Sta630 Midterm 01 Vuzsteam

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MIDTERM EXAMINATION

Spring 2009 STA630- Research Methods

Solved by vuZs Team Mehreen Humayun

<[email protected]> www.vuzs.net

Time: 60 min

Marks: 50 Question No: 1 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one On which of the following, Scientific knowledge mostly relies? � Identification of events � Logical understanding � Prior knowledge � All of the given options Question No: 2 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one What does an empiricist believe? All the knowledge that we have of life after death can be used in research. Knowledge in the form of ‘facts’ should be gained through sensory experience. Research conducted within the British Empire was biased and unreliable. Research should not always necessarily rely on the scientific methods. Lesson 2 Looking at the important features of scientific method one might say that there are two power bases of scientific knowledge: (1) empiricism i.e. sensory experiences or observation, and (2) rationalism i.e. the logical explanations for regularity and then consequent ional argumentation for making generalizations (theory).

www.vuzs.net Question No: 3 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one All of the following are true about theories, except: They organize and summarize existing knowledge about a topic. They are tentative until the facts prove them true. They provide possible explanations for the phenomenon under study. They lead to testable hypotheses through the process of deduction. Question No: 4 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following statements it TRUE for operational definition? It is one that bears no relation to the underlying concept. It is an abstract, theoretical definition of a concept A definition of a concept in terms of specific and empirical measures.

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It is one that refers to opera singers and their work. Lesson 5 Operational definition is also called a working definition stated in terms of specific testing or measurement criteria. The concepts must have empirical referents.

www.vuzs.net Question No: 5 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following statements is false about variables? Discrete variables allow measurement of an infinite number of fractions of units of measurement. Discrete variables can only have whole number values. Continuous numbers can only have whole number values. Continuous measures do not allow for scores that fall between two number values. Lesson 6 Question No: 6 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is known as: Discontinuous variable Dependent variable Independent variable Intervening variable Researchers who focus on causal relations usually begin with an effect, and then search for its causes. The cause variable, or the one that identifies forces or conditions that act on something else, is the independent variable. Question No: 7 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable? Age Annual income Grade point average Religion Any variable that has a limited number of distinct values and which cannot be divided into fractions, is a discontinuous variable. Such a variable is also called as categorical variable or classificatory variable, or discrete variable. www.vuzs.net Question No: 8 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one ‘There is no relationship between higher motivation level and higher efficiency’ is an example of which type of hypothesis? Alternative Correlational Null Research The null hypothesis simply states that there is no relationship between the variables

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or the relationship between the variables is “zero.” That is how symbolically null hypothesis is denoted as “H0”. For example: H0 = There is no relationship between the level of job commitment and the level of efficiency. Or H0 = the relationship between level of job commitment and the level of efficiency is zero. Question No: 9 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one “The higher the level of job satisfaction of the officers the lower the rate of turnover in an organization”, is a: Descriptive hypothesis Relational hypothesis Relational and directional hypothesis Relational and non directional hypothesis Relational Hypothesis: These are the propositions that describe a relationship between two variables. The relationship could be non-directional or directional, positive or negative, causal or simply correlational. Question No: 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which two of the following are legitimate frameworks for setting out a literature review: 1. Constructing intertextual coherence, 2. Deconstruction of textual coherence, 3. Problematizing the situation, 4. Resolving discovered problems? 1 and 2 2 and 3 1 and 3 2 and 4 Ref: Constructing inter-textual coherence (as synthesized, progressive, or non-coherence), an attempt to find commonality in a range of expressed opinion, and problematizing the situation, an attempt to reveal a gap in the literature of concept, method or perspective, are ways to think about providing a review framework. www.vuzs.net Question No: 11 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following refers to "A review that only demonstrates familiarity with an area is rarely published but it often is part of an educational program is which type of review"? Integrative review Theoretical review Self-study review Historical review Question No: 12 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which type of review compares how different theories address an issue?

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Context review Integrated review Methodological review Theoretical review Lesson 8 Theoretical reviews compare how different theories address an issue. www.vuzs.net Question No: 13 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following functions is performed by theoretical framework? Elaborates the relationship among the variables. Explains the logic underlying these relationships. Describes the nature, and direction of the relationships. All of the given options. Lesson 10 Question No: 14 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one When embarking upon a research project, which of the following issues should be considered? That the data from the study will be treated anonymously and confidentially. Coherent research question, pilot work and confidentially. Pilot work should be carried out to assess the practical issues and feasibility of the research. That the research should be based upon a coherent research question. Ref: The research should be based upon a coherent research question. Pilot work should be carried out to assess the practical issues and feasibility of the research and the data from the study will be treated anonymously. Question No: 15 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following is least likely to occur as an ethical problem with electronic research? Privacy could be invaded. People are not likely to be able to stop once they have begun participating. Debriefing could be avoided. Informed consent cannot be completely monitored. www.vuzs.net Question No: 16 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Mr. Ali has decided to use the tests given at the end of each chapter of the textbook to measure the achievement levels of the students in his study. Which of the following BEST describes the end of chapter test? Operationalized variable

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Independent variable Variable Construct Ref Link: Question No: 17 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which type of measurement scale describes the typical test scores that range from 0 to 100? Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio www.vuzs.net Question No: 18 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Mr. Hasan’s son has applied to a high school in Florida, but the application was denied solely on his low score on the Iowa Test of Basic Skills (ITBS). His son wants to attend this school and contends his current grades and other standardized test scores speak well to both his past work and future academic capability. Which of the following characteristics of the ITBS is being questioned by this student? Construct validity Content validity Predictive validity Concurrent validity www.vuzs.net Question No: 19 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following is the appropriate way in which to view the reliability of observational data? Test-retest Parallel forms Internal consistency Inter observer reliability Ref: Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability are the two ways by which the reliability of observational data can be estimated. Question No: 20 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following BEST describes an assessment that examines students' ability to conduct a chemistry experiment in the lab? Performance assessment Interest inventory Aptitude Standardized test

