqew \o-≠p-t]m-sb-¶nepw Cu Ime--b-f-hn¬ {ihn-®n-

´p≈ {]kw-K-ßfpw hmbn-®n-´p≈ ]pkvX-I-ßfpw teJ-\ßfpw

CXn\v Hcp apX¬°q-´mbn F∂Xn¬ kwi-b-an-√. sNdp∏w apX¬

amXmhnt\mSp≈ Fs‚ {]m¿∞-\bpw amXmhp hgn Cutim F\n°v

\¬In-bn-´p≈ \nc-h[n A\p-{K-l-ß--fp-amWv Cu ]pkvXI cN-\°v

{]tNm-Z-\-ta-In-b-Xv.

ssZhØns‚ c£mIc ]≤-Xn-bn¬ am-Xm-hns‚ ]¶v F{X-tØm-

f-ap-s≠∂v hy‡-ambn a\- n-em°n ]Tn-®m¬ am{Xta bYm¿∞-amb

amXr-`‡n \ne-\n¬°p-I-bp-≈p. A√m-Ø-]£w hN-\sØ Zp¿hym-

Jym\w sNøp-∂-h-cn¬ Bcp-sS-sb-¶nepw c≠v tNmZy-ßƒ°p-ap-ºn¬

]-X-dp-hm\pw XpS¿∂v ss]-im-NnI kzm[o-\-Øm-ep≈ sX‰mb Nn¥-

Iƒ hgn bYm¿∞ hnizm--k-Øn¬\n∂pw hyXn-N-en-°p-hm\pw km≤y-

X-bp-≠v. amXr-hn-⁄m-\-Øns‚ hnhn[ taJ-e-Iƒ hni-Z-ambn {]Xn-

]m-Zn-°p∂ [m-cmfw ]pkvXI-ßƒ C∂v e-`y-am-sW-¶nepw Xnc°p

]nSn® Cu temI-Po-hn-X--Øn¬ Ah hmbn®p ]Tn-°p-hm≥ kabw

Is≠-Øp-∂-h¿ hnc-fam-Wv. A-Xn-\m¬ IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ Ipd®p-

t]Pp-I-fn¬ Dƒs°m≈n°p∂-Xn-\p-th≠n a‰p-]p-kvX-I-ß-fn¬

\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-amb coXn--bnemWv CXv Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

e`y-amb F√m ]pkvX-I-ßfpw ]cn-tim--[n-®-Xn-\p-tijw Ah-bn¬

G‰hpw hnizm-ky-amb hkv-Xp-X-I--fmWv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

Cu ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ ssIsø-gpØp{]Xn hmbn®v Bh-iy-amb

Xncp-Ø-ep-Iƒ°pw t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ°pw \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \¬In-b shcn

dh. ^m. h¿§okv aW-hm-f≥, shcn dh. ^m. tPm¿Pvv ]pØ≥]p-c,

dh. ^m. Ão^≥ ]memń, kn. \m≥kn SABS, {io. ]utemkv ]≈n-

∏m-S≥, tUm. tPm¿Pv Icp-°q¿ F∂n-h¿°v Rm≥ \μnbpsS \dp-a-e-

cp-Iƒ A¿∏n-°p-∂p. lrZy-amb Hcp Ah-Xm-cnI Fgp-Xn \¬Inb

BapJw

12 ssZh-am-Xm-hmb ]cn-ip≤ adnbw

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw taP¿ skan-\mcn dIvS¿ ssd‰v dh. tIm¿_n-j∏v

tXmakv Xm∂n-°m-°p-gn, Biw-k-Iƒ \¬In A\p-{K-ln® kntdm

ae-¶c k`-bpsS ]c-am-≤y-£\pw kn.-_n.-kn.sF bpsS sshkv{]-

kn-U‚p-amb tamtdm≥ tam¿ _t -en-tbmkv ¢oaokv ImtXm-en-°m-

_mh, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw eØo≥ AXn-cq-]Xm sa{Xm-t∏m-en-Øbpw

sI.-kn.-_n.kn ss__nƒ skmssk‰n sNb¿am-\p-amb dh. tUm.

kqk-]mIyw F∂n-h¿°pw Cu {KŸw \√ coXn-bn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-

°p∂Xn\v kl-I-cn® F√m-h¿°pw Fs‚ lrZbw \nd™ \μn

tcJ-s∏-Sp -Øp∂p. Cu ]pkvXI cN-\-bn¬ F\n°pth≠

t{]m’ml-\hpw CXns‚ \n¿Ωn-Xn-bn-ep-S-\ofw A`n-{]m-b-ß-fpw

\¬In Ft∂m-sSm∏w kl-I-cn® Fs‚ kl-[¿Ωn-Wnsb \μn-

]q¿Δw kvacn-°p-∂p. Cu ]qkvX-I-sØ-°p-dn®v \nß-fpsS A`n-{]m-

b-ßfpw \ncq-]-W-ßfpw \n¿t±-i-ßfpw Adn-bn-°p-hm≥ Xm¬]-cy-

s∏-Sp-∂p.

]n.-H. eqbnkv

Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd,

09-˛09˛2007

Cu ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ ]p\x]Xn∏v hmbn®v hnetbdnb

A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ \¬In-b dh. ^m. sP. X®nen\pw Biw-k \¬In

A\p-{K-ln® kotdm ae-_m¿ k`-bpsS taP¿ B¿®v_nj∏v am¿

tPm¿Pv Im¿Un-\¬ Be-t©cn°p-w ]qkvX-Iw {]kn≤o-Icn°p∂

am¿ eqbnkv ]_vfnt°j\pw Fs‚ lrZbw \nd™ \μn tcJ-s∏-

Sp-Øp∂p.]n.-H. eqbnkv

Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd,

01-˛09˛2012

13ssZh-am-Xm-hmb ]cn-ip≤ adnbw

""ssZhIr] \nd™htf kzkvXn, I¿Ømhp \nt∂mSp IqsS''

(eq°m.1:28) F∂v ssZhZqX\m¬ A`nkwt_m[\ sNøs∏´

I\yImadnbsØ ssZhw Xncs™SpØXv Xs‚ GI]p{Xs‚

AΩbmIphm\mWv. {XntbIssZhw Ign™m¬ G‰hpw ASpØ

ÿm\w Ae¶cn°p∂Xv ]cnip≤ I\yIm adnbamWv. AXn\m¬

ItØmen°m k`bpw bmt°m_mbm k`bpw {]m¿∞\Ifn¬

I\yImadnbØn\p {]tXyI ÿm\w \¬Ip∂p. Jpdm-\n¬ {]Xn-

]m-Zn-°p∂ GI h\n-Xbpw adn-b-am-Wv. adn-bsØ "tbip-hns‚ AΩ-

sb-∂mWv' Jpdm-≥ hn-ti-jn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. (Jp-dm≥ 23:50)

""CXm, \ns‚ AΩ'' (tbml.19:27) F∂v tbip\mY≥ Ipcnin¬

InS∂psIm≠v tbml∂mt\mSp ]d-™-Xv temIØnse kIe

a\pjy¿°pw th≠nbmWv. Aßs\ ]cnip≤ I\yImadnbw \ΩpsS

F√mhcpsSbpw AΩbmbn. B AΩsb°pdn®p IqSpX¬

a\ nem°phm≥ {ian°ptºmƒ \mw tbiphnte°mWv

sNs∂Øp∂Xv. temIc£nXmhns‚ AΩbmb ]cn. I\yI

adnbsØ hWßpIbpw _lpam\n°pIbpw sNøpIhgn \mw

tbiphnte°v ASp°pIbmWv. B AΩtbmSp am≤yÿyw bmNn®v

{]m¿∞n°p∂Xp hgn, AtbmKycmb \mw \ap°mhiyamb ssZh

Ir] t\SnsbSp°pIbmWv sNøp∂Xv.

temIw apgph≥ kvXpXn®p ]mSp∂ I\yImadnbØns‚

PohNcn{XØnte°v \aps°m∂p ItÆmSn°mw. amXmhns‚ P\\w

]cnip≤ adnbØns‚

PohNcn{Xw

I

1. ]cn. adnbØns‚ amXm]nXm°ƒ

2. ]cn. adnbØns‚ P\\hpw _meyImehpw

3. ]cn. adnbhpw hn. butk∏pw

4. ]cn. adnbw I¿Øm-hns‚ AΩ

5. ]cn. adnbØns‚ kz¿§mtcm]Ww


apX¬ kz¿§mtcm]Ww hscbp≈ F√m°mcyßfpw kphntij

ßfn¬ hnh-cn®nń√. ImcWw, kphntijßƒ FgpXnbncn°p∂Xv

temIc£I\mb tbip{InkvXphns‚ a\pjymhXmchpw

]ckyPohnXhpw acWhpw Dbn¿∏pw hniZoIcn°p∂Xn\pw

AXphgn a\pjyh¿§sØ Fßs\ ssZhw c£n®p F∂p

ImWn°p∂Xn\pamWv. F∂m¬ c£mIcNcn{XØn¬ adnbØns‚

klIcWw hy‡am°p∂ Imcyßƒ kphntijßfpsS ]e

`mKßfn¬ \ap°p ImWphm≥ km[n°pw. tbiphns‚ a\pjym

hXmcØn\p apºpw Dbn¿∏n\p tijhpap≈ Imcyßƒ a\ n

em°phm≥ \ap°p a‰p ]pkvXIßsf B{ibnt°≠nbncn°p∂p.

A{]amWnI ]pkvXIßƒ (At∏m{In^m {KŸßƒ) \sΩ

CXn\p klmbn°p∂p. At∏m{In^m {KŸßfnepw a‰p ]pkvXI

ßfnepw sImSpØncn°p∂ hnhcWßfn¬ hyXymkßƒ D≈

Xn\mepw Ah-bn¬ ]d-bp∂ Im-cy-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ahy-‡X D≈-Xn

\mepw k` Ahsb {]mamWnI {KŸßfmbn AwKoIcn®nń√.

hyXymkßfn¬ DZmlcWØn\p butk∏p ]nXmhp acn®Xp

tbiphn\p 15 hb p≈t∏mgmsW∂pw 26 hb p≈t∏mgmsW∂pw

c≠p hyXykvX A`n{]mbßfp≠v. F∂m¬ Hcp Imcyw \ap°p

hy‡amIp∂Xv butk∏p]nXmhv tbiphns‚ ]ckyPohnXw

Bcw`n°p∂Xn\p apºv acWaSs™∂mWv. CØcØnep≈

hyXymkßƒ \ΩpsS hnizmkØn\p XS w \n¬°p∂hb√.

G‰hpw IqSpX¬ AwKoImcw t\Snbn´p≈ hnhcWßfmWv Cu

]pkvXIØn¬ \¬Inbncn°p∂Xv. BZysØ aq∂v A≤ymbßƒ

bmt°m_ns‚ kphntijsa∂ A{]amWnI {KŸØn¬\n∂pw

A©masØ A≤ymbw hn. tbml∂ms‚ t]cnednbs∏Sp∂

]pkvXIØns‚ {Ko°p `mjyØn¬ \n∂pamWv FSp-Øncn°p∂Xv.

""\∑ sNøp-∂-Xnepw

\nßƒ°p-≈h ]¶p-h-bv°p-∂-Xnepw

Dt]£ hcp-Ø-cp-Xv.

AØcw _en-Iƒ ssZh-Øn\v

{]oXn-I-c-am-Wv.''

(sl-{_m. 13:16)


Ref: Apocryphal Gospel of the Protoevangelium of James

1. ]cn. adnbØns‚ amXm]nXm°ƒ

]cn. adnbØns‚ ]nXmhv tbmhm°oapw amXmhvv A∂bpambncp∂p.

ZmhoZp tKm{XP\mbncp∂ tbmhm°nans‚ P∑\mSv ]mekvXo\mbnse

\{kØpw Altdms‚ ]p{Xnbpw ]ptcmlnX hwiPbpamb A∂bpsS

P∑\mS v t_Xvseslapw Bbncp∂p. ASnbpd® ssZh`‡nbpw

A\nXckm[mcWamb PohnX hnip≤nbpap≈ DØa ZºXnIfmbncp∂p

tbmhm°oapw A∂bpw. AhcpsS A≤zm\êambp≠m°nb kzØns‚

aq∂nsemcp `mKw tZhmebmcm[\mhiyßƒ°pw aq∂nsem∂v

Zm\[¿ΩmZnIƒ°pw _m°n aq∂nsem∂v kz¥w PohnX sNehn\pambn

Ah¿ \o°nh®ncp∂p.

Ccp]Xp h¿j°mew Ah¿°v a°fn√mbncp∂p. k¥m\

ku`mKyan√mØh¿ ssZhØm¬ i]n°s∏´hcmsW∂mbncp∂p A∂sØ

C{kmtb¬°mcpsS hnizmkw. AXn\m¬, tbmhm°oapw A∂bpw

a‰p≈hcpsS \nμmhm°pIfm¬ [mcmfw klnt°≠n h∂p. Hcn°¬

ka¿∏WØncp∂mfn¬ Xs‚ k¿ΔIpSpw_ tØmSpw kzP\ßtfmSpw IqSn

ImgvNb¿∏n°phm≥ Pdpktew tZhmebØnte°ph∂ tbmhm°oans\

alm]ptcmlnX≥ ]p—n®v C{]Imcw ]d™p : ""k¥m\ ku`mKyan√mØ

\o k¥m\ßfm¬ A\p{KloXcmbhtcmsSm∏w ImgvNb¿∏n°phm≥

hcp∂sXßs\? k¥m-\-e_v[nbn√m-Ø-h-\mbn \ns∂ hn[n®ncn°p∂

ssZhw \ns‚ ImgvNIsf kzoIcn°pItbm AXn¬ {]oX\mhpItbm

sNøpIbn√. BZyta \o t]mbn ssZhØn¬ \n∂p≈ Cu hn[nbn¬ \n∂v

tamN\w t\Sn k¥m\`mKyap≈h\mIpI. A\¥cw ImgvNb¿∏n°phm≥

hcnI.'' AXnITn\amb Cu hm°pIƒ tI´ tbmhm°ow A]am\nX\pw

AXoh ZpxJnX\pw BbnØo¿∂p. Xs‚ Zpchÿbn¬ a\w s\m¥v kz¥w

hońte°v aSßmsX h\m¥cßfnte°v Ah≥ HmSnt∏mbn. Xs∂ Bcpw

ImWpIbn√ F∂pd∏p≈ AXntLmch\Øn\p≈n¬ Hcp IqSmcw D≠m°n.

Xs‚ ssZhw Xs∂ Z¿in°p∂Xphsc Pe]m\w t]mepw \SØpIbn√

F∂ ZrV\n-›btØmSpIqSn t\mºpw D]hmkhpw {]m¿∞\bpw Bcw`n®p.

Cßs\ \mev]Xp cmhpw \mev]Xp ]Iepw tbmhm°ow sNehgn®p.


Cu AhkcØn¬ Xs‚ `¿Ømhns\ ImWmsX henb ZpxJØnepw

hnem]Ønepw Bbncp∂ A∂sb Ah-fpsS Zmknt]mepw ]gn°pIbpw

im]hm°pIfm¬ iImcn°pIbpw sNbvXp. kln°hømsX A∂

hoSphnńdßn ASpØp≈ tXm´Øn¬ ]≥Zo≥ hr£Øns‚ Nphń¬

t]mbncp∂v ZpxJn®v C{]-Imcw {]m¿∞n®psIm≠n-cp∂p. ""]nXm°≥amcpsS

ssZhta, Fs‚ amXmhmb kmdmsb hmgvØn Ahƒ°v Cklm°ns\

sImSpØXpt]mse Fs‚ {]m¿∞\ tI´v Ft∂mSv IcpW tXm∂Wta.''

AtX kabw GIm¥[ym\Øn¬ apgpInbncp∂ tbmhm°ow Hcp henb

{]Imiw I≠v sRń DW¿∂p. Ahs‚ apºn¬ ssZhtXP p≈ ZqX≥

\n¬°p∂XpI≠v ]cn{àn®p. ZqX≥ Aht\mSv ]d™p: ""tbmhm°ow \o

Fs∂ I≠v kw{ànt°≠. \ns‚ {]m¿∞\ ssZhXncpk∂n[nbn¬

AwKoIcn°s∏ńcn°p∂p F∂v \ns∂ Adnbn°m≥ Ab°s∏´

amemJbmWv Rm≥. \ns‚ ̀ mcybpsS K¿`]m{Xw ASbv°s∏ńcp∂Xv, AXv

A¤pXIcambn Xpd°m≥ th≠nbmWv. AXv ]m]Øns‚ k¥Xnsb

{]khn°m\p≈X√. ]ns∂tbm, ssZhØns‚ Zm\w Dƒs°m≈m\p≈XmWv.

\ns‚ ̀ mcy A∂ Hcp ]p{Xnsb {]khn°pw. Ahƒ°v adnbw F∂v t]cnSWw.

\o ChnsS \n∂v ]pds∏´v Pdpkteans‚ kph¿Æ hmXn¬°¬ (Im©\

IhmSw) FØptºmƒ \ns∂ ImWmsX Zq:JnXbmbncn°p∂ \ns‚ `mcy

A∂ \ns∂ FXntc¬°pw'' CXp ]d™n´v amemJ Ahs\ hn´pt]mbn.

A\¥cw hr£Nphń¬ Zp:JnXbmbncp∂ A∂ hensbmcp {]Imiw

I≠p. ssZhØns‚ amemJ AhfpsS apºn¬ \n∂v C{]Imcw ]d™p:

""A∂m, \o ̀ bs∏tS≠ ssZhk∂n[n¬ \n∂v Ab°s∏´ ZqX\mWv Rm≥.

\ns‚ {]m¿∞\Ifpw ImgvNIfpw ssZhw AwKoIcn®ncn°p∂p. \o

K¿`w[cn®v Hcp ]p{Xnsb {]khn°pw. Ahƒ°v adnbw F∂v t]cnSWw.

Ahƒ kIe kv{XoIfnepw h®v A\p{Kln°s∏´hfmIpw. Ahƒ ssZhIr]

sIm≠v \ndbv°s∏Spw. aq∂vhb phsc amXm]nXm°tfmSpIqsS

Pohn®tijw Ahƒ tZhmebØn¬ hfcpw. Hcip≤nbnepw s]SmsX

ssZhsØ kvXpXn®pw D]hmkw, PmKcWw, {]m¿∞\ F∂nhbn¬ hym]-

cn®pw Ahƒ hfcpw. ]pcpjs\ AdnbmØ I\yIbmbns°m≠p Xs∂

Ahƒ Hcp ]p{Xs\ {]khn°pw. Ah≥ temIc£nXmhp Xs∂. \o thKw

]pds∏´psIm≈pI. Pdpkteans‚ kph¿Æ hmXn¬°¬ h®v \o \ns‚

`¿Ømhns\ ImWpw.'' CXp ]d™n´v amemJ AhnsS \n∂pt]mbn.

amemJ ]d™Xpt]mse Ccphcpw Pdpkteans‚ kph¿Æ

hmXn¬°¬h®p I≠papń. hfsc kt¥mjtØmsS Ah¿ hońte°v t]mbn.


2. ]cn. adnbØns‚ P\\hpw _meyhpw

tbmhm°oapw A∂bpw XßfpsS IpSpw_Øn¬ hnizmk

tØmSpw {]m¿∞\tbmSpwIqSn Ign®pIqń. A∂ K¿`nWnbmbn.

X\n°p P\n°phm≥ t]mIp∂ Ip™n\pth≠n Ahƒ kZmka

bhpw ssZhapºmsI {]m¿∞n®psIm≠ncp∂p. Imew XnI™

t∏mƒ Ahƒ Hcp s]Ïp™ns\ {]khn®p. Ip™ns\ {]khn

®t∏mƒ A∂bv°v Xs‚ hnip≤n \nanØw Hcp thZ\bpw A\p

`hs∏ń√. adn®v ]m]an√mØhsf hln®Xns‚ B\μ]mc

hiya\p`-hn®p.

H≥]XmwZnhkw IpSpw_mwKßsf√mw tbmhm°oans‚ `h\

Øn¬ ktΩfn®p. ZqX≥ Adnbn®{]Imcw tbmhm°ow Ip™n\p

adnbw F∂pt]cn´p. 80˛mw Znhkw tamibpsS hn[n{]Imcw

tbmhm°napw A∂bpw sPdpksew tZhmebØn¬ t]mbn ka¿

∏Ww \SØn. aq∂phb p XnIbptºmƒ tZhmeb ip{iqjbv°v

Ip™ns\ ka¿∏n®psIm≈msa∂v hmKvZm\w sNbvXp,

A∂bpsS apebqń hf¿Ønb Ip™ns\ ip{iqjn°phm≥

\n¿Ωecmb I\yIamsc am{Xta A\phZn®p≈p. Ipń°v Hcp hb v

XnI™t∏mƒ tbmhm°nw _‘pP\ßsf hnfn®v Hcp hncp∂v

\SØn. adnbØn\v aq∂v hb v XnI™t∏mƒ kzPmXnbn¬s∏´

hnip≤nbp≈ I\yIam¿ IpńbpsS ap≥]n¬ XncnIƒ IØn®p

]nSn®v tZhmebØnte°v IqńsIm≠pt]mbn. IpńbpsS amXm]nXm

°tfmsSm∏w A∂bpsS Cfb ktlmZcn Fenk_Øpw AhcpsS

IqsS D≠mbncp∂p. Fenk_Øns‚ `¿Ømhv kJdnbmbpw

BNmcy∑mcpw a‰v At¥hmknIfpw tN¿∂v adnbsØ kkt¥mjw

kzoIcn®v ssZhsØ kvXpXn®p. tbmhm°napw A∂bpw adnbsØ

ssZhØn\v ka¿∏n°pIbpw t\¿®ImgvNIƒ A¿∏n®v ssZhsØ

kvXpXn®psIm≠v kz`h\Ønte°v XncnsI t]mhpIbpw sNbvXp.


1. ]cnip≤ I\yImadnbsØ°pdn®p≈ khntij ]T\hpambn

_‘s∏´ ssZhimkv{X imJ ˛

acnb≥ imkv{Xw AYhm acntbmfPn.

2. ]cn. I\yIm adnbØns‚ P\\Øncp\mƒ ˛ sk]vXw_¿ 8

3. adnbØns‚ ka¿∏WØncp∂mƒ ˛ \hw_¿ 21

4. kv{Xo kw⁄Ifn¬ G‰w D¬IrjvSamb "adnbw' F∂

hm°ns‚ A¿∞w ˛

kv{Xo, cmPIpamcn, \mY, kap{ZXmcw, kuμcyw, ]cn]q¿Æ

F∂nh

5. sl{_mb `mjbn¬ andnbw F∂pw {Ko°n¬ adnbw F∂pw

hnfn°p∂ ]ZØns‚ Cw•ojv cq]w ˛ tacn

Hcp amS{]mhns\t∏mse adnbw tZhmebm¥∏pcØn¬ ]m¿Øp.

AhnSpsØ hnip≤ kv{XoIƒ Ahsf Xp∂¬, \q¬\q¬∏v,

s\bvØv XpSßnbhbpw {]m¿∞\Iƒ, \ymb{]amWßƒ,

A\pjvTm\ßƒ F∂nhbpw A`ykn∏n®p.

amemJamtcmSv kw`mjn®pw ssZhnIt{ijvT∑mcn¬\n∂v

Acpf∏mSpIƒ kzoI-cn®pw hnip≤nbn¬ hf¿∂ph∂ adnbØn\v

12 hb v BIp∂Xn\v apºv AhfpsS amXm]nXm°ƒ acWaS™p.

{]m¿∞\

P∑]m]an√msX D¤hn®

]cnip≤ adnbta

]m]nIfpsS kt¶Xta!

CXm \ns‚ kt¶XØn¬

Rßƒ tXSn h∂ncn°p∂p.

RßfpsSta¬ Aenhmbncp∂v

Rßƒ°pth≠n \ns‚ Xncp°pamct\mSv

{]m¿∞n®psIm≈Wta.


Ref: Apocryphal Gospel of the Protoevangelium of James

3. ]cn. adnbhpw hn. butk∏pw

adnbØn\v ]{¥≠v hb p XnI™p. blqZ ]mcºcy {]Imcw

s]Ïpń°v {]mb]q¿ØnbmIp∂Xv 12 hb v XnIbptºmgmWv.

tZhmebØn¬ At¥hmknIfmb s]ÏpńIƒ°v {]mb]q¿Øn

bmbm¬ AhnsS Xmakn°phm≥ A\phmZan√. adnbtØmsSm∏

ap≠mbncp∂ {]mb]q¿Ønbmb I\yIamsc√mw AhcpsS amXm

]nXm°tfmsSm∏w kz¥w hoSpIfnte°v t]mbn. F∂m¬ I\ym{hX

Øn\p ka¿∏n°s∏SpIbpw tZhmebØnte°v ]cn]q¿Wambn

G¬∏n°s∏SpIbpw A\mYbmbnØocpIbpw sNbvX GI I\yI

bmb adnbw AhnsSØs∂ tijn®p. adnbØns‚ `mhnsb°pdn®p

alm{][m\mNmcy≥ BIpeNnØ\mbn.

blqZmNmca\pkcn®v 14 hb v XnIbp∂ I\yIbv°v hnhml

\n›bw \SØWsa∂p \n¿_‘ap≠v. \n›bw Ign™m¬ AXn\p

am‰w hcpØm\pw km≤yambncp∂n√. hnhml\n›bØn\ptijw

aq∂p h¿jØn\p≈n¬ hnhmlw \SØnbm¬ aXnbmIpw. \n›b

Øn\ptijw hnhmlw hsc {]Xn{ipXh[p kz¥w amXm]nXm

°∑mcpsSIqsStbm hnhmlw \n›bn°s∏´ ]pcpjs‚ IqsStbm

Xmakn°p∂Xn\v kapZmb\nbaw A\phZn®ncp∂p. F∂m¬

hnhmltijw am{Xta `mcy`¿Ør_‘w A\phZ\obambn

cp∂p≈p. hnhml\n›bw Ign™ kv{Xo]pcpj≥amsc `mcym

`¿Øm°∑m¿ F∂mWv hnfn®ncp∂Xv.

alm{][m\mNmcy\pw alm]ptcmlnX∑mcpw BNmcy∑mcpw

aq∏≥amcpw P\{]am-Wnamcpw Hcpan®ptN¿∂v adnbØns‚

ImcysØ°pdn®v BtemNn®p. alm]ptcmlnX≥ B≠nsemcn°¬

am{Xw {]thin°p∂ almhnip≤ÿeØp {]thin®v C°mcyw


kw_‘n®v ssZhtØmSv BtemN\ \SØWsa∂pw ssZhlnX

a\pkcn®p {]h¿Øn°Wsa∂pw Ah¿ Xocpam\n®p. AX\pkcn®v

{]m¿∞\m\ncXcmbncp∂ P\w ]pdØp\n¬°ptºmƒ alm]ptcm

lnX\mbncp∂ kJdnbm Bcm[\m hkv{Xßƒ [cn®p hnip≤

ÿeØp {]thin®p adnbØn\p th≠n {]m¿∞n®p. At∏mƒ

Ir]mk\Øn¬ \n∂pw _en]oTØn¬\n∂pambn Hcp Aicocn

Db¿∂Xv F√mhcpw tI´p: ""I\yIbv°v hnhml\n›bw sNøphn≥''.

ssZhØns‚ amemJ alm]ptcmlnXt\mSv C{]Imcw Adnbn®p:

""\o C{kmtbense hn`mcy∑mcmb ]pcpj∑msc F√mhscbpw

hnfn®phcpØWw. Ah¿ HmtcmcpØcpw Ah\hs‚ hSn \ns‚

ASp°¬hbv°Ww. BcpsS hSnbn¬ ssZhw ASbmfw ImWn

°p∂pthm B hSnbpsS DSaÿ\v I\yImadnbsØ hnhml

\n›bw sNbvXp sImSpØv Ahsf Ahs‚ kwc£Wbn¬

B°Ww.''

ssZhZqXs‚ Adnbn∏p{]Imcw Cu hnhcw blqZ tZiØmsI

hnfw_cw sNbvXp. AXnkpμcnbpw k¬KpW kº∂bpw

Id]pcfmØ ssZh`‡bpamb adnbsØ `mcybmbn e`n°phm≥

At\Iw t]¿ B{Kln®p. hnfw_ca\pkcn®v blqZtZiØp≈

hn`mcy∑mcmb ]pcpj∑msc√mhcpw Pdpksew tZhmeØn¬ FØn

t®¿∂p. {][m\ ]ptcmlnX≥ HmtcmcpØcpsSbpw hSnIƒ hmßn

tZhmebØn¬ h®p {]m¿∞n®Xn\ptijw AhbpsS DSaÿsc

Gev]n®p. ZmhoZns‚ tKm{XØn¬s∏´ bmt°m_ns‚ aI\pw

"\oXnam≥ F∂p t]cptI´h\pw' ac∏Wn°mc\pambncp∂ butk

∏ns‚ hSn Xncnt®ev∏n-®t∏mƒ AXp ]pjv]n°pIbpw AXn≥ta¬

Hcp {]mhv ]d∂ndßn Ccn°pIbpw sNbvXp. I≠p\n∂ncp∂hsc

√mw A¤pXs∏´p. B {]mhv butk∏ns‚ Xebn¬ sN∂ncp∂p.

(hn. butk∏ns‚ cq]Øn¬ Iøn¬ ]nSn-®n-cn-°p∂ ]pjv∏n® hSn

\nßƒ {i≤n®p ImWpat√m.)

alm]ptcmlnX≥ butk∏nt\mSp ]d™p: ""I¿Ømhns‚

I\yIsb kzoIcn°phm\p≈ `mKyw \n\°mWv e`n®ncn°p∂Xv;

AhfpsS kwc£Ww Gs‰Sp°pI.'' F∂m¬ AXn\v kΩXw \¬

ImXncp∂t∏mƒ ]ptcmlnX≥ butk∏nt\mSp ]d™p: ""\ns‚

ssZhamb I¿Ømhns\ `bs∏SpI. ZmØm≥, A_odmw, tImdlv

F∂nhtcmSv AhnSp∂v {]h¿Øn®sXßs\sb∂v Hm¿°pI, AhcpsS

\ntj[w \nanØw Fßs\ `qan ]nf¿∂v Ahsc hogpßnsb∂pw

kvacn°pI. butkt∏, \ns‚ ̀ h\Øn\pw Cßs\ kw`hn°mXncn


°m≥ ssZhsØ `bs∏SpI.'' butk∏v `bNInX\mbn. Ah≥

]d™p: ""ssZhlnXw Aßs\sb¶n¬ AhfpsS kwc£I≥

F∂ \nebn¬ Rm≥ Ahsf kzoIcn®p sIm≈mw.'' ]ptcmlnX∑m¿

BNmc{]Imcw adnbØns‚bpw butk∏ns‚bpw hnhml\n›bw

\SØn. adnbw butk∏ns‚IqsS Ahs‚ `h\Ønte°pt]mbn.

A°m-eØv butk∏n\p Xs‚ ]Wn°p t]mtI≠nbncp∂Xn\m¬

Ah≥ adnbtØmSp ]d™p: ""adnbw, \ns∂ Rm≥ I¿Ømhns‚

BebØn¬ \n∂p kzoIcn®p; Ct∏mƒ \ns∂ Fs‚ ̀ h\Ønem°n

bn´v Rm≥ ̀ h\\n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø\ßƒ°mbn t]mIp∂p. Xmakn

bmsX aSßnsbØpw; AXphsc I¿Ømhp \ns∂ kwc£n®p

sIm≈pw''

Keoenbmbnep≈ \kdØn¬, butk∏ns‚ ̀ h\Øn¬ adnbw

Xp∂¬, \q¬\q¬∏v XpSßnb tPmenItfmtSm∏w ho´ptPmenIƒ

sNbvXpw {]m¿∞\, t\mºv, [ym\w, hnip≤{KŸ ]mcmbWw

XpSßnb Bflobm\pjvTm\ßƒ \S-Ønbpw Pohn®pt]m∂p. (Ref:Apocryphal Gospel of the Protoevangelium of James)

A°meØv bqZbmsb apgph\pw Aºc∏n® Hcp kw`hw \S∂p.

K{_ntb¬ ssZhZqX≥ kJdnbmbv°p {]Xy£s∏´Xpw XpS¿∂v

]ptcmlnX≥ kwkmci‡n \jvSs∏´v au\nbmbnØo¿∂Xpw

kv\m]Itbml∂ms‚ P\\sØ°pdn®p≈ Adnbn∏pw Fenk_Øv

K¿`w [cn®Xpw hn.eq°m FgpXnb kphntijw 1:5˛25-̨ ¬ hniZambn

tcJ-s∏-SpØnbn´p≠v.

""⁄m\w t\Sp-∂-h\pw

Adnhp e`n-°p-∂-h\pw `mKy-hm-\m-Wv.

Fs¥-∂m¬, AXpsIm≠p≈ t\´w

sh≈n-sbbpw kz¿Æ-sØ-bpw-Imƒ

t{ijvT-am-Wv.''

(kp-`m-jn-Xßƒ 3:13-˛14)


Ipdn∏v :

ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø\ `mj-I-fnse hyXymkw

ss__n-fns‚ aqe-`m-j-I-fmb lo{_p, {Ko°v, Ad-amb F∂n-h-bn¬

\n∂p≈ hnhn[ hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv {Ko°v k]vX-Xn, X¿Kpw, ]vioØ, hpƒKmØ

F∂n-h. Ch-bn¬ \n∂mWv a‰p ̀ mj-I-fn-te°v X¿÷pa sNø-s∏-´-Xv.

kºq¿Æ ss__n-fns‚ BZy ae-bmf hnh¿Ø\w {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®Xv 1842-

˛¬ tIm´bw kn.-Fw.-F-kv. {] m-Wv. ]n∂oSv ae-_m-dns‚ ̀ mjm-co-Xnsb D]-Po-

hn®v Kp≠¿´v Xøm-dm-°nb hnh¿Ø\w 1889-˛¬ {]Im-in-X-am-bn. ss__nƒ

skmssk‰n Hm^v C≥Uy 1910-˛¬ kXy-th-Z-]p-kvXIw F∂ t]cn¬ kºq¿Æ

ss__nƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. 1935-˛¬ amWn-°-Ø-\m¿ kpdn-bm-\n-

bn¬\n∂v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX ]pXnb \nb-a-]p-kvXIw ItØm-en-°¿ IqSp-X-

embn D]-tbm-Kn-®p-Xp-S-ßn. 1963-˛¬ dh. tUm. tXmakv aqtØ-S≥ eØo≥ hpƒKm-

Ømbpw kpdn-bm\n s]io-Ømbpw B[m-c-am°n ss__n-fns‚ kºq¿Æ

hnh¿Ø\w {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p.

Fd-Wm-Ip-f-Øn-\-SpØv ]mem-cn-h-´-Øp≈ ]n.-H.-kn. tI{μ-am°n {]h¿Øn-

°p∂ sI.-kn.-_n.-kn. ss__nƒ IΩo-j≥ 1977˛¬ ]pXnb \nb-ahpw 1981-˛¬

kºq¿Æ ss__nfpw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. Cu hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ {][m-\-ambpw D]-

tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv {Ko°v, eØo≥, Cw•ojv, P¿Ω≥, {^©v, C‰m-en-b≥ F∂o

`mj-I-fn-ep≈ hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv. ItØm-en-°¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]n.-H.kn

ss__n-fn-t‚bpw bmt°m-_m-b-°mcpw a‰p hn`m-K-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂

ss__nƒ skmssk-‰n-bpsS ss__n-fn-t‚bpw aqe-hn-h¿Ø\w hyXy-kvX-am-

b-Xn-\m¬ ]e t]cp-I-fp-sSbpw D®m-c-W-co-Xn-bnepw hyXy-kvXX-bp-≠v. AXn-

\p-Zm-l-c-W-ambn GXm\pw hm°p-Iƒ NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

bmt°m-_m-b-°m¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂h ItØm-en-°¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂h

bn{km-tb¬ C{km-tb¬

sbcp-itew Pdp-ktewimaq-th¬ kmap-th¬Ctøm_v tPm_vadnbmw adnbwbq\o-Jm¿, bqbm°nw tbmhm°nwl∂ A∂ssZhm-ebw tZhm-ebwtKmKp¬Ø KmKp¬ØkZr-i-hm-Iy-ßƒ kp`mjnX-ßƒtbmth¬ tPmtb¬anJm an°maemJn aem°nskJ-ømhp k°-dnbeqt°mkv eq°m


4. ]cn. adnbw I¿Øm-hns‚ AΩ

adn-b-Øn\v \¬I-s∏-ń-´p≈ F√m {]km-Z-h-c-ß-fp-sSbpw B\q-

Iq-ey-ß-fp-sSbpw aln-a-I-fp-sSbpw BsI-Øp-Ibpw aIp-S-hp-amWv

Ah-fpsS ssZh-am-XrXzw. kJdnbmbv°v Hcp ]p{X≥ P\n°psa∂v

Adnbn®v Bdpamkw Ign™t∏mƒ K{_ntb¬ ZqX≥ adnbØn\p

{]Xy£s∏´v tbiphns‚ P\\sØ°pdn®v Adnbn®p. ""ssZhIr]

\nd™htf! kzkvXn, I¿Ømhp \nt∂mSpIqsS'' F∂ A`nkw

t_m[\tbmsS adn-b-Øns‚ ASpØph∂v amemJ ssZhØns‚

c£mIc]≤Xn Ahsf Adnbn°p∂p. adnbw ]d™p: ""CXm,

I¿Ømhns‚ Zmkn \ns‚ hm°v F∂n¬ \ndthds´'' (awKf

hm¿ØØncp\mƒ Xncpk` BtLmjn°p∂Xv am¿®v 25˛mw

XobXnbmWv). ssZh]p{Xs\ K¿`w [cn® adnbw amemJbn¬ \n∂p

hnhcw e`n®X\pkcn®v Ipd®p Znhkßƒ°ptijw Xs‚

CfbΩbmb Fenk_Øns\ kμ¿in°p∂p. (kμ¿i\Øncp

∂mƒ Xncpk` BtLmjn°p∂Xv tabv 31˛mw XobXnbmWv). Xs‚

aqØ ktlmZcnbmb A∂mbpsS aIfmb adnbsØ Fenk_Øv

hnfn®Xv ""Fs‚ I¿Ømhns‚ AΩ'' F∂mWv. tbiphns‚ P\\

sØ°pdn®n≈ Adnbn∏v, Fenk_Øv adnbsØ kvXpXn°p∂Xv,

adnbØns‚ kvtXm{X KoXw, kv\m]I tbml∂ms‚ P\\w, kJdn

bmbpsS {]hN\KoXw F∂nh hfsc hniZambpw at\mlcambpw

eq°m 1:26˛80˛¬ hnhcn®n´p≠v.

I\ym{hXØn\p ka¿∏n°s∏ńcp∂ adnbw Xm≥ AdnbmsX

K¿`nWnbmbsXßs\sb∂ Nn¥ butk∏ns\ Akzÿ\m°p

Ibpw thZ\n∏n°pIbpw sNbvXp. adnbØns\ \nba]camb

in£bv°p hn´psImSpØv Ahsf A]am\nXbm°phm≥

CjvSs∏SmXncp∂ \oXnam\mbncp∂ butk∏v Ahsf clkyambn


Dt]£n°phm≥ Xocpam\n®p. CtX°pdn®v BtemNn®psIm≠ncnt°

I¿Ømhns‚ ZqX≥ kz]v\Øn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏´v butk∏nt\mSv

]d™p: ""Ahƒ K¿`w [cn®ncn°p∂Xv ]cnip≤mflmhn¬

\n∂mWv.'' C°mcyßƒ aØmbn 1:18˛24˛¬ \¬Inbn´p≠v.

ssZh-]p-{X≥ P\n-t°-≠Xv t_-Xvse-sl-an¬ Bbn-cn-°p-sa∂

an°m-bpsS {]h--N\w (an°m 5:2) ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. \kdØn¬

Xmakn®ncp∂ butk∏pw adnbhpw cmPI¬]\ A\pkcn®v

P\kwJym°Ws°Sp°p∂Xn\p≈ t]scgpXn°¬ \S]-Sn°v

t_Xvselante°v t]mIpIbpw AhnsS h®v Cutimsb

{]khn°pIbpw sNbvXp (eq°m 2:1˛31, aØm.2:1˛23 hmbn°pI).

cmPm-[n-cm-P-\mb Cutimsb {]k-hn-°p-hm≥ Hcp ÿew

In´msX hnj-an--®Xpw ""\ns‚ lrZ-b-Øn-eqsS Hcp hmƒ Xpf-®p-I-b-dp''-

sa∂ ina--tbms‚ {]h-N-\hpw tltdm-tZ-kns‚ hmfn¬\n∂pw

Ip™ns\ c£n-°p-hm≥ CuPn-]vXn--te-°p≈ ]mem-b-\hpw adn-

bsØ F{X-tØmfw hymIpeNnØ-bm-°n-sb∂v \ap°v a\- n-em-°mw.

tltdm-tZ-kns‚ ac-W-tijw CuPn-]vXn¬\n∂p Xncn-®p-h∂

Xncp-°p-Spw_w \kdØn¬ Xma-kn-®p. ]n∂oSv tbiphns‚ 12

hb phscbp≈ Ime-L-´ -sØ eq°m kphntijI≥ Hcp

hmIyØn¬ Npcp°n FgpXnbncn°p∂p. ""inip hf¿∂p. ⁄m\w

\nd™p i‡\mbn; ssZhØns‚ Ir] Ahs‚ta¬ D≠mbncp∂p''

(eq°m 2:40).

]{¥≠mw hb n¬ Cutimsb Pdpktew tZhmebØn¬ h®v

ImWmXmIp∂Xpw adnbØns‚bpw butk∏ns‚bpw At\zjW

ßfpw aq∂mw Znhkw Cutimsb Is≠-Øp∂Xpw eq°m 2:41˛52˛¬

hnhcn°p∂p.

hnip≤ {KŸØn¬ hniZoIcn®ncn°p∂ c£mIc Ncn{Xw

AtX]Sn ChnsS hnhcn°p∂n√. ImcWw, \mw hnip≤ {KŸw

hnip≤ntbmsS hmbn°ptºmƒ Adnhp am{Xa√ ssZhm\p{Klhpw

[mcmfambn e`n°pw.

c£I\mb tbiphns‚ a\pjymhXmcØn\p adnbØns‚ ]¶v

F{X hepXmsW∂p apIfn¬ ]d™ncn°p∂ ss__nƒ `mKßƒ

hmbn°ptºmƒ a\ nemIp∂XmWv. AXpt]mse Xs∂ {]Xnk‘n

IfpsSbpw {]Xn_‘ßfpsSbpw \Sphn¬ ]XdmsX adnbØns‚


I\ym{hXw ImØpkq£n®v Ip™ns\bpw AΩsbbpw kwc£n®v

ssZh]p{X\mb DÆnCutimsb hf¿Ønb butk∏p]nXmhns‚

amlmflyw F{X hepXmW∂v \ap°v a\ nem°mw. butk∏p

]nXmhv CutimbpsS ]ckyPohnXØn\p apºpXs∂ A≤zm\

`mcØm¬ tcmK_m[nX\mbn adnbØns‚bpw CutimbpsSbpw

ip{iqjIƒ e`n®v `mKyacWw {]m]n®p.

butk∏p]nXmhns‚ acWtijw butk∏ns‚ ktlmZc≥

s¢tbm∏mbpsS `mcy adnbhpw Ah-cpsS \mev ]p{X≥amcpw aq∂v

]p{XnamcpsSbpwIqsS adnbw Xma-kn-®p.

tbip-hns‚ ]c-ky-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ Im\mbnse

IeymWhncp∂n¬ h®v adnbØns‚ At]£ {ihn®v tbip A¤p

XIcambn sh≈w ho™m°n Xs‚ alXzw shfns∏SpØnbXv

tbml∂m≥ 2:1-˛12˛¬ hnhcn°p∂p. XpS¿∂v tbiphns‚ ]cky

PohnXIme kw`hßfpw IpcnipacWhpw \mev kphntijIcpw

hnhcn°p∂p≠v. tbiphns‚ ]oUm\p`hthfbn¬ adnbØns‚

kPoh km∂n≤yw kphntijI∑m¿ hy‡am°p∂p. tbiphns‚

acWØn\p apºv injy\mb tbml∂ms\ Xs‚ AΩbv°pw

AΩsb tbml∂m\pw G¬∏n®psImSp°p∂Xmbn tbml.

19:26˛27˛¬ tcJs∏SpØnbncn°p∂p.

Cutim kz¿§mtcmlWw sNøp∂Xn\papºv Xs‚ AΩbpsS

]°¬ h∂v hnS]dbp∂Xpw [mcmfw kwkmcn°p∂Xpw acnb

hmƒtXm¿ØbpsS "ssZha\pjys‚ kvt\lKoX' F∂ ]pkvXIw

16˛mw hmeyØn¬ hnhcn°p∂p≠v.

tbip Db¿sØgpt∂‰Xns‚ \m¬]Xmw Znhkw A¤pXIc

amb alnatbmSpw PbtØmSpw IqSn kz¿§mtcmlWw sNbvXt∏mƒ

injy≥amtcmsSm∏w ]cnip≤ I\yImadnbhpw D≠mbncp∂p. tbip

hns‚ kz¿§mtcmlWØn\ptijw `bNInXcmbncp∂ «ol∑msc

H∂n®p \bn°p∂Xn¬ adnbw hln® ]¶v kvXp-Xy¿lamWv.

A∏kvtXme {]h¿Ø\ßƒ 1:14˛¬ FgpXnbncn°p∂p: ""Ch¿ GI

a\t msS tbiphns‚ AΩbmb adnbtØmSpw a‰pkv{XoItfmSpw

Ahs‚ ktlmZc≥amtcmSpsam∏w {]m¿∞\bn¬ apgpInbncp∂p''.

sklntbm≥ Du´pimebn¬ ]{¥≠v A∏kvtXme≥amcpw ]cnip≤

I\yImadnbhpw {]m¿∞\m\ncXcmbncp∂t∏mgmWv ]nXmhmb

ssZhØns‚ heXp`mKØv D]-hn-jvS-\mb ]p{X\mb ssZhw

]cnip≤mflmhns\ AhcpsSta¬ Ab-®-Xv.


1. temIamkIeap≈ P\ßfpsS t]cv FgpXnt®¿°s∏SWw

F∂ Iev]\ ]pds∏Sphn® tdma≥ N{Ih¿Øn ˛

AKÃkv kok¿

2. ZmhoZns‚ tKm{Xw ÿnXnsNbvXncp∂ ÿew ˛

t_Xvseslw

3. Pdpktean¬\n∂v t_Xvseslante°p≈ Zqcw ˛

7. In.ao.

4. hn. butk∏ns\ km¿Δ{XnI k`bpsS a≤yÿ≥ Bbn {]Jym

]n®Xv ˛

1870 Unkw_¿ 8˛-\v, 9˛mw ]obqkv ]m∏

5. hn. butk∏ns\ k`bpsS ]nXmhmbn {]Jym]n®Xv ˛ -

1889˛¬, setbm 13˛mw ]m∏

6. hn. butk∏ns\ Xncp°pSpw_Øns‚ Imh¬°mc\mbn

{]Jym]n®Xv ˛

1920˛¬, 15˛mw s_\UnIvSv ]m∏

7. hn. butk∏ns‚ ktlmZc\mb s¢tbm∏mbpsS a°fn¬

A∏kvtXme kwLØn¬ Dƒs∏ńcp∂h¿ ˛

inatbm≥, sNdnb bmt°m_v, bqZm XtZhqk.v


5. adn-b-Øns‚ kz¿§m-tcm-]Ww

]¥°pkvXmbv°ptijw ]cnip≤ I\yImadnbw Xmakn®n

cp∂Xv hnip≤ tbml∂mt\mSpIqsS Pdpkteanembncp∂p.

amXmhns‚ ip{iqjIcmbn Ipd®v I\yIamcpap≠mbncp∂p. amXmhv

Znhtk\ tbiphns‚ Xncp°√d kμ¿in®v {]m¿∞n°mdp≠mbn

cp∂p. C\n I√dbn¬ h∂m¬ amXmhns\ sIm√psa∂pw icocw

Zln∏n°psa∂pw blqZ¿ ̀ ojWns∏SpØn. I¿Ømhns‚ «ol∑m¿

F√mhcpw kphntij {]h¿Ø\Øn\mbn temIØns‚ hnhn[

`mKßfnte°v t]mbn°gn™ncp∂Xn\m¬ klmbØn\v Bcpw

Xs∂ C√mØ Ahÿbmbn.

