STAAR EOC REVIEWWORLD HISTORY

UNIT 8GUNPOWDER EMPIRES AND

CHINESE RENAISSANCE

Improved upon gunpowder technology of the

East Asia, developed cannons.

Shared Muslim beliefs, traditions, and forms which were based on previous Islamic elements:

After the decline of the Mongols/Yuan Dynasty regained control of Silk Road Trade, and then competed for dominance of the Mediterranean Sea & Indian Ocean trade

MUSLIM GUNPOWDER EMPIRES

Culture blending between Turks, Persian, and other cultural groups. They share some commonalities; however they were independent

empires that often clash over trade and the Sunni-Shiite split. Ottomans:

Sunni, Turkish Ruled by a Sultan which rules over a Sultanate, utilized local

administrator, and appointed viziers, Built a strong navy, utilized Janissaries (conquered Christians boys) Suleiman the Magnificent, peak of Ottoman power, expands into Eastern

Europe but failed to take Vienna Safavids:

Mostly Shiite, Persian Ruled by a Shah Rivals of the Ottomans

Mughals: Sunni, Persians Ruled by a Shah Akbar the Great, promoted religious tolerance and the unification of

Muslim and Hindu states

CULTURAL BLENDING

In what ways does the Taj Mahal reflect Persian, Islamic and Indian styles? Taj Mahal, symbol of the blending of

Persian, Islamic, and Indian styles, built as a tomb for Shah Jahan’s wife

Ottomans Decline Spaniards and Venetians defeat

Ottomans at the Battle of Lepanto in the Mediterranean.

Decline of the importance of the Silk Road Trade as European trade goes overseas

TAJ MAJAL & OTTOMAN DECLINE

Key Beliefs • Reincarnation • Monotheism • Meditation • Moderation • Equality under god • Rejected caste system

Sikhism, blended Muslim and Hindu beliefs,

Chinese Political System Tang (618 -907) • Recaptures lands of the Han, continues to Korea • Strengthen central government • Scholar-officials used to restore bureaucracy • Civil Service Exam Song (960-1279) • Reunify empire minus western & northern lands • Paid tributes of silver, silk, & tea to northern nomads • Jurchen challenges force empire south of Huang He • Ally with Mongols

CHINESE RENAISSANCE

Tang

Expand networks of roads & canals Grand Canal connects major rivers and Beijing Reduces taxes on peasants Redistributes land to peasant from elites Promoted foreign trade and agricultural improvement China prospers Military spending & overexpansion lead to decline

because of overtaxing Song

Use of 1st paper currency fast-ripening rice Increases farm production

Chinese Economic Development

Tang Schools used to train scholars in Confucianism, poetry Feudal lords lose influence to Scholar-Gentry Foreigners welcome Buddhism spreads Society becomes more mobile Coastal Port cities grow Social mobility increases

Song Eliminated the use of forced labor Continued many of the new innovations of the Tang

Chinese Cultural Developments

Analyze the expansion and contraction of the Tang & Song Dynasty using maps of period

Silk Road Manchurian Plain Nomads to North Himalayas Gobi Desert Grand Canal

Mapping Skills

Class Structure

Upper Class-Scholar-officials-gentry Middle Class-Urban-merchants, shopkeepers, artisans, Lower Class-Urban-laborers, soldiers, servants Rural-Landowners & peasants

Family & Gender Roles Wu Zhao (Zetian)-female empress Lower Class women-continued to work in fields and help

produce family’s food and income Upper class women-Foot-binding-“lily-foot”-broke foot-

sign of male’s wealth and power

Class Structure & Gender

The Arts Li Bo-poetry, life’s pleasures Paintings-natural landscapes (Daoism)

Technological Advancements Porcelain-late 700’s Mechanical Clock-700’s Block Printing-700’s Gunpowder-800’s Paper money-1020 Moveable Type-1040 Magnetic Compass-1100’s

Arts & Technology

Missions to Tang China include the adoption of: Chinese system of writing Painted landscapes Dynastic Rule & Civil Service Exam Many Japanese traditions are retained

Heian period-Dynasty of Japan Lady Murasaki-Tale of Genji, explains life in the royal court Decline of Tang results in Japanese development of a unique culture

Fujiwara Family & Feudalism Kamakura/Tokugawa Shogunate-establishes a new socio-political

system: Emperor-Puppet/figurehead Shogun-Supreme military leader Daimyo-military governors Samurai-bodyguards of loyal warriors

Early Japanese culture borrows from China

Introduction of Buddhism blended

with Shintoism influences the social roles of Samurai created the Bushido- a code of behavior 1. Bushido / The Way of the Samurai 2. Justice / Rectitude / Right Decision 3. Bravery / Courage 4. Benevolence 5. Respect 6. Honesty 7. Honor 8. Loyalty / Faithful / Devoted 9. Filial Piety 10. Honesty / Fidelity 11. Wisdom

Key elements of the development of

Feudalism

Mongols Pastoralist society Follow seasonal pattern of

migration through Eurasian steppes

Traded horses for basic items Frequent conflicts between

clans-tribes over grasslands and water rights

Prided themselves on their toughness

Often raided townspeople, breached Great Wall of China

Mongol/Yuan Dynasties to Ming

Dynasty

Unified Mongols and eliminated other nomadic

challenges in Manchuria & the Eurasian steppes Military Strategist

Created an elite cavalry force organized into units of 10,000

Used deceptive tactics to engage his opponents Used enemies technology, such as catapults and

gunpowder charges Fear & cruelty as a tactic Conquered Jin Empire, Middle East, China, and

Russia

Genghis Khan

Mongols were tolerant of other religious beliefs Allowed local administrators to continue to

govern Mongols often confirmed to the religious beliefs

of their conquered cultures Promoted free trade & passage throughout

empire Divided empire into 4 khanates

The Great Khan Jagatai Ilkhans Golden Horde

Mongol Empire

Kublai Khan-1st foreigner to rule all of China Tolerated Chinese culture Made few changes to Chinese government Built Shangdu Failed to conquer Japan Created a social caste that placed Mongols &

Muslims above ethnic Chinese Encouraged foreign trade and spread Chinese

innovations Marco Polo-controversial figure, merchant who

recants the excesses and beauty of China/Yuan dynasty

Yuan Dynasty & Kublai Khan

Created a tribute state over East Asia Xenophobic-feared and resisted any foreign

influence Removed all Mongol traces Returned Confucianism and the Civil Service

Exam Introduced fish farming and commercial crops

of cotton and sugar cane

Ming Dynasty

Zhenghe-Chinese explorer, led

expeditions to Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and eastern Africa Goal: Impress the world and collect

tribute By 1433: withdrew into self-sufficient

isolation 3 ports controlled by the government

would trade with foreigners Smuggling by profit-minded Chinese

allowed for trade with Europeans Europeans exchanged silver for goods. Chinese favored agriculture over industry Christian Jesuits-Matteo Ricci gained favor

in Ming Court

Exploration & Exchange