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www.vuzs.net Question No: 21 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following functions is performed by the Odinal scale? Categorize Distance Order Unique origin Lesson 17 Ordinal scales include the characteristics of the nominal scale plus an indicator of order. Question No: 22 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one In which way does a ratio scale measurement differ from an interval measurement? It implies the existence of an absolute zero value. It measures larger or smaller scores on some underlying dimension. It requires the mutual exclusivity of all cases. It requires that exhaustiveness is applied to all observations. www.vuzs.net Question No: 23 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following is NOT the implication of Ordinal scale? Characteristics of nominal scale Rank the object does not provide magnitude of object Provide rate Question No: 24 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following statements is correct about validity and reliability? When internal validity is high, external validity is low When internal validity is high, there is no change in external validity When internal validity is high, external validity is also high All of the given options Ref: The internal validity is high but the external validity is rather low. Question No: 25 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following is a threat to the internal validity of an experimental design? Maturation Interaction of setting and treatment Interaction effects of pre-testing Reactive effects of experimental arrangements

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Question No: 26 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following statements relates to concurrent validity? The measure apparently reflects the content of the concept in question. A criterion is employed on which cases are known to differ. A future criterion is employed on which cases are known to differ. A measure is gauged by comparing it to measures of the same concept developed through other methods. Ref: An example of concurrent validity is the use of the criterion of absenteeism to measure job satisfaction. Question No: 27 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one A measure has high internal consistency reliability when: Multiple observers make the same ratings using the measure. Participants score at the high end of the scale every time they complete the measure. Multiple observers obtain the same score every time they use the measure. Each of the items correlates with other items on the measure. Question No: 28 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Research may differ along a series of dimensions. Which of the following may be applied to this statement? The type of data collected. The data-collection technique. The level of manipulation used to elicit data collection. All of the given options. www.vuzs.net Question No: 29 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following statement refers to cross-sectional design? � A comparison of two or more variables over a long period of time � The collection of data from more than one case at one moment in time � One that is devised when the researcher is in a bad mood � A study of one particular section of society, e.g. the middle classes Cross-Sectional Studies are carried out once and represent a snapshot of one point in time. Data are collected just once, perhaps over a period of days or weeks or months, in order to answer the research question. Question No: 30 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following is a legitimate purpose of a research plan? � It forces you to think through every aspect of a study. � It provides detailed procedures to guide the conduct of the study.

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� It provides clear roadmap of the study. � Writing a plan facilitates the evaluation of it. www.vuzs.net Question No: 31 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one A study design in which the researcher might create_______ to establish cause-and-effect relationship is called Experimental Design. � An artificial setting, control some variables and manipulates the independent variable � A natural setting, control some variables and manipulates the dependent variables � An artificial setting, control some variables and manipulates the dependent variable � All of the given options Ref: An experiment involves the creation of a contrived situation in order that the researcher can manipulate one or more variables whilst controlling all of the others and measuring the resultant effects. Research process is in which one or more variables are manipulated under conditions which permit the collection of data which show the effects, if any, in unconfused fashion. Question No: 32 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following kinds of survey research gathers data through questionnaires administered once to the sample? � Longitudinal, observation � Cross-sectional, observation � Longitudinal, self-report � Cross-sectional, self-report Question No: 33 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following is NOT an example of a problem with using survey research to investigate behaviour? � Respondents tend to answer by giving the most socially desirable answer. � Respondents may inadvertently omit key terms in the question. � Respondents may not give an honest reply to what they see as a threatening question. � Respondents may be unwilling to reveal information as they believe they are likely to be identified. Question No: 34 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following statements might assist response rates? � Please photocopy the questionnaire five times and pass on to your work colleagues. � Please make sure that the questionnaire is completed with a fountain pen. � Please read the attached journal article on the ontological foundations of

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positivism prior to completing the questionnaire. � Please put the completed questionnaire in the enclosed stamped addressed envelope and place in the mail out tray. Question No: 35 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following is NOT a source of literature review? � Scholarly Books � Dissertations � Policy Reports and Presented Papers � Story book Lesson 9 www.vuzs.net Question No: 36 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one The most critical area of an article to read is; � Introduction � Abstract � Results section � Limitations Lesson 9 The most critical areas of an article to read are the methods and results sections. Question No: 37 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one The Introduction section of the research plan; � Gives an overview of prior relevant studies. � Contains a statement of the purpose of the study. � Relates previous studies, denote purpose and research questions.� Concludes with a statement of the research questions and, for quantitative research, it includes the research hypothesis. The introduction prepares the reader for the report by describing the parts of the project: background material, the problem statement, and research objectives of the study. In most projects, introduction can be taken from the research proposal submitted earlier by the consultant. www.vuzs.net Question No: 38 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Time consumed in mall intercept interview is representing which of the following type? � High � Moderate � Low � Nill

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Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are referred to as mall intercept interviews. Interviewers generally stop and attempt to question shoppers at a central point within the mall or at the entrance. These are low cost. Question No: 39 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following is True for survey research? � Survey research is a subset of experimental research. � Survey research is often used in experimental research. � Survey research is never used in experimental research. � Survey research is always used in experimental research. Question No: 40 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following is to convince reviewers that the researcher is capable of successfully conducting the proposed research project? � Literature review � Research question � Research proposal � Research project Question No: 41 ( Marks: 10 ) What are various type of variables that can be identified during research. Explain with suitable example.

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Sta630 Midterm 01 Vuzsteam