({]tXyI {i≤bv°v: Cu A≤ymbØns‚ BZy`mKßƒ

FSpØncn°p∂Xv hn. tbml∂ms‚ t]cn¬ Adnbs∏Sp∂

A{]amWnI {KŸØns‚ {Ko°p `mjyØn¬ \n∂pw ]n∂oSp≈h

a‰p IsøgpØp {]XnIfn¬ \n∂pamWv)

Hcp Znhkw K{_ntb¬ amemJ adnbØn\v {]Xy£s∏´v

Adnbn®X\pkcn®v amXmhv aq∂v I\yIamtcmSpIqSn t_Xvesl

antebv°p t]mbn. AhnsS Ahƒ \nc¥cw {]m¿∞\bnepw

[ym\Ønepw apgpInbncp∂p. Hcp sh≈nbmgvN adnbw hfsc

£oWnXbmbn ImWs∏´p. tbml∂ms\ ImWphm≥ Ahƒ

B{Kln®p. Cu kabw Ft^tkmknembncp∂ tbml∂ms\

]cnip≤mflmhv Adnbn®p: ""\ns‚ I¿Ømhns‚ AΩ CutemI

hmkw hn´p]ncnbm≥ t]mIp∂p. thKw t_Xveslanse hońseØn

Ahsf ImWpI.'' tbml∂m≥ t_Xveslantebv°p t]mIphm≥

Xømdmbt∏mƒ Hcp taLw XmWph∂v Ahs\ hln°pIbpw an∂¬

thKØn¬ t_Xvselanse `h\Øn¬ FØn°pIbpw sNbvXp.

Ahs\ I≠v amXmhv AXy[nIw kt¥mjn®p. amXmhv ]d™

X\pkcn®v tbml∂m≥ [q]w h®v {]m¿∞n®p.


{]m¿∞\m\¥cw adnbw tbml∂ms\ AcnIn¬ hnfn®v CSdnb

kzcØn¬ ]d™p: ""\ns‚ Kpcp Ft∂mSv ]d™n´p≈Xpt]mse

kIehpw \nhrØnbmbncn°p∂p. Ah≥ ]d™n´p≈ ASbmfßfpw

kw`hn®ncn°p∂p. Dbn¿sØgpt∂dd aninlmbpw amemJamcpsS

almkwLhpw Rm≥ acn°p∂Xn\p apºv Fs‚ kao]Øp

hcpsa∂p ]d™n´p≈Xv Rm≥ Znhym\μtØmsS {]Xo£n°p∂p''.

adnbw hnXpºn°c™p. AXpI≠v tbml∂m\pw Ic™p. B

injy≥ XqhmesIm≠v amXmhns‚ IÆp\o¿ XpS®p.

CXn\Iw ]cnip≤mflmhn¬ \n∂v ktμiw e`n® I¿Ømhns‚

«ol≥am¿ hnhn[ tZißfn¬ \n∂v ]pds∏Sm≥ Hcpßnbt∏mƒ

aninlm {]ImiØns‚ taLßfn¬ HmtcmcpØ¿°pw kz¿§ob

cYßƒ Ab®psImSpØp. amemJamcm¬ hln°s∏´ kz¿§ob

cYßsf ]cnip≤mflmhv hmbpaWvUeØn¬ IqSn t_Xveslan

te°v AXnthKw \bn®p. ]utemkpw a‰p «ol≥amcpw t_Xvesl

an¬ FØnt®¿∂Xn\p tijw ]cnip≤ adnbØns‚ ASpØph∂v

]mZßfn¬ Npw_n®p.

]t{Xmkns‚ t\XrXzØn¬ «ol∑m¿ [q]w h®p {]m¿∞n®p.

Cu kabw BImiØn¬ CSnapg°ap≠mbn. amXmhv InS∂ncp∂

apdnbn¬ kpK‘ ]cnafhpw {]Imihpw ]c∂p. t_Xveslanep≠m

bncp∂hsc√mw A¤pXIcamb Cu ImgvNIƒ ImWpIbpw

PdpkseanseØn F√mhscbpw Adnbn°pIbpw sNbvXp. At\Iw

t]¿ h∂v adnbsØ hμn°pIbpw B `mKyhXnbn¬ \n∂p P\n®

aninlmbn¬ hnizkn°pIbpw sNbvXp. \nch[n tcmKnIƒ kuJyw

{]m]n°pIbpw hnhn[ A¤pXßƒ \S°pIbpw sNbvXp. CsX√mw

tI´dn™v {Ip≤cmb blqZcpw BNmcy∑mcpw hnfdn]nSn®v t_Xve

slanseØn amXmhns\Xntc P\ßsf kwLSn∏n®p. adnbsØ

F{Xbpw thKw \in∏n®ns√¶n¬ AhfpsS A¤pXkn≤nbm¬ P\w

Atßmt´°v BI¿jn°s∏Spsa∂pw AXv Xßƒ°v ̀ o£WnbmIp-

sa∂pw Ah¿ IW°m°n. Kh¿W¿ blqZcpsS \n¿_‘Øn\p

hgßn kl{km[n]s\ t_Xveslante°b®p.

CtX kabw ]cnip≤mflmhv AcpfnsNbvXX\pkcn®v «ol∑m¿

amXmhns\ InS°tbmsS shfnbnend°n. s]´∂v Hcp taLØm¬

Ah¿ amemJamcpsS Km\mem]ßtfmsS tZisams°bpw kpK‘w

hoins°m≠v kwhln°s∏´v Pdpksean¬ ]cnip≤I\yIbpsS

`h\Øn¬ FØn°s∏´p. A©p ZnhktØbv°v Ahƒ Fgpt∂‰p


\n∂v CSXShn√msX ssZhkvXpXnIƒ Be]n®psIm≠ncp∂p.

amXmhpw «ol∑mcpw A¤pXIcambn PdpkseanseØnsb∂pw

[mcmfw P\ßƒ amXmhnt\mSv {]m¿∞n°p∂psh∂pw a\ nem°nb

blqZ¿ ]ptcmlnXtcmsSm∏w hndIpw XobpsaSpØv sIm≠v adnb

Øns‚ ̀ h\w Zln∏n°p∂Xn\mbn ]pds∏´p. Kh¿W¿ CXv AIse

\n∂v ImWp∂p≠mbncp∂p. blqZP\w hmXn¬°¬ FØnbt∏mƒ,

s]s´∂v hoSn\p≈n¬ \n∂v amemJamcpsS {]h¿Ø\Øm¬ A·n

]pds∏´v B blqZsc Zln∏n®p. ]´WØn¬ apgph≥ `bapfhmbn;

Ahfn¬ \n∂v P\n® ssZhsØ F√mhcpw alXzs∏SpØn.

kw`hn®XpI≠ Kh¿W¿ P\tØmSv hnfn®p ]d™p: ""\nßƒ

]pdØm°phm≥ {ian® I\yIbn¬ \n∂p P\n®h≥ kXyambpw

ssZh]p{X\mWv; ImcWw, CXv Xo¿®bmbpw kXyssZhØns‚

ASbmfamWv.'' blqZ¿°nSbn¬ tNcnXncnhp≠mbn; kw`hn®

ASbmfßƒ \nanØw At\I¿ I¿ØmhotimaninlmbpsS

\maØn¬ hnizkn®p.

I¿Ømhns‚ Znhkamb RmbdmgvN amXmhv «ol∑mtcmSv

]d™p: ""[q]w Hcp°phn≥; ImcWw, amemJamcpsS hyqltØmSp

IqsS, t{Imth∑mcpsS knwlmk\Ønencp∂v aninlm hcp∂p.''

«ol∑m¿ {]m¿∞n®psIm≠ncp∂t∏mƒ AkwJyw ssk\yß

tfmSpw D{K{]Xm]tØmSpw IqsS I¿Ømhv {]Xy£s∏´p. AhnS

tØbv°p aptº t]mbncp∂ {]Imihebw, GIPmXs‚ BKa\

kqNIambn ]cnip≤ I\yIbpsSta¬ h∂ncp∂Xmbn ImWs∏´p.

kz¿§ob i‡nIsf√mw Ahs‚ apºn¬ kmjvSmwKw hoWv Bcm[n®p.

I¿Ømhv AhnSpsØ AΩsb hnfn®p: ""adnbw'', Ahƒ hnfn-

tI´p. ""I¿Ømth, CXm Rm≥.'' I¿Ømhv AhtfmSv AcpƒsNbvXp:

""Zp:Jnt°≠m; \ns‚ lrZbw BÀmZn°pIbpw kt¥mjn°pIbpw

sNøs´; ImcWw, Fs‚ ]nXmhv F\n°p \¬Inbncn°p∂ alXzw

Z¿in°phm\p≈ Ir] \n\°v e`n®ncn°p∂p.'' ]cnip≤ amXmhv

IÆpIfpb¿Øn t\m°nbt∏mƒ, a\pjylrZbßƒ°p a\ nem

°phmt\m hm°pIfm¬ hnhcn°phmt\m Akm[yamb AhnSsØ

alXzw Ahƒ Z¿in®p. AhfpsS ASpØp\n∂v I¿Ømhv Acpfn

sNbvXp: ""Ct∏mƒ \ns‚ Aaqeyicocw ]dpZokbnte°v kwhln

°s∏Spw; \ns‚ Bflmhv kz¿§Øn¬ AXyp÷ze{]`bn¬ Fs‚

]nXmhns‚ \nt£]ßfpsS IqsS, kam[m\Ønepw amemJamcpsS

BÀmZØnepw kwc£n°s∏Spw.''


adnbw I¿Ømhnt\mSv {]m¿∞n®pIgn™t∏mƒ, I¿Ømhv

AhnSpsØ AΩtbmSv AcpfnNbvXp: ""\ns‚ lrZbw BÀmZn

°pIbpw kt¥mjn°pIbpw sNøs´, ImcWw kz¿§ÿ\mb

]nXmhpw Rm\pw ]cnip≤mflmhpw F√m Ir]Ifpw Zm\ßfpw

\n\°p \¬Iphm≥ a\ mbncn°p∂p. \ns‚ \maw hnfn®t]£n

°p∂ Hcmflmhn\pw e÷nt°≠nhcn√; {]XypX, Ah¿ Cu

temIØnepw ]ctemIØnepw kz¿§ob]nXmhns‚ k∂n[nbnepw

IcpWbpw Bizmkhpw, klmbhpw Bflhnizmkhpw {]m]n°pw.''

I¿Ømhv Xncn™v ]t{Xmknt\mS v AcpfnsNbvXp:

""kvXpXnKoXw Be]n°phm\p≈ kabambncn°p∂p''. ]t{Xmkv

kvXpXnbpsS Io¿Ø\w Bcw`n®t∏mƒ, kz¿§ob i‡nIƒ

lt√eqb ]mSn. At∏mƒ I¿Ømhns‚ AΩbpsS apJw {]Imi

sØ°mƒ tim`n®p. I¿Ømhv Xs‚ \n¿Ωeamb Icßƒ \oń

]cnip≤hpw If¶clnXhpamb AhfpsS Bflmhns\ kzoIcn®p.

AhfpsS \njvIf¶ Bflmhv th¿s]´t∏mƒ B ÿew

apgph≥ kpc`ne ]cnafØmepw Ah¿Æ\ob {]ImiØmepw

\nd™p; kz¿§Øn¬\n∂v Cßs\sbmcp kzchpw tI´p: ""\o

kv{XoIfn¬ A\p{KloXbmIp∂p.'' ]t{Xmkpw ]utemkpw

tbml∂m\pw HmSnsbØn, hnip≤oIcWw {]m]n°m\mbn AhfpsS

hninjvS ]mZßƒ Npw_n®p.

«ol∑m¿ AhfpsS icocw iøbn¬ InSØn kwhln®p

KXvtka\nbnse ]pXnb I√dbn¬ \nt£]n®p. kwkvImcØn\p

tijw «ol∑m¿ sskØp]¿hXØnte°p aSßnt∏mbn.

({i≤n°pI: CXphscbp≈ hnhcßƒ hn. tbml∂ms‚

t]cn¬ Adnbs∏Sp∂ A{]amWnI {KŸØns‚ {Ko°p

`mjyØn¬ \n∂pw XpS¿∂p≈h a‰p IsøgpØp {]XnIfn¬ \n∂pw

FSpØn´p≈XmWv. Ch k`bpsS {]mamWnI {KŸØn¬

\n∂p≈hb√.)

ssZh]p{X\v amwkc‡ßƒ \¬Inb ]cnip≤I\yIm

adnbØn‚ icocØn\p a‰p icocßƒs°∂t∏mse {ZhXzw kw`hn

°cpsX∂v I¿Ømhv B{Kln®p. I_dnSØn¶¬ AS°w sNøs∏´

ZnhyP\\nbpsS arXicocØnte°p aninlm Poh≥ Xncn®p

sImSpØp. B Znhyicocw {]ImiØns‚ cYØn¬ hbv°s∏´v

]dpZokmbnte°m\bn°s∏´p.


amXmhns‚ PohnXm¥ysØ°pdn®p≈ Adnbn∏v C¥ybnte°p

bm{X ]pd---s∏ńcp∂ tXmam«olmbv°v ]cnip≤mflmhv hgn

e`ns®¶nepw a‰p «ol∑mtcmsSm∏w amXmhns‚ A¥ythfbn¬

PdpkseanseØm≥ km[n®n√. (tXmam«ol C¥ybnte°p≈

bm{Xbn¬ ]m¿∞ym, taUnbm, t]¿kym, F∂o cmPyßfn¬

kphntijthe sNbvXv h¿j-ßƒ°v tij-amWv C¥ybnse

ØnbXv).

]cnip≤mflmhns‚ i‡nbm¬ BImi taLßfn¬ hln

°s∏´v bm{XsNøth sskØp]¿ΔXØns‚ apIfnseØnb

t∏mƒ BImihoYnbn¬ henb Bchhpw amemJamcpsS

lt√eqbm kvXpXnIfpw tI´v tXmam«olm Aºc∂p!. amXmhns\

]dpZokbnte°v amemJamcm¬ kwhln°s∏Sp∂ ImgvNbmWv

ImWp∂sX∂v ]cnip≤mflmhn¬\n∂pw a\ nem°nb tXmam«olm

Dds°∏d™p: ""amemJamtc, Aev]w \n¬°tW. Fs‚ Kpcphns‚

h’eamXmhns\ Rm≥ H∂v Z¿in®psIm≈s´.'' tXmam«olbpsS

i_vZw tIám{Xbn¬ A·ncYw BImiØn¬ \n¿Øs∏´p. hm\

taLßfm¬ hln°s∏Sp∂ tXmam«olm amXmhns\ hln®ncp∂

cYØn\v kao]sØØn. ]cnip≤ amXmhns\ Npw_n®Xn\ptijw

]d™p: ""I≠mepw, Fs‚ \mYs‚ AΩsb ImWm\p≈ `mKyw

F\n°p≠mbt√m. `mKyhXnbmb AtΩ, \n\°v alXzw. amXmhv

B\μNnØbmbn tXmam«olmsb Bio¿ΔZn®p. Cutim ]d™p:

""tXmamtb, \o `mKyhm\mIp∂p. \o I≠ alXzØns‚ hnhcßƒ

\ns‚ Iq´pImsc Adnbn°pI.'' «ol∑m¿ hnizknt°≠Xn\v HcS

bmfw tNmZn® tXmambv°v ]cnip≤ AΩbpsS A¶nta¬ sIń

h®Xpw «ol∑m¿ Npw_n®Xpamb Ac°® (kqt\mtdm) Agn®v

\¬In. A\¥cw amXmhns\ hln®ncp∂ A·ncYw kz¿§ob tk\

IfpsS AIºSntbmsS ]dpZokmbnte°v FSp°s∏´p.

tXmam«olm taLßfn¬ kwhln°∏ v́ sskØp]¿ΔXØn¬

ImØncp∂ addp «ol\vamcpsS kao]sØØn. BImiat≤y

amXmhns\ I≠Imcyw a‰p «ol∑m¿ hnizkn®n√. Ah¿ tXmakns\

KXvtkan\nbnepff I√dbn¬ sIm≠pt]mbn. tXmakns\ amXm

hns‚ A\p{Klw {]m]n°p∂Xn\pambn Ah¿ I_dnSw Xpd∂p.

F∂m¬ AXv iq\yambn ImWs∏´p. F√mhcpw hnkvab`cnXcmbn.

amXmhns‚ icocØn¬\n∂v e`n® kqt\mtdm tXmam«ol Ahsc

ImWn®t∏mƒ F√mhcpw hnizkn°pIbpw Iangv∂phoWv ]cnip≤

AΩbpsS Ac°®sb Npw_n°pIbpw Ahsf icoctØmsS


]dqZokbnte°v FSpØ ssZhsØ alXzs∏SpØpIbpw sNbvXp.

]n∂oSv taLcYßfn¬ Ibdnh∂ «ol∑m¿ HmtcmcpØcpw

Ahch¿ h∂ ÿeßfnte°v Xncn®pt]mbn.

(X-an-gv\m-ńse ssaem-∏q-cn¬h®v sIm-√-s∏´ tXmam-«o-lm-bpsS

Xncp-ti-jn∏v ]n∂oSv Dd-lm-bn-te°v sIm≠p-t]m-bn-cp-∂p. 1852

G{]n¬ amk-Øn¬ At¥ym-Iy-bnse ]m{Xn-b¿-°okv _mh ]pcm-

X\ tcJ-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®-t∏mƒ amXmhv tXmam-«o-lmbv°v \¬Inb

kqt\msdmsb-°p-dn®v hnhcw e`n-°p-Ibpw _mh-bpsS Iev]\

{]Imcw tlmwknse tZhm--e-b-Øns‚ t{XmtWmkv s]m-fn®v AXn¬

Hcp inem-t]-S-I-Øn¬\n∂p kqt\m-sdmbpw tXmam-«o-lm-bpsS

Aÿn ÿm]n-®n-cp∂ Ipgepw e`n-®p. 1965-̨ ¬ kqt\m-sdm-bpsS Ipd®v

`mKw C¥y-bn-te°v sIm≠p-h-cn-Ibpw 1982 s^{_p-hcn 26-̨ mw XobXn

AXns‚ Hcwiw aW¿ImSv hn. a¿Øm-a-dnbw bmt°m-_mb kpdn--

bm\n ]≈n-bn¬ ÿm]n-°pIbpw sNbvXp F∂v {]kvXpX ]≈nbpsS

Ncn-{X-tc-J-I-fn¬ Im-Wp-∂p)

1. ]cnip≤ AΩbpsS acWsØ°pdn®v k`bpsS BZyImeØv

]d™ncp∂Xv ˛

adnbØns‚ \n{Z, kz¿§bm{X, IS∂pt]m°v, KrlmKa\w

2. ]cnip≤ AΩbpsS Xncpicocw kotbm≥ `h\Øn¬ \n∂v,

«ol∑m¿ KXvtkan\nbn¬ sIm≠pt]mbn AS°nb ÿew˛

tbip ]oUm\p`hthfbn¬ {]m¿∞n® ÿeØn\p hS°p

`mKØv. (sIt{Zm≥ Xmgvhcbn¬ KXvtkan\nbnse t{Kmt´mtbmSv

tN¿∂p≈ ÿeØv)

3. ]cnip≤ AΩbpsS kz¿§mtcm]WØn\v sXfnhmbn hn. tPm¨

sUanjn≥ D≤cn°p∂ Ncn{Xw ˛

Fhp¥nambnIv Ncn{Xw

4. adnbØns‚ kz¿§mtcm]Ww Hcp hnizmkkXyambn {]Jym

]n®Xv ˛

1950 \hw_¿ 1˛mw XobXn 12˛mw ]obqkv am¿∏m∏.


temIc£I\mb ssZh]p{Xs\ \ap°mbn kΩm\n°m≥

ssZhtØmSv klIcn® a\pjyhy‡nbmWv ]cnip≤ I\yIm

adnbw. Ncn{XØn¬ Pohn°p∂ {InkvXphmWv k`. k`bpsS

ÿm]\ Znhkamb ]¥°pkvXm Zn\Øn¬ ]cnip≤ AΩbpsS

t\XrXzØnemWv injy∑m¿ {]m¿∞n®Xpw ]cnip≤mflmhns\

kzoIcn®Xpw. Hmtcm ss{IkvXhs‚bpw B≤ymflnI amXmhmWv

]cnip≤ I\yImadnbw. ]{¥≠mw ]obpkv am¿]m∏ ]dbp∂p:

""inc mb {InkvXphpw icocamb k`bpw XΩn¬ IqńbnW°p∂

IgpØmWv adnbw.''

c≠mw hØn°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ tcJs∏SpØnbncn°p∂p:

""]cnip≤ AΩ Adnbs∏SpIbpw kvt\ln°s∏SpIbpw hWß

s∏SpIbpw sNøptºmƒ AXnep]cn ]p{X≥ Adnbs∏SpIbpw

kvt\ln°s∏SpIbpw Bcm[n°s∏SpIbpw alXzoIrXam°s∏

SpIbpw sNøpw'' (Xn-cp-k` 8:66). c≠mw hØn-°m≥ Iu¨-kn-ens‚

]Xn-\mdv {]amW tcJ-I-fn¬ BZy{]amWtcJ-bmb "Xncp-k-`'-bpsS

8˛mw A≤ymbw˛""{Inkv-Xp-hn-s‚bpw k -̀-bp-sSbpw cl-ky-Øn¬ ssZh-

-am-Xm-hmb ]cn. I\y-Im-a-dn-b-Øn-\p≈ ÿm\w''˛ {]-tXy-I-ambn adn-

b-Øns‚ amlm-flysØ FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-°p-∂p.

adnbw k`m{]t_m[\ßfn¬

II

6. ssZh amXmhv

7. Aatem¤h amXmhv

8. I\yI amXmhv

9. kz¿§mtcm]nX amXmhv

10. amXmhns‚ am≤yÿyw

(a≤yÿbpw klc£Ibpw hc{]kmZ]q¿Æbpw)

11. ]cn. adnbw k`bpsS amXmhpw amXrIbpw

{]XoIhpw


ItØmen°m hnizmknIfpw bmt°m_mb hnizmknIfpw

Hcn°epw adnbsØ Bcm[n°p∂n√. adn®v, Ahsf _lpam\n°p

Ibpw hWßpIbpw am{Xta sNøp∂p≈q. Bcm[\ ssZhØn\p

am{Xap≈XmWv. ItØmen°m k`bpsS aXt_m[\ {KŸØn¬

adnbsØ°pdn®v C{]Imcw ]dbp∂p: ""Xs‚ ]p{Xs‚ AΩbmbncn

°m≥ ssZhw lΔmbpsS k¥m\]cºcbn¬ \n∂p I\yImadn

bsØ sXcs™SpØp. ssZhIr] \nd™hfmb Ahƒ, c£mI¿

ΩØns‚ AXypØaêamWv. DZv`hØns‚ BZy\nanjw apX¬,

adnbw DZv`h]m]amen\yØn¬\n∂p ]cn]q¿Æ hnap‡bmbn ]cn

c£n°s∏´p. PohnXImew apgph≥ hy‡n]camb F√m ]m]

ßfn¬ \n∂pw Ahƒ hnap‡bmbncp∂p'' (CCC 508).

]cnip≤ amXmhns\°pdn®v ItØmen°mk` Nne hnizmk

kXyßƒ HutZymKnIambn {]Jym]n®n´p≠v. ssZhw shfns∏

SpØnb kXyßƒ k`bpsS {]t_m[\m[nImcap]tbmKn®v

{]Jym]n°p∂XmWv hnizmk kXyßƒ AYhm tUm‹Iƒ.

ssZhw Hcn°epw ssk≤m¥nIamb {]kvXmh\Iƒ \SØp∂n√.

ssZhw shfns∏SpØnb kXyßfpsS ]n∂oSp≈ hymJym\hpw

kv]jvSamb hnhcWhpamWv hnizmkkXyßfmbn \¬Is∏SpI.

krjvSnbnepw Ncn{XØnepap≈ CSs]SepIfneqsSbmWv ssZhw

Xs∂Øs∂ shfns∏SpØpI. ssZhØns‚ Cu BhnjvImcsØ

am\pjnI `mjIfntebv°v samgnam‰w sNtø≠nbncn°p∂p. tbip

{InkvXphns‚ hy‡nXzØneqsSbpw ZuXyØneqsSbpw ssZhw

BhnjvIcn°p∂ c£bpsS ktμiamWv F√m ss{IkvXh hnizmk

kXyßfpw. \q‰m≠pIfmbn k` hnizkn®pt]m∂ kXyßfpsS

hymJym\hpw \n¿hN\hpamWv HutZymKnI {]Jym]\ØneqsS

\SØp∂Xv. adnbw ssZhØns‚ AΩbmsW∂pw Ahƒ \nXy

I\yIbmsW∂pw Aatem¤hbmsW∂pw kz¿§mtcm]nXsb∂pw

ItØmen°mk` hnizmkkXyambn {]Jym]n®n´p≠v.

k`bpsS {]t_m[\ßƒ°v Zriyhpw AZriyhpamb AwKoImcw

kz¿§Øn¬\n∂p e`n°p∂p≠v. Zriyamb AwKoImcØn\v

DZmlcWamWv amXmhns‚ Aatem¤hw Hcp hnizmkkXyambn

1854 Unkw_¿ 8 ̨ mw XnbXn H≥]Xmw ]obpkv am¿]m∏ {]Jym]n®v

\mep h¿jw Ign™t∏mƒ 1858 am¿®v 25˛mw XobXn ssZhamXmhv

eq¿±n¬ _¿WZoØbv°v {]Xy£s∏´v "Rm≥ Aatem¤hbmWv'

F∂p ]d-™Xv.


6. ssZh amXmh v

6. ssZh amXmhv (Xncp\mƒ : P\phcn 1)

ssZhhpw a\pjy\pamb {InkvXphns‚ AΩbmWv adnbw.

AXn\m¬ adnbsØ ssZhamXmhv F∂phnfn°p∂p. ""I\yIm

adnbw... bYm¿∞Øn¬ ssZhØns‚bpw c£Is‚bpw AΩbmbn

AwKoIcn°s∏SpIbpw _lpam\n°s∏SpIbpw sNøp∂p'' (CCC. 963).

c£mIcI¿ΩØnep≈ adnbØns‚ `mK`mKnXzw ASßnbncn

°p∂Xv ssZhamXrXzØnemWv. ]cnip≤ {XnXzØnse c≠masØ

hy‡n a\pjy\mbn AhXcn® ssZhkpX\mb {InkvXphmsW∂pw,

]cnip≤ I\yImadnbw B ssZhkpX\v X∂neqsS Cu `qanbn¬

P∑w \¬InbXpsIm≠v ssZhamXmhmsW∂pw D≈ hnizm-k-amWv

ssZhamXrXzw F∂XpsIm≠v A¿∞am°p∂Xv. adnbØns‚

CfbΩbmb Fenk_Øv Ahsf A`nkwt_m[\ sNbvXXv

""I¿Ømhns‚ AΩ'' (eq°m 1:43) F∂p ]d™mWv. adnbsØ

kw_‘n® Xncpk`bpsS BZysØ hnizmkkXyhpw adnbw

ssZhamXmhv BIp∂p F∂XmWv.

1. ]cnip≤ adnbØn\p kwkn≤amb hcßfn¬h®v G‰hpw

t{ijvTambXv ˛ ssZhamXrXzw

2. ss{IkvXh Nn¥bn¬ adnbØns‚ ssZhamXrXzsØ°p

dn®p≈ hnizmkw cq]wsIm≠Xv ˛ H∂mw \q‰m≠ns‚ Bcw`w

apX¬

3. adnbsØ "ssZhamXmhv' F∂v BZyambn hnfn® k`m[nImcn˛

tdmanse sa{Xm\mbncp∂ lnt∏mfn‰kv (170˛235)

4. ssZhamXmhv F∂ ]Z{]tbmKw k`bn¬ ]q¿Æambpw

AwKoIcn°s∏´Xv ̨ hn. AØ\mkntbmkns‚ Imew apX¬ (295˛373)

5. adnbØns‚ ssZhamXrXzw Hcp hnizmkkXyambn k`

{]Jym]n®Xv -˛ 431˛se Ft^tkmkv km¿Δ{XnI kq\l

tZmkn¬h®v


6. ssZhamXrXzØns\Xncmb s\kvtXmdnb\nkw F∂ A_≤

kn≤m¥w F¥mWv?

tbiphn¬ ssZhBfpw a\pjyBfpw Ds≠∂pw I\yImadnbw

a\pjy\mb tbiphns‚ AΩ am{XamsW∂pw ssZhamb

tbiphns‚ AΩbs√∂pap≈ {]t_m[-\-amWv s\-kn-tXm-dn-b

\nkw Cu A_≤kn≤m¥w {]Ncn∏n®Xv tIm¨kvddm‚n

t\m∏nfnse sa{Xmt∏meoØbmb s\kvtXmdnbqkmbncp∂p.

AXn\m¬ CXns\ "s\kvtXmdnb\nkw' F∂p hn-fn°p∂p.

7. s\kvtXmdnb\nkØns\ FXn¿ØpsIm≠p≈ Ft^tkmkv

kq\ltZmkns‚ ssZh-am-Xr-Xz-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ \n¿ΔN\w ˛

""FΩm\pth¬ bYm¿∞Øn¬ ssZhamsW∂pw X¬°mcW

Øm¬ ]cnip≤ I\yI bYm¿∞Øn¬ ssZhØns‚ AΩ

bmsW∂pw hnizkn®v G‰p]dbmØh≥ XnckvIrX\mIs´''.

8. adnbØns‚ ssZhamXrXzsØ∏‰n Ft^tkmkv kq\ltZmkv

\¬Inb \n¿ΔN\w Bh¿Øn®n´p≈ kq\ltZmkpIƒ ˛

Im¬kntUm¨ (451), c≠mw tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m∏nƒ (553), aq∂mw

tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m∏nƒ (680), aq∂mw em‰d≥ (1179) c≠mw hØn

°m≥ (1962˛65)

9. ]cnip≤ adnbsØ ssZhamXmhmbn AwKoIcn°mØh¿

ssZhØn¬\n∂pw th¿s]´hcmWv F∂p ]d™Xv ˛ {KnKdn

\knbm≥k≥

10. ssZhamXrXzsØ sXfnbn°p∂ hnip≤{KŸ`mKßƒ ˛ Giø

7:14, an° 5:2, aØm. 1:16, 1:20, 12:46, 13:55, eq°m 1:35, 1:43, 2:6, Kem.4:4.

11. ssZhamXrXzsØ°pdn®v am¿ń≥ eqY¿ ]dbp∂Xv ˛

"adnbw bYm¿∞Øn¬ a\pjyIpeØns‚ amXmhv F∂p am{X

a√ hnfn°s∏tS≠Xv, adn®v ssZhamXmsh∂pIqSnbmWv... adnbw

kXyssZhØns‚ amXmhmsW∂Xn¬ kwibØn\nSbn√.'

12. adnbØns‚ ssZhamXrXzØn\p kp{Klhpw kmcK¿`hpamb

hymJym\w \¬InbXv : hn. tXmakv AIzn\mkv (1225 ˛1274)

13. amXmhns‚ ssZhamXrXzsØ∏‰n ]dbp∂ c≠mw hØn°m≥

kq\ltZmkns‚ Un{In : P\XIfpsS {]Imiw˛F´mw A≤ymbw

14. hmkpembv°v Cutim shfns∏SpØnbXpw FgpXnhbv°m≥

]d™Xpamb ssZhamXmhns\°pdn®p≈`mKw˛

""Fs‚ AΩsb ]cnXyPn°p∂htc Rm≥ Blzm\w sNøp∂p.

sNhn Xpd∂v tIƒ°pI. Fs‚ AΩ kz¿§Øn¬ cm⁄nbmWv̨

ssZhamXmhv F∂dnbs∏SpIbpw sNøp∂p''. (ssZhØnep≈

bYm¿∞PohnXw Vol. 3)


7. Aa-temXv̀ h amXmhv (Xncp\mƒ : Unkw-_¿ 8)

ssZhamXmhmIp-hm-\p≈ kv{Xo F∂ \nebn¬ adnbØn\p

ssZhw k-Ωm\n® Hcp khntijhcamWv Aatem¤hw. ]cnip≤

I\yImadnbw, Xs‚ AΩbmb A∂mbpsS DZcØn¬ Dcphm°

s∏´t∏mƒØs∂ k¿Δ i‡\mb ssZhØns‚ Ir]bm¬ a\pjy

hwiØns‚ c£I\mb CutimaninlmbpsS tbmKyXIƒ

]cnKWn®v, P∑]m]Øns‚ kIehn[ amen\yßfn¬\n∂pw

]q¿Æambpw hnap‡ambncp∂p. I\yImadnbw ]m]clnXbmbXn

\memWv ssZhZqX≥ ""ssZhIr]\nd™htf; kzkvXn, I¿Ømhv

\nt∂mSpIqsS!'' (eq°m 1:28) F∂v A`nkwt_m[\ sNbvXXv.

Ggmw \q‰m≠papX¬ ]uckvXyk`bnepw 9˛mw \q‰m≠papX¬

]m›mXyk`bnepw, adnbØns‚ P\\Øncp\mfpw Aatem¤h

Øncp\mfpw BtLmjn°phm≥ XpSßn. H∂mw em‰d≥ (1123), s{X

t¥mkv (1545 ̨ 63) F∂o kq\ltZmkpIfn¬ hniZamb N¿®bv°pw

]T\Øn\pw \nKa\ßƒ°pw hnt[bam°nbn´p≈XmWv adnbØns‚

Aatem¤hw. tPm¨ c≠ma≥, knIvØqkv \mema≥, t]mƒ

\mema≥ XpSßnb ap≥Imeam¿∏m∏am¿ Aatem¤h kXysØ

°pdn®p≈ k`bpsS ho£Ww hniZam°nbncp∂p. Ggph¿j°mew

kpZo¿Lamb ]T\Øn\pw ssZhimkv{X⁄cpambp≈ N¿®I

ƒ°pw tijw 1854 Unkw_¿ 8˛mw XobXn H≥]Xmw ]obqkv

am¿∏m∏ "Cs\^m_nenkv tZhqkv' F∂ XncpshgpØphgn

adnbØns‚ Aatem¤hw Hcp hnizmkkXyambn {]Jym]n®p.

Unkw_¿ 8˛mw XobXn Aatem¤hØncp\mfmbn \n›bn°pIbpw

sNbvXp. am¿∏m∏bpsS Cu {]Jym]\sØ Dd∏n®psIm≠v 1858

am¿®v 25˛mw XnbXn eq¿±n¬ ssZhamXmhv _¿WZoØmbv°v

{]Xy£s∏´psIm≠v ]d™p: ""Rm≥ Aatem¤hbmWv.''


1. Aatem¤hØncp\mƒ ]m›mXycmPyßfn¬ Bcw`n®

hnip≤≥ ˛- hn. A≥ksew

2. Aatem¤hsØ°pdn®p≈ BZy{]_‘w FgpXnb k\ymkn˛

Im‚¿_dnbnse FUva¿

3. 4˛11 \q‰m≠pIfn¬ Aatem¤hsØ°pdn® v km£yw

\¬Inbh¿ ˛ hn. Ft{^w, hn. AKÃn≥, hn. Awt{_mkv

4. ]cn. I\yIbpsS Aatem¤hØns‚ thZ]mcwKX≥ F∂dnb

s∏Sp∂Xv ˛ hmgvØs∏´ U¨kv kvtIm´vkv

5. adnbØns‚ Aatem¤hkXyw kzoIcn®v AwKoIcn°p∂hsc

A\pIqen®v tkmfn-®n-ØptUm F∂ A∏kvtXmenI teJ\w

{]kn≤oIcn® ]m∏ ˛ AeIvkm≠¿ 7˛ma≥, 1661 Unkw_¿ 8-̨ \v

6. Aatem¤hXncp\mƒ km¿Δ{XnIk`bn¬ BtLmjn°phm≥

\n›bn® ]m∏ ˛ s¢a‚ v 11˛ma≥, 1708˛¬

7. epØn\nbmbn¬ "Aatem¤hcm⁄n' F∂ hmIyw Iqńt®¿Ø

]m∏ ˛ {KnKdn 16˛ma≥, 1846 sk]vXw_¿ 13˛\v

8. Aatem¤h`‡n t{]m’mln∏n°phm≥ 1856˛¬ hn. sUman\nIv

kmthym ÿm]n® kwLS\ ̨ Aatem¤hØns‚ skmUmen‰n

9. Aatem¤h hnizmkkXysØ°pdn®v 9˛mw ]obqkv ]m∏

]pds∏Sphn® hnizteJ\Øns‚ 50˛mw hm¿jnIw {]amWn®v hn.

]Ømw]obqkv ]m∏m ]pds∏Sphn® Nm{InI teJ\w ˛

"BZv Znsbw C√', 1907 s^{_phcn 2˛\v

10. Aatem¤h hnizmkkXy {]Jym]\Øns‚ iXm_vZn

A\pkvacWambn ]{¥≠mw]obqkv ]m∏ ]pds∏Sphn®

Nm{InIteJ\w ̨ "^pƒsP≥kv sImtdmW', 1983 sk]vXw. 18˛\v

11. shfn]mSns‚ ]pkvXIØnse 12˛mw A≤ymbØnse kv{Xo

cq]hpw DXv]Øn 3:15˛se ""k¿∏Øns‚ Xe XI¿°p∂

kv{Xobpw'' adnbØns‚ {]Xncq]ambn kmZriys∏SpØp∂Xn\p

ImcWw˛

Aatem¤h P\\ØneqsS ]m]sØ tXmev]n°p∂ adnb

Øns‚ {]Xncq]ambn Cu `mKw hymJym\n°s∏Sp∂XpsIm≠v.

12. \∑\nd™htf kzkvXn! F∂ K{_ntb¬ ZqXs‚ "A`nkw

t_m[\' ]cn. I\yIbpsS Aatem¤hsØ kqNn∏n°p∂Xm

sW∂p {]kvXmhn® s{]m´Ã‚ v t\Xmhv ˛ am¿ń≥ eqY¿


8. I\yIm amXmhv (adn-b-Øns‚ \nXy I\y-ImXzw)

adnbØns‚ I\yImXzw Hcp hnizmkkXyambn A∏kvtXm

enIImew apX¬ AwKoIcn®pt]m∂XmWv. At\Iw ]T\ßƒ°p

tijw F.Un. 649˛se em‰d≥ Iu¨knen¬ h®v hn. am¿ń≥ H∂m-

a≥ am¿∏m∏ adnbØns‚ \nXyI\yImXzw Hcp hnizmkkXyambn

{]Jym]n®p. c≠mw hØn°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ adnbsØ A`nkwt_m

[\ sNøp∂Xv "\nXyI\yI'sb∂pw "AΩ'sb∂pamWv. Cutim

"I\yImadnbØn¬ \n∂p P\n®p sh∂v' hnizmk{]amWØn¬ \mw

{]Jym]n°p∂p≠v. I\yI K¿`[mcWw {InkvXphns‚ ssZh]p{X

ÿm\Øn\v sXfnhmWv. adnbw ]p{Xs\ K¿`w[cn°p∂Xn\papºpw

K¿`[mcWkabØpw {]khmhkcØnepw AXn\ptijhpw

I\yIbmbncp∂psh∂Xn\m¬ Ahsf k` \nXyI\yIsb∂p

hnfn°p∂p.

adnbØns‚ ]q¿ÆI\yImXzØn¬ imcocnIhpw Bflob

hpamb I\yImXzw Dƒt®¿Øncn°p∂p. I\yImXzsØ ssZh

tØmSp≈ kºq¿Æ ka¿∏Wambn´mWv k`m]nXm°∑m¿

a\ nem°nbncn°p∂Xv. adnbØns‚ I\yImXzsØ aq∂v

LSIßfmbn´mWv hymJym\n°pI.

a. {]khØn\v ap≥]p≈ I\yImXzw :

tbiphns\ {]khn°p∂Xn\papºv adnbw I\yIbmbncp∂p

sh∂v km£ys∏SpØp∂ hnip≤{KŸ`mKßfmWv Xmsg sImSp

Øncn°p∂Xv

i) ""I\yI K¿`w [cn®v Hcp ]p{Xs\ {]khn°pw'' (aØm.1:22).

tbip-hns‚ P\-\-sØ-°p-dn®v Giøm {]hm-N-I≥ hgn ssZhw

Acpfn- sN-bvXXv hn. aØmbn ChnsS Bh¿Øn-®p-d-∏n-°p-∂p.


ii) ""Bdmw amkw K{_n-tb¬ ZqX≥ Keo-en-bn¬ \k-dØv F∂

]´W-Øn¬, Zmho-Zns‚ hwi-Øn¬s∏´ tPmk^v F∂p-t]-cmb

]pcp-j-\p-ambn hnhm-l-\n-›bw sNbvXn-cp∂ I\yIbpsS

ASptØ°v ssZhØm¬ Abbv°s∏´p. AhfpsS t]cv adnbw

F∂m-bn-cp-∂p'' (eq°m 1:26˛27).

iii)adnbw ZqX-t\mSv ]d™p: ""CsX-ßs\ kw`-hn°pw? Rm≥ ]pcp-

js\ Adn-bp-∂n-√-t√m. ZqX≥ adp-]Sn ]d™p: ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv

\ns‚ ta¬ hcpw AXyp-∂-Xs‚ i‡n \ns‚-ta¬ Bh-kn°pw.

BI-bm¬ P\n-°m≥ t]mIp∂ inip ]cn-ip-≤≥, ssZh-Øns‚

]p{X≥ F∂p- hn-fn-°-s∏Spw'' (eq°m 1: 34-˛35).

iv) ""Ahƒ K¿`w [cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv ]cn-ip-≤m-Xvam-hn¬\n-∂mWv ''

(aØm 1:20).

b. {]k-hm-h-k-c-Ønse I\y-ImXzw:

adnbw ]cn-ip-≤m-hn-\m¬ K¿`w [cn-®-Xp-t]mse Ahƒ {]k-hn-

®Xpw Bflm-hns‚ AZv`p-X-I-c-amb {]h¿Ø-\-êam-bn-´mWv. {]k-

h-th-f-bnepw adn-b-Øns‚ I\y-mN¿Ωw t`Zn-°-s∏ń√ F∂mWv ]e-

k-̀ m-]n-Xm-°-∑mcpw A`n-{]m-bs∏ńcp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ B[p-\nI ssZh-

im-kv{X-⁄-∑m¿ ]q¿Æ-I-\y-Im-Xz-Øn\v `wKw hcmsX adnbw

kzm`m-hnI coXn-bn¬Øs∂ {]k-hn-®-Xmbn Icp-Xp-∂p. ImcWw,

A¤p-X-I-c-am-sbmcp {]k-h-sØ-°p-dn®v hn. {KŸ-Øn¬ kqN-\-sbm-

∂p-an-√.

s{]m´-Ã‚ v t\Xm-hm-bn-cp∂ Dƒdn®v kzn≥•n-bpsS {]kvXm-h\

ChnsS {]k-‡-am-Wv: ""\ap-°mbn ssZh-]p-{X-\p-P∑w \¬Inb

\n¿Ωe I\y-Im-a-dn-bw, inip-hns‚ P\-\-Ønepw AXn-\p-ti-j-hpw

If-¶-a‰ I\y-I-bm-bn-Øs∂ XpS¿∂p F∂v kphn-ti-j-Ønse

hm°p-Iƒ°-\p-krXw Rm≥ ZrV-ambn hniz-kn-°p-∂p.''

c. {]k-hm-\-¥-c-I-\y-ImXzw

adnbw K¿`-[m-c-W-Øn-\ptijhpw tbip-hns\ {]k-hn-®-Xn-\p-

ti-jhpw, I\y-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Ahƒ \nXy-I-\y-I-bm-sW∂pw

ItØm-en-°-k` ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. s{]m´-Ã‚ v \ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ s\Sp-

\m-b-IXzw hln® am¿ń≥ eqY¿ {]kvXm-hn-®p: ""adnbw I¿Øm-

hns‚ AΩ-bm-sW∂pw, AΩ Bb-Xn-\p-ti-jhpw I\y-I-bm-sW-

∂p-≈Xv Hcp hnizm-kkXy-amWv-''.


ss__nƒ hmIy-ßfpsS {]tbm-K-ssi-enbpw AXp -tc-J-s∏-Sp-

Ø-s∏´ ]›m-Ø-ehpw A]-{K-Yn®v hne-bn-cp -ØmsX shdpw

hmNym¿∞-Øn¬ am{Xw ImWp-Ibpw ssZh-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ°v CS¿®-

bp-≠m-°pI F∂ e£y-tØmsS sX‰mbn hymJym-\n-°p-Ibpw

sNøp∂ At\Iw t]¿ \ΩpsS CS-bn¬Øs∂ D≠v. Aßs\

sX‰mbn hymJym-\n-°-s∏-Sp∂Xns‚ `mK-amWv Xmsg sImSp-°p∂

hmIy-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v adn-b-Øn\v thsdbpw a°-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂

NnecpsS {]kw-Kßƒ.

i) ""]p{Xs\ {]k-hn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc tPmk^v Ahsf Adn-™n√''

(aØm 1:25):

AXn-\p-tijw Adn-™p- F-∂mWv Cu hmIyw A¿∞-am-°p-

∂-sX∂v Nne¿ sX‰mbn hymJym-\n-°p-∂p. tbip-hns‚ I\y-Im-P-

\-\sØbpw adnbw K¿`w [cn-®-Xn¬ tPmk-^n\v bmsXmcp ]¶p-an-

√m-sb∂ hkvXp-X-sbbpw ÿm]n-°p-I-bm-Wv kphn-ti-j-Is‚

e£yw. CXn-\p-Xp-ey-ambn Hcp {]tbmKw DXv]Øn 8:6˛7 ¬ sImSp-

Øn-cn-°p-∂p: ""\m¬]-Xp-Zn-hkw Ign-™t∏mƒ t\ml s]ÍØn¬

Xm\p-≠m-°n-bn-cp∂ Infn-hm-Xn¬ Xpd-∂v, Hcp ae-¶m-°sb ]pd-Øp-

hn-´p. sh≈w h‰p-thmfw AXv Aßp-anßpw ]d-∂p-\-S-∂p.'' sh≈w

h‰n-b-Xn-\p-tijw AXv s] -́I-Øn-te°v Xncn-®p-h-∂p-sh∂v CXp-sIm-

≠¿∞-am-°p-∂n-√,

ii) ""Ahƒ Xs‚ ISn-™q¬]p-{Xs\ {]k-hn®p'' (eq°m 2:6) :

tami-bpsS \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®v BZy-Pm-Xs\ tZhm-e-b-Øn¬

sIm≠p-sN∂v ImgvN-h-bv°-W-sa∂ ]Xn-hn-s\-°p-dn®v hmb-\-°msc

[cn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv ChnsS kphn-ti-j-Is‚ e£yw. tbip P\n-®-

Xn-\p-tijw thsd a°-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v CXn¬\n∂v A¿∞-am-

°p-∂n-√.

iii) tbip-hns‚ ktlm-Z-c-∑m-scbpw ktlm-Z-cn-am-scbpw ]‰nbp≈

]cm-a¿iw (a-Øm. 12:46-˛50, a¿t°m. 6:3, tbml. 7:3-˛10) :

\ΩpsS ]nXm-hn-s‚tbm amXm-hn-s‚tbm ktlm-Z-co-˛-k-tlm-Z-c-

cpsS a°ƒ \ΩpsS ktlm-Z-c-ß-fmWv F∂-Xp-t]mse tbip-hn\pw

ktlm-Zco ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A{]-am-Wn-I-{K-Ÿ-amb

bmt°m-_ns‚ kphn-ti-j-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p∂p: ""butk-∏ns‚

ac-W-tijw adnbw Xma-kn-®Xv butk-∏ns‚ ktlm-Z-c≥ s¢tbm-

∏m-bpsS `mcy adn-bhpw \mep ]p{X-∑mcpw aq∂v ]p{Xn-amcpw ktlm-

Z-c-∑m-cmb bmt°m-_v, sia-tbm≥, bqZm F∂n-h-cp-sam-ØmWv'' F∂v.


CXv sXfn-bn-°-s∏-ń-ń-s√-¶nepw \ap°v a\- n-em-Ip∂ Hcp hkvXpX

tbip-h-√msX adn-b-Øn\v thsd a°fp-≠mbncp∂n√ F∂-Xm-Wv.

tbiphn\v 12 hb- m-Ip-∂-Xp-hsc adn-b-Øn\v thsd a°-fn-√m-bn-cp-

∂p-sh-∂-Xn\v sXfn-hmWv eq°m 2:41˛-52--- --˛¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. s]k-lm-

Øn-cp-\m-fn\v tPmk^pw adn-bhpw Pdp-k-te-an¬ t]mb-t∏mƒ tbip-

am-{Xta IqsS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. thsd a°-fp-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬

AhnsS {]Xn-]mZn-°m-Xn-cn-°n-√. tbip-hns‚ acWw hsc adn-b-Øn\v

thsd a°-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂-Xn\p sXfn-hmWv tbml-∂m≥ 19:25-

˛27˛¬ ImWp-∂Xv. adn-b-Øn-\p- thsd a°ƒ D≠m-bncps∂-¶n¬

Ipcn-in≥ Nph-ń¬ \n∂ Xs‚ AΩsb tbml-∂m\v Gev]n-®p-sIm-

Sp-°p-I-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p.

apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬ \n∂v adn-b-Øn\v tbip-h-

√msX thsd a°-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂pw adnbw \nXy-I-\y-I-bm-bn-cp-

s∂∂pw hy‡-am-Ip-∂p.

1. adnbw "\nXy-I-\yI' F∂ ]Zw BZy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv ˛

hn. AØ-\m-kn-tbmkv

2. ]cn-ip≤ adnbw \n¿Ωebmb I\y-I-bm-sW∂v ]d-bp-Ibpw

]Tn∏n°p-Ibpw Fgp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvX BZn-a-k-`-bnse ]nXm-°-

∑m¿ ˛

At¥ym-Iy-bnse hn. Ct·-jy-kv, GY≥knse Acn-kv‰-U-kv,

hn. AØ-t\-jy-kv, hn. lnt∏m-fn-‰-kv, Hcn-P≥, hn. At{^w, hn.

CctW-hq-kv, hn. PÃn≥ F∂nh¿

3. adnbw \nXy-I-\y-I-bm-sW∂ hnizm-ksØ HutZym-Kn-I-ambn

]Tn∏n-®Xv ˛

553-˛¬ \S∂ c≠mw tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n¬ kq\-l-tZmkv

4. amXm-hns‚ I\y-Im-Xz-sØ-°p-dn®v {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ t]mƒ

Bdma≥ am¿∏m-∏-bpsS Xncp-sh-gpØv ˛

acn-b-`‡n (Marialis Cultus)5. adn-b-Øns‚ \nXy-I-\y-ImXzw F∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv˛

I\y-I-bm-bn-cnt° ]pcp-j-k-º¿°w IqSmsX Xs∂ ssZh-kp-

Xs\ K¿`w[cn-°p-Ibpw {]k-hn-°p-Ibpw AXn-\p-tijw I\ym-

Xz-Øn\v `wKw hcmsX Pohn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xn-s\-bmWv adn-b-

Øns‚ \nXy-I-\ymXzw F∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. adnbw

ssZh-Øns‚ hN\w kZm ]m-en®p-sIm≠v \nXy-I-\y-I-bmbn

Pohn-®p.


9. kz¿Km-tcm-]nX amXmhv (Xncp\mƒ : BKÃv 15)

(am-Xm-hns‚ kz¿§m-tcm-]-Ww)

adn-b-Øns‚ kz¿§m-tcm-]Ww Hcp hnizm-k-k-Xy-am-Wv. 1950 \hw-

_¿ 1˛mw XobXn ap\n-^n-s®-¥o oaqkv tZhqkv (]-c-a-Im-cp-Wn-I-

\mb ssZhw) F∂ Xncp-sh-gp-Øp-hgn 12-˛mw ]obqkv am¿∏m-∏-bmWv

CXp -{]-Jym-]n-®-Xv. ]m∏ ]d™p: ""Aa-tem-¤-hbpw ssZh-am-Xmhpw

\nXy-I-\y-I-bp-amb adnbw Xs‚ Cu temI-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ Ah-

km\w Bfl-i-co-c-ß-tfmsS kz¿§ob al-Xz-Øn-te°v kwh-ln-°-

s∏´p''F∂Xv ssZhw shfn-s∏-Sp-Ønb hnizm-k-k-Xy-am-sW∂v \mw

{]Jym-]n-°p-∂p.''

A©mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a≤y-L´w apX¬ ""ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ A\p-

kva-cWw'' Fs∂mcp Xncp-\mƒ Pdp-k-te-an\v ASp-Øp≈ Hcp ]pWy-

k-t¶-X-Øn¬ Hmtcm h¿jhpw BKÃv 15-˛mw XobXn BtLm-jn-®n-

cp-∂p. 6˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-tØmsS adn-b-Øns‚ Cl-tem-I-

hm-k-Øns‚ A¥ysØ A\p-kva-cn-°p∂ Hcp Xncp-\m-fmbn CXp

]cn-W-an-®p. ]n∂oSv Cu Xncp-\mƒ ""adn-b-Øns‚ \n{Z-bpsS Xncp-

\mƒ'' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn.

kz¿§m-tcm-]W Xncp-\m-fns‚ BN-cWw tdman¬ Bcw-`n-®Xv

7˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ a≤y-tØm-sS-bm-Wv. Ime-{I-a-Øn¬ kz¿§m-tcm-]-

W-Xn-cp-\mƒ ]cn-ip≤ I\y-I-bpsS Hcp kp{]-[m-\ -Xn-cp-\m-fm-bn-

Øo-cp-Ibpw a≤y-bp-K-Øn¬ IS-ap≈ Znh-k-ambn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

kz¿§m-tcm-]W Xncp-\m-fn\v kotdm ae-_m¿ k` "Itc‰ Xncp-\mƒ'

F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

A∏-kvtXm-enI ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬\n-∂mWv amXm-hns‚ kz¿§m-tcm-

]-W-sØ-∏‰n \mw a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xv. Pohn-X-Ønepw I¿Ω-Ønepw

tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-t\mSv sFIy-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-h¿ Ahs‚ al-Xz-Ønepw


]¶p-]-‰p∂p F∂Xv ss__n-fns‚ hy‡-amb {]t_m[-am-Wv. adnbw

tbip-hn\v imco-cn-I-P∑w \¬In-sb∂p am{X-a√ Ahƒ Pohn-X-Øn-

epS\ofw ssZh-lnXw \nd-th‰n a\p-jy-Ip-e-Øn\v th≠n-bp≈ ssZh-

Øns‚ c£m-Ic ]≤-Xn-tbmSv \qdp-i-X-am\w kl-I-cn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp-sh-∂-Xn\v thZ-]p-kvXIw km£yw \¬Ip-∂p. Cu Imc-W-

Øm¬ D∞m-\-Ønepw Ahƒ Ah-t\m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. Cu A¿XvY-

Øn¬ adn-b-Øns‚ kz¿§m-tcm-]-W-Øn\v hnip-≤-{K-Ÿm-Sn-ÿm\w

D≠v F∂v \n w-ibw ]d-bmw.

am¿ń≥ eqY¿ ]d-bp∂p ""I\y-Im-a-dnbw kz¿§m-tcm-]n-X-bmbn

F∂Xv kwi-b-c-ln-X-amb kwK-Xn-bm-Wv. AsX-ßs\ kw`-hn-®p-

sh-∂Xv \ap°v A⁄m-X--am-Wv.'' as‰mcp s{]m´-Ã‚ v t\Xm-hmb

_≈nw-K¿ ]d-bp∂p: ""adn-b-Øns‚ ]c-a- ]-hn-{X-amb icocw amem-

J-am-cm¬ kz¿§-Øn-tebv°v kwh-ln-°-s∏´p''. Ch-cpsS {]kvXm-h-

\-Itfm hnizm-k-tam a\- n-em-°-msX-bm-Wv, C∂p≈ s{]m´Ã‚ v

kaq-l-Øn¬ `qcn-`mKwt]cpw amXm-hns‚ kz¿§m-tcm-]WsØ

FXn¿°p-∂-Xv.

adn-b-Øns‚ Aa-tem-¤hw {]Jym-]n-®-Xn\p ]n∂mse kz¿§m-

tcm-]-WsØ kw_-‘n-°p∂ hnizm-k-kXyw {]Jym-]n-°-W-sa∂

Bh-iy-hp-ambn 80 e£-Øn-tesd IØp-I-fmWv ]e-h¿j-ß-fn-embn

tdman¬ e`n-®-Xv. hnizmk {]Jym-]-\-Øn\v GI-tZiw \mep-h¿jw-

apºv 1946 tabv 1˛mw XobXn {]kvXpX {]Jym-]-\-Øns‚ kmwK-

XysØ kw_-‘n®v temI-sa-ºm-Sp-ap≈ F√m sa{Xm-∑m-cp-sSbpw

A`n-{]mbw Bcm-™p-sIm≠v 12-˛mw ]obqkv am¿∏m∏ ""ssZh-am-

Xmhpw I\y-Ibpw"' F∂ Nm{In-I-te-J\w Ab-®p. Inńb 1181 adp-

]-Sn-Ifn¬ 1159 FÆhpw kz¿§m-tcm-]Ww Hcp hnizm-k-k-Xy-ambn

{]Jym-]n-°Ww F∂v Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. hniz-k-`-bnse

hnhn[ LS-I-ß-fpsS hnizm-k-[m-cW a\- n-em-°nb tijw Bh-

iy-amb {]m¿∞-\bpw ]T-\hpw ]cn -Nn -¥-\hpw sNbvXmWv

12-˛mw ]obqkv am¿∏m∏ adn-b-Øns‚ kz¿§m-tcm-]Ww Hcp hnizmk

kXy-ambn {]Jym-]n-®-Xv. ss__n-fnse GsX-¶nepw kw`-h-Øn-

s‚tbm hnh-c-W-Øn-s‚tbm hmN-I-Øn-s‚tbm ]n≥_-e-Øn-e√ Cu

{]Jym-]-\w. ss__n-fns‚ ssNX\yw samØ-Øn-se-SpØv adn-b-sØ-

∏-‰n-bp≈ ssZhn-I-]-≤-Xn-bpsS ]q¿Øo-I-c-W-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-

≠mWv kz¿§m-tcm-]-WsØ∏‰n-bp≈ Cu {]Jym-]\w \S-Øn-b-Xv.


1. kz¿§m-tcm-]Ww F∂-Xns‚ A¿∞w ˛

Ad se Sumere F∂ eØo≥ hm°n¬\n-∂mWv Assumption F∂

Cw•ojv ]Zw D≠mb-Xv. X∂n-tebv°v Xs∂ kzoI-cn-°p-I, apIfn-

tebv°v FSp-°pI F∂-mWv Cu ]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞w. amXmhv

ssZhi‡n-bm¬ Bfl-i-co-c-ß-tfm-Sp-IqsS kz¿§-Øn-te°v FSp-

°-s∏´p F∂-XmWv ssZh-im-kv{X-]-c-amb A¿∞w.

2. ]nXm-hmb ssZh-Øns‚ Hma¬°p-am-cnbpw ]p{X-\mb ssZh-

Øns‚ amXmhpw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ aW-hm-́ n-bp-amb ]cn. I\yI-

bpsS Xncp-i-cocw a‰p -a-\p-jy-cp-tS-Xp-t]mse Iran-Iƒ°v Blm-

c-am-bn-Øo-cpI ssZh-a-l-Xz-Øn\v tbmPn-®-X√ F∂p-]-d™

hnip-≤≥˛

hn. AK-kvXn-t\mkv

3. BKÃv amkw apg-ph≥ amXm-hn\v {]Xn-jvTn®v s\mth-\, D]-hm-

kw, t\mºv Ch-bn-eqsS kz¿§m-tcm-]-W-Øn-cp-\mƒ BtLm-jn-

°p∂ k`m-hn-`mKw -˛

{Ko°p-k`


Km\w`qkz¿§w t]dp-t∂ms\

adn-bm-ap-Zsc ssIs°m≠v

Ime-Øn-I-hn¬ t_Xvetlw

Hm{ -̂Øm-bn¬ shfn-hm°n

k¿tΔ-iz-c-\psS s]‰tΩ!

Icp-W-°-Ste, ]cn-ipt≤!

Xmgm-gva-bpsS amXr-Itb!

{]m¿∞n-°-Wta, ssIsh-Sn-bt√

\nt∂-I-kp-X≥ k∂n-[n-bn¬

A¿∏n-°-W-ao-b-Sn-bmsc

Ir]bpw hmgvhpw \¬I-Wta ̨

BZ-Øn≥ ]m]w t]m°n

t´Z-\n-e-hs\tb‰o-Sm≥

XmXm-flPhN\w \c-\mbv̨

Øocm≥ dqlm Xnc-s™-SpØ

\n¿Ωe I\y-Itb kzkvXn;

c≠mw luΔmtb kzkvXn;

Ir]-\n-[n-bm-atΩ kzkvXn

Xr°¨ ]m¿°Waob-Sn-bmsc

Xh-k-∂n-[n-bn¬ IÆotcm ̨

S¿∞\ sNøpw a°sf \o

ssIsh-Sn-bt√ amXmth!ssZhnI kqcy-\p-Zn-s®∂

Znhymw-_-cta tX kzkvXn

Poh-a-csØ apf-∏n®

Xncp-h-b-em-atΩ kzkvXn

Ip™m-Sp-≠m-sbm-cp-a-chpw

\ocp-d-shm-gp-Inb Xo∏md

\mW-b-a-cp-fnb a’y-aXpw

amXmsh \ns∂ shfn-hm°n

kIe Ncm-Nc {kjvSm-hns\

ssII-fn-em-tLm-jn-®-hsf

AtΩ! Ir]-sN-bvXo-S-Wta

a∂m-\n-t£-]nX sN∏pw

Al-tdm≥ X≥ Infp¿Ø hSnbpw

Dƒs°m-s≠mcp \nb-a-s∏ń

t«aq≥ X∂p-dp-am-ep-anh

\n≥ kmayw ssZh-P-\\n

Akv]jvSw \n_n-b≥amcpw

kkv]jvSw «ol≥amcpw

\n≥ kpX-c-lkyw ImWn®p

kXXw kvXpXy-\-m-Ip-I-bm¬

\n∂psS kq\p anin-lmtb

Rß-sf-∂pw hW-ßp∂p.


10 . adn-b-Øns‚ am≤yÿyw(a≤y-ÿbpw kl-c-£-Ibpw hc-{]-kmZ ]q¿Æ-bp-amb adn-bw)

a. a≤y-ÿ-bmb adnbw

{InkvXp -I-gn-™m¬ G‰hpw henb a≤y-ÿ-bmWv ]cn-ip≤

I\y -Im -a -d n -bw. ]cn -ip≤ I\y -Im -a -d nbw \ap°v th≠n

\nc-¥cw am≤yÿyw hln-®p-sIm-≠mWn-cn-°p-∂Xv.

G‰hpw henb a≤y-ÿ≥ {InkvXp-hm-Wv. hn. ]utemkv 1

XntamØn 2:5-˛6˛¬ ]d-bp-∂p: ""Fs¥-∂m¬ Hcp ssZh-ta-bp-≈p,

ssZh-Øn\pw a\p-jy¿°pw a≤y-ÿ-\mbn Hcp-h-t\-bp-≈p˛ a\p-jy-

\mb tbip-{In-kvXp. Ah≥ F√m-h¿°pw th≠n Xs∂-Xs∂

tamN\- aq-ey-ambn \¬In. Ah≥ bYm-Imew \¬I-s∏´ Hcp km£y-

hp-am-bn-cp∂p.'' {InkvXp-hns‚ am≤yÿyØns‚ {]m[m\yw hfsc

hy‡-ambn Cu hN-\--Øn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p∂p. {InkvXp-hns‚ am≤y-

ÿy-Øn¬ ]¶p-tN-c-emWv ]cn-ip≤ AΩbpsS am≤y-ÿy-w.

Xncpk`bn¬ adnbsØ hnfn®t]£n°p∂ A`n[m\ß

fnsem∂mWv ""a≤yÿ'' F∂Xv. c≠mw hØn°m≥ kq\ltZmkv

hy‡am°nbncn°p∂Xpt]mse Cu A`n[m\w ""GI a≤yÿ

\mb {InkvXphns‚ ÿm\amlmflysØtbm AXns‚ êkn≤n

tbtbm GsX¶nepw hn[Øn¬ Ipdbv°pItbm Iq´pItbm

sNøp∂n√.'' adnbØns‚ am≤yÿy-w, {InkvXp-hn-t\m-Sp≈ sFIy

sØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

{InkvXp-hns‚ c£m-Ic {]h¿Ø-\ßfn¬ Ahn-SpsØ AΩ-

sb∂ \ne-bn-epw Zp:Jß-fn¬ ]¶p-Im-cn-sb∂ \ne-bnepw `mK-`m-

KnXzw hln® adn-bw, kIe a\p-jy¿°pw c£ -{]-Zm\w sNøp-hm-

\p≈ {InkvXp-hns‚ Znhym-`n-em-j-Ønepw a≤y-ÿ-sb∂ \ne-bn¬

]¶p-tN-cp-∂p. adn-b-Øns‚ al-Xzw, Ahƒ {InkvXp-hn-t\mSv hf-sc-

b-[nIw ASp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-epw \sΩ Ahn-S-tØm-Sp- Iq-Sp-X¬


ASp-∏n-®psIm≠n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-ep-amWv AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

{InkvXp-hp-ambn \ap°v IqSp-X¬ B`n-apJyw \¬Ip∂ B≤ym-flo-

Im-¥-co£w krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv adnbw Xs‚ am≤yÿyw

D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Xncp- p-X-\m¬ hos≠-Sp-°-s∏-´-

h¿°mbn adnbw hln-°p∂ am≤yÿyw hf-sc-b-[nIw hn]p-ehpw

ê-k-ar-≤-hp-am-Wv.

b. kl-c-£-I-bmb adnbw

ssZh-Øns‚ c£m-Ic ]≤-Xn-bn¬ ]cn-ip≤ I\y-Im-a-dnbw

hln® AXp-ey-amb ]¶n-s\-bmWv 'kl-c-£I' F∂ ]Zw-sIm≠v

hnh-£n-°p-∂-Xv. temI-c-£-Is‚ h’-e-am-Xm-hpw, c£m-I¿Ω-Øn¬

Ahn-SpsØ kl-Im-cn-Wnbpw F∂ \ne-bn¬ adnbw kI-e-P-\-X-I-

fp-sSbpw amXm-hm-Wv. ssZh-kp-Xs‚ amXm-hm-Ip-hm≥ kΩXw

\¬Inb ]cnip≤ adnbw AXoh kl-Xm-]-tØmsS Ahn-SpsØ

kl-\-Øn¬ ]¶p-tN¿∂p. ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X-emWv adn-b-

Øn\p kl-c-£I F∂ ]Zhn \¬I-s∏-´-Xv.

c. hc-{]-km--Z]q¿Æ-bmb adnbw

adnbw \∑-\n-d-™-h-fm-I-bm¬ Ah-fpsS amXr-k-l-P-amb

am≤yÿyw Xo£vW-X-tb-dn-bXpw Imcy-£-a-hp-am-Wv. AXv a\p-jy-

h¿§sØ apgp-h≥ c£n-°p-hm-\p≈ ssZh-Øns‚ ]≤-Xn-bp-ambn

tbmPn-®pt]m-Ip-∂-Xp-am-Wv. ]cn-ip≤ I\y-Im-a-dnbw kIe {]km-

Z-h-c-ß-fp-sSbpw km¿Δ-{XnI a≤y-ÿbpw Ah-bpsS hnX-c-W-°m-

cn-bp-am-sW∂v k`m-]m-c-º-cy-ßfpw Xncp-k-`-bpsS HutZym-Kn-I

{]-t_m-[\-ßfpw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. c£m-I¿Ω-Øn¬ Znhy-kp-X-

t\m-sSm∏w bmX-\-Iƒ kln®v "kl-c-£-I-'sb∂ ]Z-hn-bn-eq-sS-

bmWv adnbw Cu Ah-Imiw kºm-Zn-®-Xv. kIe -{]-km-Z-h-c-ßfpw

a\p-jy-cm-in-bn-te°v {]h-ln-∏n°p∂ \Zn-bmWv ]cn. I\y-Im-a-dn-b-

sa∂v 14˛mw s_\-UnIvSv ]m∏ {]Jym-]n-®p. adnbw hc-{]-km-Z-\m-Y-

bm-sW∂v s_\-UnIvSv 15-˛mw am¿∏m∏ 1917-˛¬ {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw

adn-b-Øns‚ kvXpXn-°mbn kIe hc-{]-km-Z-ß-fp-sSbpw a≤y-ÿ-

bpsS Xncp-\mƒ BtLm-jØn\v XpS°w Ipdn°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

]cn-ip≤ I\y-Im-a-dnbw ]-nXmhmb ssZh-tØmSv a\p-jy-

h¿§sØ cRvPn-∏n-°p∂ {InkvXp-\m-Ys‚ c£m-I-c-Zu-Xy-Øn¬

]¶p-tN-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ kl-c-£-Ibpw {InkvXp-\m-Y-t\mSv tN¿∂v hc-

{]-kmZw kIe a\p-jy¿°pw hnX-cWw sNøp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v \ΩpsS

am≤y-ÿy-bp-am-bn. \ΩpsS A`n-`m-j-I-bmWv ]cn-ip≤ adn-bw. adn-


b-Øns‚ am≤y-ÿyhpw kl-c-£I ÿm\-hpw hc-{]-km-Z-]q¿Æ

ÿm\hpw hnizm-k-k-Xy-ß-fmbn Xncp-k` {]Jym-]n-°p∂ kabw

hnZq-c-a-√.

1. ]cn-ip≤ AΩ-bpsS am≤y-ÿ-yØns‚ ASn-ÿm\ tlXp F¥mWv?

AΩ-bpsS ssZh-am-XrXzhpw c£m-I-c-I¿ΩØn-ep≈ kl-I-c-Whpw

2. adn-b-Øns‚ am≤yÿyØn-ep≈ BZysØ A¤pXw ˛

Im\m-bnse Ieym-W-hn-cp-∂n¬ h®p- \-S-∂Xv (tbml . 2:1˛11)

3. ]cn -ip≤ AΩ-bpsS km¿Δ-{XnI am≤y-ÿy-sØ-°p-dn®v

kv]jvSamb {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ \S-Ønb am¿∏m-∏-am¿ ˛

H≥]Xmw ]obqkv , entbm 13 -˛ma≥, ]Ømw ]obqkv ,

s_\-UnIvSv 15˛ma≥, ]{¥≠mw ]obqkv F∂n-h¿.

4. ]cn-ip≤ I\y-Isb a\p-jy-hw-i-Øns‚ km¿Δ-{XnI a≤y-ÿ-

bmbn BZy-ambn kwt_m-[\ sNbvXXv ˛

hn. At{]w (4-˛mw \q‰m-≠v)

5. adn-b-Øn\p "kl-c-£I' F∂ \ma-t[bw -B-Zy-ambn D]-tbm-

Kn® am¿∏m∏

11˛̨ mw ]obqkv ]m∏, 1935-˛¬ Hcp tdUntbm ktμ-i-Øn¬

6. adn-b-Øns‚ hnizm-ksØ c£m-Ic Ncn-{X-Øn¬ BcpsS hnizm-

k-tØmSv D]-an°mw ˛

A{_m-l-Øns‚ hnizm-k-tØm-Sv.

7. ""c£m-Ic ]≤-Xn-bn¬ c£-Is‚ AΩbv°v {]tXy-I-amb Hcp

ÿm\-ap≠v'' F∂ hmIy-tØmsS adn-b-Øns‚ P\-\-Øns‚

c≠m-bn-c-am≠n-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®v tPm¨t]mƒ c≠ma≥ am¿∏m∏

1987-˛¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® Nm{In-I-te-J\w ˛

"c£-Is‚ AΩ' (Redemptoris Mater)8. ""]cn. I\yI ]cn-{Xm-W-I¿Ω-Øn¬ Cutim-bpsS kl-{]-h¿Ø-

IbmWv"" F∂p {]kvXmhn® k`m-]n-Xmhv ˛

hn. tPm¨ sUan-jy≥

9. ""kv{Xohgn ac-Whpw kv{Xohgn Poh-\pw, AXm-bXv lΔm-hgn

\mihpw adn-bw-hgn c£bpw D≠mbn- F-∂p -{]-kvXm-hn-®Xv ˛

hn. AK-Ãn≥

10. ssZh-Øns‚ c£m-Ic ]≤-Xn-bn¬ ]cn. I\y-I-sbbpw ssZh-

kp-X-s\bpw Hcp-an-®p-Im-Wp∂ hnip-≤≥ ˛

hn. _¿Wm¿Zv


11. adn-b-Øns‚ kl-c-£-I-ÿm-\sØ ÿnco-I-cn-°p∂ kphn-ti-

j-`m-K-ßƒ ˛

a) tbml. 2:3 (""AhnsS ho™p-Xo¿∂p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ tbip-hns‚

AΩ Ah-t\mSv ]d-™p. Ah¿°v ho™n√'')

b) tbml :19:26-̨ 27 (""tbip Xs‚ AΩbpw Xm≥ kvt\ln® injy\pw

ASp-Øp-\n¬°p-∂Xv I≠v AΩ-tbmSv ]d-™p. :

kv{Xotb, CXm, \ns‚ aI≥. A\-¥cw Ah≥ B injy-t\mSv

]d™p: CXm, \ns‚ AΩ'')

12. ]g-b-\n -b-a -Øn¬ adnbw ""kl-c-£I"--F∂ \ne-bn -ep≈

GXm\pw {]Xo-I-ßƒ ˛

t\mlns‚ s]´-Iw, ag-hn-√v, hmKvZm-\-t]-SIw

13. kssÌy{ia-ßsf Xf¿Øp-sa∂ Imc-W-Øm¬ 1997-˛¬ temI-

{]-ikvX ssZh-im-kv{X-⁄-∑m¿ ka¿∏n® dnt∏m¿ńs‚ ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ hnizmk kXy-ß-fmbn {]Jym-]n-°m-Xn-cp∂ acn-b≥

\n¿Δ-N-\-ßƒ ˛

adn-b-Øns‚ am≤y-ÿyw. kl-c-£-I, hc-{]-km-Z-a[yÿ.

\∑-t\cpw AΩ˛hnÆn≥ cmP-I\ym

[\y k¿Δ-h-μy-˛-tacn temI-amXm

IÆn-ep-Æn-bm-Ipw-˛-D-Æn-tbip Xs‚

AΩ-bmb tacn-˛-tacn temI-amXm (\-∑....)

amXmth amXmth a∂n≥Zo]w \otb

\obt√m \ob-t√m-˛-\n-Xy-kvt\-l-[mc

Bim-]qcw \otb-˛-B-{i-b-Xmcw \otb

]mcn≥ Xmb \otb˛tacn temI-amXm (\-∑...)

]mh-ßƒ ss]X-ßƒ-˛-ssI-Iƒ Iq∏n \nev]q

kvt\l-Øn≥ IÆo-cm¬-˛-]q-°ƒ XqIn \nev]q

Ipºnƒ\o´pw Iøn¬˛kvt\lw XqIpw amXm

Imcp-Wym[n \mYm˛tacn temI-amXm (\-∑....)

Km\w


11. ]cn-ip≤ adnbw

k -̀bpsS amXmhpw amXr-Ibpw {]Xo-Ihpw

adnbw c£-I-\mb {InkvXp-hns‚ amXm-hm-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse

k` c£n-°-s∏-´-h-cp-sS-sb√mw amXm-hm-Wv. k`mico-c-Øns‚ inc-

mb aninlmbv°v P--∑w -sIm-SpØ adnbw anin-lm-bpsS ico-c-amb

k`°v P∑w sImSp-°p-∂-Xnepw ]¶m-fn-bm-bn. AXn-\m¬, Ahƒ

inc- mb anin-lm-bpsS am{X-a√ Ahn-SpsØ ico-c-amb k -̀bp-sSbpw

AΩ-bmbn amdn.

""ssZh-Øn-s‚bpw c£-I-s‚bpw AΩ-bmbn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-

Sp-Ibpw _lp-am-\n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂ adnbw hy‡-ambpw

{InkvXp-hns‚ auXnI ico-c-Ønse Ah-b-h-ß-fpsSbpw AΩ

-bm-Wv. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬, k`-bpsS inc- mb {InkvXp-hns‚ Ah-

b-h-ß-fmb hnizm-kn-I-fpsS P\\w km[y-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ahƒ Xs‚

kvt\l-Øm¬ kl-I-cn-®p. {InkvXp-hns‚ AΩ-bmb adnbw k`-

bp-sSbpw AΩ-bmWv'' (CCC 963).

adn-bw {InkvXp-hn-\m¬ hos≠-Sp-°-s∏´ Hcp hy‡n-bm-W.v-]t£

B hos≠-Sp-∏ns‚ ê-ßƒ Ahƒ°v ssZhw aptº \¬In-bn-cp-∂-

Xn-\m¬, Ahn-SpsØ c£m-I-c-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ AXoh kvt\l-

tØmsS Ahƒ°v ]¶p-tN-cm≥ Ign™p. adnbw {InkvXp-hns‚

bYm¿∞ P\-\n-bm-b-Xp-sIm-≠pw, {InkvXp-hns‚ k`-bn¬ Ahn-

Sp∂p XpS¿∂p \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ c£m-Ic IrXy-ß-fn¬

Ahƒ Du¿÷-kz-e-XtbmsS ]¶p-tN-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠pw adn-bsØ

""Xncp-k-`m-am-Xmhv'' F∂p-hn-fn-°p-∂p.

F√m {InkvXob ]pWy-ß-fp-sSbpw t{ijvT-amb BZ¿iw

k`bv°v hy‡-am-°n-s°m-Sp-°p∂ amXr-I-bmWv ]cn. I\y-Im-a-dn-

bw. hnizm-k-Ønepw D]-hn-bnepw anin-lm-tbm-Sp≈ ]cn-]q¿Æ hniz-

kvX-X-bnepw adnbw k`°v amXr-I-bm-Wv.


ssZh-Øn\v Xs∂Ø-s∂ ]cn-]q¿Æ-ambpw ka¿∏n®v hniz-

kvX-X-tbmsS Pohn® ]cn. adn-b-Øns‚ PohnXw hN--\-tØm-Sp≈

k`-bpsS hniz-kvX-X-bp-sSbpw ka¿∏-W-Øn-s‚bpw {]Xn-cq--]-am-Wv.

Bfl-i-co-c-ß-tfmsS kz¿§m-tcm-]n-X-bmb adnbw bpKm-¥y-Øn¬

alXzw {]m]n-°m-\n-cn-°p∂ k`-bpsS {]Xo-I-hp-am-Wv.

Ipcn-in≥ Nph-ń¬h®v tbip-hns‚ "AΩ' k`m-am-Xm-hns‚

AΩbpw tbip kvt\ln® injy≥ k`m-hn-izm-kn-I-fpsS {]Xn-cq-]-

hp-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. hnip≤ {KŸ-Ønepw ]mc-º-cy-ß-fnepw Bcm-[-

\-{I-a-Ønepw k`sb "kv{Xo'bm-bn-´mWv {]Xo-Im-fl-I-ambn Nn{Xo-

I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kl-c-£-I, kI-e-h-c-{]-km-Z-ß-fp-sSbpw a≤yÿ

F∂o \ne-I-fn-emWv adnbw Xncp-k-`-bpsS {]Xo-I-am-b-Xv.

1. "Xncp-k-`-bpsS amXmhv' F∂v adn-bsØ {]Jym-]n-®Xv ˛

t]mƒ Bdm-a≥ ]m∏, 1964 \hw-_¿ 21˛\v

2. adnbw k`bpsS {]Xo-I-am-sW-∂p-]-d™ BZysØ k`m-]n-Xmhv

hn. Awt{_mkv

3. k`sb adn-b-Øn¬\n-∂pw, adn-bsØ k`-bn¬\n∂pw th¿Xn-cn-

°m-\m-hn√ F∂v hn. Awt{_mkv ]d-bp-hm≥ ImcWw ˛

adn-b-Øns‚ DZ-c-Øn-emWv {InkvXp-hns‚ ùXnI ico-c-tØm

sSm∏w auXn-I-i-co-chpw cq]w sIm≠-Xv. Ipcn-in¬InS∂p- sIm≠v

adn-b-tØmSpw tbml-∂m-t\mSpw ]d™ hm°p-Iƒ k`-tbmSpw

hnizm-kn-ItfmSpw ]d™ hm°pI-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°m-sa∂Xn-

\memWv hn. Awt{_mkv C{]-Imcw ]d-™-Xv.

4. adnbw k`-bpsS amXm-hm-sW∂v BZy-ambn ]Tn-∏n® hnip-≤≥ ˛

hn. B¬-_¿´v (1230-˛1280)

5. ]cn I\y-Im-a-dn-b-Øn\v k`-bn¬ \¬I-s∏-Sp∂ hW-°-Øn\v

\¬Ip∂ ssZh-im-kv{X-\maw ˛

IqƒØpkv ssl∏¿ Zqfnb

6. adn-bsØ k`-bpsS {]Xo-I-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn® kq\-l-tZmkv ˛

c≠mw hØn-°m≥ kq\-l-tZmkv

7. adn-bhpw k`bpw XΩn-ep≈ KmV-amb _‘w FSp-Øp-]-d-bp∂

c≠mw hØn-°m≥ kq\-l-tZm-kns‚ {]am-W-tc-J˛

"P\-X-I-fpsS {]Imiw'


]cnip≤ I\yImadnbØn\p \ΩpsS {InkvXob PohnXØn¬

AXpeyamb ÿm\ap≠v. ]cn-ip≤ I\y-Im-a-dn-b-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈

k`-bpsS hnizm-k-Øns‚ B[mcw hnip-≤-{K-Ÿhpw ]mc-º-cy-hp-am-

Wv. ]g-b-\n-b-a-{K-Ÿ-ß-fnepw shfn-]m-Sns‚ ]pkvX-I-Ønepw hnhn[

`mK-ß-fn¬ adn-bsØ {]Xo-Im-fl-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. tbip-

hns‚ a\p-jym-h-Xm-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v Ahn-SpsØ P\-\-Ønepw

]c-ky-Po-hn-X-Ønepw ac-W-Ønepw adn-b-Øns‚ ]¶m-fnØw kphn-

ti-j-ß-fn-epw, tbip-hns‚ ac-W-Øn\ptij-ap≈ ka-bØv A∏-

kvtXm-e-am-cpsS IqsS-bm-bn-cp∂ adn-bsØ A∏-kvtXm-e-{]-h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ F∂ ]pkvX-I-Ønepw {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≠v.

acn-b-im-kv{X-Øns‚ hf¿® hnip-≤-{K-Ÿ-Øn-\p-]p-d-tØ°v

hym]n-®p-In-S-°p-∂p. adn-b-sØ-°p-dn®v k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑mcpsS {]t_m-

[-\-ßƒ ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv. BZna \q‰m-≠nse

k`m]nXm-°-∑mcn¬ A[n-Iw-t]cpw amXm-hmb adn-b-sØ-∏‰n ]Tn-

∏n°p-Itbm ]cm-a¿in-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-´p-≠v. hnip-≤cpw hn⁄m-

\n-I-fp-amb ssZh-im-kv{X-⁄-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-ßsf k` F∂pw

AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. F¶nepw hnizm-k-k-Xy-ß-fmbn {]Jym-]n-t°≠

\n¿Δ-N-\-ßƒ km¿Δ-{XnI k`-bn¬ hni-Z-amb ]T-\-ßƒ°pw N¿®-

Iƒ°pw {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ°pw tijta k` {]Jym-]n°m-dp-≈p. adn-b-

sØ-°p-dn®v am¿∏m-∏-amcpw a‰v al-Xvhy-‡n-Ifpw \nc-h[n ]cm-a¿i-

-ßƒ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

]cn. adnbw hnhn[ ho£-W-ß-fn¬

III

12. ]cn. adnbw hnip≤{KŸ-Øn¬

13. ]cn. adnbw k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS ZrjvSn-bn¬

14. ]cn. adnbw hnip-≤-cpsS ho£-W-Øn¬

15. ]cn. adnbw am¿∏m-∏-am-cpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬

16. ]cn. adnbw Nn{X-ß-fneqsSbpw

hy‡n-I-fn-eq-sSbpw


Km\w

]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ DS-se-SpØ s{]m´-Ã‚ v hnπ-h-Øns‚

ap≥\n-c-°m-cmb am¿ń≥ eqY¿, kznw•n, Im¬hn≥ F∂n-h¿t]mepw

adn-b-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ kp{]-[m-\-amb F√m kXy-ßfpw hniz-kn-°p-

Ibpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv h∂ s{]m -́Ã‚ v {]ÿm-

\-ßfpw s]¥-°pkvXp kaq-l-ßfpw adn-b-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-amb

ÿm\sØ Ah-K-Wn-°p-Ibpw FXn¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-s∂-¶nepw

]m›m-Xy-k-aq-l-Øn¬ acn-b-`‡n hf¿∂p-h-cp-∂-Xmbn hnhn[ ]T-

\-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-∂p. AXn-sem∂v 2005-˛¬ adn-b-Øns‚ apJ-Nn-{X-

tØm-Sp-IqSn ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb ssSw amK-kn-\n¬ (21-˛mw e°w) h∂

teJ-\-ß-fmWv. Imen-sØm-gp-Øp-ap-X¬ Im¬hcn hsc tbip-hn-t\m-

sSm-∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]cn. adn-bsØ Xßƒ ad-∂p-I-f-™psh∂v ]e

s{]m -́Ã‚ v ]WvUn-Xcpw Ct∏mƒ hne-]n-°p-∂p. C¥y-bnse ItØm-

en°m ̨ bmt°m-_mb hnizm-kn-I-fn¬ CS¿®bp-≠m-°p-∂-h¿ Ct∏m-

gp-ap-s≠-¶nepw kao] ̀ mhn-bn¬ Ah¿ F√m-hcpw amXr-̀ -‡n-bn-te°v

Xncn-®p-h-cp-sa∂v {]Xym-in-°mw.

\osbs‚ shfn-®w Pohs‚ sXfn®w

\osb∂`-b-at√ AtΩ, \osb≥ A`-b-at√

ssIsh-Sn-b-cptX I\ym-a-dn-bta

I\n-hn≥ tIZm-cta AtΩ,

I\n-hn≥ tIZm-cta

Fs‚ lrZbw Xf-cp-t∂cw

F\n-°p- Xm-ßmbv \n¬t°-Wsa

\ns‚ Zb-X≥ Iev]-S-hn¬ \o

Fs∂ Ccp-tØ-W-sa... AtΩ

I\n-hn≥ tIZmcta (\o-sbs‚ shfn-®w...)

A\p-Xm-]-Øn¬ A·n-bn-se-cnbpw

AP-K-Wßƒ Rßƒ

\n≥Xn-cp-kvt\lw sNmcn-bm≥ I\nbq

tbip-am-Xm-th.... AtΩ

I\n-hn≥ tIZm-cta (\o-sbsâ shfn-¨w...)


12. ]cn. adnbw hnip≤{KŸ-Øn¬

]cnip≤ I\yImadnbtØmSp≈ `‡nbpw ssZhimkv{Xhp

sa√mw ASnÿm\]cambn Dd®p\n¬°p∂Xv hnip≤ {KŸØn

emWv. hnizm-k-Øn-s‚bpw {]m¿∞-\-bp-sSbpw ka-{K-amb ho£-

W-Ønepw acn-b≥ imkv{X-Øn\v hnip-≤-{K-Ÿ-Øn¬ ÿm\w e`n-

°p-∂p-≠v. DXv]Øn apX¬ shfn-]m-Sns‚ ]pkvX-Iw-h-sc-bp≈

hnip≤ {KŸ-]p-kvX-I-ß-fn¬ {InkvXp Ign-™m¬ {]Xy-£-ambpw

]tcm-£-ambpw \nd-™p-\n¬°p∂ kv{XocXv\-amWv ]cn-ip≤ I\y-

Im -a-dn-bw. adn-b-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]cm-a¿i-ß-fn¬ {][m-\-s∏´

GXm\pw hnhcßfmWv Cu A≤ym-b-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂Xv.

]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬

amXm-hn-t\m-Sp≈ `‡nbpw ssZh-im-kv{X-hp-sa√mw ASn-ÿm-\-

]-c-ambn Dd-®p-\n¬°p-∂Xv ]gb \nb-a-Ønse "kv{Xo ssZh-im-kv{X'-

Øn-em-Wv. {]Ya kv{Xo F∂-Xns‚ A¿∞w -Po-hn-°p-∂-h-cp-sS-

sb√mw AΩ-sb-∂m-Wv. (DXv]. 3:20)

""\obpw kv{Xobpw XΩnepw \ns‚ k¥-Xnbpw Ah-fpsS k¥-

Xnbpw XΩnepw Rm≥ i{XpX Df-hm°pw; Ahƒ \ns‚ Xe

XI¿°pw'' (DXv]. 3:15). c£m-Ic Ncn-{X-Ønse BZy kZvhm¿Ø

bmb Cu hmIy-Ønse "kv{Xo' F∂ {]tbmKw ]cn-ip≤ I\y-Im-a-

dn-bsØ Dt±-in®pw "k¥Xn' F∂Xv {InkvXp-hns\ Dt±-in®pw

BsW∂p hn. ]utemkv Kem-Øn-b¿°v Fgp-Xnb teJ\w 3,4

A≤ym-b-ß-fn¬ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. BZy kv{Xobmb lΔ k¿∏-Øns‚

hnP-b-Øn\v Imc-W-am-sb-¶n¬ AhfpsS ]c-º-c-bnse c≠m-a-sXmcp

kv{Xo k¿∏-Øns‚ \mi-Øn\v Imc-W-am-bn.

""I\yI K¿`w [cn®v Hcp ]p{Xs\ {]k-hn°pw'' hn. aØmbn

1:22 ˛¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p∂ Cu hN\w Gi-ø. 7:14˛ s‚ B¥-cm¿∞w


a\- n-em-°n-bp≈ Bh¿Ø-\-am-Wv. Gi-øm-bpsS ]pkvX-I-Øn¬

"bphXn' F∂ hm°mWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. lo{_p-`m-j-bnse

"A¬a' F∂Xv bph-Xntbtbm ASpØ ImeØv hnhmlw Ign™

kv{Xotbtbm BWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ {Ko°v `mj-bn¬

"bphXn' I\y-Isb kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. t_Xvse-l-an¬ Hcp inip-hn\v

P∑-ta-Inb kv{Xosb∂v an° 5:2-˛3˛¬ ]d™n-cn-°p-∂Xv ]cn. I\y-

Im-a-dn-b-sØ-°p-dn-®m-Wv.

hn. {KŸ-Ønse Nne hy‡n-Ifpw adn-bhpw XΩn-ep≈ kmcq-

]y-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ahsc adn-b-Øns‚ {]Xn-cq-]-ßtfm

kmZr-iy-ßtfm Bbn KWn-°p-∂p. Ah-sc√mw adn-b-Øns‚ {]Xn-

Om-b-I-fm-sW∂v Ak-μn-Kv≤-ambn ]d-bpI km≤y-a-√.

1. ]cn-ip≤ I\y-Im-a-dnbw ssZh-Øn\v G‰hpw {]oXn-bp≈ hy‡n-

bm-sW∂v kqNn-∏n-°p∂ ss__nƒ`mKw ˛

kp`m-jn-X-ßƒ 8:35

2. \nXy-tX-P- ns‚ {]Xn-^-e-\-amWv Ahƒ F∂v ⁄m\-Øns‚

]pkvXIw 7:26-˛¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xv- ˛-

a-dn-b-sØ-°p-dn-®v.

3. ]cn-ip≤ adn-b-sØ-°p-dn®v {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ ]g-b-\n-b-a-{]-hm-N-I¿˛

Gi-ø, an°, sPd-an-b.

4. ]gb \nb-a-Ønse skln-tbm≥ ]p{Xn ˛

Htc kabw AΩ-bpw aW-hm-ń-bpw I\y-I-bp-amb adn-bw.

5. DØ-a-Ko-X-Øn¬ adn-bsØ hnfn-°p∂ t]cp-Iƒ ˛

Xmgvhc-bnse en√n, ap{Zn-X-amb Dd-h, DZym-\m-cp-hn, Z¥-tKm-]pcw

6. DØ-a-Ko-X-Øn\v BZy-ambn acn-b≥ hymJym\w \¬Inb hy‡n˛

tdm_¿´v Uyqkn

7. adn-b-Øns‚ kvtXm{X-Ko-X-Øn\v Xpey-ambn ]g-b-\n-b-a-Ønep≈

kvtXm{X-KoXw

l∂m-bpsS kvtXm{X-KoXw (1 kmap. 2:1-˛10)

8. "adn-b-Øns‚ kuμcyw B¥-cn-I-am-Ip∂p' F∂v shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂

ss__nƒ `mK-ßƒ

1. "cmP-]p-{Xn-bpsS Ag-sI√mw B¥-cn-I-am-Ip∂p' (k-¶o. 45)

2. "Fs‚ {]ntb! \o apgp-h≥ kpμ-cn-bm-Ip-∂p.

\n∂n¬ ]m]-°-d-bn√' (D-Ø-a-Ko-Xw)


9. Cutim-bpsS AΩ-bmb adnbw ZmhoZv tKm{X-P-bm-sW∂v ImWn

°p∂ ss__nƒ `mKw ˛

Giøm 7:13

10. ]gb \nb-a-Ønse acn-b≥ {]h-N-\-ßƒ

DXv]. 3:15, Giøm 7:13-˛16, an°. 5:2-˛3, sPd 31:21-˛22

11. ]gb \nb-a-Øn¬ adn-bsØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂Xmbn- K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp∂

{]Xo-I-ßƒ (km-Zr-iyßƒ) ˛

ùanI ]dp-Zok (DXv].2.8-˛15), t\mlns‚ s]Íw (DXv]. 6),

Henhv inJ-c-ta-¥nb {]mhv (DXv]. 8:8), taL-ß-fnse ag-hn√v

(DXv]. 9:13), bmt°m-_ns‚ tKmhWn (DXv]. 28:10-˛17),- Fcn-bp∂

apƒ∏-S¿∏v (]pd. 3:1-˛11) KnZ-tbms‚ Bń≥tcmaw (\ym-bm. 6:37-

˛40), Al-tdms‚ Xfn¿Ø hSn (kwJy 17:2-˛9), hmKvZm-\-t]-SIw

(]pd 25:10-˛16), tkmf-as‚ tZhm-ebw (1 cmPm. 6:2).

12. ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ adn-b-Øns‚ {]Xn-cq-]-ßƒ F∂v hn-ti-jn-∏n-

°m-hp∂ Nne hy‡n-Iƒ ˛

lΔ, kmd, dt_-°, dmtl¬, tami-bpsS ktlm-Zcn adn-bw,

dqØv, kmap-th-ens‚ AΩ-bmb A∂, kmwks‚ amXm-hv,

FkvtX¿, bqZn-Øv, sZt_m-d, tPmtb¬, A_nKbn¬ F∂n-h-¿.

]pXnb \nb-a-Øn¬

]pXnb \nb-a-Øn¬ aØmbn (1,2,12,13 A≤ym-b-ß-ƒ); a¿t°mkv

(3,6,15,16 A≤ym-b-ß-ƒ); eq°m (1,2,11 A≤ym-b-ß-ƒ); tbml-∂m≥

(2,6,7,19 A≤ym-b-ß-ƒ); ]utemkv (K-em. 1,4, tdma 1,9 A≤ym-b-ß-

ƒ); shfn-]mSv (12-˛mw A≤ym-b-w) F∂o {KŸ-ß-fn¬ adn-b-sØ-°p-

dn®v {]Xy-£-amtbm ]tcm-£-amtbm {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≠v. (a-dn-b-sØ-

°p-dn®v ]pXnb \nb-a-Øn-ep≈ ]cm-a-¿i-Øn¬ Cu ]pkvX-I-Øns‚

ad-dp-`m-K-ß-fn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv Cu A≤ym-b-Øn¬ \¬In-

bn-́ n-√.)

1. aØmbn kphn-ti-j-I≥ adn-bsØ hnfn-°p-∂Xv ˛

{InkvXp-hns‚ AΩ

2. eq°m kphn-ti-j-I≥ adn-bsØ hnfn-°p-∂Xv ˛

I¿Øm-hns‚ AΩ

3. t]cp-]-d-bmsX tbip-hns‚ AΩ F∂p-am{Xw ]d-bp∂ kphn-

ti-j-I≥˛

tbml-∂m≥

4. AΩ-bpsS t]cv BZyw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb kphn-ti-j-I≥ ˛

a¿t°mkv


5. adn-b-Øns‚ hni-Z-amb Nn{Xw Xcp∂ kphn-ti-j-I≥ ˛

eq°m

6. Cutim-bpsS P\-\-Øn-se-∂-t]mse k`-bpsS P\-\-Ønepw adn-

b-Øn\v ]¶p-s≠∂v kqNn-∏n-°p∂ kphn-ti-j-I≥ ˛

eq°m

7. adn-b-Øns‚ kvtXm{X-KoXw BcpsS {]iw-km-h-N-\-ßƒ°p≈

adp-]-Sn-bm-Wv?

C-f-b-Ω-bmb Fen-k-_-Øns‚

8. tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-ti-j-Øn¬ adnbw IS-∂p-h-cp∂ c≠p-`m-K-

ß-fmb Im\m-bnse hnhm-l-hn-cp-∂nepw Ipcn-in≥ Nph-ńepw

tbip Xs‚ AΩsb A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNøp∂ "kv{Xo' F∂

i_vZw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv ˛

c£ Bh-iy-ap≈ kaq-l-Øns‚ {]Xn-\n-[n-bmWv adnbw F∂v.

9. adn-b-Øns‚ am≤y-ÿy- i‡n Im\m-bnse Ieym-W-hn-cp-∂n¬

hy‡-am-Ip-∂Xv ˛

Ah≥ \nß-tfmSv ]d-bp-∂Xv \nßƒ sNøp-hn≥ F∂ amXm-hns‚

hm°pw XpS¿∂p≈ tbip-hns‚ hm°pw {]hr-Øn-bpw.

10. ]pXnb \nb-a-Øn¬ "adnbw' F∂ t]cn¬ ImWp∂ Ggp- kv{Xo-Iƒ ˛

Cutim-bpsS AΩ-bmb adn-bw (aØm. 1:18), aKvZ-e\ adn-bw

(tbml. 20:11), emk-dns‚ ktlm-Zcn adn-bw (eq°m 10:39), bmt°m-

_n-s‚bpw tPmk-^n-s‚bpw AΩ-bmb adnbw (aØm. 27:56),

s¢tbm-∏m-kns‚ ̀ mcy-bmb adn-bw (tbm-l. 19:25), a¿t°m-kns‚

amXm-hmb adnbw (A-∏.12:12), A∏-kvtXm-e-\mb ]utemkv

I≠papńb adnbw (tdm-am. 16:6)

11. shfn-]mSv ]pkvX-I-Ønse adn-b-Øns‚ Nn{X-Øns‚ khn-ti-jX ˛

kqcys\ DS-bm-S-bpw, N{μs\ ]mZ-]o-T-hp-am°n 12 \£-{X-ßƒsIm-

≠p≈ IncoSw [cn® kv{Xo.

12. {InkvXo-b- I-e-I-fn¬ Nnc-{]-XnjvT t\Sn-bn-´p≈ I\y-Im-a-dn-b-

Øns‚ Nn{Xw cq]-s]-SpØs∏´Xv ˛

shfn-]mSv ]pkvX-I-Øn¬\n∂v

13. acn-b-`‡n BZy-\q-‰m-≠n¬ k`-bn¬ DSseSpØpsh∂Xns‚

sXfnhv ˛

At∏m-{In^ {KŸ-amb bmt°m-_ns‚ kphn-ti-jØnse {]-Xn-

]m-Zy-ßƒ.


13. ]cn-ip≤ adnbw k`m ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS ZrjvSn-bn¬

BZy-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ss{IkvXh XXz-kw-ln-X-I-sf-∏‰nbpw hnip-

≤-c-l-ky-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw Fgp-Xp-Ibpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≈

]WvUn-Xcpw hnip-≤-cp-amb k`m-≤y-£-∑m-sc-bmWv k`m-]n-Xm-°-

∑m¿ F∂p- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.

H∂mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ 8˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a≤yw-hsc Fgp-]-tXmfw

k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ acn-b-Z¿i-\-Øn\v kw`m-h\ \¬In.

acnb imkv{X-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb D¤-hhpw hf¿®bpw a\-

n-em-°p-hm≥ hfsc D]-I-cn-°p∂ H∂mWv BZn-a-k-`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-

cpsS Ime-L´w. acnb imkv{Xhp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ah-cpsS GXm\pw

{]t_m[-\-ßƒ Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. (Ch¿ hnip-≤¿Iq-Sn-bm-

b-Xn-\m¬ t]cn\v apºv hnip≤ F∂v tN¿Øv hmbn-°mhp-∂-Xm-Wv

k`m ]nXm-°-∑m¿ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw Pohn-X-Imew {InkvXp-hn\ptijw

Bb-Xn-\m¬ h¿j-ß-fpsS apºv F.-Un. tN¿Øv hmbn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv).

1. Cc-tW-hqkv (140-˛202)

k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cn¬ A{K-K-Wy\pw {]Ya ssZh-im-kv{X-⁄-

\p-amb Cc-tW-hqkv ""]mj-WvU-X-Iƒs°-Xntc'' F∂ Xs‚ {KŸ-

Øn¬ ]e-bn-SØpw adn-b-sØ-°p-dn®v {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≠v. At±-l-

Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ lΔ A\p-k-c-W-t°-Sn-\m¬ a\p-jy-h¿§-

Øns‚ ac-W-Øn\v Imc-W-ambnØo¿∂-Xp-t]mse adnbw A\p-k-

c-W-Øm¬ Xs‚bpw a\p-jy-h¿§w apgp-h-s‚bpw c£bv°v Imc-W-

am-bn-Øo¿∂p. Aßs\ lΔ-bm¬ _‘n-°-s∏-́ Xv adn-b-Øm¬ kzX-

{¥-ambn. a\p-jy-h¿§-Øns‚ {][m\ a≤y-ÿ-bm-bn-´mWv adn-bsØ

Cc-tW-hqkv I≠-Xv. ssZh-am-Xm-hm-b-Xn-eqsS c£m-Ic {]h¿Ø-

\-Øn¬ adnbw {][m\ ]¶mWv hln-®-Xv. adn-b-Øns‚ I\y-Im-Xz-

sØ-°pdn®v At±lw ]d-bp-∂Xv ]cn-ip-≤-\m-b-h≥ ]cn-ip-≤-bmb


adn-b-Øns‚ ]cn-ip-≤-amb DZcw ]cn-ip-≤-amb coXn-bn¬ Xpd-∂p.

AXn-s\-°m-fp-]-cn-bmbn Ahƒ k`-bp-ambn At`-Zy-ambn _‘-s∏-

ń-cn-°p-∂p.

2. sX¿Øp-ey≥ (160-˛240)

lΔ Xs‚ Ahn-izmkwaqew Xn∑bmWv sNbvX-sX-¶n¬ adnbw

Xs‚ hnizmkw hgn \∑-{]-h¿Øn-®p-sh∂v sX¿Øp-ey≥ ka¿∞n-

°p-∂p.

3. Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-bm-bnse s¢a‚ v (150-˛215)

{InkvXp-hns‚ P\-\-k-a-bØv adnbw I\y-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v

s¢a‚ v Du∂n-∏-d-™n-´p-≠v. k`-bpsS {]Xn-Om-b-bn¬ adn-b-Øns‚

{]Xn-Omb ImWmw F∂pw At±lw {]kvXm-hn-°p∂p.

4. Hcn-P≥ (186˛253)

s¢a‚ns‚ injy-\mb Hcn-P≥ adnbw If-¶-a-‰-h-fm-sW∂v

Xd-∏n-®p-]-d-bp-∂p. {InkvXp-hns‚ ktlm-Z-c-ßƒ adn-b-Øn¬

\n∂p≈ a°-f√ adn®v butk-∏ns‚ a°-fmhmw F∂mWv Hcn-Ps‚

A`n-{]m-bw.

5. AØ-\m-kn-bqkv (296-˛373)

adnbw \nXy-I-\y-I-bm-sW∂v AØ-\m-kn-bqkv ]d-bp-∂p.

6. At{]w (Ft{^w:306-˛373)

kndn-bm-bn¬ acn-b-`‡n AXyp-∂-Xn-bn¬ FØn-bXv Ft{^-

ans‚ Ime-ØmWv. adnbw Aa-tem-¤-h-bm-sW∂v BZy-ambn ]Tn-

∏n® k`m-]n-Xmhv Ft{^-am-sW∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

7. t_kn¬ (330-˛379)

adnbw \nXy-I-\y-I-bm-sW∂v t_kn¬ hmZn-®n-´p-≠v. Giøm

7:14 amXm-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn bphXn F∂-Xn\v I\y-I-sb∂

A¿∞-an -s√-¶n¬ AsXmcp AS-bm -f -am -hp -I -bn√ F∂mWv

t_knens‚ A`n-{]m-bw. tbip-hns\ {]k-hn-°p-∂Xp-hsc tPmk^v

Ahsf Adn-™n√m F∂-Xp-sIm≠v ]n∂oSv Ahsf Adn™p F∂v

hnh-£-bn-√m-sb∂pw At±lw hmZn-°p-∂p.

8. \okm-bnse {KnKdn (335-˛394)

adn-b-Øns‚ A¤p-X-I-c-amb K¿`-[m-c-W-sØ-°p-dn®pw \nXy-

I-\y-Im-Xz-sØ-°p-dn®pw adn-bhpw lΔmbpw XΩn-ep≈ kmZr-iy-sØ-


°p-dn®pw {KnKdn hf-sc-b-[nIw {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≠v. Nne ]g-b-\n-b-a-

{K-Ÿ-`m-K-ßƒ adn-b-hp-ambn {]Xo-Im-flI cq]-Øn¬ _‘-s∏-Sp-

Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

kphn-ti-j-Øn¬ ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂ {InkvXp-hns‚ ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿

tPmk-^ns‚ ap≥hn-hmlØn¬ P\n® a°-fm-sW-∂pw adnbw I\y-

I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-dn-™m¬ Ahsf blq-Z¿ sIm√p-sa∂ Imc-W-

Øm-em-bn-cn°mw kphn-ti-j-I-∑m¿ tbip-hns‚ ktlm-Z-c-ßsf adn-

b-Øns‚ a°-fmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX-∂p-amWv {KnK-dn-bpsS

A`n-{]m-bw.

9. \kn-bm≥knse {KnKdn (328-˛390)

adnbw {]k-hn-®-t∏mgpw I\y-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw

adn-bsØ ssZh-am-Xm-sh∂v ]e-t∏mgpw hnfn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v.

At∏m-fn-\m-cn-bq-kns‚ hmZ-ßƒs°-Xntc At±lw C{]-Imcw Fgp-

Xn. ""adn-bsØ ssZh-am-Xm-hmbn kzoI-cn-°m-Ø-h≥ {InkvXp-hns‚

ssZhXzw AwKo-I-cn-°m-Ø-h-\m-Wv''. D±n-jvS-Imcyw km[n-®p-X-cp∂

adn-b-Øns‚ am≤y-ÿ-yØn¬ At±lw i‡-ambn hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p.

10. F∏n-^m-\n-bqkv (315-˛413)

adnbw \nXy-I-\y-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw tbip-hns‚ P\-\-Øn\v

tijw adn-b-Øn\v a°-sfm∂pw C√m-bn-cp-s∂∂pw F∏n-^m-\n-bqkv

A`n-{]m-b-s∏-ń-´p-≠v.

adn-b-Øns‚ \nXyI-\y-Im-XzsØ FXn¿°p-∂-h¿s°-Xntc

At±lw FgpXn : "I¿Øm-hns\ _lp-am-\n-°p-∂-h¿ Ahs‚ amXm-

hn-s\bpw _lpam\n°p∂p'. CXp ]n∂oSv ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bpsS

acn-b≥ imkv{X-Ønse B]vX-hm-Iy-ambn amdn.

11. tPm¨ {IntkmkvtXmw (334--˛407)

{InkvXp ac-W-k-a-bØv tbml-∂ms\bmWv adn-bsØ `c-ta-

ev]n-®Xv F∂ ImcWw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®p-sIm≠v tbip A√msX adn-

b-Øn\v thsd a°-fn-√m-bn-cp-∂psh∂v {IntkmkvtXmw sXfn-bn-°p-∂p.

12. Awt{_mkv (333-˛397)

Awt{_m-kns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ adn-b-Øn\v c£m-IcI¿Ω-

Øn¬ hfsc icn-bmb Hcp ]¶p-≠v. adnbw \¬Inb kΩ-X-Øn-eq-

sSbpw ssZh-am-Xr-Xz-Øn-eq-sS-bp-amWv AXv km[n-®-Xv. KmKp¬Øm-

bn¬h®v a‰p≈ injy-∑m¿ HmSn-sbm-fn-®-t∏mƒ amXmhv Xs‚ Xncp-


°p-am-cs‚ ac-W-sØ-°m-fp-]cn temI-Øns‚ c£-bpsS {]Xym-i-

bn¬ ss[cy-]q¿Δw Ipcn-in≥ Nph-ń¬ \n¬°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v

Awt{_mkv ]d-bp-∂p.

Awt{_mkv [mcmfw ]g-b-\n-b-a-`m-K-ßsf adn-b-tØmSv kmay-

s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Awt{_m-kns\ ]m›m-Xy-a-cn-b≥ imkv{X-Øns‚

]nXm-sh∂v hnfn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

13. sPtdmw (345-˛420)

tbip-hns‚ ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ adn-b-Øn-s‚tbm tPmk-^n-s‚tbm

ktlm-Zc]p{Xtcm amXm-hns‚ ASpØ _‘-Øn¬s∏´ as‰mcp adn-

b-Øns‚ a°tfm Bbn-cn-°m-\mWv km[y-X-sb-∂mWv sPtdm-ans‚

\nK-a-\w. tPmk^v {_“-Nm-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw adnbw I\y-I-bm-

bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw sPtdmw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Awt{_m-kns\t∏mse

sPtdmapw adn-b-Øns‚ {]XoIw ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ Is≠-Øp-∂p-≠v.

14. AK-Ãn≥ (354-˛430)

AS-™p-In-S∂ hmXnen-eqsS {]th-in® D∞n-X-\mb {InkvXp-

hns‚ DZm-l-cWw kqNn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v inip-hns\ {]k-hn-°p-tºmƒ

adnbw I\y-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v AK-Ãn≥ Du∂n-∏-d-bp-∂p.

15. Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-bm-bnse kndnƒ (370˛444)

adnbsØ ssZh-am-Xm-sh∂v hnfn® kndnƒ Ahsf ssZh-Øns‚

AΩ-sb∂p hnfn-°m-sa∂v ÿm]n-®p. ""ssZh-am-Xmhv'' F∂ ]Zw-

sIm≠v adnbw ssZh-Xz-Øn-\√ P∑w \¬In-b-Xv, {]XypX ssZh-

Øn-\msW∂v kndnƒ ]d™p. Ipcn-in¬In-S∂v ]oU-Iƒ kln-®Xv

ssZh-Xz-a√ ssZh-amb {InkvXp-hmWv F∂v kndnƒ {]kvXm-hn-®p.

431˛se Ft^-tkmkv kq\-l-tZm-kn¬ h®mWv adn-bØns‚ ssZh-

am-XrXzw Hcp hnizm-k-k-Xy-ambn {]Jym-]n-®-Xv.

""\nßƒ hn[n-°p∂ hn[n-bm¬ Xs∂

\nßfpw hn[n-°-s∏-Spw. \nßƒ Af-°p∂

Afhp sIm≠p Xs∂ \nßƒ°pw Af∂p In´pw.''

(a-Ømbn 7:2)


14. ]cn-ip≤ adnbw hnip-≤-cpsS ho£-W-Øn¬

{InkvXp-hns‚ amXrI ASp-Ø-\p-I-cn®v kz¿§-k-Ωm-\-Øn\v

A¿l-cm-Ip-∂-h-sc-bmWv hnip-≤¿ F∂p-hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv. hnhn[ Ime-

L-´-ß-fn¬ Pohn® hnip-≤¿°v adn-b-sØ-°p-dn-®p≠mbn-cp∂ Ah-

cpsS ho£-W-ß-fn¬ NneXv Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. (Nne {]kvXm-

h-\-Iƒ Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn¬Øs∂ a‰p A≤ym-b-ß-fn¬ sImSp-Øn-

cn-°p-∂Xv {i≤n-°p-a-t√m. hnip-≤-cpsS Ime-L-´-ßƒ F√mw F.-

Un.-bn-em-b-Xn-\m¬ h¿j-ßƒ°v apºv F.-Un. F∂v tN¿Øn-ń-√).

1. "kz¿§-hm-Xn¬'F∂v adn-bsØ hnti-jn-∏n-®Xv ˛

hn. At{]w (306-˛373)

2. "ssZh-am-Xmhv kz¿§-Øn-te-°p≈ tKmh-Wn-bm-Wv. tKmhWn hgn

ssZhw Cd-ßn-h-∂Xv a\p-jy¿ adnbw hgn kz¿§-Øn-te°v Ib-

dn-t∏m-Ip-hm-\mWv' F∂p {]kvXm-hn-®Xv ˛

hn. Awt{_mkv (333-˛397)

3. "lΔm, \sΩ ]dp-Zo-km-bn¬\n∂v AI-‰n-sb-¶n¬ adn-bw, \sΩ

kz¿§ob ]dp-Zo-km-bn-te°v hen-®-Sp-∏n-°p∂p' F∂v {]kvXm-hn®Xv̨

hn. Ptdmw (345-˛420)

4. ssZh-Øn\v apºn¬ a≤y-ÿ-\mbn \ap-s°mcp ]p{X-\p-s≠-¶nepw

a≤y-ÿ-bmb HcΩ \ap-°m-h-iy-am-sW-∂p -]-d™Xv ˛

hn. AK-Ãn≥ (354-˛430)

5. ]cn. I\y-Im-a-dn-bsØ Dj-xIm-e-\-£{Xw F∂v BZy-ambn hnti-

jn-∏n® hnip-≤≥ ˛

hn. ]o‰¿ Uman-b≥ (1007-˛1072)


6. ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ aW-hmńsb∂p adn-bsØ hnti-jn-∏n®Xv ˛

hn. {^m≥knkv A okn (1181-˛1226)

7. "I∏¬ k©m-cn-Iƒ°v Zni-ImWn-°p∂ IS-ense {]Im-i-tKm]pcw

t]mse-bm-Wv ss{IkvX-h¿°v Cu temI-Po-hn-X-am-Ip∂ Xo¿∞m-

S-\-Øn¬ ]cn-ip-≤- AΩ' F∂p-]-d-™Xv ˛

hn. tXmakv AIzo-\mkv (1225-˛1274)

8. "\nßƒ adn-b-sØ, \∑-\n-d-™-htf F∂p-hn-fn-°p-tºmƒ A\p{K-

l-ßƒ hmcn-hn-Xdn Ahƒ adp-]Sn \¬Ip-∂p.'F∂p -]-d-™Xv ˛

kosb-∂m-bnse hn. _¿Æm¿Un≥ (1380-˛1444)

9. ""{InkvXp kqcy-\mWv F¶n¬ adnbw {]Im-i-am-Wv. {InkvXp

apØm-sW-¶n¬ adnbw Inco-S-am-Wv. {InkvXp ]pjv]-am-sW-¶n¬

adnbw XmbvØ-≠mWv'' C{]-Imcw ]d-™Xv ˛

hn. slk-°n-bmkv

10. "]gw th≠-h¿ hr£sØ kao-]n-°p-∂p. tbip-hns\ th≠-h¿

adn-bsØ-bpw. adn-bsØ Is≠-Øp-∂-h¿ tbip-hns\ Z¿in-

°p-∂p.' F∂p-]-d™Xv ˛

hn. A¬t^m≥kv entKmcn (1696-˛1787)

11. "I\y-Im-a-dnbw Hcp AΩ-sb-t∏mse \sΩ ImØp-]m-en-°p-∂p

sh∂v H´-\-h[n A¤p-X-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw AS-bm-f-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw

hy‡-am--°p∂p' F∂v ]d-™Xv ˛

hn. sIm®p-t{Xky (1873-˛1897)

12. "Xn∑-bpsS kmK-c-Øn¬ \o¥n-Øp-Sn-°p∂ temI-Øn\v {]Xymi-

bpsS ag-hn-√mWv adnbw'F∂p-]-d-™Xv ˛

hn. ]Ømw -]o-bqkv (1835--˛1914)

""hnip≤n IqSmsX B¿°pw

I¿Øm-hns\

Z¿in-°m≥ km[n-°p-I-bn-√.''

(sl-{_m. 12:14)


15. ]cn. adnbw am¿]m-∏-am-cpsS Imgv®-∏m-Sn¬

acnb-im-kv{X-Øns‚ hf¿®°v am¿∏m-∏-am-cpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ

hfsc hne-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv. B[p-\nI ImesØ am¿∏m-∏-am-sc√mw

Xs∂ amXr`‡n°v IqSp-X¬ {]m[m\yw \¬In-bn-´p-≈-h-cm-Wv.

tPm¨t]mƒ c≠m-a≥ am¿∏m-∏-bpsS acn-b-`-‡n- {]i-kvXhpw {]iw-

k-\o-b-hp-am-Wv. adn-b-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ am¿∏m-∏-am-cpsS GXm\pw

{]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ Xmsg-s°m-Sp-°p-∂p. Ah¿ am¿∏m-∏-bm-bn-cp∂ Ime-

L-´-w {_m°-‰n¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

1. ]cn. adn-b-sØ-°p-dn®v Nm{In-I-te-J-\-ßƒ Fgp-Xnb {][m\

am¿∏m-∏-am¿ ˛

H≥]Xmw ]obqkv, setbm 13˛ma≥, ]Ømw ]obq-kv, s_\-UnIvSv

15˛ma≥, 12-˛mw ]obq-kv, tPm¨ 23˛ma≥, t]mƒ Bdm-a≥,

tPm¨t]mƒ 2˛ma≥

2. a\p-jy-hw-i-Øns‚ kl-a-≤yÿ F∂v ]cn. I\y-Isb hntijn-

∏n® ]m∏ ˛

alm-\mb hn. {KnKcn (590-˛604)

3. 1571 HIvtSm-_¿ 8˛\v ]obqkv A©m-a≥ ]m∏mbpw Iqćpw

se∏mt‚m bp≤w hgn Xp¿°n-∏-Ssb Xpc-Øn-bXv P]-am-e -sNm√n-

bm-Wv. Bb-Xns‚ hm¿jnIw hnP-b-am-Xm-hns‚ Xncp-\m-fm-bn. Cu

Xncp-\mƒ P]-am-e-Øn-cp-∂m-fm-°nb am¿∏m∏ ˛

{KnKdn ]Xn-aq∂ma≥ (1572-˛1585)

4. ]cn. I\y-Im-a-dn-b-Øns‚ Aa-tem-¤hw hnizm-k-k-Xy-ambn

{]Jym-]n® ]m∏ ˛

H≥]Xmw ]obqkv (1846-˛1878)


5. adn-bsØ "ssZh-Øn-s‚bpw a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw amXmhv' F∂v

kwt_m-[\ sNbvX am¿∏m∏ ˛

setbm ]Xn-aq-∂m-a≥ (1878-˛1903)

6. adn-b-Øns‚ km¿Δ-{XnI a≤y-ÿXsb ]cm-a¿in-®p-sIm≠v

Nm{In-I-te-J-\-sa-gp-Xnb ]m∏ ˛

hn. ]Ømw ]obqkv (1903-˛1914)

7. "]cn. I\yI {InkvXp-hn-t\mSv tbmPn®v temIsØ c£n-®p- F-∂p

-]-d™ ]m∏ ˛

s_\-UnIvSv ]Xn-\-©ma≥ (1914-˛1922)

8. P]-ame ssIbn-te¥n, "CXmI≠mepw! hØn-°m-\nse G‰hpw

henb kºØv' F∂p ]d™ ]m∏ ˛

]Xn-s\m∂mw ]obqkv (1922-˛1939)

9. adn-b-Øns‚ hna-e-lr-Z-b-Øn\v temIsØ apgp-h≥ BZy-ambn

{]Xn-jvTn-® ]m∏ ˛

]{¥≠mw ]obqkv (1939-˛1958)

10. "\msa-√m-hcpw {InkvXp-hns\ Is≠-Øp-∂Xv adn-b-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv.

adnbw \sΩ kwc-£n-°p∂p. ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-∂p. \ap°v th≠n

am≤yÿyw hln-°p∂p' CXv ]d™ ]m∏ ˛

tPm¨ Ccp-]-Øn-aq∂ma≥ (1958-˛1963)

11. “To be Christian is to be Marian F∂-`n-{]m-b-s∏´ ]m∏ ˛

t]mƒ Bdm-a≥ (1963 ˛ 1978)

12. "adnbw a≤yÿ-bmbn h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv AΩ-bpsS ÿm\w Ae¶-

cn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠msW∂v ]d™ ]m∏ ?

tPm¨ t]mƒ c≠m-a≥ (1978-˛2005)

""I¿Øm-hnt\mSp

tN¿∂n-cn-°p-∂n-S-tØmfw Imew

Ahn-Sp∂v \nß-tfmSp IqsS D≠m-bn-cn-°pw.''

(2 Zn\-{h-Øm¥w 15:2)


16. ]cn. adnbw Nn{X-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw hy‡n-I-fn-eq-sSbpw

ssZh-am-Xm-hmb ]cn-ip-≤-I-\y-Im-a-dn-b-Øns‚ kvXpXn-°mbn

cNn-®n-´p≈ {KŸßfpw {]_-‘-ßfpw Km\-ßfpw Ah-fpsS hnhn[

Ah-ÿ-Ifnepw cq]-`m-h-ß-fnepw hncNn-X-am-bn-´p≈ Nn{X-ßfpw

\n¿Ωn-X-am-bn-´p≈ Xncp-kz-cq-]-ßfpw FÆ-a-‰-h-bm-Wv.

Xncp-kz-cq-]-ßsf hW-ßp-∂-h¿ AXn-\p-]n-∂nse hy‡n-Xz-sØ-

bmWv hW-ßp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ AXv hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bm-Ip-∂n-s√∂v

787-˛se c≠mw \nJym kq\-l-tZmkv {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p. ssZhsØ

am{Xta Bcm-[n-°mhq; amXm-hn-s\bpw a‰p-hn-ip-≤scbpw hW-ßpI

am{Xta sNømhq F∂p k` {]tXyIw Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. hniz-hn-

Jym-X-in-ev]nbmb ssa°ƒ B©-tem-bpsS "]nbmØ' (]o-sb-Ø)

F∂ hymIp-emw-_n-I-bpsS am¿_nƒ inev]w tdmanse hØn-°m≥

_kn-en-°-bn¬ C∂pw P\-e-£-ßsf BI¿jn-°p-∂p.

Nn{X-I-esb k` hfsc ]≠p-ap-Xte t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn

k`mNcn-{X-Øn¬\n∂p \ap°v a\- n-em-°mw. BZyIme {InkvXy≥

tZhme-b-ß-fnse Nn{X-ßfpw hc-Ifpw sImØp-]-Wn-Ifpw Cu

hkvXp-Xbv°v km£yw \¬Ip-∂p. hn. eq°m Hcp Iem-Im-c-\m-bn-

cp-s∂∂pw At±lw hfsc Nn{X-ßƒ cNn-®n-´p-s≠∂pw BZy-Ime

{KŸ-Im-c-∑m¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

{][m-\-s∏´ inev]-ßfpw inev]n-Ifpw

inev]-ßƒ inev]n

1. ]nbmØ ssa°ƒ B©tem

2. al-Xz-]q¿Æ-amb kz¿§m-tcm-]Ww Xokn-b≥

3. A\-¥-X-bn-te°v t\m°n-\n¬°p∂

I\y-Im-am-Xmhv s_√n\n


4. Cutimbv°v B∏nƒ kΩm-\n-°p∂ amXmhv sawavfnwKv

5. DÆnsb amdnSØn¬ tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂

amXmhv dq_≥

6. k¿ΔmwK kpμ-cn-bmb amXmhv entbm-Wm¿tUm Umhn©n

7. apJm-h-c-W-a-Wn-™p-sIm≠v K{_n-tb¬

ZqXs\ {i≤n-°p∂ I\y-Im-tacn s_mń-sk√n

8. hna-emw-_n-I-bpsS 30 Xcw Nn{X-ßƒ apdnt√m

9. atUm-W-bpsS hn{ip-X-amb 52

-Xcw Nn{X-ßƒ dmt^¬

1. "ap≈p-I-fpsS CS-bnse en√n', "k¿Δm-wK-kp-μcn', "bmsXmcp

Ipdhp-an -√m-Ø-hƒ', "\∑-\n-d -™hƒ', "k¿∏-Øns‚ Xe

XI¿Ø-hƒ" XpS-ßnb thZ]pkvXI]cm-a¿i-ßƒ IW-°n-se-

SpØv acnb`‡-\mb hn. A¬t^m¨kv entKmcn 1696˛1787) cNn®

hn{ip-X-{KŸw ˛

acnb al-Xz-ßƒ

2. Aa-tem-¤-h-am-Xm-hns‚ Nn{Xw hc-®Xv˛

_¿Ø-temsa apdnt√m (kv]m-\n-jv)

3. \nXy-k-lm-b-am-Xm-hns‚ Nn{Xw hc®Xv ˛

hn. eq°m

4. "]m]-]-¶n-e-amb a\p-jy-hw-i-Øns‚ GI A`n-am-\ta' F∂v ]cn.

AΩsb hnti-jn-∏n-®Xv ˛

BwK-teb Ihn-bmb hneyw thUvkvh¿Øv

5. "Imhy-ku-μcyw \nd-™p-Xp-fp-ºp∂ G‰hpw at\m-⁄-amb

]pjv]-sa∂v ]cn. I\y-Isb hnti-jn-∏n® Ihn ˛

sj√n

6. ]cn. AΩ-bpsS acWw kw`-hn® ÿe-Øv- C∂p ImWp∂

tZhme-b-Øns‚ t]cv -˛

\n{Z-bpsS ]≈n (Church of Dormition)


7. At∏m-{In^m {KŸ-ßƒ

a) bmt°m-_ns‚ kphn-tijw (a-dn-b-Øns‚ P\-\hpw _mey-Im-ehpw

I\y-Im-Xzhpw hnhm-lhpw tbip-hns‚ P\-\hpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂p)

b) tXma-kns‚ kphn-tijw (tb-ip-hns‚ _mey-Ime hnh-c-W-ßƒ)

c) \{km-Wn-I-fpsS kphn-tijw

(a-dn-b-Øn\v tbip-hns‚ ]c-ky-Po-hn-X-Ønse ]¶v)

d) Ck-em-t\m-bpsS "hn. butk-∏n\v e`n® Zm\-ßƒ'

(hn. butk-∏n-s\-°p-dn®v Nne ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ)

e) ]cn-ip≤ I\y-Im-a-dn-b-Øns‚ kz¿§m-tcm-]Ww F∂ kphn

tijw (a-dn-b-Øns‚ ac-Whpw kz¿§m-tcm-]Whpw)

f) {Sm≥knØ v(a-dnbw 72-˛mw hb- n¬ acn-®p-sh∂pw amem-J-am¿

3˛mw Znhkw kz¿§-Øn-tebv°v sIm≠p-t]mbn F∂pw tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.)


Km\w

AtΩ AtΩ Xmtb AΩ-bvt°I aIt\

Bflm-hnepw kXy-Ønepw Bcm-[n-°p-∂p.

AtΩ AtΩ Xmtb A∏-an-√m-Xm-Ip-tºmƒ

A∏-Øn¬ hmgp-t∂ms\ Rm≥ Bcm-[n-°p-∂p.

AtΩ AtΩ Xmtb a\- n¬ `mcw IqSp-tºmƒ

inc- n¬ apƒapSn AWn-™-hs\ Rm≥ Bcm-[n-°p-∂p.

AtΩ AtΩ Xmtb ssIøpw saøpw Xf-cp-tºmƒ

ssIIm-ep-I-fn¬ apdn-th-‰-hs\ Rm≥ Bcm-[n-°p-∂p.

AtΩ AtΩ Xmtb lrZbw \odn-]p-I-bp-tºmƒ

Xncp-lr-Z-b-Øn≥ cmPs\ Rm≥ Bcm-[n-°p∂p

AtΩ AtΩ Xmtb tcmK-`mcw s]cp-Ip-tºmƒ

tcmK-kuJyw X∂-hs\ Rm≥ Bcm-[n-°p-∂p.

AtΩ AtΩ Xmtb IÆo¿ IS-en¬ Xmgp-tºmƒ

Ibv]p-\ocp IpSn-®-hs\ Rm≥ Bcm-[n-°p∂p

AtΩ AtΩ Xmtb {]tem-`-\-ßƒ s]cp-Ip-tºmƒ

{]tem-`-\sØ Pbn-®-hs\ Rm≥ Bcm-[n-°p-∂p.

AtΩ AtΩ Xmtb DXvI-WvT-I-fm¬ Xf-cp-tºmƒ

D∞nX\mbn Pbn-®-hs\ Rm≥ Bcm-[n-°p-∂p.


c≠mw hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ -tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p:

""I¿Øm-hns‚ Znhkw DZbw sNøp-∂-Xp-hsc adnbw `qap-JØv

Xo¿∞m-S\w sNøp∂ ssZh-P-\-Øn\v kp\n-›n--X-amb {]Xo-£-bp-

sSbpw kam-izm-k-Øn-s‚bpw AS-bm-f-ambn {]Im-in-®p-sIm-≠n-

cn-°p-w'' (Xn-cp-k` 68).

ssZh-am-Xm-hmb ]cn-ip≤ I\y-Im-a-dnbw \ΩpsS AΩ-bm-Wv.

\mw Ahn-SpsØ a°-fpw. a°ƒ hgn-sX-ddn A]-I-S-Øn¬ hogp-∂Xv

-I-≠p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-hm≥ kvt\l-ap≈ Hc-Ωbv°pw km[n-°n-√.

\ΩpsS c£-bv°p-th≠n ssZhw a\p-jy-\mbn Ah-X-cn®v, \ap°v

th≠n AXn-I-Tn-\-amb ]oU-Iƒ kln-®v, Ipcn--ip-a-cWw hcn-®v,

Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂-‰v, kz¿§-Øn-te°v Btcm-lWw sNbvX Cutim

\tΩm-sSm-∏-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n hn. Ip¿∫m\ ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw

A∏-Øn-s‚bpw ho™n-s‚bpw cq]-Øn¬ Fgp-∂-≈n-h-cn-Ibpw sNøp-

∂p. F∂m¬ ssZh-Øns‚ Cu kvt\lw kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥ a\p-jy¿

Xøm-dm-Ip-∂n-√. Ime-Øns‚ IpsØmgp-°n¬s∏´v Xn∑-bn-eqsS \S-

°p∂ a\p-jy¿ AXp-hgn \nXy-in-£-bnte°v \n]-Xn-°p-∂-Xp -

t\m°n\n¬°p-hm≥ ssZh-Øns‚ c£m-Ic ]≤-Xn-bn¬ kl-Im-cn-

Wn-bmb ]cn-ip≤ I\y-Im-a-dn-b-Øn\v Fßs\ km[n°pw? eq¿±nepw

^mØn-a-bnepw am{X-a√ temI-Ønse hnhn[ ÿe-ß-fn¬, {]tXy-

In®v AΩ-bpsS klmbw Bh-iy-ap-≈n-SØv AΩ {]Xy-£-s∏´v

{]mb-›n-Ø-Øn\pw {]m¿∞-\bv°pw Blzm\w sNøp-∂p. FhnsS

ho™p (ssN-X-\yw) C√m-Xm-Ip-∂pthm AhnsS AΩ IS∂phcp∂p.

\sΩ kvt\ln-°p∂ kz¿§ob AΩ-bpsS {]Xy-£o-I-c-W-ß-fn¬

{][m-\-s∏-´-h-bn-te°v H∂v FØnt\m°mw.

amXm-hns‚ {]Xy-£o-I-c-W-ßƒ

IV

17. I¿Ωe amXmhv

18. eq¿±v amXmhv

19. ^mØna amXmhv

20. thfm-¶Æn amXmhv

25. amXr-Z¿i\w hnhn[ -ÿ-e-ß-fn¬

21. h√m¿]m-S-ØΩ

22. --sImcńapØn

23. amXmhv Kc-_-μm-fn¬

24. tdmkm anÃn° amXmhv


17. I¿Ωe amXmhv (Xncp\mƒ : Pqsse 16)

1251 Pqsse 16-˛mw XobXn A¿≤-cm{Xn sska¨ tÃm°v {]m¿∞n-®p-

sIm-≠n-cn-°p-tºmƒ hm\-h-K-W-ßfpsS AI-º-Sn-tbm-Sp-IqSn I¿Ωe amXmhv

{]Xy-£s∏´v I¿Ω-tem-Ø-cobw \evIn-s°m≠v ]d-™p. ""Fs‚ kmtlm-Z-

cy-Øns‚ AS-bm-fhpw c£-bpsS A®m-c-hp-amb Cu I¿Ω-tem-Ø-cobw kzoI-

cn-°p-I. Cu DØ-cobw [cn-®p- a-cn-°p-∂-h¿ \in-°p-I-bn√''. Cu kw`hw

Im´p-Xo-t]mse bqtdm∏v apgp-h\pw {]N-cn-®p. {ItaW temI-am-k-I-e-ap≈

F√m ssZh-am-Xr-`-‡cpw I¿Ω-tem-Ø-cobw [cn-°m≥ XpS-ßn.

1322-˛¬ kz¿§-cm⁄n tPm¨ 22-˛mw am¿∏m-∏bv°v ImW-s∏´v, DØ-cobw

[cn®v acn-°p-∂-h¿°v thsdmcp hmKvZm-\-hpw \¬In. ""Ir]m-h-c-ß-fpsS cm⁄n-

bmb Rm≥ i\n-bm-gvN-tXmdpw ip≤o-I-c-W-ÿ-eØv Cd-ßn-s®∂v DØ-cobw

[cn-®p-a-cn -®n-´p -≈-h-cn¬ Nne hyh-ÿ-Iƒ ]men-®n-´p-≈-h-sc-sb√mw

tamNn∏n°pw''. hyh-ÿ-Iƒ Ch-bmWv: DØ-cobw hniz-kvX-Xm-]q¿Δw [cn-

°p-I, kz¥w Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-bv°-\p-kr-X-amb Nmcn{Xyw ]men-°p-I, ]cn.

I\y-I-bpsS sNdnb H∏otkm P]-am-e-bpsS A©p-c-l-ky-ßtfm Znh-tk\

sNm√p-I.

^mØn-am-bnse Ah-km-\sØ Z¿i-\-Øn¬ amXmhv DØ-cobw Iøn-

te-¥n-bn-cp-∂p.

I¿Ωe \mtY hmgvI

\n¿Ωe It\y hmgvI

\ns‚ a°ƒ°-̀ bw

\nc-kn-°-cp-sX-∂-tΩ......... 2

B.........(-I¿Ω-e- \m-sY)

I¿Øm-hn-s∂∂pw AΩ

]m¿Ø-ń-se∂pw \o [\y

Xm]k¿s°∂pw \o am¿§w

X\-b-cn¬ \ndbpw ̀ mKyw ̀ mKyw

B.........(-I¿Ω-e -\m-sY)

Km\w


18. eq¿±v amXmhv (Xncp-\mƒ : s^{_p-hcn 11)

ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ Xo¿∞m-S-\-tI-{μ-ß-fn¬ H∂mw ÿm\w eq¿±n-

\m-Wv. {^m≥knse eq¿±v F∂ {Kma-Øn¬ 1858-˛¬ _¿W-Zo-Øm-

sb∂ s]Ïp-ń°v amXmhv {]Xy-£-s∏-´-Xp-ap-X-emWv ChnSw Hcp

Xo¿∞m-S-\-tI-{μ-am-b-Xv.

eq¿±p-{Km-a-Ønse Hcp Zcn-{Z-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ P\n®v A£-cm-̀ ymkw

IqSmsX -h-f¿∂ ]Xn-\m-ep-h-b- p-Imcn _¿W-Zo-Ømbpw A\p-PØn

Szms\Øpw Hcp Iq´p-Im-cnbpw IqSn 1858 s^{_p-hcn 11-˛mw XnbXn

hymgmgvN hndIv tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p ak-_n-tb¬ h\-Øn-te°v

t]mbn. BXvkva tcmKn-bm-bn-cp∂ _¿W-Zo-Ømbv°v am¿§-a-t≤y-

bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Acphn IS-°phm≥ km[n-°m-bvI-bm¬ Ahƒ

C°scØs∂-\n-∂p. a‰p-c-≠p-t]cpw A°-sc-°-S∂p hnd-Ip-ti-J-cn-

°m≥ t]mbn.

_¿W-ZoØm AhnsS \n¬°p-tºmƒ Hcp Im‰p-ho-in. ]md-s°-

´p-Ifpw Kpl-I-fp-ap≈ ASp-Øp≈ t{Kmt´m-bn-te°v Nne hr£-ß-

fpsS imJ-Iƒ Ahsf amSn-hn-fn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse Ahƒ°v tXm∂n.

IÆ-©n-∏n-°p∂ sh≈ hkv{Xhpw \oe-\n-d-Øn-ep≈ Ac-s°´pw

XØp-ey-amb Hcp intcm-h-kv{Xhpw [cn®v Hcp kz¿Æ-ame ssIøn-

te¥n Hcp bphXn B t{Kmt´m-bn¬ \nev°p-∂Xv Ahƒ I≠p.

kz¿Æ-Zo-]vXn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp {]Imiw Ah-fpsS ]mZ-Øn-¶¬

XØn-°-fn-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- _¿W-Zo-Ømbpw B kv{Xobp-sam-

cp-an®v P]-ame sNm√n {XoXz-kvXpXn am{Xta B kv{Xo sNm√n-bp-

≈p. P]-am-e-bpsS A¥y-Øn¬ ]p©ncn XqIn kzev]-sam∂v

Ip\n™v Ahƒ A{]-Xy-£-bm-bn.

Cßs\ 18 {]mhiyw _¿W-Zo-Ømbv°v Z¿i-\-ap-≠m-bn. aq∂m-

asØ Z¿i-\-Øn¬ B kv{Xo ]d™p ""]Xn-\-©p-Zn-hkw \o ChnsS


hc-W-sa∂v Rm\m{K-ln-°p-∂p. Cu temI-Øn¬ \ns∂ ku`m-Ky-

h-Xn-bm-°m-sa∂v Rm≥ hmKvZm\w sNøp-∂n-√; ASpØ temI-Øn¬

\o ]q¿Æ-ambpw ku`m-Ky-h-Xn-bm-bn-cn-°pw. 8˛masØ Z¿i-\-Øn¬

s^{_p-hcn 24-˛mw XnbXn B al-Xnsb ho£n-®p-sIm≠ncp-∂-t∏mƒ

Ahƒ hnfn-®p-]-d™p: ""{]mb-›nØw, {]mb-›n-Øw, {]mb-›nØw''.

9˛masØ Z¿i-\-Øn¬ 1858 s^{_p-hcn 25-˛mw XobXn B kv{Xo

]d™p ""\o B Dd-h-bn¬\n∂p IpSn-°p-I, tZlw Igp-Ip-I, AhnsS

ImWp∂ kky-ßƒ `£n-°pI''-. Ahƒ Ch-sbm∂pw ImWmsX

\S-∂-t∏mƒ B kv{Xo Ahsf hnfn®v ÿew Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®p.

_¿WZoØm B ÿeØv Cf-°n-t\m-°n. DSs\ Ahn-sS-\n-s∂mcp

Ddh ]pd-s∏-́ p. B sNfn-sh≈w _¿W-ZoØm tImcn-°p-Sn-®p. AhnsS

D≠m-bn-cp∂ kky-ßƒ Ahƒ `£n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \mep-Zn-

hkw Ign™v B sNfn-sh-≈-Øn¬ IÆp-tX-®p-I-gp-In-b-t∏m-gmWv

I√p-sh-´p-Im-c≥ fqbn-_p-dn-b-‰n\p ImgvN e`n-®-Xv. Zn\w{]Xn B Dd-

h-bn¬\n∂v 2000 Kme≥ sh≈w h∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. {]kvXpX

Pe-Øn¬ Ipfn-°p-tºmtgm hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bpsS {]Zn-£nW ka-bØv

Bio¿ΔmZw e`n-°p-tºmtgm C∂pw A¤p-X-tcm-K-im-¥n-Iƒ \S-∂p-

sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

am¿®v 25-̨ mw XobXn aw-Ke-hm¿Ø-Øn-cp-\mƒ Znhkw _¿W-Zo-

Ømbv°v ImW-s∏-́ p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ kv{Xo Xs‚ t]cv ]d™p: ""Rm≥

Aa-tem-¤-h-bmWv-.'' Aßs\ 1854 Unkw-_¿ 8˛mw XobXn 9˛mw

]obqkv am¿∏m∏ sNbvX Aatem¤h {]Jym-]-\sØ ssZh-am-Xmhv

AwKo-I-cn-®p. Pqsse 16-̨ mw Xob-Xn-b-mbncp∂p Ah-km\ Z¿i-\w.

AhnsS Znh-kwtXmdpw \S-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ Znhy-Im-cpWy {]Z-£n-

W-Ønepw P]-ame {]Z-£n-W-Ønepw ]¶p-sIm-≈p-hm≥ Bbn-c-°-

W-°n\v Xo¿∞m-S-I¿ kμ¿i\w \S-Øp-∂p.

1. temI-Ønse G‰hpw {]kn-≤-amb acn-b-tI{μw ˛

{^m≥knse eq¿±v

2. _¿W-Zo-Øm-bpsS amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ ˛

]nXmhv ˛ {^mt¶mbv tk_n-d n; amXmhv ˛ eqbnkv ImÃv tZmdp

3. Aa-tem-¤-h-am-Xmhv _¿W-Zo-Ømbv°v \¬Inb Z¿i-\-Zn-\-ßƒ

1858 s^{_p-hcn 11,14,18,19,20,21,23,24,25,27,28 am¿®v 1,2,3,4,25,

G{]n¬ 7, Pqsse 16.


19. ^mØna amXmhv (Xncp\mƒ : tabv 13)

H∂mw temI-a-lm-bp-≤Øns‚ òI-c-bm-X-\-Iƒ temI-sc√mw

A\p-̀ -hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ ImeØv 1917 tabv 5˛mw Xnb-Xn, s_\-UnIvSv

15-˛mw am¿∏m∏ ss{IkvXh temIsØ A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNbvXp-

sIm≠v D]-tZ-in-®p: ""bp≤w-sIm≠v hnIr-X-amb Cu `qap-JØv

ho≠pw ssZhm-\p-{Klw e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn ssZhm-\p-{Kl a≤y-ÿ-

bmb ]cn. I\y-Im-a-dn-b-tØmSv F√m-hcpw Xo£vW-ambn {]m¿∞n-

°-Ww.'' am¿∏m-∏-bpsS Cu Blzm-\-Øn-\p-tijw F´p Znhkw Ign-

™-t∏mƒ AXm-bXv, sabv 13-˛mw XobXn ssZh-am-Xmhv t]m¿®p-Kokv

cmPy-Øns‚ Xe-ÿm-\-amb enkv_¨ ]´-W-Øn-\-SpØv ÿnXn-

sN-øp∂ Hcp sNdp-{Kmaamb ^mØn-a-bn¬ aq∂v CSb°pń-Iƒ°v

{]Xy-£-bm-bn.

At¥m-Wntbm kt¥mkv˛adn-bm -tdmkm Zº-Xn-I-fpsS Bdp-a-

°-fn¬ Cf-b-hƒ eqkn (10), am\p-th¬ am¿tØm˛Hfnºnb

ZºXnIfpsS a°-fmb {^m≥knkv (8), Pko¥m (6) F∂n-h-cm-bn-

cp∂p B CS-b-Ip-ń-Iƒ.

1917 sabv apX¬ HIvtSm-_¿ hsc F√m amkhpw 13-˛mw XobXn

amXmhv Ah¿°v {]Xy-£-s∏-´p. Cu aq∂v Ipń-Iƒ hgn amXmhv

a\p-jy-Ipew apgp-h-\p-am-bp≈ kp{]-[m-\-amb Hcp ktμ-iw˛am\-

km-¥-c-Øn\pw {]m¿∞-\bv°pw {]mb›n-Ø-Øn-\p -am -bp≈

Blzm\w \¬Ip-∂p. ""{]m¿∞n-°p-I, A[n-I-a-[nIw {]m¿∞n-°p-

Ibpw ]m]n-Iƒ°p-th≠n XymK-ßƒ kln-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I....- F-

s¥-∂m¬ At\Iw Bflm-°ƒ \c-I-Øn¬t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-s‚ - Im-cWw

Ah¿°mbn {]m¿∞n-°p-hm\pw XymK-ßƒ kln-°p-hm\pw Btcm-

cp-an√ F∂-XmWv-''.


amem-J-bpsS {]Xy-£oIcWw

^mØn-am-bn¬ amXm-hns‚ Z¿i\w 1917˛-em-sW-¶nepw Ahbv°v

XpS°w Ipdn-®Xv 1916-̨ -em-Wv. ssZh-̀ -‡-cmb amXm-]n-Xm-°-fn¬\n∂pw

P\n® eqkn-bpw {^m≥knkpw Pko-¥mbpw 1916-˛se hk-¥-Im-

eØv Hcp Xn¶-fmgvN Ah-cpsS hoSn\p Ipd-®-Ise tImh F∂

ÿeØv BSp-Isf tabn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Hcp Nm‰¬ag D≠m-

Ip-Ibpw Ipń-Iƒ kao-]sØ Kplm-ap-JØv Ib-dn-\n∂v P]-ame

sNm√p-Ibpw sNbvXp. DS≥ Hcp {]Im-i-tKmfw BIm-i-Øp-\n∂v

Xßsf kao-]n-°p-∂-Xmbn Ah¿ I≠p. {]Im-i-h-e-b-Øn¬\n∂v

\o≠ tae¶n [cn® kpμ-c-\mb Hcp sNdp-∏-°m-c≥ Ahsc kao-

]n®p ]d™p ""`b-s∏-tS-≠, Rm≥ kam-[m-\-Øns‚ ZqX-\mWv,

Ft∂m-Sp-IqsS {]m¿∞n-°pI'': Abmƒ ap´p-IpØn kmjvSmw-K{]Wm-

aw sNbvXp-sIm≠v Cßs\ {]m¿∞n-®p. ""Hm! Fs‚ ssZh-ta, Rm≥

Aßsb Bcm-[n-°p-∂p. Aßn¬ Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. Aßsb

Rm≥ B{i-bn-°p-∂p. kvt\ln-°p-∂p-̨ -A-ß-bn¬ hniz-kn-°m-sXbpw,

B{i-bn-°m-sX-bpw, kvt\ln-°m-sXbpw Ccn-°p-∂-h¿°p-th-≠nbpw

Rm≥ {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p, am∏p-tNm-Zn-°p-∂p.'' Ipń-Iƒ CXv G‰p-sNm-

√n. CXp-t]mse {]m¿∞n-°-W-sa∂v ]d-™n-´p- am-emJ A{]-Xy-£-

am-bn.

ASpØ a[y-th-\-enepw CXp-t]mse Z¿i-\-ap-≠m-bn. Cutim-

bp-sSbpw adn-b-Øn-s‚bpw lrZ-b-ßƒ°v Ipń-I-sf-°p-dn®v IcpW

\nd™ ]≤-Xn-bp-s≠∂v Adn-bn-®p. Xm≥ t]m¿´p-K-ens‚ Imh¬Zq-

X-\m-sW∂pw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn. ]m]nIfpsS am\km¥cØn\mbn

{]tXyIw {]m¿∞-\-Ifpw XymK-ßfpw A¿∏n-°-W-sa∂pw At∏mƒ

cmPyØv kam-[m-\-ap-≠m-Ip-sa∂pw Adn-bn-®p.

B h¿jm-cw-`-Øn¬ ssZh-Zq-X≥ {]Xy-£-s∏-´Xv Hcp Iøn¬

Imkbpw as‰ Iøn¬ HmkvXn-bp-am-bn-´m-Wv. HmkvXn-bn¬\n∂v c‡w

Imkm-bn-te°v C‰n-‰p-ho-gp-∂Xv ImWm-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xma-kn-bmsX

Imkbpw HmkvXnbpw A¥-co-£-Øn¬ \ndp-Øn-bn´v ssZh-Zq-X≥,

\neØv kmjvSmwKw hoWv Cßs\ {]m¿∞n-®p: ""]nXmhpw ]p{X\pw

]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hp-amb ssZh-ta, Aßsb Rm≥ Bcm-[n-°p-∂p. a\p-

jy-cpsS ]m]-]-cn-lm-c-Øn-\mbn Aß-bpsS Xncp-°p-am-cs‚ Xncp-i-

co-chpw Xncp-c-‡hpw Atßbv°v Rm≥ ka¿∏n-°p-∂p. ]m]n-IfpsS

am\-km-¥-c-Øn-\mbn Aß-bpsS Xncp-°p-am-cs‚ ]oUm-k-l-\-ßsf

Atßbv°v Rm≥ ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.'' aq∂v {]mhiyw ZqX-t\m-sSm∏w

Ah¿ B {]m¿∞-\- B-h¿Øn-®p. AXn-\p-tijw B Imkmbpw


Xncp-thm-kvXnbpw kz¿§ob ZqX≥ ssIbnseSpØv apń≥ta¬

\n∂ncp∂ eqkn-bpsS \mhn¬ h®p-sIm-Sp-Øp (eqkn Hcp h¿jw

apºv BZy-Ip¿∫m\ kzoI-cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p). Ipń-I-tfmSv amemJ

]d™p: ""hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bn¬ Cutim-b-\p-`-hn-°p∂ \nμ-\ßƒ°v

]cn-lm-c-ambn \nßƒ XymK-Ir-Xy-ßƒ sNbvXv Ahn-SpsØ Biz-

kn-∏n-°pI.'' ASpØ \nanjw amemJ A{]-Xy-£-\m-bn.

amXmhv {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p.

1917 tabv 13-˛\v Ipń-Iƒ BSp-ta-bn-®n-cp-∂Xv, ^mØn-am-bn¬

tImhm Cudnb F∂ ÿe-Øm-bncp∂p. a≤ym” t\c-Øv, A{]-

Xo-£n-X-ambn H∂n-\p-]ndtI H∂m-bn´v an∂-ep-≠mbn! ag-bv°p≈

`mh-am-sW∂v Icp-Xn, Ipń-Iƒ BSp-Isf A-Sn®v hońtebv°v

t]mIm≥ XpS-ßn. s]s´∂v Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp Hm°v hrj-

Øn¬ {]Imihebw ImW-s∏-´p! AXn\p≈nembn AXohkpμ

cnbmb Hcp kv{Xo cq]w! Ahƒ sh≈hkv{X-amWv [cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

inc ns\ BhcWw sNbvXp, tXmƒ ad®v ]mZwhscsbØp∂

tae¶nbpw, Iq∏nbncp∂ ssIIfn¬ sh≈apØpIƒsIm≠p

\n¿Ωn® P]amebpw B cq]sØ°pdn®v knÃ¿ eqkn ]d™Xv

kqcys\°mƒ tim`bp≈ kv{Xosb∂mWv.

`bs∏tSs≠∂v IpńIsf D]tZin®psIm≠v B Znhycq]w

XpS¿∂p: ""Rm≥ kz¿§Øn¬ \n∂p hcp∂p, HIvtSm_¿ amkw hsc

Hmtcm amkhpw 13˛\v Cu kabØv \nßƒ ChnsS hcWw, Znhkhpw

P]ame sNm√Ww. Rm\msc∂pw, Fs‚ Dt±iysas¥∂pw Rm≥

]dbmw. ssZhw Abbv°p∂ F√m thZ\Ifpw kln°m≥ Xømdm

hWw.'' F√m Znhkhpw P]ameb¿∏n®v temI kam[m\Øn\p

th≠nbpw bp≤w Ahkm\n°p∂Xn\pth≠nbpw {]m¿∞n°phm≥

]d™psIm≠v B kv{Xo hr£imJIfn¬\n∂v Db¿∂v A{]Xy

£ambn.

IpńIƒ hoSpIfn¬ sN∂p Z¿i\Imcyw ]d™t∏mƒ Ah¿

AXv hnizkn®n√. hm¿Ø \mń¬ Nnescms° Adn™p. Pq¨

13˛\v IpńIsfØn. H∏w GItZiw Fgp]Xpt]cpw. ]d™Xp t]mse

kv{Xo cq]w {]Xy£s∏´p. IpńIƒ am{Xta AXv I≠p≈p. B

kz¿§ob I\yIbpsS {]tim`bn¬ eqknbpw {^m≥knkpw

Pko¥mbpw ]cam\μØn¬ apgpIn. Aßv F∂n¬\n∂v F¥mhiy

s∏Sp∂psh∂ eqknbpsS tNmZyØn\v adp]Snbmbn B Znhykv{Xo

]d™p: ""ASpØamkw 13˛mw XobXn Cu kabØv ChnsS hcWw.


F√m Znhkhpw P]ame A¿∏n°Ww. Cu P]ame sNm√ptºmƒ

Hmtcm clkyØn\ptijw Rm≥ ]dbphm≥ t]mIp∂ {]m¿∞\

IqSn sNm√Ww.'' CXmbncp∂p {]m¿∞\: ""Fs‚ Cutimsb,

RßfpsS ]m]ßƒ £an°Wta. \cIm·nbn¬\n∂p Rßsf

c£n°Wta. F√m Bflm°sfbpw {]tXyIn®v AßbpsS

klmbw Bhiyap≈hscbpw kz¿§Ønte°v \bn°Wta.''

ho≠pw B kz¿§ob I\yI eqknsb kwt_m[\ sNbvXp:

""aItf, \o hmbn°phm\pw FgpXphm\pw ]Tn°Ww. \o Ign™

amkw Bhiys∏´ tcmKim¥n B a\pjy\p e`n°Wsa¶n¬

]m]PohnXw Abmƒ Dt]£n°Ww.''

kz¿§obm\p`qXnb\p`hn®psIm≠ncp∂ eqkn tNmZn®p: ""\mtY

Rm\pw Fs‚ ktlmZcnbpw ktlmZc\pw F∂v kz¿§ØnseØpw?''

AXn\padp]Snbmbn B kv{Xo ]d™p: ""Pko¥msbbpw {^m≥ko

kns\bpw Rm≥ XmaknbmsX kz¿§Ønte°v sIm≠pt]mIpw.

F∂m¬ \o `qanbn¬ hfsc\mƒ Pohn°Ww. temIamkIew

Fs∂ Adnbn°p∂Xn\pw kvt\ln°p∂Xn\pw Cutim \ns∂

\nban®ncn°p∂p. Fs‚ ]mh\ lrZbtØmSp≈ ̀ ‡n temIØn¬

ÿm]n°p∂Xn\pth≠n \o {ian°Ww. C{]Imcw sNbvXm¬

temIc£ Rm≥ hmKvZm\w sNøp∂p. ssZhw Cu ̀ ‡sc c£n°pw.

ssZhØn\v A¿∏n°p∂ ]pjv]ßƒ Bbncn°pw Cu Bflm°ƒ''.

]t£, CXp hnizkn°phm≥ eqkn°v km[n®n√. Ahƒ

tNmZn®p: ""Aßv, Pko¥msbbpw {^m≥kokns\bpw kz¿§Ønte°v

sIm≠pt]mIpIbmsW¶n¬ Rm≥ X\n®nhnsS Fßs\ Pohn°pw?

AXn\p adp]Snbmbn B Znhykv{Xo ]d™p: ""aItf, \o X\n®mbn

cn°pIbn√. \ns∂ Rm≥ Hcn°epw Dt]£n°pIbn√. Fs‚

]mh\lrZbw \n\°v Hc`bambncn°pw. ssZhØnte°v AXv

\ns∂ \bn°pw''.

B kabw kz¿§ob I\yI Xs‚ Icßƒ AhcpsSta¬ \nh¿

Øn∏nSn®p. At∏mƒ B ZnhyIcßfn¬\n∂p {]ImicivanIƒ

]pds∏´v AhcpsS lrZbßfnte°v Xpf®pIbdn. kt¥mjkap{Z

Øn¬ apßn Ah¿ aq∂pt]cpw achn®p {]XnaIsft]mse AhnsS

\n∂p. ]cn. I\yIbpsS XncplrZbhpw AXnt\mSp≈ kvt\lhpw

F¥msW∂v At∏mƒ Ah¿°v a\ nembn.

B Znhykv{Xo A{]Xy£ambt∏mƒ Np‰pap≠mbncp∂ P\w

\qdp tNmZyßfpambn eqknsb s]mXn™p. F∂m¬ F√m


Imcyßfpw shfns∏SpØmXncp∂Xn\m¬ sNdnb Hcp {]Xntj[

tØmSpIqSn P\w ]ncn™p. hoń¬\n∂v iImchm°pIfmWv

Ahƒ°v e`n®Xv.

Pqsse 13

IpńIƒ h∂t∏mƒ AhcpsS apºn¬ kz¿§obm\p`qXntbmsS

Znhy{]` sNmcn™p \n¬°p∂ B I\yI ]Xnhnepw kpμcnbmbn

cp∂p. kz¿§ob cm⁄n AhcpsS kao]tØ°v \Ss∂Øn. B

IpńIsf Xs‚ {]ImiØn¬ BhcWw sNbvXp. eqkn tNmZn®p:

""\mtY, Aßv BcmsW∂p ]dbpIbpw Aßv ChnsS Z¿i\w \¬

Ip∂p F∂v F√mhcpw Adntb≠Xn\mbn Hc¤pXw {]h¿Øn°p

Ibpw sNømtam?'' B Znhykv{Xo ]d™p: ""F√m amkhpw 13˛mw

XnbXn ChnsS hcnI. HIvtSm_¿ amkØn¬ Rm≥ Bsc∂p

]dbmw. F√mhcpw hnizkn°p∂Xn\pth≠n A∂v Hc¤pXw {]h¿

Øn°pIbpw sNøpw.''

B Znhykv{Xo XpS¿∂p: ""]m]nIƒ°pth≠n ]cnlmc{]hrØn

Iƒ sNøphn≥. Hmtcm {]mb›nØ{]hrØn°pw tijw C{]Imcw

{]m¿∞n°Ww. ""Hm, Fs‚ Cutimtb, Fs‚ Cu ]m]]cnlmc

{]hrØn \nt∂mSp≈ kvt\lØn\pth≠nbpw adnbØns‚

hnaelrZbØn\v FXncmbn sNøp∂ t{ZmlßfpsS ]cnlmc

Øn\pth≠nbpw Rm≥ ImgvNshbv°p∂p.''

DSs\ B kz¿§ob I\yI Xs‚ Icßƒ B IpńIfpsS ta¬

\nh¿Øn-∏n-Sn®p. B Icßfn¬\n∂ps]mń]pds∏´ {]Imi IncW

ßfm¬ Ah¿ aq∂pt]cpw hebw sNøs∏´p. B {]ImiØn¬

Ah¿ \n∂ncp∂ ̀ qanbpw Hm°pachpw, Np‰pw IqSnbncp∂ \membnc

Øn¬]cw P\ßfpw, tImhm apgph\pw A{]Xy£ambn. AhcpsS

apºn¬ I≠Xv `bm\Iamb \cI°pgnbmbncp∂p.

B Xo®qfbntebv°v FØnt\m°nb IpńIƒ Benet]mse

hnd®p. Ah¿ H∂pIqSn B ZnhyI\yIbpsS kao]tØ°v ASpØp

\n∂p. FÆs∏Sm≥ Ignhn√mØhn[w ]nimNp°fpw Bflm°fpw

B \cIm·nbn¬ thZ\ A\p`hn°p∂Xv Ah¿ I≠p. AXn

hnIrXamb arKßfpsS cq]Ønembncp∂p an° ]nimNp°fpw.

F∂m¬, in£n°s∏´ a\pjy¿ icoctØmSpIqSn B Xo®pf

bn¬ Xńadn™psIm≠ncn°p∂p. Xhn´p\ndambncp∂p AhcpS

icocßƒ°v. ]nimNp°fpw a\pjycpw D®Øn¬ Bt{Imin®p

sIm≠ncp∂Xv Ahsc `bs∏SpØn. Pzen°p∂ A·nbn¬


\cIhmknIƒ CfIpIbpw s]mßpIbpw XmgpIbpw sNbvXp

sIm≠ncp∂Xv B IpńIsf H∂pIqSn ̀ bhnlzecm°n. Xo®qfbn¬

Pzen°p∂ I¬°cn IjWßƒt]mse Bbncp∂p Cu Bflm°ƒ.

thZ\bn¬\n∂v Hcp\nanjwt]mepw Ch¿°v ap‡nbp≠mbncp∂n√.

Cu `bm\I ImgvN s]s´∂v h∂Xpt]mse s]s´∂v ad™p

t]mbn. `bhnlzecmb eqknbpw Pko¥mbpw {^m≥kokpw ]gb

ÿnXnbn¬ FØn. B Znhykv{Xo C{]Imcw ]d™p: ""]m]nIƒ

in£n°s∏Sp∂ \cIw \nßƒ I≠p. a\pjysc \nXy\cIm·n

bn¬\n∂p c£n°m≥ ]cn. adnbØns‚ \n¿Ωe lrZbtØmSp≈

`‡n temIØn¬ ÿm]n°phm≥ ssZhw B{Kln°p∂p. C{]Imcw

sNbvXm¬ ]e Bflm°fpw \cIØn¬ hogmsX c£s]Spw.

Aßs\ temIØn¬ kam[m\w D≠mbncn°pw.''

Znhykv{XobpsS hm°pIƒ IpńIsf Bizkn∏n®p. kz¿§ob

I\yI XpS¿∂p: ""Ct∏mƒ \S°p∂ bp≤w DSs\ Ahkm\n°pw

F∂m¬ a\pjy¿ ]m]Øm¬ ssZhsØ t{Zmln°pIbmsW¶n¬

CXnepw ITn\amb Hcp bp≤w ]obqkv ]Xns\m∂ma≥ am¿∏m∏bpsS

ImeØp temIsØ in£n°pw. Hcp cm{Xn A⁄mXamb {]tim`

bm¬ ̀ qan BhcWw sNøs∏Sptºmƒ ssZhw temIsØ in£n°p

hm≥ hcp∂p F∂p a\ nem°pI"" (21 h¿jßƒ°ptijw 1938

P\phcn 25˛mw XnbXn cm{Xn bqtdm∏v apgph≥ Hcp {]tXyI {]Imi

Øn¬ apßn. B h¿jw Xs∂ ln‰vedpsS \mkn∏S c≠mw temI

almbp≤w Bcw`n®p)

""bp≤w hcpØnhbv°p∂ \miØn¬\n∂p temIsØ c£n°p

hm≥ ]cnip≤ I\yIbpsS XncplrZb {]XnjvT Rm≥ Bhiy

s∏Spw. AXpt]mse F√m BZyi\nbmgvNbpw hn. Ip¿∫m\ kzoIc

Whpw, a\pjy¿ C{]Imcw sNbvXm¬ djy am\km¥cs∏SpIbpw

temIØn¬ kam[m\w A\p`hs∏SpIbpw sNøpw. As√¶n¬

djy, AhcpsS \ncoizc{]ÿm\w, temIw apgph≥ ASnt®ev]n°pw.

kXyk` sRcp°s∏Spw. ]cnip≤ ]nXmhv hfscb[nIw klnt°

≠nhcpw. ]ecmPyßfpw `qanbn¬\n∂v A{]Xy£amIpw.

F¶nepw, Fs‚ hnaelrZbw Ahkm\w hnPbn°pw. ]cnip≤

]nXmhv djysb Fs‚ hnaelrZbØn\v {]XnjvTn°pw. Aßs\

Ipsd°mew temIØn¬ kam[m\w D≠mbncn°pw. t]m¿®pK¬

cmPyØp hnizmkw \jvSs∏SpIbn√. Cu hnhcßƒ Ct∏mƒ

BtcmSpw ]dbcpXv. {^m≥kokns\ CsX√mw Adnbn°Ww''.


B ZnhyI\yIbpsS G‰hpw Zo¿Ln∏n® kw`mjWambncp∂p

CXv. B I\yI XpS¿∂p. :

""Rm≥ Ct∏mƒ ]dbphm≥ t]mIp∂Xv hfsc h¿jßƒ°p

tijw am{Xta shfns∏SpØmhq''.

DSs\Xs∂ Hcp clkyw B I\yI Ahsc Adnbn®p. AXn\p

tijw amXmhns‚ XncplrZbtØmSp≈ `‡nbpw temIc£bpw

]m]nIfpsS am\km¥chpw a‰pw ho≠pw B I\yI Ahsc

Hm¿Ωn∏n®p. eqkn tNmZn®p: ""thsd Fs¥¶nepw Fs∂ Adnbn°p

hm\pt≠m?'' thsd H∂pan√sb∂v ]d™psIm≠v DSs\ Xs∂

B kz¿§obkv{Xo A{]Xy£bmbn.

Cu clkyw Ipń-I-sf-s°m≠v ]dbn∏n°p∂Xn\pth≠n Hutd

anse `cWm[nImcn IpńIsf Xńs°m≠pt]mbn òjWns∏Sp

Ønsb¶nepw Ah¿ clkyw ]pdØphnń√. BKÃv 13˛mw XobXn

Ah¿ `cWm[nImcnbpsS _‘\Ønembncp∂Xn\m¬ Ah¿°v

tImhmbnte°v hcphm≥ km[n®n√. F¶nepw 18000 tØmfw a\pjy¿

AhnsS XSn®pIqSn. {]Imiap≈ HcptaLtKmfw BImiØp\n∂v

Xmsgbndßn hcp∂Xpw Aev]w Ign™v A{]Xy£amIp∂Xpw

P\°q´Ønse Hcp Ipń ImWpIbp≠mbn.

Ipń-Iƒ kzX-{¥-am-°-s∏´tijw Hcp RmbdmgvN Ah¿

BSpIsfsIm≠v hment\mkv F∂ ÿetØ°mWv t]mbXv.

]Xnhpt]mse P]amebmcw`n®p. B P]ame Ahkm\n®t∏mƒ

B Znhykv{Xo BImiØp\n∂v Xmtgmńdßnh∂p. 13˛mw XobXn

tImhmbn¬ t]mIphm≥ XS s∏SpØnb Hutdanse `cWm[nIm

cnsb Ip‰s∏SpØns°m≠mWv kz¿§obI\yI kw`mjWw Bcw`n

®Xv. eqkn tNmZn®p "tImhmbnse ac®phń¬ P\ßƒ ]Ww

\nt£]n°p∂p≠v. AXv F¥v sNøWw'? AXn\padp]Snbmbn

"AXn¬ Hcp`mKw D]tbmKn®v {]Z£nWØn\p≈ c≠p

cq]°qSpIƒ ]WnbWw. sh≈hkv{Xw [cn®psIm≠v \obpw

Pko¥mbpw a‰p c≠p s]ÏpńIfpw AXn¬ HscÆw FSpØv

tImhmbn¬ ÿm]n°Ww. AXn\p≈n¬ P]ame cm⁄nbpsS

kzcq]w h®ncn°Ww. at‰ cq]°qSv sh≈hkv{Xw [cn®v {^m≥knkpw

a‰p aq∂p BÏpńIfpw hln®v tImhmbn¬ FØn°Ww.

amXmhns‚ Aatem¤hlrZbcq]w AXn¬ D≠mbncn°Ww.

_m°nbp≈ ]Ww tImhmbn¬ ]Wnbphm≥ t]mIp∂ tZhmeb

Øn\p≈XmWv.


AXn\ptijw B ZnhyI\yI IpńIsf A\p{Kln®psIm≠v

]d™p: "{]m¿∞n°pI, ]m]nIƒ°pth≠n {]m¿∞n°pIbpw,

]cnlmc{]hrØnIƒ sNøpIbpw thWw. Ah¿°pth≠n {]m¿∞n

°phmt\m ]cnlmc{]h¿ØnIƒ sNøphmt\m Bcpw C√.'

""HIvtSm_¿ 13˛\p hn. butk∏pw DÆnaninlmbpw tImhmbn¬

hcp∂XmWv. Ah¿ F√mhscbpw A\p{Kln°pw...''

eqkn tNmZn®p. ""tcmKnIfmb ]escbpw kpJs∏SpØphm≥

AßtbmSv bmNn°Wsa∂v ]ecpw Ft∂mSv Bhiys∏ń´p≠v.

t]cpIƒ.....'' Znhykv{Xo ]d™p. "F\n°dnbmw Ahcn¬ Nnesc

Cu h¿jw Xs∂ Rm≥ kpJs∏SpØpw. Bflmhns‚ c£bmWv

icocØns‚ c£sb°mƒ {][m\w...'

XmaknbmsX B Znhykv{Xo aμw aμw Db¿∂v \oemImi

Øn¬ A{]Xy£bmbn.

sk]vXw_¿ 13˛mw XobXn kao]n®t∏mtgbv°pw ̂ mØnambpw

tImhmbpw Xo¿∞mSIscs°m≠v \nd™p. ^mØna, t]m¿ØpK

ense eq¿±mbnØocpsa∂v ]e]{Xßfpw FgpXnbncp∂p. eqknbpw

Pko¥mbpw {^m≥knkpw {]m¿∞\bpsSbpw {]mbv›nØ

Øns‚bpw PohnXw XpS¿∂p. 13˛mw XnbXn 10 aWn°v F√mhcpw

IqSn P]ame XpSßn. 40000 tØmfw P\ßƒ AhnsS IqSnbncp∂p.

P]ame Xo¿∂t∏mtg°pw BImiØp\n∂p {]ImitKmfw Xmtgm´v

hcp∂Xv kIeP\ßfpw I≠p. B Znhykv{Xo IpńIfpsS kao]

sØØn. Z¿i\w A\p`hn®psIm≠ncp∂ IpńIfpsS apJßƒ B

ZnhyI\yIbpsS {]ImiØn¬ Xnfßn. bp≤w Ahkm\n°p∂

Xn\mbn F√m Znhkhpw {]m¿∞n°Wsa∂pw Z¿i\ßfpsS Ah

km\ Znhkamb HIvtSm_¿ 13˛\v Rm≥ Hcp A¤pXw {]h¿Øn°pw

F∂pw IpńIsf Adnbn®p. Ipd®pIgn™p B kz¿§ob kv{Xo

Xs‚ Z¿i\w Ahkm\n∏n®p. F√mhcpw t\m°n \n¬s° B

{]ImitKmfw BImiØnte°v \oßn. At∏mƒ Bbnc°W°n\v

sh≈]pjv] CXfpIƒ \oemImiØn¬\n∂v Xmtg°v hogphm≥

XpSßn. ]ecpw B CXfpIƒ ]nSns®Sp°phm≥ {iaw \SØnsb

¶nepw ̀ qanbnseØp∂Xn\v ap≥]pXs∂ Ah Aen™pt]mbn. Cu

Z¿i\ßfn¬ `cWm[nImcn°v hnizmkan√mXncps∂¶nepw CShI

hnImcn°v hnizmkap≠mbncp∂p. I¿±n\mƒ km¥tdanse

skan\mcn sdIv‰sd hnhcßƒ At\zjn°phm≥ ̂ mØnambnte°v

Ab®p.


HIvtSm_¿ 13

HIvtSm_¿ 12 cm{Xn apgph\pw `‡P\{]hmlwsIm≠v

^mØnambpw tImhmbpw Xnc°n´ Hcp ]´W{]tZiambnØo¿∂p.

A¿≤cm{XntbmsS Bcw`n® ag 13˛mw XobXn D®hsc \o≠p\n∂p.

13˛mw XobXn 10 aWn Ign™t∏mtg°pw 70,000 P\ßƒ AhnsS

FØnsb∂v dnt∏m¿´v sNøs∏´p. 11 aWn Ign™t∏mƒ eqknbpw

Pko¥mbpw {^m≥knkpw AhcpsS IpSpw_mwKßfpw tImhmbn¬

Hm°pacØn\v kao]w Ah¿°mbn Hcp°nbncp∂ ÿesØØn

P]ame Bcw`n®p. 13˛mw XnbXn a≤ym”Øn¬ hcpsa∂mWv B

kv{Xo ap≥Iqń Adnbn®ncp∂Xv. D®bmbt∏mƒ ag s]s´∂v \n∂p.

ASpØ\nanjw AXnkpμcnbmb B kz¿§ob I\yI Hm°pacØn¬

{]Xy£s∏´p. eqkn tNmZn®p. ""Aßv BcmIp∂p sh∂pw, F∂n¬

\n∂v F¥mhiys∏Sp∂psh∂pw C∂dnbn°mtam? AXn\v adp]Sn

bmbn: ""Rm≥ P]ame cm⁄nbmWv. Fs‚ \maØn¬ ChnsS Hcp

ssZhmebw ]WnbWsa∂v Rm≥ B{Kln°p∂p. F√m Znhkhpw

P]ame sNm√Ww. bp≤w Ahkm\n°phm≥ t]mIp∂p. ]´mf°m

sc√mw AhchcpsS IpSpw_ßfn¬ Xncns®Øpw.'' P]ame`‡n

hgn [mcmfw Bflm°sf ssZhØn\v t\SnsbSp°phm≥ Ah¿°v

Ignbpsa∂v amXmhv Ahsc t_m[ys∏SpØn.

]cnip≤I\yI hmKvZm\w sNbvXncp∂X\pkcn®v a‰p Z¿i

\ßfpw IpńIƒ°p≠mbn. BZytØXv Xncp°pSpw_Z¿i\am

bncp∂p. Cutimbpw ]cnip≤ adnbhpw hn. butk∏pw B

IpńIƒ°v {]Xy£s∏´p. Xncp°pSpw_w F√mhscbpw A\p{Kln

°p∂Xv IpńIƒ I≠p. ASpØ Z¿i\w: Cutim Im¬hcnbn

te°p≈ bm{Xbn¬ AWn™ncp∂ Nph∏v hkv{Xw [cn®v hymIpe

amXmhnt\mSpIqsS eqkn°v ImWs∏´p. Cutimbpw adnbhpw

temIsØ A\p{Kln®p. Ipd®pkabw \o≠p\n∂ Cu Z¿i\

Øn\ptijw ASpØ Z¿i\ap≠mbn: sh≈ hkv{Xw AWn™

amXmhv, Znhy DÆnsb aSnbnencpØns°m≠v Z¿i\w \¬In. ho≠pw

kz¿§Øns‚bpw `qanbpsSbpw cm⁄nbmbn apSnbWn™p

sIm≠mWv amXmhv Z¿i\w \evInbXv.

kqcy\n¬ A¤pXßƒ

eqknbpw Pko¥mbpw {^m≥knkpw Xncp°pSpw_sØbpw

hymIpeamXmhns\bpw P]amecm⁄nsbbpw Z¿in®psIm≠n

cp∂t∏mƒ, tImhmbn¬ IqSnbncp∂ 70000˛Øn¬]cw P\w, ]cnip≤


I\yI hmKvZm\w sNbvXncp∂ A¤pXw ImWpIbp≠mbn.

agsb√mw amdn. im¥amb A¥co£Øn¬ kqcy≥ ho≠pw \oem

ImiØn¬ Xnfßn \n∂p. B tKmfw Hcp N{μ°ebmbpw ]n∂oSv

Hcp sh≈n®{Iambpw BImiØp ImWs∏´p. P\ßsf√mw

BImiØnte°v t\m°n. ]n∂oSv kqcy≥ AXnthKw Nen°phm\pw

hndbv°phm\pw Ipepßphm\pw XpSßnbXv I≠v P\ßsf√mw `b

hnlzecmbn. aq∂pan\n´v Ign™t∏mƒ kqcy≥ A·nN{Iambn amdn.

AXnthKw IdßpIbpw A·nPzmeIƒ \m\mhitØ°pw ]pds∏Sp

Ibpw sNbvXp. XmaknbmsX, Idßp∂ Hcp sh≈n®{Iambn

{]ImiIncWßƒ ]pdtØ°v hoiphm≥ XpSßn. kqcy{]Imi

Ønse Ggp \ndßƒ Hmtcm∂mbn AhnsS IqSnbncp∂ F√mh

scbpw BhcWw sNbvXp. ""ssZhamXmth'', F∂phnfn®v ]ecpw

s\©ØSn®p hne]n°p∂p≠mbncp∂p.

XpS¿∂v kqcys‚ \rØambncp∂p. Aev]w Ign™v kqcy≥

ho≠pw ]q¿ΔÿnXnbnseØnsb¶nepw Xos∏mcn hnXdns°m≠v

AXnthKw Idßm≥ XpSßn. AXnat\mlcamb B ImgvNbv°v

tijw kqcy≥ BImiØp\n∂p Xmtgm´v ]Xn°phm≥ Bcw`n®p.

temImhkm\w BKXambncn°p∂psh∂v ]ecpw hnfn®p]d™p.

""kvt\lap≈ ssZhta, ]m]Øn¬ acn°m≥ CSbm°t√, ]cnip≤

I\yItb, Rßsf c£n°Wta'' F∂v `qcn`mKw P\ßfpw

{]m¿∞n®p. ]{¥≠v an\nń\ptijw kqcy≥ im¥amhpIbpw km[m

cW coXnbn¬ {]Imin°pIbpw sNbvXp. agbn¬ IpXn¿∂ncp∂

hkv{Xßsf√mw s]s´∂v DWßnbXmbn ImWs∏´p. P]ameb¿

∏n°phm\pw ]m]nIƒ°v th≠n {]m¿∞n°phm\pap≈ Xocpam\

tØmsS B kaqlw kz{Kmaßfnte°v Xncn®pt]mbn.

HIvtSm_¿ 13˛--\v tImhmbn¬ \S∂ Cu alm¤pXw ^mØnam

bn¬\n∂p 25 In.ao. AIse Xmakn®h¿°pw ImWphm≥ km[n®p.

]nt‰ ZnhksØ Zn\∏{Xßƒ Cu almkw`hw BZyt]Pn¬

Øs∂ {]kn≤oIcn®p. ssZhsØbpw k`sbbpw Ahtlfn®v

^mØnabv°v FXncmbn FgpXnbncp∂ \ncoizchmZnbmb ]{Xm[n]¿

AevtaUmbpw Cu kw`hßƒ°v ZrIvkm£yw hln°pIbpw

^mØnaZ¿i\w Hcp bmYm¿∞yambncp∂psh∂v Xs‚ ]{XØnsegp

XpIbpw sNbvXp.

Z¿i\w Ign™Xn\ptijw IpńIƒ aq∂pt]¿°pw NnecpsS

]cnlmkßfpw a‰pw klnt°≠nh∂p. Ah¿ AXv ]m]nIfpsS

am\km¥cØn\mbn ImgvNh®p. kl\Øns‚ ]mXbn¬ Ah¿


Pohn®p. bqtdm∏n¬ Hcp ]I¿®∏\n ]nSns]´p. t]m¿®pKente°pw

]S¿∂p. ]\n Pko¥bv°pw {^m≥knkn\pw ]nSns]´p. Pko¥mbpsS

]\n s]s´∂v amdn. {^m≥knkns‚ acWw ASpØncn°p∂psh∂v

Ah\v a\ nembXn\m¬ Ah≥ Ft∏mgpw kt¥mjhm\mbn

ImWs∏´p. Hcp Znhkw Pko¥m {^m≥knkns‚ apdnbnencp∂

t∏mƒ amXmhv c≠pt]¿°pw {]Xy£s∏´p. amXmhns‚ Znhy{]`

bn¬ Ah¿ ]cam\μ]qcnXcmbn. amXmhv Xßsf Iqńs°m≠p

t]mIphm≥ h∂ncn°pIbmsW∂v Ah¿ hnizkn®p. AhcpsS

a\ dn™ amXmhv C{]Imcw ]d™p: "{^m≥knkv, \o DSs\

acn°pIbn√, F∂m¬ A[nIw XmaknbmsX \ns∂ kz¿§Ønte°v

sIm≠pt]mIphm≥ Rm≥ hcpw. Pko¥m, \o DSs\ acn°pIbn√.

IqSpX¬ kln®v ]m]nIsf c£n°phm≥ \o XømdmtWm?' "AtX

amXmth' F∂v Ahƒ DØcacpfn. "\o IqSpX¬ klnt°≠nhcpw.

\o c≠p NnIn’mÿeßfn¬ thZ\ A\p`hnt°≠nhcpw. c≠m

asØ ÿeØp\n∂v \ns∂ Rm≥ kz¿§Ønte°v sIm≠p

t]mIpw.' C{Xbpw ]d™Xn\ptijw amXmhv Ahsc A\p{Kln®p

hn´pt]mbn.

1919 G{]n¬ 3˛mw XobXn {^m≥knkv Xs‚ InS°bn¬h®v

BZyIp¿∫m\ kzoIcn®p. ]nt‰∂v 4˛mw XnbXn cm{Xn 10 aWn°v

Ah≥ I¿Ømhn¬ \n{Z{]m]n®p. ^mØna{Kmaw apgph\pw Ahs‚

A¥ybm{Xbn¬ ]s¶SpØp.

AkpJw _m[n®v InS∏nembncp∂ Pko¥mbv°v 1919 Unkw_¿

amkØn¬ ]cnip≤ I\yI {]Xy£s∏´p. XmaknbmsX Pko¥m

enkv_Wnse Hcmip]{Xnbn¬ FØpsa∂pw AhnsS X\n®mbncn

°ptºmƒ acn°pw F∂pw ]d™p. tcmKhpw NnIn’bpambn

Znhkßƒ IS∂pt]mbn. 1920 s^{_phcn 20˛mw XobXn cm{Xn

10.30˛\v P]ame cm⁄n Pko¥msb kz¿§Ønte°v £Wn°p

hm≥ Bip]{Xnbn¬ FØn. B kabw Np‰pw \n∂ c≠v I\ym

kv{XoItfmSv Pko¥m ]d™p: ""sshZoI¿°v th≠n [mcmfw

{]m¿∞n°Ww.'' I\ymkv{XoIƒ apdnbn¬\n∂p t]mbt∏mƒ

Ahƒ \nXyXbnte°v {]thin®p. enkv_Wn¬ Pko¥mbpsS

arXicocw ImWms\Ønb ]e¿°pw AhfpsS icocØn¬\n∂pw

Hcp kuc`yw {]kcn°p∂Xmbn A\p`hs∏´p.

Pko¥mbpsS acWtØmsS ^mØnam am{Xa√, t]m¿®pK¬

apgph\pw P]ame `‡nbn¬ \n¿hrXambn ImWs∏´p. 1931 sabv

31˛mw XobXn t]m¿®pKense sa{Xm≥am¿ t]m¿®pKens\ amXmhns‚

hnaelrZbØn\p {]XnjvTn®p.


1935 sk]vXw_¿ 13˛mw XnbXn eodnbmbnse sa{Xms‚

Iev]\b\pkcn®v Pko¥mbpsS I√d Xpd°s∏´p. s]ń Xpd∂p

t\m°nbt∏mƒ AhfpsS icocØn\v bmsXmcp tISpw D≠mbncp

∂n√. Hcp ]pXnb s]ńbn¬ AS®p ^mØnambn¬ {^m≥knkns‚

I√dbv°v kao]w {]tXyIw Xømdm°nb ÿeØv AS°n.

1939˛¬ Bcw`n® c≠mw temIalmbp≤Øn¬ t]m¿®pK¬

\njv]£X ]men®p. bp≤Øn¬ t]m¿®pKokpImcmcpw acWs∏ń√.

(addp hnhcßƒ tNmtZymØccq]Øn¬ sImSpØncn°p∂p)

1. eqkn 14 hb phscbp≈ hnZym`ymkw \SØnbXv ˛

^mØnambnse kvIqfn¬

2. D]cn]T\Øn\v th≠n t_m¿UnwKn¬ Xmakn® ÿew ˛

Hs∏m¿Øm F∂ ÿeØv hn. sUmtcØnbpsS k`°m¿

\SØp∂ t_m¿UnwKv kvIqƒ.

3. t_m¿UnwKv kvIqƒ {]thi\kabØv eqknbpsS t]cv adnbm

tUmckv F∂m°phm≥ ImcWw?

amXmhv {]Xy£s∏´ eqknbmsW∂v a‰p≈h¿ AdnbmXn

cn°phm\pw AXphgn kzÿambn ]Tn°phm\pw th≠n.

4. eqkn hn. sUmtcØnbpsS k∂ymkn\n k`bn¬ tN¿∂p adnb

tUmcnkv F∂ t]cn¬ k`mhkv{Xw kzoIcn®Xv ˛

1925˛¬ (18˛mw hb n¬)

5. 1925 Unkw_¿ 10˛mw XnbXn Nm∏en¬ {]m¿∞n®psIm≠ncp∂

t∏mƒ _me\mb CutimbpsamØv amXmhv {]Xy£s∏´v,

Cutimbpw amXmhpw AhtfmSv ]d™Xv ˛

Cutim ]d™p: "Fs‚ AΩbpsS lrZbsØ \o t\m°q.

a\pjycpsS ]m]ßƒaqew Fs‚ AΩbpsS lrZbw ap≈pIfm¬

hebw sNøs∏ńcn°p∂p. ]cnlmc{]hrØnIfm¬ Cu ap≈pIƒ

am‰phm≥ Bcpw C√.'

amXmhv eqknbpsS tXmfn¬ ssIh®psIm≠p]d™p: ""aItf,

a\pjy¿ AhcpsS ]m]ßfm¬ Fs‚ lrZbw ap≈pIƒsIm≠v

\nd®ncn°p∂p. \o F¶nepw Fs∂ Bizkn∏n°pI. acWkabØv

{]tXyIw {]kmZhcw \¬In a\pjysc c£n°p∂Xn\pth≠n

XpS¿®bmbn A©v BZyi\nbmgvNIfn¬ Ipºkmcn®v hn.


Ip¿∫m\ kzoIcn®v P]amebpsS A©p clkyßƒ sNm√n 15

an\n‰v [ym\n°Wsa∂v \o Fs‚ \maØn¬ F√mhscbpw

Adnbn°Ww.'

6. 1927˛¬ amXmhv {]Xy£s∏´v eqkntbmSv shfns∏SpØphm≥

Bhiys∏´, 1917 Pqsse 13˛\v \¬Inb H∂pw c≠pw Z¿i\ßƒ˛

1. \cIZ¿i\w

2. c≠mw temI almbp≤Øn\v apt∂mSnbmbn ImWphm≥

t]mIp∂ henb {]Imiw

7. knÃ¿ adnbm tUmckv hn. sUmtcØnbpsS k\ymkn\n k`hn´v

tImbn_bnse I¿ΩeoØm k`mwKambn 1941˛¬ {hXsaSpØ

t∏mƒ kzoIcn® t]cv ˛

knÃ¿ tacn eqkn

8. amXmhv ^mØnambn¬ {]Xy£s∏´t∏mƒ Adnbn®X\pkcn®v

djysb amXmhns‚ hnaelrZbØn\v {]XnjvTn®Xv ˛

]{¥≠mw ]obqkv ]m∏ ˛ 1942 HIvtSm_¿ 31˛mw XobXn

9. ^mØnam amXmhns‚ A¤pX Xncpkzcq]ßƒ ˛

BZytØXv ̂ mØnambnepw enkv_Wnepw Xo¿∞mS\w \SØn

bXn\v tijw ^mØnambn¬ AXv Ccp∂ ÿeØv ÿm]n®p.

c≠matØXv: Hcp Xo¿∞mS\ kzcq]w thWsa∂ P\ßfpsS

Bhiyw ]cnKWn®v knÃ¿ eqknbpambn N¿® sNbvXXn\p

tijw ̂ mØna _nj∏v, tPmkv tXUnw F∂ {]ikvX sImØp

]Wn°mcs\s°m≠v \n¿Ωn® cq]w, 1947 sabv 13˛\v Bin¿hZn®v

""^mØna amXmhns‚ tZim¥c Xo¿∞mS\ Xncpkzcq]w'' F∂v

t]cn´p. bqtdm∏nepS\ofw bm{Xbmcw`n°pIbpw [mcmfw A¤pX

ßƒ \S°pIbpw sNbvXp.

aq∂matØXv: hnhn[ cmPyßfn¬ \n∂p≈ A`y¿∞\ am\n®v

^mØna _nj∏v thsdmcp Xncpkzcq]hpw IqSn tPmkv tXUnsb

s°m≠v \n¿Ωn∏n®v B h¿jw Xs∂ HIvtSm_¿ 13˛\v Bio¿h

Zn®v ]m›mXy\mSpIfn¬ Xo¿∞mS\Øn\v A\phZn®p. Atacn

°bn¬ {`qWlXy\nbaw {]m_eyØn¬ h∂ AhkcØn¬

\yqH¿fnb≥kv cq]Xbn¬ A¤pXcq]w Xo¿∞mS\w \SØn

s°m≠ncp∂t∏mƒ cq]Øns‚ IÆpIfn¬ \n∂v IÆo¿°W

ßƒ {]Xy£s∏´Xmbn dnt∏m¿´v sNøs∏´p.


10. {^m≥knkvtImsbbpw Pko¥msbbpw hmgvØs∏´hcmbn

{]Jym]n®Xv˛

2000 sabv 13˛\v tPm¨t]mƒ c≠ma≥ am¿∏m∏.

11. tPm¨t]mƒ c≠ma≥ am¿∏m∏bpsS \n¿t±ia\pkcn®v 2000

Pq¨ 26˛\v {]kn≤oIcn® "^mØnambnse aq∂masØ clkyw'

(1917 Pqsse 13˛\v ^mØnabn¬h®v IpńIƒ°v {]Xy£s∏´

t∏mƒ amXmhv \¬InbXv) ˛

BZy Z¿i\Øn¬ ssZh\oXnbpsS amemJ temIsØ A·n

sIm≠v in£n°m\mbn Hmßn \n¬°p∂Xpw, amXmhv AXv

XS™p \n¿Øp∂Xpw ---˛ amemJ, heXpIcw `qanbnte°v Nq≠n

D®Øn¬ ]dbp∂p: ""{]mbv›nØw, {]mbv›nØw'' F∂v. c≠m

asØ Z¿i\Øn¬, am¿∏m∏ hfsctbsd ihicocßfpsS

apIfneqsS {]bmks∏´v \S∂v, Po¿Æn® Hcp ]´WØneqsS,

Hcp henb Ipcnip\mńbncp∂ Ip∂n≥ apIfnte°v t]mIp∂Xmbn

ImWp∂p, AhnsSh®v At±lw h[n°s∏Sp∂p. X¬kabw,

am¿∏m∏bpsS AcnIn¬ \n∂v ssZhZqX≥ c‡km£nIfpsS

c‡w Xfn°pIbpw sNøp∂p.

12. eqknbpsS acWw ˛

97˛mw hb- n¬, 2004 s^{_p--hcn 13˛\.v

^mØna amXmhv ]Tn-∏n® {]m¿∞\

Hm! Fs‚ Cutimsb, RßfpsS ]m]ßƒ

£an°Wta. \cIm·nbn¬\n∂p Rßsf c£n°

Wta. F√m Bflm°sfbpw {]tXyIn®v, AßbpsS

klmbw Bhiyap≈hscbpw kz¿§Ønte°m

\bn°Wta.


20. thfm-¶Æn amXmhv (BtcmKy amXmhv)

Xncp\mƒ: sk]vXw_¿ 8 (amXmhns‚ P\\Øncp\mfn¬)

C¥ybnse G‰hpw henb amXrXo¿∞mS\ tI{μamb thfm¶Æn

Xangv\mńemWv ÿnXnsNøp∂Xv. Cu Xo¿∞mS\ tI{μØns‚

DXv]Ønsb∏‰n Ncn{X]camb sXfnhpIƒ Cs√¶nepw {]mtZinI

]mcºcyØn¬\n∂pw e`n® hnhcßƒ Xmsg sImSp°p∂p. GXm≠v

16, 17 \q‰m≠pIfn¬ kw`hn® c≠p Z¿i\ßfmWv Cu Xo¿∞mS\

tI{μØns‚ ÿm]\ImcW ambnØo¿∂Xv.

H∂masØ Z¿i\w: Hcp CSbs®dp°≥ ]Xnhpt]mse Hcp

Znhkw D®bv°v, ]mepambn, B´pSabpsS hońte°v t]mIpIbmbn

cp∂p. D®®qSn¬ hmSnØf¿∂ Ah≥ ASpsØmcp B¬Ødbn¬

Ibdn hn{ian°th Ddßnt∏mbn. (\mK]´WØv "\ΩpsS \mYbpsS

Ipfw' F∂v C∂pw Adnbs∏Sp∂ Hcp Ipf°cbnembncp∂p Cu

B¬hr£w) Ah≥ Ddßth, at\mlci_vZw tI v́ sRń DW¿∂p.

DW¿∂bpSs\, Iäpºn¬, I\Im` Nn¥p∂ Ip™ns\ hln°p∂

Hcp kpμcnsb, Xt∂mSev]w ]men\v bmNn°p∂ \nebn¬ Ah≥

I≠p.

Xs‚ bPam\\p sIm≠pt]mIp∂ ]mseSpØm¬ hcp∂

`hnjyØv hnNmcn®v Ah≥ BZyw aSns®¶nepw Ahkm\w AhcpsS

B{Klw \nh¿Øn®p sImSp°pI Xs∂ sNbvXp. F∂m¬, ̀ bNIn

X\mbn bPam\k∂n[nbnseØn ]m¬°pSw Xpd∂t∏mƒ ]Xnhp

t]mse h°phsc \nd™ncn°p∂Xv I≠v Ah≥ A¤pXkvX_v[

\mbn. Xs‚ sslμh bPam\s\ Ah≥ kw`hn®sX√mw hnhcn®v

tIƒ∏n®p. Abmƒ- D-Ss\ IpńbpsamØv, Z¿i\ÿm\tØ°v h∂p.

AtX Z¿i\w Abmƒ°pap≠mbn. sslμhcoXnbnep≈ Hcp hW°w

A∂papX¬ Xs∂ AhnsS Bcw`n®Xmbn IcpXs∏Sp∂p.


c≠masØ Z¿i\w

thfm¶Æn°SpØv \SpØn´ F∂ ÿeØv bm{X°m¿°v tamcv

hn¬]\ \SØns°m≠ncp∂ apS¥\mb Hcp Ipń°v \ΩpsS \mY

ImWs∏ v́, Xs‚ Znhyss]Xen\v Iptd tamcv hmßns°mSpØtijw

Ahs‚ apS¥v kpJam°n. Cu hnhcw \mK]´WsØ Hcp ItØm

en°s\ Adnbn°phm≥ Aht\mSmhiys∏´p. Cu ItØmen°\pw

Xte cm{Xnbn¬ CØcsamcp Z¿i\w D≠mbXmbn ]dbs∏Sp∂p.

BIbm¬ apS¥\mbncp∂ Ipń h∂p hnhcw Adnbn®bpSs\

Abmƒ ÿeØv h∂v ÿnXnKXnIƒ Bcm™p. AhnsS ap≥

]d™t]mse, Hcp Znhykv{Xosb AhfpsS ss]XepsamØv, Xt±

iobcmb lnμp°ƒ Hcp tZhXbmsW∂p[-cn®v, GXm\pw h¿jw

apºv ZnhyZ¿i\ap≠mbXmbn ]dbs∏Sp∂ B Ipf°cbn¬ hWßn

hcp∂Xmbn Adnbn°pIbpw sNbvXp. IqSmsX AhnsSh®pw

Abmƒ°v B kv{Xobpw ss]Xepw thsdmcp Z¿i\Øn¬ DSs\

ImWs∏´psIm≠v AhnsS AhfpsS _lpam\m¿∞w Hcp

tZhmebw ]WnbWsa∂v Bhiys∏´p. DS\Sn, Hmeta™ Hcp

sNdpsjUv sIńbp≠m°n. AXn¬ Hcp ]oTw \n¿Ωn®v B kv{Xo

bpsS cq]hpw \n¿Ωn®v AXn¬ ÿm]n®p. apS¥≥ IpńbpsS A¤p

XkpJ{]m]vXn \msSßpw Adn™p. P\ßƒ {]m¿∞n°phm≥

XSn®pIqSn, [mcmfw A¤pXßfpw kw`hn®p.

I∏¬°mcpsS It∏f

17˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ t]m¿´pKokpImcpsS \mhnIm[n]XyImeØv

ssN\bnse amt°mhmbn¬\n∂pw Hcp I®hS°∏¬ {ioe¶bnte°v

(kntem¨) t]mIptºmƒ sImSp¶m‰n¬s∏SpIbp≠mbn. Aßs\

bp≈ kμ¿`ßfn¬ km[mcW sNømdp≈Xpt]mse, AXnse

\mhnIcpw amXmhns‚ a≤yÿXbn¬ A`bw tXSpIbpw B]

Øn¬\n∂p c£s]´m¬, A]ISat\y I∏eSp°p∂ Zn°n¬ amXr

alXzØn\mbn Hcp tZhmebw ]WnIgn∏n°msa∂v t\¿®t\cp

Ibpw sNbvXp. I∏¬ DS\Sn kpc£nXambn C∂sØ thfm¶Æn°v

kao]w \¶qcapd∏n®p. I∏¬°m¿ amXmhn\m¬Øs∂, ap≥]d™

Hmeta™ ]≈nbnte°m\oXcmbn. t\¿®{]Imcw Ah¿ AhnsS

Øs∂ Hcp \√ ]≈n ]Wnbphm≥ XpSßnbt∏mƒ amXmhv Ah¿°v

ho≠pw {]Xy£bmbn ]≈n ]Wntb≠ IrXyÿm\w ImWn®p

sImSpØp. C∂sØ thfm¶Æn ]≈n B ÿm\Øv Xs∂bmWv

\n¿ΩnXambncn°p∂sX∂mWv ]mcºcyw. A∂h¿ ]WnX ]≈n°v

24 ASn \ofhpw 12 ASn hoXnbpta D≠mbncp∂p≈p. ]pXnb ]≈n


]Wn Xo¿∂bpSs\ amXr{]Xna kzbw ]gb ]≈nbn¬\n∂v

AhntS°v A¤pXIcambn amdnh∂pt]m¬! C∂v AƒØmcbn¬

ImWp∂ ss__nƒ IYIƒ BteJ\w sNbvX Ifna¨ s]bn

‚nwKv sπbv‰pIƒ ssN\bn¬\n∂v A∂sØ \mhnI¿ sIm≠p

h∂XmWv.

\mK]´Ww anjs‚ `mKambncp∂ thfm¶Wn 1771˛¬ Hcp

kzX{¥ CShIbmbn. 1847˛¬ ssaem∏q¿ cq]Xbnse CShI

sshZnI¿ AXns‚ `cW`mcw Gs‰Sp°pwhsc {^m≥knkvI≥

k\ymknIfmWv Cu Xo¿∞tI{μw t\m°n ]cn]men®p t]m∂ncp∂Xv.

I∏¬°mcpsS sNdnb ]≈n, ]nev°meØv 70 ASn \ofhpw 22

ASn hoXnbpap≈ Hcp henb ]≈nbm°n amddn. 1920˛emWv ]≈n

ho≠pw hepXm°n C∂p≈ c≠v tKmØnIv kvXq]ßƒ ]WnXpb¿

ØnbXv 1933˛¬ c≠v ""hnßv'' Ifpw XmgnI°pShpw ]Wn Xo¿Øp.


21. h√m¿]mSØΩ (Xncp\mƒ : sk]vXw. 24)

(_‘\hntamNI\mY)

sIm®n XpdapJØns‚ hS°v FdWmIpfØns‚ ]Sn™mdpw

ssh∏n≥ Zzo]ns‚ Ing°pambn ÿnXnsNøp∂ at\mlcamb Hcp

Zzo]mWv h√m¿]mSw. t_m´pam¿§w am{Xw FØnt®cmambncp∂

h√m¿]mSØv tKm{io]meßƒ h∂t∏mƒ apX¬ Icam¿§w

k©mctbmKyambn. h√m¿]mSØns‚ Ncn{XØnte°v Hs∂Øn

t\m°mw.

F.Un. 52˛¬ tIcfØn¬h∂ tXmam«olmbpsS t{]jnX

{]h¿Ø\êambn \nch[n IpSpw_ßƒ ss{IkvXh hnizmkw

kzoIcn®v ]e kaqlßfmbn hnhn[ ÿeßfn¬ Pohn®p t]m∂n

cp∂p. AØcØnep≈ Hcp kaqlw h√m¿]mSØv hkn®ncp∂Xm

bn´mWv ]ga°m¿ ]dbp∂-Xv. h√m¿]mSsØ BZysØ ]≈n F∂v

ÿm]n®psh∂v tcJIfns√¶nepw AXp ÿm]n®Xv ]cnip≤m

cq]nbpsS \mat[bØnembncp∂p. 1498˛¬ tImgnt°mSv h∂ptN¿∂

t]m¿´pKokpImcpsS Xmhfw 1500 Unkw_¿ 24˛mw XobXn sIm®nbn

te°v am‰pIbpw hmWnPy_‘w ÿm]n°pIbpw sNbvXtXmsS

Ah¿ sIm®ncmPyØv ÿm\apd∏n®p. h√m¿]mSw Dƒs∏sS

tIcf°cbnse {InkvXym\nIfpsS CSbn¬ eØo≥ doØns‚ Bcw

`hpw tdmanse am¿∏m∏bpsS t\cn´p≈ _‘hpw Bcw`n°p∂Xv

ChcpsS BKa\tØmsSbmbncp∂p. h√m¿]mSw Zzo]ns‚ hf¿®bpw

{]ikvXnbpw Bcw`n®Xpw Cu kabØmbncp∂p. eØo≥ doØn

tebv°v ]cnh¿Ø\w sNøs∏´ am¿tØmΩm {InkvXym\nIƒ°v

Ah¿ [mcmfw klmbßƒ \evIpIbpw h√m¿]mSw ]ffn°v ÿnc

ambn Hcp sshZnIs\ G¿∏mSv sNøpIbpw sNbvXp. CtXmsSm∏w

acnb `‡nsbbpw t{]m’mln∏n®p.


_‘\hntamNI \mY

13˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ bqtdm∏y≥ cmPyßfn¬ aplΩZobcn¬\n∂p

{InkvXym\nIƒ°v henb IjvSXIƒ A\p`hnt°≠nh∂ kabØv

1218˛¬ hn. ]o‰¿ s\mfmkvtIm, hn. ssdaq¥v s]¥t]m¿´v, sPbnwkv

cmPmhv F∂nh¿°v ]cnip≤ I\yI {]Xy£bmbn. A∂v kvs]bn≥

cmPyØns‚ `qcn`mKhpw ssIbS°nh®ncp∂ aq¿h¿§Øns‚

{Iqcamb _‘\Øn¬\n∂p {InkvXym\nIsf tamNn∏n°phm≥ Hcp

`‡k` ÿm]n°phm≥ Iev]n®p. AX\pkcn®v 1218 BKÃv 10˛\v

sPbnwkv cmPmhv ""_‘\hntamNIbmb ssZhP\\nbpsS k`''

ÿm]n°pIbpw ssZhP\\n {]Xy£bmb AtX Ombbn¬Xs∂

B AΩbpsS Hcp ]Sw \n¿Ωn°pIbpw sNbvXp. {^m≥kv, Cw•≠v,

P¿Ω\n, t]m¿®pK¬, kvs]bn≥ F∂o cmPyßfn¬ Cu k`bv°v

hºn® {]Nmcw kn≤n°pIbpw sNbvXp. AΩ-bpsS Cu Nn{X-Øns‚

Ggv {]XnIƒ t]m¿®pKokpIm¿ 1524˛¬ tIcfØnte°v sIm≠phcn

Ibpw Ahbnsem∂v h√m¿]mSØv ÿm]n°pIbpw ]n∂oSXv

""h√m¿]mSØΩ"" F∂ t]cn¬ Adnbs∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. 3 ASn

3 C©v \ofhpw 2 ASn 2 C©v hoXnbpap≈ Hcp ]eIbn¬ Nph∏pw

sh≈bpw \oebpw Nmbßƒ D]tbmKn®v Nn{XoIcn®n´p≈ Cu

Nn{Xw ÿm]n®XpapX¬ h√m¿]mSw ]≈nbpsS HutZymKnI\maw

""_‘\hntamNIbpsS tZhmebw'' (Our Lady of Ransom Church)F∂v Adnbs∏Sm≥ XpSßn.

A¤pXßƒ

1. 1676˛¬ D≠mb i‡amb sh≈s∏m°Øn¬ h√m¿]mSw

]≈n CSn™phogpIbpw hntamNI\mYbpsS Nn{Xw Dƒs∏sSbp≈

F√m hkvXphIIfpw \jvSs∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. cq]w Xncn®pIn´p∂

Xn\p th≠n CShImwKßƒ {]m¿∞n®psIm≠ncp∂ A°meØv

sIm®n cmPyØns‚ {][m\a{¥nbmbncp∂ ]menbØ®≥ Hcp Znhkw

Xr∏qWnØpd sIm´mcØn¬\n∂p ImbeneqsS ssh∏n≥IcbpsS

Ing°p hiØpIqsS tNμawKetØ°v t]mhpIbmbncp∂p. B

k‘ymkabØv AXoh{]Imiw sNmcnbp∂ Ft¥m Hcp hkvXp

sh≈Øn¬ s]m¥n°nS°p∂Xmbn Xpg°m¿ ImWpIbpw ]menb

Ø®s‚ \n¿t±ia\pkcn®v Xpg°m¿ AXv FSp°phm≥ ]cn{ian°p

Ibpw sNbvXp. ]t£ Xpg°m¿ F{X {ian®n´pw Ah¿°Xv FSp°p

hm≥ km[n®n√. HSphn¬ ]menbØ®≥ Xs∂ GtXm Dƒt{]cW

bm¬ ssI\oń AXv FSp°phm≥ {ian®t∏mƒ B hkvXp At±l

Øns‚ ssIIfnte°v h∂ptN¿∂p. sh≈Ønembncps∂¶nepw


H´pw \\bmXncp∂ AXv h√m¿]mSØΩbpsS ]SamsW∂v Aac

°mc≥ sXmΩ≥ss]en Xncn®dnbpIbpw amXmhns‚ Xr∏SØns‚

A¤pXkn≤n hnhcn°pIbpw sNbvXt∏mƒ ]menbØ®s‚ \n¿t±

i{]Imcw ]≈ntbmSw h√m¿]mSw IShneSp∏n®p. amXmhns‚ Xncp

∏Sw InńbXdn™v \m´pImsc√mw ]≈n°Shn¬ HmSn°qSn. sh≈

s∏m°Øn¬ Hen®pt]mb ]≈n°v ]Icambn ]pXnb Hcp ]≈n

BhiyamsW∂v \mSns‚ DSaÿ\pw XßfpsS a{¥nbpamb ]men

bØ®≥ (cma≥ henb®≥) a\ nem°pIbpw Xs‚ ÿeØv ]≈n

DSs\ ]Wnbphm≥ A\phmZw sImSp°pIbpw sNbvXp. P\ßƒ

kwXr]vXcmbn H∂S¶w D’mln®v s]s´∂p Xs∂ B ÿeØv

]\ºvsIń Hcp ]≈n XmXv ImenIambn ]WnXo¿°pIbpw amXm

hns‚ B hninjvSNn{Xw AXn¬ ÿm]n°pIbpw sNbvXp. A∂v

]menbØ®≥ Zm\ambn \¬Inb ÿeØmWv C∂v ]≈nbpw

kvIqfpw a‰pw ÿnXnsNøp∂Xv. CXv IqSmsX h√m¿]mSØΩbpsS

Nn{Xw ÿm]n®ncn°p∂ AƒØmcbpsS apºn¬ ImWp∂ c≠v

sISmhnf°pIfn¬ H∂ns‚ FÆs®ehpw ]menbØ®≥ sImSp°m

sa∂v Gev°pIbpw sNbvXp.

2. bqtdm∏n¬ h≥{]Nmcw e`n® ""_‘\hntamNIbmb ssZh

P\\nbpsSk`''bpsS Hcp imJ h√m¿]mSØv XpSßphm\p≈

Zo¿L\mfsØ ]cn{iaßƒs°mSphn¬ 1750˛¬ tdman¬\n∂pw

A\phmZw e`n®p. [mcmfw A¤pXßƒ kw`hn®psIm≠ncp

∂Xn\m¬ h√m¿]mSØΩbpsS Io¿Øn F√mhn`mKw P\ßfnepw

{]Ncn°pIbpw At\I¿°v Cu AΩbpsS A\p{Klw Inńs°m≠n

cn°pIbpw sNbvXp. Cu AhkcØnemWv h√m¿]mSw ]≈nbpsS

Ncn{XØn¬ X¶en]nIfm¬ FgpXnt®¿Ø Xmsg ImWp∂

A¤pXw \S∂Xv.

sIm®n cmPIpSpw_hpambn ASpØ _‘ap≠mbncp∂ Ipeo\

\mb¿ XdhmSpIfn¬ H∂mb "]≈nbn¬ ho´pImcn¬' Hcp hoSv

h√m¿]mSØmbncp∂p. 1752 sabv 23˛mw XobXn B hońse

ao\m£nbΩ Xs‚ iniphn\v tNmdp sImSp°p∂Xn\mbn Nne _‘p

°fpsamcpan®v a´mt©cnbnep≈ AhcpsS Xdhm´v t£{X

Øntebv°p h©nam¿§w t]mhpIbmbncp∂p. h©n h√m¿]mSØp

\n∂p sXt°m´v \oßn, cma≥XpcpØn\v sX°p]Sn™mdv I∏¬

Nmen\v ASpsØØnbt∏mƒ s]s´∂v henb Im‰pw tImfpw Imb

ens\ Cf°nadn®p. h©n adn™p. ao\m£nbΩbpw Ip™psamgnsI

_m°n F√mhcpw \o¥n c£s]´p. ao\m£nbΩ°pw Ip™n\pw


th≠nbp≈ Xnc®n¬ XpS¿s∂¶nepw ̂ ew \ncmimP\Iambncp∂p.

F∂m¬ A¤pXsa∂p]dbs´ ]nt‰∂v sshIpt∂cw h©n adn™

ÿeØv Ahkm\ambn hebn´t∏mƒ hebn¬ Ft¥m IpSpßnb

Xmbn A\p`hs∏´p. hes]m°n apIfnte°v FSpØt∏mƒ I≠

ImgvN Aev]t\ctØ°v B¿°pw hnizkn°m≥ Ign™n√. hkv{X

ßƒt]mepw \\hv X´mØ hn[Øn¬ AΩbpw Ip™pw Poht\msS

hebnencn°p∂p. DS≥ Ah¿ kwkmcn®p. h©n adn™t∏mƒ

h√m¿]mSØΩbpsS klmbw At]£n°pIbpw Ip™ns\bpw

sIm≠v ASna Ccp∂psIm≈msa∂v Ah¿ t\¿® t\cpIbpw sNbv

Xncp∂p. sh≈Øn\Snbn¬ Hcp apdnbnencn°p∂Xp t]msebp≈

A\p`hambncp∂psh∂v ao\m£nbΩ ]d™p. XpS¿∂v ao\m£n

bΩbpsS \n¿_‘w aqew Ahsc ]≈nbnte°v sIm≠pt]mhp

Ibpw ao\m£nbΩsbbpw Ip™ns\bpw h√m¿]mSØΩbpsS

ASnaIfmbn {]XnjvTn®v hnImcnb®s\bpw P\ßsfbpw Gev]n°p

Ibpw sNbvXp. Ipd®v \mƒsIm≠v \akvImcßfpw addpw ]Tn®Xn\p

tijw AΩbpw Ip™pw Hcpan®v ⁄m\kv\m\w kzoIcn°pIbpw

]≈n°v kao]w D≠mbncp∂ Hcp sNdnb hoń¬ Xmakn®psIm≠v,

`P\bncp∂v {]m¿∞n°pIbpw ]≈nap‰w ASn°pI, ]cnkcßƒ

hrØnbm°pI apXemb ZmkytheIfpw sNbvXpsIm≠v ]pWy

PohnXw \bn°pIbpw sNbvXp.

Cu A¤pXØns‚ Hm¿Ωbv°mbn A∂sØ ta¬∏´°mcs‚

{]tXyI A\paXntbmSpIqsS {]kvXpX ao\m£nbΩbpsS Nn{Xw,

Ipńsb aSnbn¬ h®ncn°p∂Xmbpw ]cnip≤ h√m¿]mSØΩsb

t\m°n [ym\n°p∂hn[ambpw h√m¿]mSØΩbpsS Xncp∏SØns‚

CSXp Iogv`mKØv AtX Nn{XØn¬Xs∂ hc®v tN¿°s∏SpIbpw

sNbvXp. C∂v AƒØmcbn¬ ImWp∂ Nn{Xw CXmWv.

taev]d™ncn°p∂ alm¤pXsØ XpS¿∂v h√m¿]mSØ

ΩbpsS Znhy{]`mhØm¬ D≠mbn´p≈Xpw D≠mbns°m≠ncn°p

∂Xpamb A¤pXßƒ \nch[nbmWv. 2004 sk]vXw-_¿ 12-˛\v

h√m¿]mSw ]≈n tZiob Xo¿∞m-S\ tI{μ-ambn {]Jym-]n-°--s∏-´p.

""ssZh `‡nbmWv ⁄m\Øns‚ DdhnSw.''

(kp-`m-jn-Xßƒ 9:10-)


22. sImcńapØnXncp\mƒ : HIvtSm_¿ 10˛mw XnbXn Ign™phcp∂ Rmb¿

FdWmIpfw A¶amen AXncq]XbpsS hSs° A‰Øv Xriq¿

Pn√mXn¿Ønbn¬ ÿnXn sNøp∂ sImcń s^mtdm\m ]ffn Hcp

A¥¿tZiob Xo¿∞mS\ambn amdns°m≠ncn°p∂p. sImcńapØn

F∂ t]cnemWv ]cnip≤ I\yImadnbw sImcńbnepw kao]{]tZi

ßfnepw Adnbs∏Sp∂Xv.

sImcń]ffnbpsS ÿm]\w 1381 sk]vXw_¿ 8˛mw XnbXn

F∂mWv hnizmkw. ]ffnbpsS D¤hsØ kw_‘n®pff ]e

sFXnlyßfn¬ \n∂pw G‰hpw hnizmktbmKyambXv Xmsg sImSp

°p∂p. Btdgp \p‰m≠pIƒ°p apºv tIcfw At\Iw sNdpJWvU

ßfmbn CS{]`p°∑m¿ `cn®p t]m∂ncp∂p. kao]ÿcmb c≠v

CS{]`p°fmbncp∂p sImcń ssIafpw tImSt»cn I¿Ømhpw. ssIa

fpsS Iogn¬ [mcmfw {InkvXym\nIƒ bp≤tkh\w sNbvXncp∂p.

ssIafpw I¿Ømhpw XΩnep≠mb Hcp bp≤Øn¬ ssIafpsS

tk\m\mbI\mbncp∂ {io. Ihe°mS≥ sIm®phdnbXv hocarXyp

hcn®p. At±lØns‚ ihkwkv°mcw X° _lpaXnItfmsS

CShItZhmebamb Aºg°m´p ]ffnbn¬ \SØp∂Xn\v sIm≠p

t]msb¶nepw tImSt»cn I¿Ømhns‚ CSs]S¬aqew AXp km[n

°sX t]mbn. Xncn®psIm≠p hcp∂ hgn hn{ian°p∂Xn\pth≠n

iha©w Cd°n h®p. F∂m¬ hn{iaØn\ptijw iha©w FSp

°phm≥ F{X {ian®o´pw km[n°mØhn[w AXv AhnsS Dd®p

t]mbn. hnhcadn™ ssIaƒ Ct∏mƒ I¬°pcnip ÿnXnsNøp∂

ÿeØv PUw adhpsNøpIbpw {InkvXym\nIfmb Xs‚ B{in


X¿°pth≠n kz¥w sNehn¬ Hcp tZhembw DSs\ Xs∂ \n¿

Ωn®p sImSp°pIbpw ]ffn°v Iptd ÿeßƒ Zm\w sNøpIbpw

sNbvXp.

amXm-hns‚ t\cn-́ p≈ {]Xy-£o-I-c-W-sØ-∏‰n Ncn-{X-tc-J-I-fn¬

{]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂n-s√-¶nepw sImcńapØnbpsS am≤yÿyi‡nbm¬

kw`hn®n´pffXpw kw`hn®psIm≠ncn°p∂ A¤pXßƒ \nch

[nbmWv. sImcńapØn°pff t\¿®Ifn¬ G‰hpw {][m\s∏´

]qh≥Ipe t\¿®bv°p ]n∂nepw sImcń sdbn¬thtÃjs‚bpw

a[pc tIm´vkns‚bpw ÿm]\Øn\p ]pdInepw sImcńapØnbpsS

CSs]SepIfmsW∂v hnizkn°p∂Xmbn CShINcn{XØn¬

tcJs∏SpØnbncn°p∂p. 1987˛¬ ]pXp°n∏WnXtZhmebØnse

Npa¿Nn{Xßfpw ]cnip≤ I\yImadnbØns‚ t^mt´mbpw tdmkdn

hnt√Ppw Ghscbpw BI¿jn°p∂XmWv.

a‰p≈h¿ \nßƒ°v sNbvXp

XcWsa∂v \nßƒ B{Kln°p∂sX√mw

\nßƒ Ah¿°p sNøphn≥.

(aØmbn 7:12)


23. ]cn. I\yIm adnbw Kc-_-μm-fn¬

1961 apX¬ 1965 hsc kvs]bn-\nse Kc-_-μmƒ F∂ ae-tbmc

{Km-aØnse \mep-s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ°v amXmhv {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

temI-Øn\v ASn-b-¥nc ktμ-i-ßƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXns‚

{][m-\- hn-h-c-ß-fmWv Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

Hcp amem-J-bpsS kμ¿i\w

1961 Pq¨ 18-̨ mw XobXn sshIp-t∂cw sIm©nØ tKm¨kmekv

(12), sPko¥m tKm¨km-ekv (12), tacn temen akq¨ (12), tacn

{Iqkv tKm¨km-ekv (11) F∂o \mep-s]Ïp-́ n-Iƒ Kc-_-μmƒ {Kma-

Øns‚ ]Sn-™msd A‰Øv Ifn-®p-sIm-≠n-cnt° CSn-\mZw t]mep≈

Hcp i_vZw tI´p. s]s´∂v {]`m-]q-cn-X-\mb Hcp amemJ AhcpsS

apºn¬ h∂p-\n-∂p. At±lw Ah-tcmSv H∂pw ]d-bmsX A{]-Xy-

£-\m-bn. Ipń-Iƒ `b∂v kw{`-atØmsS {Kma-Ønse tZhm-e-b-Øn-

te-t°m-Sn. ASpØ 12 Znh-k-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ F´p-{]m-h-iyw-IqSn amemJ

Ah¿°v {]Xy-£-s∏-´p. an° Znh-k-ß-fnepw sIm¥-sNm-√n-b-Xn-\p-

ti-j-am-bn-cp∂p Z¿i\w e`n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Pqsse H∂mw XobXn i\n-

bm-gvN-bmWv amemJ Ah-tcmSv BZy-ambn kwkm-cn-®-Xv. Pqsse 2˛mw

XobXn Rmb-dmgvN amXmhv I¿Ω-e-\m-Y-bpsS cq]-Øn¬ {]Xy-£-

bm-Ip-sa∂v Ahsc Adn-bn-®p. Aßs\ ]cn. I\y-I-bpsS hc-hn-

\mbn amemJ Ipń-Isf Hcp-°n.

amXmhv Ipń-Iƒ°v {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Cu hm¿Ø hfsc thKw \msSßpw {]N-cn-®p. Pqsse c≠n\v

FÆ-a‰ kμ¿i-I-tcm-sSm∏w At\Iw sshZn-Icpw Kc_μm-fn¬

FØn-t®¿∂p. Xßƒ°v amemJ {]Xy-£-s∏´ ÿm\-tØ°v Bdp-

a-Wn-tbm-Sp-IqSn Ipń-Iƒ Ahsc \bn-®p. Ah¿ FØp-∂-Xn-\p-apºp-


Xs∂ Ccp-h-iØpw Hmtcm amem-J-bpsS AI-º-Sn-tbmsS ]cn. I\yI

{]Xy-£-s∏-´p. Xßƒ°v t\csØ {]Xy-£-s∏´ amem-Jsb Ah¿

Xncn-®-dn-™p. (B amemJ apJy-Zq-X-\mb hn. anJm-tb-em-sW∂v

]n∂oSv shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-́ p) ]cn. I\y-I-tbmSv Ipń-Iƒ Xpd∂v kwkm-

cn-°p-Ibpw amXmhv ]d-™n v́ Hcp P]-ame sNm√p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Xn¶-

fmgvN ho≠pw hcm-sa∂v ]d™v Ahƒ A{]-Xy-£-bm-bn.

IpńIƒ°v {]Xy-£-s∏-´-t∏mgp≈ amXm-hns‚ cq]w "sIm©n-

Øm-bpsS Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-I-fn¬' sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv.

amXmhv ImW-s∏-́ Xv sh≈-bp-Sp∏pw \oe-h-kv{Xhpw Xe-bn¬ sNdnb

I\-I-\-£-{X-ßƒsIm-≠p≈ Inco-Shpw [cn-®p-sIm≠mbncp∂p. ]mZw

ImWmambncp∂n√. Icßƒ hncn®p]nSn®ncp∂p. he-Xp-I-c-Øn¬

{_u¨ DØ-cobw Xqßn-°n-S-∂n-cp-∂p. Xe-ap-Sn, \o≠v Ccp≠ Xhn-

´p-\n-d-Øn¬ Aev]w Npcp-≠v, \Sp-hn¬ hI-™p-In-S-∂n-cp-∂p. apJw

Zo¿L-hr-Øm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈Xpw aq°v hÆw Ipd™v \o≠Xpw A[-

-cßƒ AXn-kp-μ-c-ß-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Nne-t∏mƒ Znhy-D-Ænsb hln-®p-

sIm-≠n-cp-∂-Xmbn I≠p.

Pqsse aq∂mw XobXn Xn¶-fmgvN \mep-t]¿°pw Z¿i\ ÿe

Øph®v ]cn-ip≤ I\yI DÆn-tbm-Sp-IqSn {]Xy-£-bm-bn. amem-J-

am¿ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Pqsse \memw-Xo-bXn sNmΔmgvN AtX ÿe-

ØpXs∂ Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ktμiw \¬Ip-Ibpw AXv

HIvtSm-_¿ 18-̨ mw XnbXn ]c-ky-ambn P\-ßsf Adn-bn-°p-hm≥ \n¿t±-

in-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ""\mw hf-sc-b-[nIw XymK-ßƒ A\p-jvTn-°-Ww.

[mcmfw ]cn-lm-chpw sNø-Ww. hnip≤ IqZmiIfn¬ IqsS°qsS

]¶psIm≈pIbpw ZnhyImcpWy\mYs\ kμ¿in°pIbpw thWw.

F∂m¬, BZy-ambn \mw hfsc \√ PohnXw \bn-°-Ww. A√m-Ø-

]£w Hcp hen-b-in£ \ΩpsS ta¬ \n]-Xn-°pw. ]m\-]m{Xw

Ct∏mƒØs∂ \nd-™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. \mw a\-km-¥-c-s∏-

ń-s√-¶n¬ \ΩpsS ta¬ B henb in£ hcn-I-Xs∂ sNøpw''

Z¿i\ ka-bØv Ipń-Iƒ B\-μ-\n¿hr-Xn-bnembn-cp-∂p. as‰m∂pw

Ah-cpsS {i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

Ipń-Iƒ°v e`n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ Z¿i\w kXy-am-tWm-sb-∂-dn-bp-

hm≥ sshZn-Icpw cq]-Xm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw ]e At\z-j-W-ßƒ \S-Øn.

Z¿i-\-ßƒ kXy-am-sW∂v t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ^m. eqbn

acnb B≥{Up-hn\v amXmhv {]Xy-£-s∏´v alm¤pXw ap≥Iqń

ImWn-®p.


At\Iw sshZn-I¿ Ipń-I-fpsS B\-μ-\n¿hr-Xnsb \nco-£n-°p-

∂-Xn-\mbn Kc-_-μmƒ {Kma-Øn-se-Øn. Cutimk`°mc\pw bph-

imkv{X s{]m^-k-dp-amb ^m. eqbn acnb B≥t{Uhv Ah-cn-sem-

cm-fm-bn-cp-∂p. 1961 HmKÃv 8˛mw XobXn cm{Xn B\-μ-\n-¿hrXn-bn¬

ebn-®n-cp∂ Ipń-Isf ̂ m. eqbn ho£n-®n-cnt° amXm-hns\ ImWm\pw

kw`-hn-°m-\n-cn-°p∂ alm-¤pXw Z¿in-°m-\p-ap≈ Ah-kcw At±-

l-Øn\v e`n-®p. ̂ m. eqbn apI-fn-te-°p-‰p-t\m-°n-s°m≠v ""A¤pXw!

Hm! A¤pXw!'' F∂v hnfn®v ]d-bp-∂Xv ASp-Øp-\n-∂-h¿ tI´p. B

ka-bØv ]cn-ip≤ I\yI Ipń-I-tfmSv ]d-™p: ""At±lw Ahn-Sp-

sØbpw \S-°m-\n-cn-°p∂ A¤p-Xhpw ImWp-I-bm-Wv''.

B\-μ-\n¿hr-Xn-°n-S-bn¬ Ipń-Isf IqSmsX, amXm-hns\ ImWp-

Ibpw alm-¤pXw Z¿in-°p-Ibpw sNbvX GI hy‡n ^m. eqbn

Bbn-cp-∂p. BKÃv 8˛\v cm{Xn-bnse Z¿i\w 10 aWn°v Ah-km-\n-®p.

^m. eqbn Hcp Po∏n¬ tImkntbm F∂ ÿe-tØ-°p≈ bm{X-°n-

S-bn¬ kplr-Øp-°-tfmSv ]d™p ""Fs¥mcp A¤p-X-I-c-amb kΩm-

\-amWv F\n°v \evIn-b-Xv. Cßs\ kz¿§-Øn-semcp amXm-hp-≠mbn-

cn-°pI F{X ̀ mKyw. \mw Aeu-In-I-Xsb ̀ b-s∏-tS-≠-Xn-√. C∂mWv

Fs‚ Pohn-X-Ønse G‰hpw kt¥m-j-I-c-amb Zn\w.'' Ipd®v Ign™v

9˛mw XobXn ]pe¿s® \mep-a-Wn-tbmsS Po∏n¬h-®p-Xs∂ ̂ m. eqbn

ac-W-a-S-™p. XpS¿∂v Ipń-Iƒ°v e`n® Hcp Z¿i-\-Øn¬ F¥p-

am{Xw kt¥m-j-tØm-sS-bmWv eqbn acn-®-sX∂v ]cn. I\yI hy‡-

am-°n. \mep sshZnI-cpsS amXmhpw hn[-h-bp-am-bn-cp∂ ^m. eqbn-

bpsS AΩ c≠v amk-Øn-\p-tijw Hcp hnkn-t‰-j≥ aT-Øn¬

tN¿∂p. ^m. eqbn-bpsS ktlm-Z-c≥ ^m. sdtamWpw Kc-_-μmƒ

kw`-h-ß-fpsS bmYm¿∞y-Øn\v km£yw hln-°p-hm≥ CS-bm-bn.

Znhy-Im-cp-Wym-¤pXw

Ipń-Iƒ°v amXm-hns\ ImWm-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw a‰p-≈-h¿°v

AXv km[y-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p. P\-ß-fpsS hnizm-k-Øn-\mbn Hc-¤pXw

{]h¿Øn-°-W-sa∂v Ipń-Iƒ XpS¿®-bmbn \n¿_-‘n-®Xpaqew

amemJ sIm©nØm tKm¨km-e-kn-t\mSv Xm≥ t\ctØ \evIn-bn

cp∂ AZr-iy-amb hn. Ip¿∫m\ 1961 Pqsse 18˛-\v Ah-fpsS \mhn¬

]cn. I\yIhgn Zriy-ambnØocpsa∂v shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn. CXv sIm©nX

ap≥Iqń ]c-ky-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ [mcmfw P\-ßƒ Cu

A¤pXZ¿i\w ImWm≥ FØn-bn-cp-∂p. shń-Øn-f-ßp-s∂mcp Xncp-

thmkvXn sIm©n-Ø-bpsS \mhn¬ {]Xy-£-am-Ip-∂Xv [mcmfw t]¿

Z¿in-®p. Iptd-t∏¿ AXv Iyma-d-bn¬ ]I¿Øn.


{]h-Nn-°-s∏´ in£

1962˛¬ XpS¿®-bmbn c≠p cm{Xn-I-fn¬ in£-bpsS Z¿i\w Ipń-

Iƒ°p-≠m-bn. hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bpsS Xncp-\mƒ As°m√w Pq¨

21-˛mw XobXn Bbn-cp-∂p. AXn-s\m-cp-°-am-bp≈ s\mth-\-°n-S-bn-

em-WXv kw`-hn-®-Xv. BZysØ cm{Xn temfn°pw Pko-¥bv°pw

]nt‰∂v cm{Xn sIm©n-Øbv°pw temfn°pw Pko-¥mbv°pw Ah-

km\\mfnse ̀ oI-cm-h-kvX-sb-°p-dn®v Z¿i-\ap-≠m-bn. Ah-cpsS \ne-

hn-fnbpw BwKyßfpw P\-ßƒ I≠p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. {Kma-hm-kn-I-

sf√mw A∂v Ipº-km-cn®v hn. Ip¿∫m\ kzoI-cn-®p.

c≠m-asØ ktμiw˛1965 Pq¨ 18-˛\v

Xs‚ BZy-k-tμ-i-Øn\v icn-bmb {]Xn-I-cWw e`n-°m-Xn-cp-∂-

Xn-\m¬ Xm≥ Ak-¥p-jvS-bm-sW∂v Z¿i-\-ß-fpsS Ah-km-\-Øn¬

]cn. I\yI Ipń-I-tfmSv ]d-™p. AXp-sIm≠v hn. anJm-tb-ens‚

a≤y-ÿ-X-bn¬ Xm≥ c≠m-aXpw HSp-hn-e-tØ-Xp-amb ktμiw 1965

Pq¨ 18˛\v \¬Ip-sa∂v Adn-bn-®p. B Znhkw kvs]bn-\n¬\n∂pw

a‰-t\Iw cmPy-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Bbn-c-ßƒ Kc-_-μm-fn¬ Z¿i-\-Øn\v

km£yw hln-°p-hm\pw ]cn. I\y-I-bpsS ktμiw {ihn-°p-hm\pw

XSn-®p-Iq-Sn. A∂v cm{Xn 11.30˛\v 20 an\n v́ \o≠p-\n∂ Z¿i\w sIm©n-

Ømbv°v D≠m-bn. C‰m-en-b≥ sSen-hn-j\pw a‰pw B kw`hw apgp-

h≥ ]I¿Øn-sb-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. ktμiw Fs¥∂v Ahƒ

]nt‰∂v Fgp-Xn-s°m-Sp-Øp.

amXm-hns‚ \ma-Øn¬ apJyZqX-\mb anJm-tb¬ \¬Inb B

ktμiw CXm-bn-cp-∂p. ""Rm≥ BZyw \¬Inb ktμiw P\-ßƒ

A\p-k-cn-°m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠pw temI-saßpw {]N-cn-∏n-®n-ń-√m-ØXp

sIm≠pw Cu Ah-km\ ktμiw Rm≥ \nßƒ°v Xcn-I-bm-Wv.

A∂v B ]m\-]m{Xw \nd-™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. C∂m-Is´

AXv Ihn-s™m-gp-Ip-∂p. At\Iw I¿±n-\mƒamcpw sa{Xm-∑mcpw

sshZn-Icpw \mi-Øn-te-°p≈ ]mX-bn-eqsS apt∂m´v \oßp-∂p. \nc-

h[n Bflm-°-sfbpw Ah¿ AXn-eqsS \bn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-`‡n Ipd-™p-h-cp-∂p. ssZh-tIm]w \nß-fn¬\n∂p

\oßn-t∏m-Ip-hm≥ \nßƒ ]cn-{i-an-°-Ww. Bflm¿∞-X-bp≈ lrZ-

b-tØmsS \nßƒ {]m¿∞n-®m¬ Ahn-Sp∂v am∏p-\¬Ipw. apJy-Zq-X-

\mb anJm-tb-ens‚ am≤yÿyw hgn \nß-fpsS AΩ-bmb Rm≥

\nß-tfm-S-t]-£n-°p-I-bmWv \nß-fpsS PohnX]cn-h¿Ø\w km[n-

°-W-sa∂v. Ct∏mƒ Ah-km\ ap∂-dn-bn-∏mWv \nßƒ°v e`n-°p-


∂Xv. Rm≥ \nßsf AXy-[nIw kvt\ln-°p-∂p. \nßƒ°v in£m-

hn[n hc-W-sa∂v Rm\m-{K-ln-°p-∂n-√. \nßƒ Bflm¿∞-X-tbmsS

Rß-tfmSv {]m¿∞n-°p-I, \nß-fpsS bmN-\-Iƒ Rßƒ ssIs°m-

≈pw. \nßƒ IqSp-X¬ XymKw- sN-øWw. Cutim-bpsS ]oUm-\p-`-h-

ß-sf-∏‰n Hm¿Ωn-°Ww.'' Ah-km\ Z¿i\w 1965 \hw-_¿ 13-˛\m-bn-

cp-∂p. ]cn. I\y-I-bpsS \n¿t±-i-{]-Imcw Ipń-Iƒ sIm≠p-h∂

sIm¥-Iƒ, Imip-cq-]-ßƒ apX-emb ̀ ‡-h-kvXp-°ƒ Npw_n-®p-sIm-

Sp-Øn´v amXmhv ]d™p: ""Rm\o `‡-km-[-\-ß-fn-e¿∏n® Npw_-\-

Øn-eqsS Fs‚ ]p{X≥ Ch-bn¬ A¤p-X-ßƒ {]h¿Øn-°pw.'' Cu

`‡-h-kvXp-°ƒ hgn At\Iw tcmK-im-¥n-Ifpw am\-km-¥-c-ßfpw

temI-sa-ºmSpw kw`-hn-®-Xmbn dnt∏m¿´v sNø-s∏-ń-´p-≠v.

Pohn-X-Øns‚ F√m taJ-e-Ifn-ep-ap≈ P\ßƒ Kc-_-μmƒ

kw`-h-ßƒ°v ZrIvkm-£n-I-fm-Wv. B\-μ-\n¿hr-Xn-bn¬ B \mep

Ip-ń-Isf ImWm≥ `mKyw kn≤n-®-h-cn¬ sshZn-Icpw ssZh-im-kv{X-

PvRcpw kvs]bn-\nse cmP-Ip-Spw-_mw-K-ßfpw tUmIvS¿amcpw A`n-

`m-j-Icpw Dƒs∏-ńcp-∂p.

16-˛mw hb- n¬ Hcp A]-I-S-Øn¬ ImgvN-i-‡nbpw {LmW-ti-

jnbpw \jvS-s∏-́ n-cp∂ \yqtbm¿°nse tPmbv semamw-Kot\m 1963˛¬

C‰-en-bn-se-Øn. hnip-≤-\m-bn-Øo¿∂ ]©-£-X-[mcn ]mt{Z]n-tbmsb

kμ¿in®v Ipº-km-cn-°p-Ibpw A\p-X-]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xns\

XpS¿∂v At±-l-Øns‚ am≤y-ÿy-Øm¬ {LmW-i‡n Xncn-®p-In-́ n.

AhnsS Bbn-cnt° At±lw Kc-_-μm-fn¬ amXmhv {]Xy-£-s∏-́ pthm

F∂pw AhnsS Xm≥ t]mItWm F∂pw ]mt{Z-]n-tbm-tbmSv tNmZn-

®p. ""Xo¿®-bmbpw!'' F∂v ]mt{Z adp-]Sn ]d-bp-Ibpw Aßs\ tPmbn

Atßm-́ v t]m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. At±lw Ahn-sS-sbØn Xma-knbmsX

sIm©nØm tKm¨km-e-kp-ambn kulr-Z-Øn-em-hp-Ibpw ktμ-i-

Øns‚ ASn-b-¥n-c-kz-`m-h-sØ-°p-dn®v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ktμ-

isØ F√m-bn-SØpw Adn-bn-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Kc-

_-μmƒ ZuXy-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb t{]jn-X-\mbn temI-saßpw

{]h¿Ø\w \SØn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ A‘-\mb hy‡n-bm-W-t±-lw.

Z¿i\w e`n® \mep IpńIfpw ]n∂oSv hnhm-ln-X-cmbn amXr-Im-Po-

hnXw \bn-°p-∂p.

amXm-hns‚ Kc-_-μmƒ Z¿i-\-sØ-°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬ Adn-bp-hm≥

Hcp {KŸw: dh.-^m. tPmk^v F. s]t√-‰n-b¿ Fgp-Xnb ""]cn-ip≤

I\y-Im-a-dnbw Kc-_-μm-fn¬'' (sIm-©n-Øm-bpsS Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ

kln-Xw). ae-bmf hnh¿Ø\w Xøm-dm-°n-b-Xv: kn. tacn B·kv

kn.-Fw.-kn. au≠v Im¿Ω¬ P\-dte-‰v, Beph)


24. tdmk anÃn° amXmhv (Xncp-\mƒ : Pqsse 13)

1947- apX¬ 1976 hsc ]cn-ip≤ AΩ Cdd-en-bnse tamt¥Iymcn

F∂ ÿeØv ]nbdn\m Kn√n F∂ \gvkn\v tdmk- an-Ãn° F∂

t]cn¬ Z¿i\w \¬-Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn. Xs‚ h’-eamXmhv -]p{X-\mb

tbip-hn\v Xs‚ a°sf t\Sphm-\p≈ Xo{h-amb B{Klw

sIm≠mWv AΩ tdmk -ankvddn° F∂ t]cv kzoI-cn-®-Xv. "anÃn°'

F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿∞w A\p`hØneqsS ssZhsØ AdnbpI

F∂XmWv.

]cn-ip≤ AΩ-bpsS cq]-Øn¬ Im-Wp∂ aq∂v tdmkm-]p-jv]-

ßƒ aq∂v henb Znhy-c-l-ky-ßƒ \sΩ A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. sh≈

\nd-Øn-ep≈ tdmkm-]pjv]w AΩ kz¿§ob ]nXm-hns‚ G‰hpw

Id-bn-√mØ ]p{Xn-bmsW∂pw Nph∂ tdmkm-]pjv]w ssZh]p{Xs‚

AΩbmsW∂pw kz¿Æ \ndØnep≈ tdmkm]pjv]w AΩ ]cn-ip-

≤m-flm-hns‚ {]nb aWhm-ńbpw kz¿§-Øn-s‚bpw `qan-bp-sSbpw

cm⁄n-bpw k`-bpsS amXm-hpam-sW∂pw \sΩ A\p-kvacn∏n°p-∂p.

Cu aq∂v ]pjv]-ßƒ {]m¿∞-\, ]cn-lm-cw, {]mb-›n-Øw, IqZm-i-

IfpsS tbmKy-amb kzoI-cWw F∂n-h-sb-bmWv ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-Xv.

]m]n-I-fpsS \n-Xy-\m-i-Øn¬ IÆp-\o¿ Nn¥p∂ AΩ, sX‰mb

]mX-bn-eqsS k©-cn-°p∂ a\p-jy-h¿§--Øn-\p-th-≠nbpw sa{Xm-

∑m¿°pw sshZnI¿°pw A¿∏W Pohn-X-°m¿-°p-wth-≠nbpw, F∂pw

{]tXyIw {]m¿∞n-°-Wsa∂v B-h-iy-s∏-´p. tdmkm -an-Ãn° amXmhv

Xs‚ F√m Z¿i-\-ß-fnepw P]--ame sNm√n {]m¿∞n-°p-hm\pw

Aßs\ Xn∑-bp-sSbpw A‘-Im-c-Øn-s‚bpw i‡n°v FXn-cmbn

t]mcm-Sphm\pw \sΩ Blzm\w sNøp-∂p. ̀ ‡n-tbm-Sp-IqSn {]m¿∞n-

°p∂ P]-ame tbip-hns‚ Xs∂ {]m¿∞-\-bmbn amdp-∂p.


temI-Øns‚ ]e ]´-W-ß-fnepw, tdmk anÃn-°m-bpsS cq]w

{]Z-£n-W-ambn sIm≠pt]mhp-I-bpw ]e ÿe-Øp-h®pw Cu cq]--

Øn¬\n∂p IÆp-\o-cpw c‡-°-Æp-\ocpw Hgp-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXXmbn

km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. tIcfØn¬ ]me°mSv Pn√bnse A´∏mSnbnepw

tIm´bw Pn√bnse a™fcphnbnepw 2006-˛¬ tdmk- an-Ãn-°-bpsS

Nn{XØn¬\n∂pw CS-hn´v IÆp-\o¿ s]mgn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xmbn

km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. tdmk anÃn° amXmhns‚ cq]Øn¬\n∂v

tIm´bw Pn√bnse a™fcphnbn¬ 2007 apX¬ 2009 hsc kpK‘

Hmbnepw FdWmIpfØn\SpØv Xr∏qWnØpdbn¬ 2009 HIvtSm_¿

apX¬ tX\pw HgpIp∂Xv ImWphm≥ {KŸImc≥ Dƒs∏sS At\Iw

t]¿°v `mKyw e`n®n´p≠v.

Km\w

]cnaf\mtY amXmthhmgvØp-∂p \n≥ Xncp\mawtdmkm- an-Ãn° amXm-th]mSp-∂p \n≥ kvXpXnKoXw (]cnaf\mtY ....)

\μnsbgpw \¬kvXpXn ]mSmwapZsamSp P]amebptaImwangn\o¿]q°ƒ tN¿ØpsImcpsØmcp]qamebpa¿∏n®oSmw (2) (]cnaf\mtY ....)

\obmWtΩ am≤y-ÿw\obmWtΩ F≥icWwF≥lrZbØn¬ ]cnaftaIpw]\n\o¿]qhpw \obtΩ (2) (]cnaf\mtY ....)

XmX∂pw X≥ kq\phn\pwdqlmbv°pw {]nb XmcIta{XotemIØn¬ `mKysagps∂mcpkz¿ÆIncoSw \obtΩ (2) (]cnaf\mtY ..)


25. amXr-Z¿i\w hnhn[- ÿ-e-ß-fn¬

h¿jw ÿew

1061 Cw•-≠nse hmkn-ßvKm-an¬sh®v teUn dn®-eUokv Un

s^h¿®kv F∂ hn[-hbv°v amXmhv aq∂p -{]m-hiyw

{]Xy-£-s∏´p.

1208 {^m≥knse t{]mhps√ F∂ ÿeØv ssZh-am-Xr

tZhm-e-bØn¬ {]m¿∞\m\nc-X-\m-bn-cp∂ hn. sUman-

\n-°n\v {]Xy-£-s∏´v P]-ame kΩm-\n-®p-sIm≠v ]m]n-

I-fpsS am\-km-¥-c-Øn-\mbn sIm¥-sNm√n {]m¿∞n-°p-

hm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-´p.

1251 Cw•-≠nse au≠vIm¿Ω-en¬ Pqsse 16˛\v A¿≤-cm{Xn

tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ {]m¿∞n-®p-sIm≠ncp∂ hn. sska¨

tÃm°n\v {]Xy-£-s∏´p DØ-cobw \¬In (17-˛mw

A≤ymbw hmbn-°p-I)

1531 saIvkn-t°m-bnse tKmZ-eqs∏ F∂ ÿeØv Pqhm≥

UotKmbv°v {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Xm≥ I\y-Im-am-Xm-hm-

sW∂pw ssZh-am-Xm-hm-sW∂pw shfn-s∏Sp-Øp-Ibpw B

ÿeØv Hcp tZhm-ebw D≠m-°-W-sa∂vsa{Xm-t\mSv ]d-

b-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-SpIbpw sNbvXp.

1830 ]mcn-knse dqZp-_m°v F∂ ÿeØv hn≥sk≥jy≥

k\ym-kn\n kaq-l-Ønse AwK-am-bn-cp∂ kn. ImX-dn≥

set_m-dbv°v A¤p-X-Im-ip-cq] amXm-hns‚ Z¿i\w

aq∂v {]m-h-iy-ap-≠mbn.

1846 {^m≥knse emk-se‰v F∂ ÿeØv amIvkn-an≥,

saem\n F∂o CS-b-Ip-ń-Iƒ°v {]Xy-£-s∏-´p. sNcn-∏n-

t∑¬ tdmkm-∏q-°-fpw Igp-Øn¬ Ipcn-ip-am-ebpw [cn®v

{]Xy-£-s∏´ AΩ Ipń-I-tfmSv {]m¿∞n-°p-hm≥ Bh-

iy-s∏´p.

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96

1858 {^m≥knse eq¿±n¬ _¿W-Zo-Ø-sb∂ s]Ïp-ń°v

{]Xy-£-s∏´p. (18-˛mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ IqSpX¬ hnh-c-

ßƒ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p)

1879 Ab¿e-≠nse t\m°v F∂ ÿeØv ]Xn-\-©p-t]¿°v

amXmhv {]Xy-£-s∏-´p. [mcmfw tcmK-im-¥n-Iƒdnt∏m¿´v

sNø-s∏-ń-´p-≠v.

1917 t]m¿´p-K-ense ̂ mØn-a-bn¬ eqkn, Pko-¥, {^m≥knkv

F∂o CS-b-°p-ń-Iƒ°v {]Xy-£-bmbn. (19-˛mw A≤ym-

b-Øn¬ hnh-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p)

1932 s_¬Pn-b-Ønse s_b-tdmßv F∂ ÿeØv amXmhv

A©p-Ip-ń-Iƒ°v ]e-{]m-hiyw {]Xy-£-s∏-´p. Aa-tem-

¤-hbpw -I-\y-Ibpw ssZh-am-Xm-hp-amb kz¿§-cm-⁄n-

bpamWv Xm≥ F∂p shfn-s∏-Sp-Ønb amXmhv ]m]n-I-

fpsS ]›m-Øm]-Øn\pw am\-km-¥-c-Øn-\pw- th≠n

{]m¿∞n-°p-hm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-´p.

1933 s_¬Pn-b-Ønse _∂yqhn¬ amcn-b‰v s_t°m°n\v

F´p-{]m-hiyw {]Xy-£-s∏-´p.

1945 BwÃ¿Um-an¬ 1945 apX¬ Adp-]-Xv {]m-hiyw CUm-

t]¿sU-am≥ F∂ `‡-kv{Xo°v k¿Δ-P-\-]-Z-ß-fp-

sSbpw \mY {]Xy-£-s∏-´p. amXmhv Ipcn-in\v apºn¬

\n¬°p-∂-Xmbn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv Ipcn-ip-ambn A{X ZrV-

_-‘hpw thZ-\m-]q¿Æ-amb sFIyhpw amXm-hn-\p-≠m-

bn-cp∂p F∂-Xns‚ kqN-\-bm-Wv. Ipcn-in\v apºn¬

\n¬°p∂ amXmhv kl-c-£-Ibpw a≤y-ÿbpw A`n-

`m-j-I-bp-am-Wv. "]nXm-hns‚ Ir]bpw ]p{Xs‚ c£bpw

]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ im¥nbpw amXm-hn-eqsS \¬I-s∏-

Sp∂p' F∂-Xns‚ kqN-\-bmWv ssII-fn¬ \n∂pXncp-

∂ aq∂v Inc-W-ßƒ. `qtKm-f-Ønt∑¬ \n¬°p∂

amXmhv F√m-P-\-X-I-fp-sSbpw \mY-bm-Wv. BSp-Iƒ P\-

X-Isf kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

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1947 amXmhv (tdmk anÃn°) C‰enbn¬ tamt¥Iymcn

F∂ ÿeØp ]nbdn\m Kn√n F∂ t\gvkn\v

Z¿i\w \¬In (24˛mw A≤ymbØn¬ hnhcn®ncp∂p)

1961 sk]vbn\nse Kc-_-μmƒ F∂ ae-tbm-c-{Km-a-Ønse

\mev s]Ïp-ń-I-fmb sIm©nØ tKm¨km-e-kv,

sPko¥m tKm¨km-e-kv, tacn-temen akq¨, tacn

{Iqkv tKm¨km-ekv F∂n-h¿°v {]Xy-£-s∏´v

temIØn\v ASn-b-¥nc ktμ-i-ßƒ \¬In. (23-˛mw

A≤ymb-Øn¬ hnh-cn-®ncn°p-∂p)

1968 CuPn-]vXnse kzbv‰-\nse tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ amXmhv

{]Xy£-s∏-´p. aq∂v h¿j-°mew AhnsS {]Xy-£-s∏-

Sp-Ibpw At\Iw P\-ßƒ°v tcmK-im¥n \¬Ip-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

1973 P∏m\nse Hcp sIm®p -{Km-a-amb "A°nX'-bn¬ kn.

B·kv kk-Kh P]-ame sNm√n {]m¿∞n-®p-sIm-≠n-

cp-∂-t∏mƒ amXmhv {]Xy-£-s∏-´p. Hmtcm cl-ky-Øn-

\p-ti-jhpw "Hm Fs‚ Cutim-sb...' F∂ {]m¿∞\

(1917-˛¬ ^mØn-am-bn¬h®v Ipń-Iƒ°v sImSp-Ø-Xv) -

sNm-√p-hm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-´p. XSn-bn¬ sImØn-bp-≠m-°n-

bn-cp∂ amXm-hns‚ cq]-Øn¬ \n∂p IÆp-\o¿ hm¿Øp-

sIm≠v Ahƒ°v ktμ-i-ßƒ \¬In. "Zp:Jß-fpsS

cm⁄n'- F-∂mWv A°n-X-bnse amXm-hns\ hntijn-

∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

1981 bptKm-t…m-hy-bnse saUvPp-tKmdn F∂ ÿeØv Bdp-

bp-hm-°ƒ°v ]cn-ip≤ AΩ {]Xy-£-s∏-´p. am\-h-cm-

insb Cutim-bn-te°v \bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Bflm-°sf

\mi-Øn-te°v \bn-°p∂ kmØms‚ ]cm-{I-a-Øn-s\-

Xntc {]m¿∞-\-bn-eqsS ap‡n-t\-Sp-hm≥ a\p-jy-cm-insb

i‡-am-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- DX-Ip-∂-Xmb ktμ-i-ß-fmWv

AhnsS amXmhv B bphm-°ƒ hgn temIsØ Adn-bn-

®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv.

For more details visit www.catholicgk.com

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]cn-ip≤ I\y-Im-a-dn-b-Øns‚ Z¿i\w e`n-®-h¿ s]mXpth

hn⁄m\w Ipd-hm-bn-cp∂ km[m-c-W-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Z¿i-\-ßƒ

\evIn-bn -cp -∂Xv GIm-¥hpw {]im-¥-hp-amb ÿe-ß-fn -epw

ss{IkvXh hnizm-k-Øn\v Imcy-amb £Xw kw`-hn-®n-cp∂ {]tZ-

i-ß-fn-eq-am-bn-cp-∂p. Z¿i-\-Øn-\p-th≠n ImØn-cp-∂-h¿°√ amXmhv

Z¿i\w \¬In-b-Xv. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ Z¿i\w e`n-®-h-cpsS Cu

tem-I-Po-hnXw kt¥m-j-{]-Z-am-bn-cn-°n-s√∂pw amXmhv Ahsc Hm¿Ωn-

∏n-®n-cp-∂p. F√m Z¿i-\-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm\ ktμ-iw, IqSp-X¬

{]m¿∞n-°p-hm-\pw, ]m]-ß-sf-{]Xn ]›m-Ø-]n®v {]mb-›nØw

sNøp-hm-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p.

apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂h IqSmsX amXm-hns‚ At\Iw Z¿i-

\-ßƒ dnt∏m¿´v sNø-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. Z¿i-\-ß-sf√mw k`-bpsS hnizm-

k-k-Xy-ß-fn¬s∏-Sp-∂-h-b-√. hnizm-k-tbm-Ky-a-√mØ Z¿i\

dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ k` AwKo-I-cn-°m-dn-√. apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ 17

Z¿i-\-ßƒ F√mw Xs∂ k` AwKo-I-cn-®nń√. k` AwKo-I-cn-®n√

F∂-Xn-\m¬ acn-b-Z¿i\w D≠m-bn√ F∂v A¿∞-an-√. hniz-k-\o-

bamb sXfn-hp-Iƒ k`-bpsS At\z-j-W-Øn¬ Is≠-Øp-I-bm-sW-

¶n¬ am{Xta AXv k` AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibp≈p.

hy‡n]camb tbip˛amXrZ¿i\ßƒ

CutimbpsS Z¿i-\-ßfpw shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Ifpw At\Iw

t]¿°v e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Xs‚ amXm-hn-s\-°p-dn®v Cutim Xs∂ [mcmfw

t]¿°v shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Nne-t∏mƒ amXmhpw Ah¿°v ktμ-

i-ßƒ \¬Im-dp-≠v. Ah-cn¬ {][m-\-s∏´ Nnesc°pdn®v Hcp kqN-

\-am{Xw \¬Ip-∂p. Ah-cpsS ]pkvX-I-ßƒ hmbn-°p-∂Xv Bflob

DW¿hv e`n-°p-hm≥ hfsc klm-b-I-c-am-Wv.

1. B≥ Im-X-dn≥ Fa-dn®v

B≥ Im-X-dn≥ Fa-dn®v hnip≤ AK-Ãns‚ k\ymkn\n kaq-

l-Ønse Hcw-K-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1774 sk]v-Xw-_¿ 8˛\v P¿Ω-\n-bnse

tImkvs^¬Uv F∂ ÿe-Øn-\-Sp-Øp≈ ^vfmwkvsI F∂ {Kma-

Øn¬ P\n® ImX-dn\v _mey-Øn¬Øs∂ Z¿i-\-ß-fn-eqsS ssZho-

I-amb Adn-hp-Ifpw Dƒ°m-gvN-Ifpw e`n-®n-cp-∂p. kz¿§-cm-PvRn-bmb

amXm-hns\ ]e-t∏mgpw Z¿in-°p-hm≥ Ah¿°v Ign-™n-cp-∂p. tbip-

hns‚ ]oUm-\p-`-h -cw-K-ßƒ hfsc hni-Z-amb Z¿i-\-ß-fn-eqsS

tbip Ahƒ°v shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-Sp-Øp. tbip-hns‚ ]oU-I-fpsS

A\p-`hw e`n-°p-hm≥ ]©-£-X-ßƒ G‰p-hm-ßnb Ahƒ Cu


temI-tØmSv hnS-]-d-™Xv 1824 s^{_p-hcn 9˛mw Xob-Xn-bm-Wv.

"]mj≥ Hm^v ss{IÃv' F∂ kn\na Xøm-dm-°n-bXv B≥ ImX-

dn≥ Fa-dn-®ns‚ ""tbip-hns‚ ]oUm-\p-`-h-cw-K-ßƒ'' F∂ ]pkvX-

IsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bm-Wv. tbip-hns‚ ]oUm-\p-`-h- A\p-kva-

c-W-Øn\v klm-bn-°p∂ Hcp hnes∏´ ]pkvX-I-am-Wn-Xv.

2. acnb hmƒtXm¿Ø

\nKq-Vm-flI teJnI (Mystical writer) F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂

acn-b- hmƒtXm¿Ø P\n-®Xv 1897 am¿®v 14-˛mw XobXn C‰-en-bnse

Imtk-¿Øm F∂ ÿe-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. \me-c-h-b p {]mb-ap-≈-

t∏mƒØs∂ Cutim-sb-t∏mse kln®v Cutimsb kvt\ln®v

Biz-kn-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ahƒ B{K-ln-®p. \o≠ 28 h¿jw tcmKn-bm-

bn-cp∂ Ahƒ InS-°-bn¬ Ccp-∂p-sIm≠v aS-°nb ap´p-I-fn¬ Hcp

Im¿Uvt_m¿Uv h®v km[m-cW t\m´v_p-°p-I-fn¬ Fgp-Xn. Xs‚

\nc-¥-c-amb tPmenbpw kl-\hpw ssZh-Øn\v ka¿∏n-®p-sIm≠v

CS-ap-dn-bmsX {]m¿∞n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ Ahsf Cutim Xs‚ hniz-

kvX-h-‡mhpw Xqen-I-bp-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®p. Ahƒ°v e`n® Z¿i-\-

ß-fneqsSbpw Ahƒ tIń-cp∂ Xncp-h-N-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw Cutim

Ahƒ°v kzbw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn. 1943 apX¬ 1953 hsc-bp≈ Ime-L-

´-Øn¬ ]Xn-\-øm-bn-c-tØmfw t]Pp-I-fn¬ Fgp-Xnb Ah-fpsS Ipdn-

∏p-Iƒ 1989-˛¬ C‰m-en-b≥ `mj-bn¬ ]pkvX-I-ß-fmbn {]kn-≤o-I-

cn-°-s∏-´p. 65-˛mw hb- n¬ 1961 HIvtSm-_¿ 12-˛mw XobXn Ahƒ ac-

W-a-S-™p. The Poem of Man God F∂ t]cn-ep≈ Cw•ojv ]Xn-

∏n¬\n∂p ae-bm-f-Øn¬ "ssZh-a-\p-jys‚ kvt\l-KoX' F∂

t]cn¬ BZy-]p-kvXIw 1992-˛epw 16-˛mw ]pkvXIw 2001˛epw {]kn-

≤o-I-cn-®p. H∂m-a-tØbpw Ah-km-\-tØbpw ]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬ amXm-

hns\°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. hmb\bv°v IqSp-

X¬ kabw Is≠Øp-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-h¿°v Cu ]pkvX-I-ßƒ

hfsc A\p-{K-l-{]-Z-am-Wv.

3. hmkpe doU≥

1942 P\p-hcn 18-˛mw XobXn CuPn-]vXn-¬ P\n-°p-Ibpw Ct∏mƒ

kzn‰vk¿e‚n¬ Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp km[m-c-W-°m-cnbpw

hnhm-ln-Xbpw c≠p-Ip-ń-I-fpsS AΩ-bp-amb "hmkpem doU≥' F∂

kv{Xosb tbip Xs‚ ktμ-i-hm-l-I-bmbn Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp. 1986

apX¬ 1996 hsc tbipXs∂ t\cn´v ]d™v Fgp-Xn® shfn-s∏-Sp-

Ø-ep-Ifpw ktμ-i-ßfpw Dƒs∏-SpØn ""ssZh-Øn-ep≈ bYm¿∞


PohnXw'' F∂- t]-cn¬ Xøm-dm-°n-bncn-°p∂ ]pkvXI ]c-ºc Gsd

BI¿j-Wo-bhpw B≤ym-XvanI Pohn-X-Øn¬ hf-cp-∂-Xn\v ê-{]-

Z-hp-am-Wv. ]e-t\m-´p-_p-°p-I-fn-embn Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂h ]pkvX-I-cq-]-

Øn-em-°n-b-t∏mƒ t\m´v_p-°p-I-fpsS \ºdpw t]Pv \ºdpw sImSp-

Øn-´p-≠v.

hmkpem {Ko°v Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`mw-Khpw `¿Ømhv eqX-

d≥ k`mw-K-hp-am-sW-¶nepw hmkp-embv°v shfn-s∏-SpØn In´p-∂-

sX√mw ItØm-en°m hnizm-k-k-Xy-ß-fp-ambn _‘-ap-≈-h-bm-Wv.

ssZhw \ΩpsS GI-]n-Xm-hm-sW∂pw I\y-Im-a-dnbw \ΩpsS GI-

am-Xm-hm-sW∂pw F√m-hcpw am\-km-¥-c-s∏-S-W-sa∂pw hmkp-em-bn-

eqsS C∂pw ssZhw temIsØ Blzm\w sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

""ssZh-Øn-ep≈ bYm¿∞-Po-hnXw'' F∂ ]pkvX-I-]-c-º-c-

bn¬\n∂pw GXm\pw ktμ-i-ßƒ Xmsg sImSp-°p-∂p. t\m´v_p°v

16, t]Pv 12 (24˛9˛1987 ¬ e`n-®-Xv):

Cutim kwkm-cn-®-Xn-\p-tijw ]cn-ip≤ amXmhv hmkp-em-bpsS

ASp-Øp-\n¬°p-∂-Xmbn A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp -Ibpw {ihn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvX-Xv. ""hmkpem CXv Rm\m-Wv, \ns‚ AΩ, Kc-_-μm-fnse

Fs‚ a°ƒ°v Rm≥ {]Xy-£-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. Fs∂ ImWm\pw

tIƒ°m\pw Rm≥ Ahsc A\p-{K-ln-®p. Rm≥ Ah¿°v {]Xy-

£-s∏-´-t∏mƒ Ah¿ AXv Adn-™p. \o Ahsc A\p-{K-ln-°-W-

sa∂v Rm≥ B{K-ln-°p∂p-.'' t\m´v_p°v 16, t]Pv 39 (2˛10˛1987):

Cutim hmkp-em-tbmSv kwkm-cn-®Xv: ""CXv Rm\m-Wv, tbip.

Fs‚tbm Fs‚ amXm-hn-s‚tbm {]Xn-a-I-fn¬ GXpw BZ-cn-°-s∏-

tS-≠-Xm-sW∂v F√m-hcpw Adn-b-s´. Fs‚ Ipcniv Fs∂ {]Xn-\m-

[m\w sNøp-∂-Xp-t]mse Cu {]Xn-aIfn¬ Hmtcm∂pw Rßsf

{]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂p. Fs‚ arX-i-cocw s]mXn-™n-cp∂ Xncp-h-

kv{Xhpw bYm¿∞-Øn-ep≈XmsW∂v F√m-hcpw Adn-b-s´.""

t\m´v_p°v 16, t]Pv 54˛55 (8˛10˛1987):

""hmkp-em, AØcw \nμ-\-ßƒ tIƒ°p-tºmƒ kvt\lw F{X-

am{Xw kln-t°-≠n-h-cp-s∂∂v \ns∂ Rm≥ a\- n-em-°n-Ø-cmw.

hmkp-em,- I¿Øm-hmb Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-hns\ F{X-am{Xw _lp-

am-\n-°p-∂p-s≠∂v F√m-hcpw Adn-b-s´. AΩsb \nμn-°p-∂-h¿ CXv

a\- n-em-°-s´. Ahƒ kz¿§-Ønse cm⁄n-bm-sW∂pw I¿Øm-

hmb Rm≥ Ah-fpsS inc- n¬ ]{¥≠v \£-{X-ß-fp≈ Hcp

IncoSw AWn-bn-®n´ps≠∂pw Ah¿ Adn-b-s´. Ahƒ kz¿§-Øn¬


hmgp-∂p. CXv Fs‚ hN-\-ß-fn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. Rm≥

Fs‚ AΩsb kvt\ln-°p-∂p. Rm≥ _lp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse

\nßfpw Fs‚ AΩsb _lp-am-\n-°-Ww. Rm≥ \ns∂ kvt\ln-

°p-∂p, Rm\pw Fs‚ AΩbpw tN¿∂v \ns∂ A\p-{K-ln-°p∂p-.''

""F∂m¬ Rm≥ Hcn-°¬°qSn Bh¿Øn®v ]d-b-s´. aI-tf, Fs‚

AΩ \nß-fp-sSbpw AΩ-bm-Wv. \nßƒ Ah-fpsS a°-fp-am-Wv. CXv

Fs‚ hN-\-Øn¬ tcJs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Adn-™n-ń-√m-Ø-h¿°v

th≠n Rm≥ ho≠pw ]d-bp-∂p, thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ AXp- ]-d-bp-

∂p-≠v.'' AXv Fhn-sS-bmWv I¿Ømth F∂ hmkp-em-bpsS tNmZy-

Øn\v adp-]-Sn-bmbn ""shfn-]m-Sns‚ {KŸ-Øn¬, kmØm≥ Fs‚

AΩsb Iogvs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏-́ -t∏mƒ tcmjw ]q≠v AΩ-

bpsS tijn® a°-fp-ambn bp≤-Øn-te¿s∏-ń-cn-°p-I-bm-W.v Ah-cm-

Is´ Fs‚ Iev]-\-Iƒ A\p-k-cn-°p-∂-hcpw F\n°v km£yw hln-

°p-∂-h-cp-am-Wv.''

4. hn. B≥ksew

C‰enbnse AhmkvtXm F∂ ÿeØp P\n® hnip≤

B≥ksew (1018˛1109) ItØmen°m k`bnse sa{Xm\pw thZ]m

cwKX\pw XnI™ amXr`‡\pambncp∂p. hn. B≥ksew ]cn-ip-

≤m -flm -hns‚ Xo£vW {]tNm -Z -\ -Øm¬ cNn® "]cn -ip≤

adn-ba-I-\otim' F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ tbip-{InkvXp ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ ]cn.

adnb `‡nbpw ]cn. adnbw ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ tbip `‡nbpw hfsc

hni-Z-ambn \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu {KŸ-Øns‚ ae-bmf hnh¿Ø\w

s{Kbvkv Poh≥ kv]ncn-Nz¬ B≥Uv Nmcn-‰-_nƒ {SÃv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-

®n-´p-≠v. Cutim hn. B≥k-se-an-t\mSv ]d-™p. ""Rm≥ Xncp-k-`-

bn¬ Pohn-°p-∂p. AXm-bX,v Fs‚ Acq-]n-bm¬ \bn-°-s∏-Sp∂

Fs‚ auXn-I-i-co-c-amb Xncp-k-`-bn¬ k` sNøp-∂-sXm-s°bpw

Rm\mWv bYm¿∞-Øn¬ \n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂-Xv. Fs‚ AΩ-bv°p-th≠n

k` sNøp-∂-sXm-s°bpw Ahƒ°v th≠n bYm¿∞-Øn¬ sNøp-

∂Xv Rm≥ Xs∂-bm-Wv. adn-b-Øns‚ t\¿°v Xncp-k` {]Z¿in-∏n-

°p∂ hW-°hpw kvt\lhpw F¥p-am-{X-sa∂v Hm¿°pI'' Xs‚

AΩ-bpsS al-Xz-sØ-∏-‰nbpw Xs‚ AΩ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw AΩ-bm-

b-Xn-\m¬ AΩsb F√m-hcpw hW-tß-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-sb-∏-

‰nbpw [mcmfw Imcy-ßƒ Cutim hn. B≥ks-e-an\v shfn-s∏-Sp-

Øn-s°m-Sp-Øp. hn. B≥k-se-ans‚ amXr-`‡n Ipd-®p-IqSn h¿≤n-

∏n-°-W-sa∂v ]d™ Znhy-\m-Y≥ \Ω-tfmSpw ]d-bp-∂p. Ahn-SpsØ

AΩ \Ωp-sSbpw AΩ-bmWv AXn-\m¬ \mw B AΩsb icn-bmb

coXn-bn¬Øs∂ h-W-ß-W-sa-∂v.


Hcp hna¿i\ tNmZyw: c£-bv°m-h-iy-amb Imcy-ß-sf√mw

ss__n-fnepw k`m{]t_m[-\-ß-fn-ep-ap-≠-t√m. ]ns∂-sb-¥n-\mWv

CØcw shfn-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ ItØm-en-°m-k` hniz-kn-°p-∂Xv ?

DØcw: c£-bv°m-h-iy-amb Imcy-ß-sf√mw t\c-tØ-Xs∂

shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-s≠-¶nepw c£-bpsS hgn-I-fn¬\n∂p hgp-Xn-amdn

Xn∑-bn-te°v ho-Wp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ a\p-jy-a-°sf hos≠-Sp-°p-

hm≥ ssZhw Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ hy‡n-I-fn-eq-sSbpw B\p-Im-enI

kw`-h-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏´ ktμ-i-ßƒ temIsØ

A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v. eq¿±nepw ^mØn-a-bnepw a‰p- hn-hn[ ÿe-

ß-fnepw shfn-s∏-Sp-Ønb Imcy-ßƒ ss__n-fnepw k`m-]m-c-º-cy-

ß-fnepw D≈hXs∂. F¶nepw k` Ah HutZym-Kn-I-ambn AwKo-

I-cn-°p-Ibpw {]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv hgn At\-I¿°v hnizm-

k-Øn¬ hf¿®bpw t_m[y-ß-fn¬ Bg-s∏-Sepw D≠m-Ip-hm≥ Imc-

W-am-Ip-∂p.

tKmZeps¸ amXmhv saUvPptKmdn amXmhvkÀÆ P\]Z§fpsSbpw \mY


]nXm-hmb ssZh-Øns‚ h’e ]p{Xnbpw ]p{X-\mb ssZh-

Øns‚ amXmhpw ]cn-ip-≤m-∑m-hmb ssZh-Øns‚ aW-hm-ńbpw

{XntemI cm⁄n-bp-amb ]cn-ip≤ I\y-Im-a-dnbw k¿tΔm¬Ir-jvS-

amb hW-°-Øn\pw kvt\lm-Z-c-ßƒ°pw A¿l-bm-Wv. AXp-

sIm≠pXs∂ \q‰m≠pI-fmbn amXm-hns‚ Xncp-\m-fp-Iƒ km¿Δ-

{XnI k`-bn¬ BtLm-jn-®p-h-cp-∂p. A©mw \q‰m-≠n-\p-apºv k`-

bpsS Bcm-[-\m-{I-a-ß-fn¬ amXm-hns‚ Xncp-\m-fp-Iƒ ImWp-∂n-s√-

¶nepw ]n∂oSv h∂ hnhn[ \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ hnhn[ Xncp-\m-fp-Iƒ

Bcw-`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. amXm-hns‚ Xncp-\m-fp-I-fn¬ ]eXpw hfsc

BtLm-j-]q¿Δw BNcn-°p-∂-h-cmWv tIcf ss{IkvX-h¿. Hmtcm

Xncp-\m-fn-s‚bpw A¿∞hpw {]k-‡nbpw hym]vXnbpw a\- n-em-°n-

bn-cn-°pI-sb-∂Xvv bYm¿∞ acnb `‡n-bpsS Ah-iy-L-S-I-am-Wv.

amXm-hns‚ Xncp-\m-fp-I-fpsS B¥-cm¿∞w c≠mw hØn-°m≥

kq\-l-tZm-kns‚ {]t_m-[-\-Øn¬ C{]-Imcw sImSpØn-cn-°p-∂p.

""Btcm-Ky-{]-Zhpw {]am-Z-c-ln-X-hp-amb {]t_m[-\-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-°p-

≈n¬ ÿe-Ime kml-N-cy-ßfpw hnizm-kn-I-fpsS hnIm-c-t -̀Z-ßfpw

IW-°n-se-Sp-ØpsIm≠v ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ _lp-am-\m¿∞w \nc-h[n

`‡nap-d-Iƒ Xncp-k` AwKo-I-cn-®n-́ p-≠v. Ah-bp-sS-sb√mw e£yw

amXmhv hW-ß-s∏-Sp-∂-tXm-Sp-IqSn ]p{X≥ icn-bmbn Adn-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

kvt\ln-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw al-Xzo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Ahn-SpsØ Iev]-

\-Iƒ A\p-k-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-Xm-Wv."" (Xn-cp-k` 66)

F.-Un. 787˛se c≠mw \nJym-kq-\-l-tZmkv Xncp-kz-cq-]-ß-fpsS

km[pX {]Jym-]n-°p-∂p. ""Cu Xncp-kz-cq-]-ß-sf-°p-dn®v [ym\n-°p-

Xncp\mfpIfpw `‡nIrXyßfpw

V

26. adn-b-Øns‚ hnae lrZbw

27. adn-b-Øns‚ cm⁄n-]Zw

28. hymIp-e-am-Xmhv

29. \nXy-k-lmb amXmhv

30. P]amebpw a‰p {]m¿∞\Ifpw

31. `‡kwLS\Ifpw `‡nIrXyßfpw


tºm-sgms° Ahsb t\m°p-∂-h-sc√mw B kzcq-]-ß-fpsS ]n∂nse

bYm¿∞ hy‡n-Isf Hm¿°p-Ibpw; Ahsb Npw_n-°p-tºmƒ Ah-

tcm-Sp≈ _lp-am-\hpw BZ-chpw {]I-S-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p (D.S. 601).

`‡nbpw hnizm-khpw ]mc-º-cy-hp-sa√mw CS-I-e¿Øn BUw-

_-c-]q¿Δw sIm≠mSp∂ Xncp-\m-fp-Iƒ aXm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fpsS Hgn-

hm-°m-\m-hmØ Hcp LSIw Xs∂-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ Xncp-\m-fns‚

ssNX\yw \ne-\n¿Øm-sX-bp≈ [q¿Øv, a’-c-ßƒ, Zp¿am-Xr-I-

Iƒ XpSßn a‰p-f-f-h¿°v CS¿®-bp-≠m-Ip∂ Imcy-ßƒ Hgn-hm°n

Xncp-\m-fp-Iƒ `‡n-\n¿`-c-ambn BN-cn-°pI-sb-∂Xv Hmtcm hnizm-

kn-bp-sSbpw I¿Ø-hy-am-Wv.

amXm-hns‚ Xncp-\m-fp-I-fn¬ {][m-\-s∏-´h Xmsg sImSp-°p-∂p.

XnbXn Xncp-\m-ƒ

P\p-hcn 1 ssZh-am-XrXzØncp-\mƒ

s^{_p-hcn 2 ip≤o-I-cWØncp-\mƒ

s^{_p-hcn 11 eq¿±v amXm-hns‚ Xncp-\mƒ

am¿®v 25 awK-f-hm¿ØØncp-\mƒ

sabv 13 ^mØna amXm-hns‚ Xncp-\mƒ

sabv 31 kμ¿i\Øncp-\mƒ

Pq¨ 27 \nXy-k-lmb amXm-hns‚ Xncp-\mƒ

Pqsse 13 tdmk anÃn° amXmhns‚ Xncp\mƒ

Pqsse 16 I¿Ω-e-am-Xm-hns‚ Xncp-\mƒ

BKÃv 15 kz¿§m-tcm-]WØncp-\mƒ

BKÃv 22 temI-cmPvRn]ZØncp-\mƒ

sk]vXw. 8 amXm-hn‚ P\-\Øn-cp-\mƒ

sk]vXw. 15 hymIp-e-am-Xm-hns‚ Xncp-\mƒ

sk]vXw. 24 Imcp-Wy-am-Xm-hns‚ Xncp-\mƒ

HIvtSm. 7 P]-ame cm⁄n-bpsS Xncp-\mƒ

\hw. 21 amXm-hns‚ ka¿∏-W-Øn-cp-\mƒ

Unkw 8 Aa-tem-¤-h-Øn-cp-\mƒ

amXm-hns‚ amXrXzØncp-\mƒ BtLm-jn-°p-∂Xv {InkvXp-akv

Ign-™p-h-cp∂ Rm-b-dm-gvNbpw hna-e-lr-Z-b-Øn-cp-\mƒ BtLm-jn-

°p-∂Xv Cutim-bpsS Xncp-lr-Z-b-Øn-cp-\m-fns‚ ]nt‰ Znh-k-hpam-Wv.

apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Xncp-\m-fp-I-fpsS IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-

ßƒ hnhn[ A≤ym-b-ß-fn¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.


26. adn-b-Øns‚ hna-e-lr-ZbwXncp-\mƒ: Cutim-bpsS Xncp-lr-Z-bØn-cp-\m-fns‚ ]nt‰-∂v

Cutim-bpsS Xncp-lr-Z-bhpw amXm-hns‚ Xncp-lr-Z-bhpw H≥]-

Xp-amkw Htc ico-c-Øn¬Xs∂ Bbn-cp-∂-t√m. Htc c‡w-Xs∂

Bbn-cp-∂t√m c≠nepw {]h-ln-®n-cp-∂-Xv. k`-bpsS Bcw-`-Im-eØv

hna-e-lr-Z-b-̀ ‡n XnI®pw hy‡n-]-c-am-bmWv A`y-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. 15˛mw

\qd-dm-≠n¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ kosb-∂m-bnse hn. _¿Wm-UmWv adn-b-

Øns‚ hna-e-lr-Z-b-`‡n BZy-ambn ]c-ky-ambn {]kw-Kn® hy‡n.

hn. tPm¨ bqUvkv 1648-˛¬ a-dn-b-Øns‚ hna-e-lr-Z-b-Øns‚ Xncp-

\mƒ Xm≥ ÿm]n® Cutim-bp-sSbpw adn-b-Øn-s‚bpw k`-bn¬

BZyambn BtLm-jn-®p.

Xncp-lr-Z-b-̀ ‡n {]N-cn-∏n-®n-cp∂ hn. tPm¨ Fhp-Z-kns\ ssZhw

hna-e-lr-Zb `‡n-bpsS t{]jn-X-\mbn sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. Cutim-

bpsS Xncp-lr-Zb `‡n-bpsS D÷ze t{]jn-X-bmb am¿K-c‰v tacn

Ae-t°m-°n\v 1688-˛¬ hna-e-lr-Zbw Cutim-bpsS Xncp-lr-Z-b-tØm-

sSm∏w {]Xy-£s∏´p. Ccp `‡n-Ifpw Hcp-an-®-`y-kn-°p-Ibpw {]N-

cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøWsa∂v c≠p -hn-ip-≤¿°pw t_m≤y-s∏-´p.

Cutim-bpsS Xncp-lr-Zb t{]£n-X-\mb sImfw_n-bbpw Ae-t°m-

°ns‚ A`n-{]m-b-tØmSv tbmPn-®p.

Cutim-bpsS Xncp-lr-Zb ̀ ‡n-bpsS ]q¿Æ-Xbv°v adn-b-Øns‚

hna-e-lrZb`‡n A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-am-sW∂pw adnbw hgn Cutim-

bn-se-Ø-W-sa-∂p≈ B≤ym-flnI PohnX t^m¿ape A¿∞-h-Øm-

sW∂pw AwKo-I-cn -°-s∏-´p, A°m-eØv Bcw-`n® hnhn[

k\ymkk`-Iƒhgn Cu `‡n hym]n-°p-Ibpw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

sNbvXp.


1849-˛-Pqsse 16--˛\v ÿm]n-X-amb ""hna-e-lr-Z-b-Øns‚ t{]jnX

kpX-∑-m¿'' F∂ k`bpw Ah-cpsS ÿm]-I-\mb B‚Wn ¢mc‰pw

Cu ̀ ‡n-bpsS alm-t{]-jn-X--cm-bn-cp-∂p. 1854 \hw-_¿ 26-̨ \v ¢qWnse

hn. butk-∏ns‚ k\ym-kn-\n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS k`sb adn-b-Øns‚

hna-e-lr-Z-b-Øn\p {]Xn-jvTn-®p. adn-b-Øns‚ \n¿Ω-e-lr-Z-bw, ]cn-

ip≤ lrZ-bw, Xncp-lr-Zbw F∂o kw⁄-Iƒ°v ]Icw adn-b-

Øns‚ hna-e-lr-Zbw F∂ t]cv km¿Δ-{Xn-I-am-°n-b-Xv 1854-˛¬ Aa-

tem-¤h kXyw {]Jym-]\w sNbvX Ah-k-c-Øn-em-Wv.

^mØn-a-mbn¬ ssZh-am-Xmhv eqkn°v {]Xy-£-s∏-´-t∏mƒ Xs‚

hna-e-lr-Z-b-tØm-Sp≈ `‡n-bpsS Bh-iy-I-Xbpw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn.

amkm-Zy-i-\n-bmgvN `‡n {]N-cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v ]Ømw ]obqkv ]m∏

hna-e-lr-Z-b-`‡n t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®p. ]{¥≠mw ]obqkv am¿∏m∏

^mØnam Z¿i-\-Øns‚ cPX Pq_nen BtLm-jn® 1942 sabv 13˛mw

XobXn djy Dƒs∏sSbp≈ temIsØ adn-b-Øns‚ hna-e-lr-Z-b-

Øn\v ka¿∏n-®p. 1945-̨ ¬ adn-b-Øns‚ hna-e-lr-Z-b-Øns‚ Xncp-\mƒ

km¿Δ-{XnI k`-bn¬ ÿm]n-X-am-bn. A¥m-cmjv{S acn-b≥ kwh-

’cambn {]Jym-]n® 1988-˛¬ temIsØ apgp-h\pw hninjy djysb

amXm-hns‚ hna-e-lr-Z-b-Øn\v tPm¨t]mƒ c≠m-a≥ am¿∏m∏

ka¿∏n-®p.

]¥-°pkvXm Ign™v 12-˛mw Znhkw hymgmgvNbmWv Xncp-k`

hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bpsS Xncp-\mƒ BtLm-jn-°p-∂-Xv. B Xncp-\mƒ

Ign™v 8˛mw Znhkw shf-fn-bmgvN Cutim-bpsS Xncp-lr-Z-b-Øn-cp-

\mƒ sIm≠mSp-∂p. ]nt‰∂v i\n-bm-gvN-bmWv adn-b-Øns‚ hna-e-

lr-Z-b-Øn-cp-\mƒ Xncp-k` sIm≠m-Sp-∂-Xv.

"I¿Øm-hns‚

A`n-jn-‡-s\-Xntc Ic-ap-b¿Øn-bn´v

\n¿t±m-j-\m-bn-cn-°m≥ B¿°p Ignbpw''

(1 kmap. 26:9)


27. adnbØns‚ cm⁄o]Zw (tem-I -dm-Wn)

Xncp-\mƒ : BKÃv 22

]cnip≤ ssZhamXmhv kz¿t√mI ̀ qtemIßfpsS cm⁄nbmbn kz¿§Øn¬

apSn [cn∏n°s∏´p. "kqcys\ tae¶nbmbpw N{μs\ ]mZ]oTambpw 12 \£{Xßsf

IncoSambpw [cn®ncn°p∂ alXztadnb kv{XocXv\w' F∂v shfn]mSv ]pkvXIw

]{¥≠mw A≤ymbØn¬ tcJs∏SpØnbncn°p∂Xv \ΩpsS kz¿§ob

amXmhns\°pdn®mWv. AJne temI-ß-fp-sSbpw {kjvSmhpw c£-I-\p-ambn a\p-

jym-h-Xmcw sNbvX ssZh-]p-{X\mb {InkvXp-hns‚ cmP-]Zw \mw AwKo-I-cn-°p-

tºmƒ Ahn-SpsØ AΩ-bpsS cm⁄o-]Zw ]tcm-£-ambn \mw {]Jym-]n-°p-∂p.

AXn≥{]-Imcw 1925-˛¬ {InkvXp-hns‚ cmP-Xz-Øn-cp-\mƒ BtLmjn®p-Xp-S-ßn-b-

t∏mƒ I\y-Imw-_n-I-bpsS cm⁄o]-Z-Øn-cp-\mƒ BtLm-jn-°m≥ -am-Xr-̀ -‡-cmb

{InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v {]tNm-Z-\-am-bn. hnizm-kn-I-fpsS acnb ̀ ‡n-bn¬ h∂ DW¿hv

a\- n-em-°nb ]{¥≠mw ]obqkv ]m∏ acn-b≥ h’-c-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬

""kz¿§-dm-Wn'' F∂ Nm{In-I-te-J-\-Øn-eqsS 1954-˛¬ adn-b-Øns‚ cmPvRnXz-Øn-

cp-\mƒ {]Jym-]n-®p. AtXm-S-\p-_-‘n®v ̂ mØn-am-bnse amXm-hns‚ Xncp-kz-cq-]-

Øn¬ kz¿Æ \n¿Ωn-X-amb Hcp IncoSw hbv°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. P]-am-e-bpsS epØn-

\n-bm-bn-¬ \mw ]cnip≤ I\y-Isb At\-I-hn-[-Øn¬ cm⁄n-bmbn A`n-kw-t_m-

[\ sNøp-∂p-≠v.

1. adn-b-Øn\v "cm⁄o' F∂ ]Zhn \¬In-Øp-S-ßn-bXv ̨

5˛mw \q‰m-t≠m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.

2. ]cn-ip≤ AΩ-bpsS cm⁄o]Z-sØ-°p-dn®v kqNn-∏n-°p∂ P]-ame clkyw ̨

aln-a-bpsS A©mw clkyw (]-cn-ip≤ ssZh-am-Xmhv Bfl-i-co-c-ß-tfmsS ]c-

tem-I-Øn¬ Fgp-∂-≈nb DSs\ Xs‚ Xncp-°p-am-c-\m¬ kz¿§-Øn-s‚bpw ̀ qanbp-

sSbpw cm⁄n-bmbn apSn- [-cn-∏n-°-s∏´p)

3. kz¿§m-tcm-]n-X-bmb cm⁄o F∂v epØn-\n-bm-bn¬ tN¿ØXv̨

]{¥≠mw ]obqkv ]m∏ ˛ 1951 s^{_p 4˛\v

4. amXm-hns‚ cm⁄o]-Z-Øn\v kqN\ \¬Ip∂ hnip-≤-{K-Ÿ- ̀ mKw ̨ DXv]Øn

3:15, eq°m 1:31-˛33


28. hymIpe amXmhv Xncp-\mƒ : sk]vXw-_¿ 15

(Ip-cn-ins‚ ]pI-gvN-bpsS Xncp-\m-fns‚ ]nt‰-∂v)

tbip-hns‚ AΩbm-Im≥ e`n® hnfn-bpsS \n-anjw apX¬ ac-Ww-h-sc

adn-b-Øn\v thZ-\m-P-\-I-amb kw`h ]c-º-c-I-fpsS Ime-L-́ -am-bn-cp-∂p. tbip-

hns‚ BZy-tØbpw Ah-km-\-tØbpw hn{i-a-ÿm\w adn-b-Øns‚ aSn-bm-

bn-cp-∂p.

BIp-e-cp-sSbpw hymIp-e-cp-sSbpw apdn-th-‰-h-cp-sSbpw XI¿∂p Xf¿∂-

h-cp-sSbpw B{i-b-a-‰-h-cp-sSbpw B{i-b-amb hymIp-emw-_n-I-tbm-Sp≈ ̀ ‡n

{]Xy-£-cq-]-Øn¬ BN-cn-®p-Xp-S-ßn-bXv 1239-˛-em-Wv. 15-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ P¿Ω-

\n-bnepw 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-tØm-Sp-IqSn sXt° bqtdm-∏nepw

{^m≥knepw Cu ̀ ‡n hym]n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. 1727 G{]n¬ 22˛\v ]Xn-aq∂mw

_\-UnIvSv ]m∏ {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Ønb Un{In {]Imcw adn-b-Øns‚ Ggp- hym-

Ip-e-ß-tfm-Sp≈ `‡n°v s]mXp-hmb AwKo-Im-chpw {]Nm-chpw kn≤n-®p.

Ggmw ]obqkv am¿∏m-∏-bmWv 1814-˛¬ hymIp-e-am-Xm-hns‚ Xncp\mƒ km¿Δ-

{XnI k`-bn¬ ÿm]n-®-Xv.

amXm-hns‚ Ggp- hym-Ip-e-ßƒ

1) amXm-hns‚ ip≤o-I-c-W -Zn-hkw sia-tbms‚ {]h-N\w ̨

""Hcp-hmƒ \ns‚ lrZ-bsØ t`Zn-°pw.'' (eq°m 2:35)

2) tltdm-tZ-kns‚ hmfn¬\n∂v DÆn Cutimsb c£n-°p-hm≥ CuPn-]vXn-

te-°p≈ ]mem-b-\w. (aØm : 2:14)

3) ]{¥≠v hb- p-≈-t∏mƒ Cutimsb tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ ImWm-Xm-b-Xv.

(eq-°m 2: 45)

4) Cutim KmKp¬Øm-bn-te°v Ipcn-ip-h-ln-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip∂ ImgvN -

(]mcºcyw)

5) KmKp¬Øm-bn¬ Ip-cn-in≥ Nphń¬ \n¬°p-∂Xv (tbml 19:25)

6) Cutim-bpsS arX-tZlw amXm-hns‚ aSn-bn¬ InS-Øn-bXv (]m-c-º-cyw)

7) I¿Ømhns‚ kwkvImcw (]mcºcyw)


29. \nXy-k-lm-b-am-Xmhv Xncp-\mƒ : Pq¨ 27

\nXy-k-lmb amXm-hns‚ A¤p-X-Nn{Xw kphn-ti-j-I-\mb hn.

eq°m hc®p F∂mWv ]mc-ºcy hnizm-kw. tbip-hns‚ _mey-Im-

e-Ønse Hcp kw`-h-amWv Cu Nn{Xw A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

Iq´p-Im-cp-ambn Ifn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ _me-\mb tbip-hn\v c≠p-

am-em-J-am¿ ImW-s∏-´p. Ah-cn¬ anJm-tb¬ amemJ ]oUm-\p-`-h-

k-a-bØv Xs‚ ]m¿izw IpØn-Øp-d-°m-\p≈ Ip¥hpw K{_n-tb¬

amemJ Xm≥ Npa-°p-hm≥ t]mIp∂ Ipcnipw hln-®n-cp-∂p. Cu

ImgvN I≠v `b-s∏´ _me-\mb tbip Xs‚ amXm-hns‚ ]°-te°v

HmSn AΩ-bpsS Ic-ß-fn¬ A`bw tXSn. tbip-hns‚ Hcp Imense

sNcn∏v h≈n-s]mń Xqßn-°n-S-°p-∂Xv, ̀ b∂v HmSn h∂-Xns\ kqNn-

∏n-°p-∂p.

\ΩpsS Bh-iy-ß-fnepw tbip-hn-s\-t∏mse Cu AΩ-bn¬ A`-

bw tXSn-bm¬ \ap°pw Ahƒ Hcp \nXy-k-lm-b-am-Xmhv Bbn-cn-

°pw. amXm-hns‚ Icp-Wm¿{Z-amb IÆp-Iƒ \sΩ kZm Xs‚ ]°-

te°v £Wn-°p-∂p.

amXm-hns‚ Nn{X-Øn\v Ccp-h-i-ß-fn-embn sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂

A£-c-ßƒ {Ko°v en]n-I-fm-Wv. Npcp-s°-gp-Øp-I-fmbn \¬In-bn-cn-

°p∂ AhbpsS ]q¿Æcq]w˛ apI-fn¬ CS-Xp-h-i-Øp-≈Xv ssZh-

Øns‚ AΩ F∂pw apI-fn¬ he-Øp-h-i-Øp-≈Xv apJy-ssZ-h-Zq-

X≥ anJm-tb¬ F∂pw amXmhns‚ Nn{X-Øn-\-Sp-Øp-≈Xv tbip-

{InkvXp F∂p-am-Wv.

]Xn-\©mw iXm-_vZ-Øns‚ A¥y-tØm-Sp-IqSn Cu Nn{Xw {Io‰v

Zzo]n¬\n∂p tdman-tebv°v sIm≠p-h-c-s∏-Sp-Ibpw \nXy-k-lm-b-am-

Xm-sh∂ t]cn¬ hW-ß-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.


tdman-ep≈ tacn-ta-P¿, sk‚ v tPm¨ em‰-d≥ F∂o _kn-en-

°m-I-fpsS a≤y-`m-K-Ømbn Xs‚ Nn{Xw {]Xn-jvTn®p hW-ß-s∏-S-

W-sa∂ B{Klw amXmhv Hcp ]n©p-_m-en-Ibv°v {]Xy-£-s]´v

Adn-bn-®p. Cu c≠p- _-kn-en°mIfpsS a≤y-`m-K-Ømbn AK-kvXo-

\n-b≥ sshZn-I-cpsS ta¬t\m-´-Øn¬ hn. aØm-bn-bpsS tZhm-ebw

ÿnXn-sN-bvXn-cp-∂p. Cu tZhm-e-b-Øns‚ {][m\ _en-]o-T-Øn\v

apI-fn-embn 1499 am¿®v 27-˛mw XnbXn B A¤p-X-Nn{Xw {]Xn-jvTn-

°-s∏-´p. 1798-˛¬ {^©v tk\ hn. aØm-bn-bpsS tZhm-ebw \mam-h-

ti-j-am-°n-b-Xn-s\-XpS¿∂v AK-kvXo-\n-b≥ sshZn-I¿ B Nn{Xw

Xß-fpsS Hcm-{i-a-Øn-te°v am‰n ÿm]n-®p. 1866-˛hsc Cu Nn{Xw

AhnsS A⁄m-X-ambn ÿnXn-sN-bvXn-cp-∂p.

Cub-h-k-c-Øn¬ dnUw-]v‰-dnÃv sshZn-I¿ hn. aØm-bn-bpsS

]pcm-X\ tZhm-ebw ÿnXn sNbvXn-cp∂ ÿe-Øp-Xs∂ Hcp \ho\

tZhm-ebw ]Wn-I-gn-∏n-®p. Cu kμ¿`-Øn¬ AXp-hsc A⁄m-X-

ambn Ign-™n-cp∂ B A¤p-X-Nn{Xw ssZhnI ]cn-]m-e-\-bm¬

I≠p-In-ń. Cu Nn{X-Øns‚ ]q¿Δ-Imew \∂mbn {Kln-®n-cp∂

]obqkv 9˛ma≥ ]m∏ Hcp Iev]\aqew Cu Nn{Xw ]q¿Δ-ÿm-\Øv

Xs∂ {]Xn-jvTn®p hW-ß-s∏-S-W-sa∂v \n¿t±-in-°p-Ibpw AXns‚

kwc-£Ww dnUw-]v‰-dnÃv (Zn-hy-c-£I k`) sshZn-Isc G¬∏n-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]cn-ip≤ ]nXmhv A∂v Ah-tcmSv ]d-™p. "\nXy-

k-lmb amXmhv temI-saßpw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-hm≥ CS-bm-°p-hn≥'

\nXy-k-lmb amXm-hns‚ Xncp-\mƒ BtLm-jn-®n-cp-∂Xv tbml-

∂m≥ amwZm-\-bpsS Xncp-\mƒ Znh-k-amb Pq¨ 24˛\v apºp≈ Rmb-

dm-gvN-bm-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ ]obqkv H≥]Xmw ]m∏ AXv Pq¨ 27

F∂v \n›-bn-®p. Ipsd h¿j-ßƒ°p-tijw s_\-UnIvSv 15-̨ m-a≥ ]m∏

1916 \hw-_¿ 3˛se Hcp Iev]-\-{]-Imcw B Xob-Xn-bn¬ Hcp sNdnb

hyXymkw hcp-Øn. AXn≥-{]-Imcw Znhy-c-£I k`bpsS tZhm-e-b-

ß-fn¬, Bcw-̀ -Øn-em-bn-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse Pq¨ 24˛\v apºp≈ Rmb-

dmgvN Xncp-\mƒ BtLm-j-Zn-\-ambn \n›-bn-®p. a‰p tZhm-e-b-ß-fn¬

Pq¨ 27 ˛\v Xs∂ Xncp-\mƒ Zn\-ambn XpS-cm\pw Xocp-am-\n-®p.

C¥y-bn¬ \nXy-k-lm-b-amXmhns‚ t]cn¬ Hcp tZhm-ebw ]Wn-

XXv 1924-˛¬ Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√-bn¬ ]\-ßmSv ASp-Øp≈ NmØ-Ω-

bn-em-Wv. \nXy-k-lmb amXm-hns‚ \nXy-\-h-\mƒ C¥y-bn¬ BZy-

ambn XpS-ßn-bXv 1948-˛¬ t_mws_-bnse amln-bn-em-Wv. Znhy-c-

£Ik`-bnse sshZn-I¿ tIcf-Øn¬ \nXy-\-h-\mƒ {]m¿∞\

Bcw-`n-®Xv 1956 s^{_p-h-cn-bn¬ hn. {^m≥knkv AkoknbpsS


Km\w

\maØnep≈ hcm∏pg AXncq]Xm IØo-{U¬ ]≈n-bn-em-Wv. \nXy-

k-lmb amXm-hn-t\m-Sp≈ `‡n tIc-f-Ønepw temI-Ønse \m\m-

`m-K-ß-fnepw Zn\w-{]Xn h¿≤n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

\nXy-k-lmb amXm-hns‚ kt¶-X-Øn¬ h∂v Ahn-SpsØ

klmbw tXSn am≤yÿyw At]-£n-®-h-cn¬ Hcp-h-s\-t∏mepw Dt]-

£n-°mØ amXmhv temI-am-k-Iew \nc-h-[n-bmb A¤pX {]h¿Ø-

\-ß-fn-eqsS Xs‚ km∂n≤yw A\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-°p-∂p.

\nXy-k-lmb \mtY

{]m¿∞n° Rßƒ°mbv \o

\n≥ a°ƒ Rßƒ°mbv \o

{]m¿∞n° kvt\l-\mtY

\odp∂ am\-k-ßƒ

Bbn-c-am-bn-c-ßƒ

IÆo-cn≥ Xmgvhc-bn¬

\n∂nXm tIgp-∂tΩ

tIƒ°tW tcmZ-\-ßƒ

\evItW \¬hc-ßƒ

\n≥ Znhy-kq-\p-hn-¶¬

tN¿°tW a°sf \o

""Rm≥ \nßsf Dt]£n°pIbn√;

Rm≥ \nßfpsS CSbn¬ k©cn°pw''

tehy¿ 26 :12


Km\w

\ns‚ XI¿®-bn¬ Bizm-k-ta-Im≥

\ns‚ Xf¿®-bn¬ H∂p-tN-cm≥

\ns∂ Xmcm-´p- ]mSn Dd-°m≥

CXm CXm \ns‚ AΩ

XymK-tØm-sSs∂ ssII-fn¬ Xmßn-tbm-ft√m

kvt\l-tØm-sSs∂ DZ-c-Øn¬ hln-®h-ft√m

\n≥ thZ-\-bn¬ kl-\-Øo-bn¬

hnßn hnXpºpw \n≥ lrZb tImWn¬

\n¿Ωe kvt\l-sØ-fn-\o¿ \¬Im≥

CXm CXm \ns‚ AΩ

Xncp-°p-Spw-_-Øn¬ \mY-bm--WΩ

Xncp-k-`-bpsS \mY-bm-WΩ

\nXyw ]cn-ip≤ a-dn-b-am-WΩ

CXm CXm \ns‚ AΩ

]m]n-Iƒs°-s∂∂pw B{ibw Bb-h-ft√m

]m]n-°m-sb∂pw {]m¿∞n-°p-∂-h-ft√m

]m]-tN-‰n¬ \o ]nS-bp-tºmƒ

km¥z-\-ta-Im≥ \n≥ IÆo-scm-∏m≥

\ns∂ F∂pw amtdmSv tN¿°m≥

CXm CXm \ns‚ AΩ (\n-s‚....)

A≥]-Xn-e-[-nIw acnb≥ KoX-ßƒ

AS-ßnb ]pkvXIw kuP-\y-ambn

Uu¨temUv sNøp-hm≥ kμ¿in-°pI

www.catholicgk.com


30. P]-am-ebpw a‰p {]m¿∞-\-IfpwP]-ame cm⁄n-bpsS Xncp-\mƒ : HIvtSm-_¿ 7

P]-ame

BtKmf ItØm-en-°¿ hfsctbsd CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw AXy-

[nIw ̂ e-Zm-b-I-hp-amb sIm¥ F∂-dn-b-∏-Sp∂ P]-ame adn-b-tØm-

Sp-IqsS {InkvXp-hns\ [ym\n-°p∂ Hcp {]m¿∞-\-bm-Wv. sIm¥

\a-kvIm-c-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\- {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ, {InkvXp-a-X-Øns‚

auenI {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ Xs∂-bm-sW-∂Xpw sIm¥-\-a-kvIm-c-Øns‚

t{ijvT-X-bm-Wv. hn. Ip¿∫m-\bpw IqZm-i-Ifpw Ign-™m¬ {][m-\-

s∏´ {]m¿∞-\-bmWv sIm¥-\-a-kvIm-cw.

sIm¥ \a-kvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn®v hf-sc-tbsd ]T\ Kth-j-W-ßƒ

\S-Ønb tdm_¿ v́ tXÃ¨ ]d-bp-∂p. sIm¥-\-a-kvImcw Bh¿Ø\

hnc-k-am-sW∂v Bh-em-Xn-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿ Hcp kXyw hnkva-cn-°p-∂p-˛-

sIm-¥-\-a-kvImcw Hcp [ym\m-flI {]m¿∞\ IqSn-bm-sW∂ Imcyw.

anÃnIv {KŸ-Im-c-\mb tXmakv AIzn\mkv Xs‚ {InkvXz-\p-I-c-

W-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p∂ hmIyw Xmsg sImSp-°p-∂p: ""\∑-\n-d™

adn-bhpw sIm¥bpw \mw sNm√p-tºmƒ kz¿§-hm-kn-Iƒ kt¥m-

jn-°p-∂p; `qhm-kn-Iƒ B›-cy-s∏-Sp-∂p; ]nim-Np-°ƒ HmSn-sbm-fn-

°p-∂p; \cIw hnd-sIm-≈p-∂p; Zp:Jsa√mw A{]-Xy-£-am-Ip-∂p;

B\μw Xncn-®p-h-cp-∂p; lrZ-b-Øn\v kzÿX ssIh-cp-∂p.''

sIm¥-bpsS Ncn-{Xw.

BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ B{i-a-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ k\ym-kn-am¿

Hcp-an®v tN¿∂v 150 k¶o¿Ø-\-ßƒ Znh-khpw sNm√pI ]Xn-hm-bn-

cp-∂p. hnZym-`ym-k-an-√mØ km[m-c-W-°m¿°v CXv hnkva-b-Icam-


bn-cp-∂p. C{]-Imcw k¶o¿Ø-\-ßƒ sNm√p-hm≥ Adn-bmØ \nc-

£-c-cmb km[p-°ƒ HØp-tN¿∂v k\ym-kn-am-cpsS klm-b-tØmsS

150 kz¿§ÿ-\mb ]nXmth F∂ {]m¿∞\ Bh¿Øn®p sNm√p-

hm≥ XpS-ßn. AsXmcp `‡y-`ym-k-ambn amdn. 150 {]mhiyw FÆp-

∂-Xn\v aWn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. Ah-bmWv sIm¥-a-Wn-I-fmbn

cq]m-¥-c-s∏-´-Xv. "FÆw' F∂ A¿∞w hcp∂ "tIm¥' F∂

t]m¿®pKokv ]Z-amWv \ΩpsS "sIm¥'-bmbn cq]m-¥cw {]m]n-®-Xv.

bqtdm-∏n¬ BZn-a-Im-eØv "sdmkm-cnbpw' F∂ t]cmWv CXn\v D]-

tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. tdmkm-∏q-°-fpsS tXm´w F∂mWv AXns‚ A¿∞w.

Znhy-c-l-kyßsf tdmkm-∏q-°-fmbn Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p.

BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ 150 kz. ]nXmth F∂p sNm√n-bn-cp-∂p. 12˛mw

\q‰m-≠n¬ acnb `‡n°v {]Np-c-{]-Nmcw e`n-®-tXmsS 150 \∑

\nd™ adnbw F∂ {]m¿∞\ sNm√p∂ ]Xn-hm-cw-`n-®p. hn. sUman-

\n°pw klk\ym-kn-I-fp-amWv P]-ame {]N-cn-∏n-®-Xv. 12-˛mw

\q‰m≠n¬ k`-bvs°-Xntc cq]w sIm≠ B¬_nsP≥knb≥ ]mj-

WvU-X-bvs°-Xntc t]mcm-Sp-hm≥ hn. sUman-\n-°ns\ (1170-˛1224)

amXmhv \ntbm-Kn-®p. sUman-\nIv {]m¿∞n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ ssZh-

am-Xmhv {]Xy-£-s∏´v P]-ame \¬In-sIm≠v AXp {]N-cn-∏n-°p-

hm≥ hnip-≤-t\mSv Bhiy-s∏-´p-sh∂v Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-

Øp-∂p. P]-ame `‡n {]N-cn-®-tXmsS ]mj-WvUX XI¿∂p.

hmgvØ-s∏´ Ae≥ Un emtdm®v 1460-˛¬ P]-am-esb ]p\:

ÿm]n-®p. 1483-˛¬ Hcp sUman-\n-°≥ k\ymkn "amXm-hns‚

k¶o¿Ø-\-ßƒ' F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp ]pkvX-I-sa-gp-Xn, ]Xn-\©v cl-

ky-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn. CXn¬ Ah-km-\sØ cs≠-Æ-sam-gnsI as‰√mw

C∂sØ P]-am-e-bnse Znhy-c-l-ky-ß-fm-Wv. 50 aWnIƒ Htc Nc-

Sn¬ tIm¿Øv ]Øp-hoXw A©mbn hoXn®v Hmtcm Xncn-hn-\p-an-Sbv°v

Hcp kz. ]nXmth...- F∂ P]w- IqńtN¿Øv hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v hnX-

cWw sNbvXp. ]Xn-\©v c£m-Ic cl-ky-ßƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønb Cu

P]-ame HmtZym-Kn-I-ambn AwKo-I-cn-®Xv 1569-˛¬ A©mw ]obqkv

am¿∏m-∏-bmWv. kam-]-\-hm-Iy-ambn {XnXz-kvXpXn am¿∏m∏ Iqń-

t®¿Øp. `mc-X-Øn¬ t]m¿®p-Kokv anj-WdnamcmWv (1501 apX¬)

CXp {]N-cn-∏n-®-Xv. tPm¨ t]mƒ c≠m-a≥ am¿∏m∏ 2002˛¬ {]Im-

i-Øns‚ cl-ky-ßƒ Iqń-t®¿Øv 20 c£m-Ic cl-ky-ß-tfmsS

AXv 203 aWn P]-am-°n. ]cn-ip≤ adnbw temI-Ønse hnhn[ ÿe-

ß-fn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏´v ]m]n-I-fpsS am\-km-¥-c-Øn-\mbn P]-ame

sNm√p-hm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.


1) HIvtSm-_¿ Ggv P]-ame cm⁄n-bpsS Xncp-\m-fmbn k` BtLm-

jn-®p -Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv F∂papX¬ ?

16-˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ ]obqkv A©m-as‚ ImeØv (se-∏m-t‚m-

bn¬h®v Xp¿°n-I-fp-am-bp-≠mb Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-Øn¬ hnPbw hcn-

®-Xns‚ hm¿jnI Zn\-Øn¬)

2) se∏mt‚m bp≤-hn-Pbw Fß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p ?

ss{IkvXh bqtdm∏v apgp-h≥ ]nSn®-S-°m-\mbn kacmlzm\

tØmsS ap…nw Xp¿°n ssk\yw 1571 HIvtSm-_¿ amkw

se∏mt‚m IS-en-Sp-°n-te°v (bq-tdm-∏n-s‚bpw B{^n-°-bpsSbpw

CS-bv°p≈ IS-en-Sp-°v) ]ms™-Øn. sUman-\n-°≥ k`mw-K-ambn-

cp∂ A∂sØ am¿∏m∏ hn. ]obqkv A©m-as‚ Blzm-\ a\p-

k-cn®v bp≤ Znhkw apgp-h≥ tdma≥ P\X am¿∏m-∏-tbm-sSmØv

XpS¿®-bmbn sIm¥-\-a-kvImcw sNm√ns°m≠n-cp-∂p. bp≤

Znhkw cmhnse se∏mt‚m ISen-Sp-°n¬ Im‰v ss{IkvXh

ssk\y-Øn\v {]Xn-Iq-e-am-hpIbpw bp≤w A]-I-S-c-amb \ne-bn-

te°v \oßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX \n¿ÆmbI \nan-j-

Øn¬ ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ am≤yÿyØm¬ Im‰v ss{IkvXh

ssk\y-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-am-hp-Ibpw Hmkv{Sn-b-°m-c-\mb tUm¨

Pphms‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ ss{IkvXhtk\m kaqlw Xp¿°n

tk\sb \nt»jw ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp

C∂sØ ss{IkvXh bqtdm∏v ap…ow bqtdm-∏m°n am‰p-hm≥

X° i‡n-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ssk\ysØ tXmev]n-®Xv ssZh-am-Xm-

hmb I\yImadn-b-Øns‚ am≤yÿy i‡n-bm-em-bn-cp-∂p.

3) "{InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS klm-b-amb adn-b-ta, Rßƒ°v th≠n

At]-£n-°Wta' F∂p amXm-hns‚ epØn-\n-bm-bn¬ Iqń-

tN¿ØXv ˛

se∏mt‚m hnP-b-Øn-\p-tijw

4) P]-am-e-sb-°p-dn-®p-am{Xw H≥-]Xv Nm{In-I-te-J-\-ßƒ {]kn≤o

Icn-°p-Ibpw P]-am-e-bpsS ]m∏ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂

am¿∏m∏ ˛ setbm 13-˛mw ]m∏ (1878 ˛ 1897)

5) IpSpw_s°m¥ \a-kvIm -cØns‚ ÿm]-I≥, At±lw

Db¿Ønb ap{Zm-hmIyw ˛

^m. ]m{SnIv s]bv‰¨ (1909˛1992); ""H∂n®v {]m¿∞n-°p∂

IpSpw_w H∂n®v \n¬°p-∂p.''


6) P]-ame {]m¿∞-\-bpsS t{]jn-X-\mb ̂ mZ¿ ]m{SnIv s]bv‰Wpw

kl-{]-h¿Ø-Icpw tN¿∂v t_mws_ \K-c-Øn¬ "tdmkdn

{IqtkUv' kwL-Sn-∏n-®Xv ˛ 1955-˛¬

7) temI-Øn¬ F√m-h¿°pw kzoIm-cy-amb GI {]m¿∞\ F∂pw

F√m-h¿°pw CjvSs∏´ {]m¿∞-\-sb∂pw P]-am-esb hnti-jn-

∏n® am¿∏m∏ ˛ tPm¨ t]mƒ c≠m-a≥

8) "I\yImadn-b-Øns‚ P]-ame' F∂ A∏-kvtXm-enI teJ\w

{]kn-≤o-I-cn® ]m∏ ˛

tPm¨ t]mƒ c≠m-a≥, 2002 HIvtSm-_¿ 16˛\v

9) {]Im-i-Øns‚ cl-ky-ßƒ IqSn P]-am-e-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥

tPm¨t]mƒ c≠m-a≥ am¿∏m-∏bv°v {]tNm-Z-\-ambn IW-°m-

°s∏-Sp-∂Xv ˛

amƒ´m-bn-¬ \n∂p≈ hmgvØ-s∏-´-h-\mb ^m. tPm¿Pv t{]I

1957˛¬ Xøm-dm-°nb "{]ImiØns‚ cl-ky-ßƒ'.

10) P]-am-ebpw bma-{]m¿∞-\bpw Hcp Xmc-X-ay-]-T\w:

`mc-X-Ønse acnb ̀ ‡-cmb am¿tØmΩm \{km-Wn-Iƒ AhcpsS

]ucm-WnI ]mc-º-cy-a-\p-k-cn®v bma-{]m¿∞-\-I-fmWv amXm-hns\

{]Io¿Øn-°p-hm≥ sNm√n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. kp{]-kn≤ ssZh-im-kv{X-

⁄-\mb jn√ -s_-Ivkns‚ ho£-W-Øn¬ P]-ame {]m¿∞\bpw

bma-{]m¿∞-\bpw XΩn¬ _mly-cq-]-Øn¬ Imcy-amb hyXym-

k-sam-∂p-an-√. c≠pw hmNn-I-am-Wv. A[-c-ßƒsIm≠v Dcp-hn-Sp-∂p.

bma-{]m¿∞-\-bn¬ Bh¿Ø\w Ipd-hm-Wv. F∂m¬ P]-am-e-

bn¬ A[n-Ihpw Bh¿Ø-\-am-Wv. Bh¿Ø\w a\:im¥n°v

AXyp-Ø-a-am-sW-∂mWv B≤ym-flnI ]WvUn-X-∑mcpsS A`n-{]m-

bw. ]I-ens‚ A≤zm\w Ign™p £oWn-®p-h-cp∂ km[m-cW

a\p-jysc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw hfsc efn-Xhpw Ffp∏w sNm√m-

hp-∂-Xp-amb Hcp {]m¿∞-\-bmWv P]-am-e.

P]ame {]m¿∞\ ê-{]-Z-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ AXv th≠ coXn-

bn¬Øs∂ sNmt√-≠-XmWv F∂v B≤ym-flnI imkv{X-{]-Xn`

hn. {^m≥kokv Un kmekv ]d-bp-∂p. kmh-[m-\-Øn¬ Hmtcm

cl-ky-sØbpw Ipdn®v [ym\n®v P]-ame sNm√p-∂Xv hfsc ̂ e-

{]-Z-am-bn-cn-°pw. P]-ame s]mXp-hmtbm AYhm Hmtcm cl-ky-

Øn\pw {]tXyI \ntbmKw ht®m {]m¿∞n-°p-∂Xv P]-ame

A¿∞-]q¿Æ-am-°p-hm≥ klm-bn-°pw.


epØn\nb

P]-ame `‡n-bnse Hcp Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-amWv "amXm-hns‚

epØn-\nb.' "epØn-\nb' F∂ hm°n\v At]£ F∂pw Bh¿Øn®v

Dd-∏mbn sNm√p∂ {]m¿∞-\-sb∂pw A¿∞-ap-≠v. ]gb \nb-a-

Ønepw ]pXnb \nb-a-Ønepw ]mc-º-cy-Øn-ep-ap≈ amXm-hns‚ {]Xn-

cq-]-ßfpw kmZr-iy-ßfpw epØn-\n-b-bn¬ ImWmw. k`m-]n-Xm-°-

∑mcpw kq\-l-tZm-kp-Ifpw amXm-hn\v \¬In-bn-́ p≈ A]-c-\m-a-ßfpw

kpNn-¥n-X-ambn \¬In-bn-´p≈ _lp-a-Xn-Ifpw at\m-l-c-ambn

tIm¿Øn-W-°n-bn-´p≈ Hcp kpIrX Ipkpa aRvP-cntbm Io¿Ø-

\tam BWv epØn-\nb F∂v k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p.

16-̨ mw \q‰m-≠n¬ hn. temd≥kv {_m≥knkn BWv amXm-hns‚ epØn-

\nb cNn-®-Xv.

""\∑-\n-d™ adn-bta....'' F∂ {]m¿∞\

amXm-hn-t\m-Sp≈ {]m¿∞-\-I-fn¬ G‰hpw {]ap-Jhpw at\m-l-

c-hp-amb {]m¿∞-\-bm-Wn-Xv. ssZh-am-Xm-hn-s\-°p-dn®v ItØm-en°

ssZh-imkv{Xw ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ G‰hpw kw£n]vX cq]-amWv Cu

{]m¿∞-\-bn-ep-≈-Xv. c≠v `mK-ß-fp≈ Cu {]m¿∞-\-bn¬ BZy-

`mKw A`n-hm-Z-\hpw c≠m-a-tØXv At]-£-bp-am-Wv. hn. eq°m Fgp-

Xnb kphn-tijw 1:28, 42 F∂o hmIy-ß-fmWv BZy-`m-Kw. tbip-

hns‚ P\-\-sØ-°p-dn®v Adn-bn-°p-hm≥ h∂ amemJ Ah-fpsS

ASpØp h∂v ]d-™p, "ssZh-Ir] \nd-™-h-tf!, kzkvXn,

I¿Ømhp \nt∂mSp IqsS'' (eq°m 1:28). amem-Jsb a[y-h¿Øn-bm-

°n-sIm≠v adn-bsØ A`n-hmZyw sNøp-∂Xv ssZhw Xs∂-bm-Wv.

\∑-\n-d-™-h-fm-Ip-hm-\p≈ ImcWw I¿Ømhv Ah-tfm-sSm∏w

Ds≠∂-Xm-Wv. Ahsf \nd-bv°p∂ \∑-bmIs´, F√m Ir]m-h-c-ß-

fp-sSbpw DdhnSamb I¿Øm-hns‚ km∂n-≤yhpw (CCC 2676)

tbip-hns\ K¿`w[cn® adnbw Xs‚ Cf-b-Ω-bmb Fen-k-_-

Øns\ kμ¿in®v A`n-hm-Z\w sNbvX-t∏mƒ Fen-k-_-Øns‚ DZ-

c-Øn¬ inip IpXn-®p-Nm-Sn. Fen-k-_Øv ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv \nd-™-

h-fm-bn. At∏mƒ Ahƒ adn-btØmSv ]d-™p. "" \o kv{XoI-fn¬

A\p-Kr-lo-X-bm-Wv. \ns‚ DZ-c-^-ehpw A\p-KrloXw''(eq°m 1:42)

{]m¿∞\ Cw•o-jn¬:

Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with you, blessed are youamong women and blessed is the fruit of your womb, Jesus


ae-bmf X¿÷-pa-bn¬ You (\o) \v ]Icw _lp-am\ kqN-I-

ambn Aßv F∂ hm°v D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂p.

c≠mw-`mKw \ΩpsS At]-£-bm-Wv. ]cn-ip-≤bpw ssZh-Øns‚

AΩ-bp-amb adn-b-tØmSv \mw {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p. Fen-k-_-Øn-t\m-

sSm∏w \mapw hnkva-b-`-cn-X-cm-Ip-∂p.

Cu {]m¿∞\ Cw•o-jn¬ :

Holy Mary, mother of God, pray for us, sinners,now and at the hour of our death. Amen.

]m]n-IfmsW∂v kzbw Gd-dp-]-d-™p-sIm-≠mWv k¿Δ hnip-

≤-bmb ImcpWy AΩ-tbmSv \mw bmNn-°p-∂-Xv. kz]p{Xs‚ Ipcn-

ip-a-cWka-bØv k∂n-ln-X-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse \ΩpsS ac-W- th-

f-bnepw amXmhv IqsS-bp-≠m-Ip-hm≥ \mw B{K-ln-°p-∂p. \mw acn-

°p-tºmƒ ]dp-Zo-km-bn¬ Xs‚ ]p{Xs‚ ASp°te°v \ΩpsS AΩ-

sb∂ \ne-bn¬ Ahƒ \sΩ \bn°s´ (CCC. 2627). 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠n-

emWv Cu {]m¿∞-\-bpsS ]q¿Æ-cq]w {]N-cn-®-Xv.

{]m¿∞\:

\∑-\n-d™ adn-b-ta, kzkvXn, I¿Ømhv Aß-tbmSpIqsS,

kv{XoI-fn¬ Aßv A\p-{K-ln-°-s∏-´-h-fm-Ip-∂p. Aß-bpsS DZ-c-

Øn≥ ê-amb Cutim A\p-{K-ln-°-s∏-´-h-\m-Ip-∂p.

]cn-ip≤ adn-b-ta, Xºp-cms‚ AtΩ, ]m]n-I-fmb Rßƒ°p

th≠n Ct∏mgpw Rß-fpsS ac-W-k-a-bØpw Xºp-cm-t\mSv At]£n-

°-Wta. BtΩ≥.

{XnIm-e-P]w

F√m- Zn-h-khpw cmhn-sebpw D®bv°pw k‘ybv°pw sNm√n

hcp∂ Hcp sIm®p-{]m¿∞-\-bmWv {XnIm-e-P]w AYhm "I¿Øm-

hns‚ amemJ....' F∂m-cw-`n-°p∂ {]m¿∞\. CXv awK-f-hm¿Øbpw

a\p-jym-h-Xm-chpw A\p-kva-cn-®p-sIm≠v amXm-hns\ kvXpXn-°p∂

hN-\m-[n-jvTnX Io¿Ø-\-am-Wv.

a≤y-i-X-I-Øn¬ ]m›m-Xy-cm-Py-ß-fn-emWv Cu {]m¿∞\

BZy-ambn Bcw-`n-®-Xv. XpS-°-Øn¬ k‘ym-k-a-bØv am{Xta Cu

{]m¿∞\ sNm√n-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. ]n∂oSv {KnKdn 9˛-ma≥ ]m∏ (1227-˛1241)

Cu {]m¿∞-\-bpsS ka-bØv Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-°msc Hm¿°p-hm≥ th≠n

]≈n-I-fn¬ aWn-b-Sn-°-W-sa∂pw \n¿t±iw \¬In. ]n∂o-SmWv AXn-


cm-hn-sebpw D®-t\-cØpw Cu P]w sNm√p∂ ]Xn-hp-≠m-b-Xv. ]Xn-

\mdmw \q‰m-≠m-b-tXmsS {XnIme P]w temI-am-k-Iew A\p-Zn\

{]m¿∞-\-bpsS ]ń-I-bn¬ ÿm\w ]nSn-®p.

""F{Xbpw Zb-bp≈ amXm-th...'' F∂ {]m¿∞\

Akm-[m-c-W-amb ssZh-am-Xr-`-‡n-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ thZ-]m-cw-K-

X\pw am¿∏m-∏-bpsS D]-tZ-jvSm-hpambn {]tim-`n-®n-cp∂ _¿WmZv

]pWy-hm≥ (1091-˛1153) Fgp-Xnb Cu {]m¿∞\ sNm√mØ ItØm-

en°m IpSpw-_-ßƒ tIc-f-Øn¬ D≠m-Ip-hm-\n-S-bn-√. ImcWw, At]-

£n-®m¬ Dt]-£n-°mØ ]cn-ip≤ adn-b-tØm-Sp≈ Cu {]m¿∞\

AXn-a-t\m-l-chpw hfsc ê-{]m-]vXn-bp-≈-Xp-am-Wv.

amXm-hn-t\m-Sp≈ {]m¿∞-\-I-sf√mw a≤yÿ {]m¿∞-\-I-fm-

Wv. ]nXmhpw ]p{X\pw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hp-amb {Xn-ssXzI ssZh-

Øn¬\n∂v A\p-{K-l-ßƒ hmßn-Ø-c-W-sa-sb-∂mWv {]m¿∞n-°p-

∂-Xv. \mw {]m¿∞n-°p-∂Xv bYm¿∞-Øn¬ amXm-hn-t\m-S-√, amXm-

hp-hgn ssZh-tØm-Sp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. hn. tPm¨ acnb hnbm\n ]d-bp-

∂p. ""kpK‘ ]qcn-X-amb Hcp hkvXp-hn¬ \mw kv]¿in-®m¬ \ΩpsS

ssIIƒ°v kuc`yw In´p-∂p. AXp-t]mse \ΩpsS {]m¿∞\ AΩ-

bpsS Ic-ß-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ AXv ]cn-afw ]c-Øp-∂p.-

L-

""ssZhtØmSp tN¿∂p \n¬°phn≥;

AhnSp∂v \nßtfmSpw tN¿∂p \n¬°pw.''

bmt°m_v 4:8


k¿Δ-P-\-]-Z-ß-fp-sSbpw \mY ]Tn-∏n®

{]m¿∞\

"{InkvXp-\m-Ym', ]nXm-hns‚ ]p{Xm, Aß-bpsS Acq-]nsb

Ct∏mƒ ̀ qan-bn-te-°-bbv°-W-ta. F√m P\-]-Z-ß-fp-sSbpw

lrZ-b-Øn¬ ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv hkn-°s´! AXp-hgn [m¿Ωn-

Im[:]X-\w, Zpc-¥-ßƒ, bp≤w BZn-bm-b-h-bn¬\n∂pw

Ah¿ kwc-£n-°-s∏-S-s´. Hcn-°¬ adn-b-am-bn-cp-∂, k¿Δ-

P-\-]-Z-ß-fp-sSbpw \mY, Rß-fpsS A`n-`m-j-I-bm-bn-cn-

°-s´,

BtΩ≥

(Zn-h-tk\ ]e-{]m-hiyw sNm√p-∂-Xp-hgn ssZh-Øns‚ Ir]bpw

c£bpw im¥nbpw e`n-°p-sa∂v amXmhv Adn-bn-®p.)

""\o F{X D∂-X-\m-tWm A{X-am{Xw

hn\o-X-\m-hpI; At∏mƒ I¿Øm-hns‚

Ir]bv°v \o ]m{X-am-Ipw.''

({]-`m-j-I≥ 3:18)


31. ̀ ‡kwLS\Ifpw ̀ ‡nIrXyßfpw

1. acn-b≥ skmUm-en‰n (kn.-F¬.-kn)

2. acn-b≥ ssk\yw (eo-Pn-b≥ Hm^v tacn)

3. a‰p-`-‡-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ

4. DØ-cob `‡n

5. ASn-a-h-bv°¬

6. F´p-t\mºv

7. ]Xn-\©v t\mºv

8. i\n-bmgvN hW°w

9. tabvamk hW°w

10. HIvtSm-_¿ amk-Ønse P]-ame`‡n

]cn-ip≤ I\y-Im-a-dn-b-Øn\v \ΩpsS {InkvXob Pohn-X-Øn¬

AXp-ey-amb ÿm\-ap-≠v. Ch B[p-\n-I-bp-K-Øn¬ Bcw-`n® H∂-

√. ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ t{]c-W-bm¬ XpS°w Ipdn-°-s∏´Xpw (eq-

°m. 1:43), F√m Xe-ap-d-I-fnepw XpS-c-W-sa∂ {]h-N-\-Øns‚

]q¿Øo-I-c-W-ambn Cu Xe-ap-d-I-fnepw kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-

Xp-amb H∂m-Wv.

amXm-hn-t\m-Sp≈ `‡n \ΩpsS ]pWy-Po-hn-X-Øn\pw kz¿§

{]m]vXn°pw XnI®pw A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-am-Wv. ]cn-ip-≤n-bpsS hnf-

\n-e-am-bn-cp-∂p \ΩpsS AΩ. ]pWy-k-ºm-Z-\-Øn-\p≈ ]cn-{i-a-ß-

fn¬ Ft∏mgpw \ap°v amXr-I-bm-bn-cn-t°-≠Xv kI-e-]p-Wy-ßfpw

sIm≠v Aew-Ir-X-bmb ]cn-ip≤ I\y-Im-a-dn-b-am-Wv. kz¿§ob \∑-

Iƒ {]m]n°-p-∂-Xn\pw Cutim-bpsS lrZ-b-Øn-\-\p-cq-]-amb Hcp

PohnXw \bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw adn-b-tØm-Sp≈ ̀ ‡n Xo¿®-bmbpw \ap°v

klm-b-I-am-Wv.


AXn-]p-cm-X-\-Imew apX¬ ]m›m-Xycpw ]uc-kvXycpw c£-

Is‚ AΩ-bmb ]cn-ip≤ I\y-Im-a-dn-bsØ ssZh-am-Xmhv F∂

\nebv°v BZ-cn-®p-h-W-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. adnbw ssZh-am-Xm-hm-sW-∂Xv

HutZym-Kn-I-ambn {]Jym-]n® Ft^-tkmkv kq\-l-tZm-kn\p (431)-

tijw amXm-hn-t\m-Sp≈ `‡n ]q¿Δm[nIw h¿≤n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

12˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ acn-b-`-‡n°v {]pN-c-{]-Nmcw e`n-®p. c≠mw hØn-

°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ acnb imkv{XsØ k`m-im-kv{X-hp-ambn _‘-

s∏-SpØn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. kIe hnip-≤-cp-sSbpw cm⁄n-bmb adn-

bØns‚ \ma-t[bØnemWv `qcn-`mKw ss{IkvX-h-tZ-hm-e-b-ßfpw

ÿm]n-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xv. G‰-hp-a-[nIw a≤yÿ {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ

\S-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw ]cn. AΩ-bpsS \ma-Øn-em-Wv.

1. acn-b≥ skmUm-en‰n (C.L.C.- Christian Life Communities)

s_¬Pnbw kztZ-inbpw Cutim k`mw-K-hp-amb tPm¨

te\nkv F∂ sshZn-I≥ 1563 am¿®v 25-˛\v ÿm]n-®-XmWv acn-b≥

skmUm-en‰n (kn.-F¬.-kn) "adnbw hgn Cutim-bn-te°v' F∂ ap{Zm-

hm-Iy-hpw; ]T-\w, {]m¿∞-\, {]h¿Ø\w F∂o am¿§-ßfpw

ap≥\ndpØn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ kn.F¬.-kn.-bpsS {][m\ e£yßƒ

kzbw hnip-≤o-I-c-Ww, Ab¬hm-kn-bpsS c£, Xncp-k`mkwc-

£Ww F∂n-h-bm-Wv.

1584 Unkw-_¿ 5˛\v "Hma-\n-s∏m-tØ-¥nkv tZbn' F∂ Xncp-sh-

gp-Øn-eqsS ]Xnaq∂mw {KnKdn am¿∏m∏ acn-b≥ skmUm-en-‰nsb

HutZym-Kn-I-ambn AwKo-I-cn-®p.

1967 \hw-_¿ 21-˛mw XobXn tdman¬ ktΩ-fn® temI sÛ-

td-j≥ acn-b≥ skmUm-en-‰n-bpsS t]cv kn.--F¬.-kn. F∂m°n am‰n.

awKf hm¿ØØncp-\mƒ Znh-khpw acn-b≥ skmUm-en‰n ÿm]I

Zn\-hp-amb am¿®v 25-˛\mWv temI kn.-F¬.-kn. Zn\w BtLm-jn-

°p-∂-Xv.

a) tdmw Bÿm\amb kn.F¬.kn. sÛtdjs‚ apJ]{XØns‚

t]cv : t{]m{K ntbm

b) tIcf doPnbW¬ kn.F¬.kn. sÛtdjs‚ HutZymKnI

amknIbpsS t]cv : tacn hnPbw

2. acnb ssk\yw (eo-Pn-b≥ Hm^v tacn)

temI-Øn\pw AXns‚ \io-I-cWi‡n-°p-sa-Xn-cmbn Xncp-

k` \nc-¥cw \S-Øp∂ ka-c-Øn\v ssk\nI tkh\w sNøp-hm≥


kzbw ka¿∏n®n-cn-°p∂ ItØm-en-°-cpsS Hcp Aevamb t{]jnX

kwL-S-\-bmWv eoPn-b≥ Hm^v tacn. ]cnip≤ Aa-tem-¤h

I\y-Im-a-dn-b-Øns‚ {]_-e-amb t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ Hcp ssk\y-

amWv CXv. Cu ssk\y-Øns‚ Bbp[w P]-am-e-bm-Wv. c£m-I-

hNw DØ-co-bhpw hnP-b-]-XmI Ipcn-ip-am-Wv.

Ab¿e-≠nse Uypªn-\n¬sh®v 1921 sk]vXw-_¿ 7˛\v

{^¶pU^v ÿm]n-®-XmWv Cu kwL-S-\. CXns‚ BZy-Ime t]cv

"Imcp-Wy-am-Xm-hns‚ kwL-S\' F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. kwL-S-\-bpsS

{]m¿∞-\-Ifpw Nn{Xhpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ eLp ]{Xn-I-bpsS t]cv

sXt c (Tessera) F∂m-Wv.

a. acn-b≥ ssk\y-Øns‚ Hcp LS-I-Øns‚ t]cv

ssk\y-imJ ({]-ko-Zn-bw)

b. ct≠m A[n-e-[n-Itam {]ko-Zn-b-ßƒ IqSn-t®-cp-∂-Xn\v ]d-bp∂

t]cv ˛ Iqcn-b.

c. Hcp Iqcn-bmbv°v kz¥w IrXy-ßƒ°v ]pdta Ht∂m H∂n-e-[n

Itam Iqcn-bm-I-fpsS tae-t\z-j-Whpw e`n-®m¬ B Iqcnbmsb

hnfn-°p∂ t]cv ˛ IΩo-knbw

d. Hcp {]tZiw apgp-h\pw `c-Wm-[n-Im-c-ap≈ kan-Xn°v hnfn-°p∂

t]cv ˛ sk\mØpkv (Senatus)e. Hcp IΩo-kn-b-Øns‚ ]cn-[nsb AXn-ew-Ln-°p-∂Xpw sk\mØp-

kn-\m-h-iy-amb hen∏w C√m-Ø-Xp-amb {]tZ-i-Øns‚ `c-Ww

\S-Øp∂ Iu¨kn¬ ˛ tdPnbm (Regia)

3. amXm-hns‚ \ma-t[-b-Øn-ep≈ a‰p `‡-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ :-˛

1. A¤p-X-Im-ip-cq] kJyw

2. P]-ame ktlm-Zc kwLw

3. Aa-tem-¤-h-am-Xm-hns‚ skmUm-en‰n (ÿm-]-I≥ hn. sUman-\nIv

kmhn-tbm : 1842-˛1857)

4. ªp B¿an Hm^v Hu¿ teUn Hm^v ^mØna

5. Aa-tem-¤h ssk\yw (ÿm-]-I≥ : hn. amIvkv aney≥

tImƒs_ : 1894-˛1941)

4. DØ-cob `‡n

DØ-cobw AYhm sh¥nß amXr-`-‡n-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v k`-

bn¬ Gsd {]Nmcw t\Sn-bn-´p≈ ̀ ‡-h-kvXp-hm-Wv. 1251 Pqsse 16˛mw

XobXn {]m¿∞-\m-\n-c-X-\m-bn-cp∂ sska¨ tÃm°n\v amXmhv


{]Xy-£-s∏´v \¬Inb DØ-cobw C∂v ItØm-en-°m-hn-izm-kn-

Iƒ°v Gsd hne-s∏´ H∂m-Wv. ame-t]mse Igp-Øn¬ AWn-bp∂

DØ-co-b-Øns‚ Hc-‰Øv Cutim-bp-sSbpw at‰ A‰Øv amXm-hn-

s‚bpw Nn{Xam-bn-cn-°pw.

km[m-cW BZy-Ip¿∫m\ kzoI-cW thf-bn-emWv DØ-cob

k`-bn¬ AwK-ambn tNcp-∂-Xv. amXm-hns‚ kwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn

kzbw ka¿∏n-®psIm≠v DØ-cobw kzoI-cn-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.

DØ-cob k`-bn¬ AwK-ambn tN¿°p-hm≥ sshZnI¿°mWv A[n-

Im-c-ap-≈-Xv. sIm¥bpw sh¥n-ßbpw Imip-cq-]hpw amXr-kw-

c£Whpw amXr-km-∂n-≤yhpw {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p∂ `‡-h-kvXp-°-

fm-Wv. Ah AWn-bp-∂-Xp-hgn ssZthm-∑p-J-Nn-¥-bn¬ hf-cm≥ klm-

bn-°p-∂p.

5. ASn-a-h-bv°¬

17-˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ hf¿∂p-h∂ Hcp `‡n-Ir-Xy-amWv amXm-hn\v

ASn-a-h-bv°¬. {]tXyI {]m¿∞\ \S-Øn, amXm-hns‚ Zmk≥/

Zmkn-bmbn Pohn-®p-sIm-≈m-sa∂ hmKvZm-\-amWv AXn-ep-≈-Xv.

h√m¿]mSw ]≈n-bn¬ ASna hbv°¬ {][m-\-s∏´ Hcp A\p-

jvTm\-am-Wv.

6. F´p-t\mºv

amXm-hns‚ P\-\-Øn-cp-\m-fn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®v sk]vXw-_¿ 1

apX¬ 8 hsc t\mºp-t\m°n B Xncp-\m-fn¬ `‡n-]q¿Δw ]s¶-Sp-

°p-∂p.

tIm -́b-Øn-\-SpØv F.Un. 910-̨ ¬ ÿm]n-X-amb aW¿ImSv a¿Ø

adnbw bmt°m-_mb kpdn-bm\n tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ sk]vXw-_¿ 1

apX¬ 8 hsc BtLm-j-ambn amXmhns‚ P\-\-Øn-cp-\mƒ BN-cn-

°p-∂p. tImX-aw-Kew cq]-X-bnse \K-∏pg ]≈n-bnepw F´p-t\mºpw

Xncp-\mfpw \S-Øp-∂p-≠v. a‰p-]e ]≈n-I-fnepw F´p-t\m-ºp- t\m-

°p-∂p-≠v. _mhp-km-t\mºv ({]m¿∞-\m-t\m-ºv) F∂m-bn-cp∂p

CXns‚ ]gb t]cv. 9˛mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ CXv tIc-f-Øn¬ \S-∏m-°n.

7. ]Xn-\©v t\mºv

amXm-hns‚ kz¿§mtcm]-W-Øn\v apºv BKÃv 1 apX¬ 15 hsc

BN-cn-°p∂ t\mºm-Wn-Xv.


8. i\n-bmgvN hW°w

BgvN-bn¬ Hcp Znhkw˛i-\n-bmgvN amXm-hn-\mbn {]Xn-jvTn-°-

s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. ]pcm-X-\-Imew apX¬ Cu `‡n \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-

s∂-¶nepw 9˛10 \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-emWv i\n-bmgvN amXm-hns‚ Zn\-ambn

{]Nmcw t\Sn-b-Xv. amXm-hns‚ \ma-t[-b-Øn-ep≈ hnhn[ kwL-S-\-

I-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\hpw Imcy-£-a-ambn \S-°p-∂Xv i\n-bm-gvN-I-fn¬

cmhn-se-bp≈ hnip-≤-Ip¿∫m-\-sb-Øp-S¿∂m-Wv.

9. tabvamk hW°w

tIc-f-I-tØm-en-°-cpsS CS-bn¬ ]e \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p-apºv {]Nm-

c-Øn-emb-XmWv tabvamk `‡n. tabv amk-Ønse 31 Znhkhpw

amk-h-W° ]pkvXIw D]-tbm-Kn®v amXm-hn-t\mSv {]tXyI {]m¿∞-

\-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂p.

10. HIvtSm-_¿ amk-Ønse P]-am-e-`‡n

-HIvtSm_¿ amkØn¬ tZhmebßfnepw `h\ßfnepw F√m

Znhkhpw P]ame sNm√n {]m¿∞n°p∂XneqsS amXmhnt\mSp≈

`‡n IqSpX¬ {]ISn∏n®v A\p{Klw t\Sp∂Xn\v km[n°p∂p.

HIvtSm_¿ 7˛mw XobXn k` P]ame cm⁄nbpsS Xncp\mƒ

BtLmjn°p∂p.

amXm-hns‚ sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb Nn{X-ßfpw ItØm-en°m ̀ h-

\-ß-fpsS Ae-¶m-c-ß-fm-Wv. Cutim-bpsS Xncp-lr-Z-b-Øn-s‚bpw

Xncp-°p-Spw-_-Øn-s‚bpw Nn{X-ß-tfm-sSm∏w amXm-hns‚ Nn{Xhpw ̀ h-

\-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂Xpw hml-\-Ønepw _mKnepw t]gvknepw

amXr-Nn-{X-ßƒ `‡ym-Z-c-]q¿Δw kq£n-°p-∂Xpw amXr-`-‡n-bpsS

{]I-S-\-ßfpw amXr-kw-c-£-W-Øn\v D]-I-cn-°p-∂-h-bp-am-Wv.

D]-kw-lmcw

Cu A≤ym-b-Øn¬ \¬In -bn -cn -°p∂ `‡n-Ir -Xy -ßƒ

AXn¬Øs∂ c£m-I-c-a-√. c£-bn-te°v \sΩ \bn-°p-∂-Xn\v \mw

amXm-hns‚ klmbw tXSp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. "adnbw hgn tbip-

hn-tebv°v' F∂ _¿WmUv ]pWy-hms‚ ap{Z-hmIyw \ap°v apdp-

sI-∏n-Sn-°mw. _e-lo-\cpw ]m]n-I-fp-amb a\p-jysc ]›m-Øm-]-

Øn-te°pw am\-km-¥-c-Øn-te°pw AXp-hgn bYm¿∞ c£-bn-

te°pw \bn-°p-∂-Xn\v amXmhv hln-°p∂ ]¶v \nkvXp-e-am-Wv.

AXn\v kvt\l-\n-[n-bmb B AΩ \sΩ \bn-°pw. AXn-\p-th≠n

\ap°v {]m¿∞n-°mw. ""Fs‚ AtΩ Fs‚ B{i-bta F\n-°p-

th≠n {]m¿∞n-°-Wta''-.


Bibliography1. ]n.-H.-kn. kºq¿Æ ss__nƒ

2. ss__nƒ hn⁄m-\-tImiw ̨ ss_-_nƒ ssZh-im-kv{X-\n-L≠p

3. ItØm-en°mk-̀ -bpsS aX-t_m-[\ {KŸw (ccc)4. c≠mw hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ {]am-W-tc-J-Iƒ

5. ss{IkvX-h-hn-⁄m-\nbw ̨ ̂ m. tPmk v̂ hnX-b-Øn¬

6. ss{IkvXh i_vZ-tImiw ̨ tUm. tPm¿Pv Ipcp-°q¿

7. hn. ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ Poh-N-cn{Xw ̨ tUm. Koh¿Kokv {KntKm-dn-tbm-kv,

s]cpº-≈n sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ

8. hn. ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ kºq¿Æ Poh-N-cn{Xw ̨ tIm´bw _m_p-cmPv

9. amXr-Xo¿∞-ß-fn¬ ̨ tUm. sP. \mep-]-d-bn¬ Fw.-kn.-_n.-F-kv.

10. CXm \ns‚ AΩ ̨ tUm. tPmk^v tIm -́bv°¬

11. A\p-Zn\ hnip-≤¿ ̨ tam¨. tXmakv aqtØ-S≥

12. What you should know about Mary-Charlene Altemose MSC13. ssZh-am-Xr-hn-⁄m-\obw ̨ ̂ m. t]mƒ \mbv°-c-°p-Sn-bn¬

14. aX-t_m-[-\-Øn\v Hcp am¿§-Zo]w ̨ d-h.-tUm. t]mfn IÆq-°m-S≥

15. \ΩpsS AΩ I\y-Im-a-dnbw ̨ ̂ m. tPm Xpfp-º≥am°¬ SSP16. ssZh-P-\-\n-tbm-sSmØv ̨ knÃ¿ dmWn acnb Fkv.-sF.-kn.

17. \ΩpsS AΩ ˛ jmPn amen-∏md

18. ]cn-ip≤ AΩ ̨ tPm¨t]mƒ c≠m-a≥ ]m∏-- ̨ FUn-‰¿ : -tXm-akv t]mƒ

19. amXm-hns‚ Xncp-\m-fp-Iƒ ̨ ̂ m. F-kv. shßm-eq¿ kn.-Fw.-sF.

20. adnbw al-\ob amXrI ̨ ̂ m. tXmakv a‰-∏n≈n

21. \nXy-k-lmb amXmhv ̨ ̂ m. kndn-bIv ]pØ-\-ßmSn

22. h√m¿]mSØΩ ˛ sI.-‰n. am\p-h¬

23.- ]-cn-ip≤ I\yIm amXmhv ̨ tabv amk hW°w ̨ ̂ m. tP°_v Gd-Wm´v

24. \nXy-k-lmb amXm-hns‚ s\mth\ ̨ B¿®v _nj∏v kqssk- ]mIyw

25. hn. butk∏v ]nXm-hns‚ s\mth-\˛ {io. hn.-kn. tPm¨ sh≈-cn-ßm´v

26. ]cn-ip≤ ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ hW-°-amkw ̨ ̂ m. Ian¬ kn.-Fw.-sF.

27. hn. butk∏v ̨ tPmk^v Atd-°m-ń¬

28. I\y-Im-a-dn-b-Øns‚ P]-ame ̨ tPm¨t]mƒ c≠m-a≥ am¿∏m∏

hnh¿Ø\w : tUm. tPm¿÷v Ipcp-°q¿

29. sIm¥ F∂ A¤p-X- P-]-ame ̨ tUm. tP°_v I´-bv°¬

30. amXr-̀ -‡n-bn-te°v aS-ßn-sb-Øp-∂-h¿ ̨ ^n-en∏v tXmakv

31. ^mØnam Ncn{Xw ̨ ̂ m. ]n.-kn. tXmakv

32. IpSpw_ {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ ̨ Fd-Wm-Ipfw A¶-amen AXn-cq-]X

33. ssZh-a-\p-jys‚ kvt\l-KoX ̨ acnb hmƒtXm¿Ø

34. tbip-hns‚ ]oUm-\p-̀ -h-cw-K-ßƒ ̨ B≥ ImX-ssd≥ Fa-dn®v

35. ssZh-Øn-ep≈ bYm¿∞ PohnXw ̨ hmkpe dnU≥

36. hn. ]ms{Z ]ntbm ˛ ^m. tPm¿Pv ta°c I∏q-®n≥

37. Poh-Pzm-e-am-kn-I-̨ - H-IvtSm-_¿ 2006

38. CXm \ns‚ AΩ, imtemw amkn-I-Iƒ

Documents

St mary book new setting - Catholic Gk Books/St. Mary, Mother of god.pdf · Malayalam Daivamathavaya Parishudha Mariam First Edition : Sept. 2007 Revised Edition : Sept. 2012 Author