STAAR Reporting Category 4- BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES & SYSTEMS · blood; smooth muscle is found in the digestive system, circulatory system, excretory and reproductive system to help

B.9 (A) Compare the functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

STAAR Biology Review © Biology Roots, LLC www.biology-roots.com

B.9. The student knows the significance of various molecules involved in metabolic processes and energy conversions that occur in living organisms.

STAAR Reporting Category 4- BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES & SYSTEMS

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I. Types of biomolecules

5. Which biomolecule is a quick source of energy? Carbohydrates.

6. Which biomolecule stores genetic information? Nucleic acids.

7. Which biomolecule helps build bone and muscle? Proteins.

8. Which biomolecule is essential for the development of the nervous system and hormones? Lipids.

1.Lipids

3. Nucleic acids

II. Monomers and Polymers

Biomolecule POLYMER MONOMER

9. Carbohydrate Polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen

Glucose

10. Nucleic Acid DNA, RNA Nucleotides

11. Protein Polypeptides Amino Acids

12. Lipids are composed of glycerol and fatty acids, which can be used to build larger molecules such as fats, steroids, hormones, and waxes.

Determine which figure below best represents the following type of organic compounds: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids. Write the name on the line provided.

2. Proteins

4. Carbohydrates




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III. Comparison chart

Biomolecule Chemical Composition Function

13. Carbohydrates

1: 2: 1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Carbs store energy and provide structural support in plants (cellulose), fungi and arthropods (chitin).

14. LipidsGlycerol (alcohol –OH); and fatty acids/hydrocarbon chains

Can store long-term energy; provide protective waxy coatings, and make up hormones required for communication.

15. Proteins

Carbon atom attached to a amino group, carboxyl group, Hydrogen, and “R” group. Different R groups determine different amino acids

Proteins are the building blocks of organisms, catalyze chemical reactions (enzymes).

16. Nucleic Acids

A sugar molecule attached to a nitrogen base and phosphate group.

Stores genetic information.

Fill out the chart below to compare the functions and structures of each biomolecule.

IV. Examples of biomolecules

For each description below, determine which term best matches the following: A.  carbohydrates; B. lipids; C. nucleic acids or D. proteins

17. A Bread 18. C DNA 19. D Steak 20. B Lard

Observe the nutrition label at left and answer the following:

21. Is this food source a quick source of energy? Explain: This is most likely a quick source of energy since it contains sugars.

22. What types of carbohydrates are present in this food? Sugars and fiber (cellulose).

22. Do you think this is a type of meat? Why or why not? This is most likely not a type of meat, since meat would contain mostly protein. 22. Why are nucleic acids not included on nutrition labels? Nucleic acids do not provide energy.

B.9 (B) Compare the reactants and products of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of energy, energy conversions, and matter.




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I. Energy Processes of photosynthesis vs. cellular respiration

Light energy

Light-dependent reactions

Calvin cycle

Stored energy

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Sugar

Glycolysis

Krebs cycle

Electron Transport Chain

Released energy

CELLULAR RESPIRATIONCompare the energy maps of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

1.  What is the source of energy for photosynthesis? Light energy.

2.  What happens to energy during photosynthesis? The energy is stored as sugar in plants.

3.  What is the source of energy for cellular respiration? Sugar

4.  What happens to energy during cellular respiration? Energy is released/used.

Plants have chloroplasts, which means that plants do both cellular respiration and photosynthesis. During cellular respiration, carbon dioxide is released (you are releasing it as you exhale). During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is taken from the atmosphere during carbon fixation; the carbon is stored in sugar.

0 500 1500 2500 3500 4500 Light intensity in candelas

Exch

ange

of c

arbo

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Carbon exchange in plants

II. Carbon Exchange in Plants

As light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases. This also causes the amount of carbon that the plant takes in to increase. If light intensity is too low, the rate of photosynthesis decreases and the amount of carbon lowers as plants give off CO2.

5. Why does the amount of carbon required by a plant increase as light intensity increases? The increase in light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis, which requires more carbon.

6. At point “X” marked on the graph, the rate of cellular respiration is equal to the rate of photosynthesis.



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7. Explain how the carbon exchange can balance in plants: Carbon exchange can reach a balance when the carbon dioxide required during photosynthesis is equal to the amount of carbon dioxide released from plants during cellular respiration.

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Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Food molecules Built up Broken down

Energy source From sun stored in glucose Released from glucose

CO2 direction In Out

O2 direction Out In

Reactants Light, CO2, H2O O2, glucose

Products O2, glucose ATP, H2O, CO2

Occurs in Cells with chloroplasts. All cells

III. Comparison Chart of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

II. Carbon Exchange in Plants continued

8. Review the chart above that compares different aspects of photosynthesis to cellular respiration. Fill it out to the best of your ability.

9. What type of sugar is the food molecule built up and broken down during these two processes? Glucose.

10. What is the relationship among the reactants and products between photosynthesis and cellular respiration? The reactants of photosynthesis (CO2, H2O) are the products of cellular respiration. The reactants of cellular respiration are the products of photosynthesis (O2, glucose).

11. In the diagram below, put the following items in the correct box: CO2, O2, H2O, glucose. Note that some are the products of photosynthesis (from the chloroplast) and some are the products of cellular respiration (from the mitochondria).

chloroplast mitochondria

O2

glucose

CO2

H2O

B.9 (C) Identify and investigate the role of enzymes

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Enzymes are involved in chemical reactions. Enzymes reduce the amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur, and in doing so speed up the rate of chemical reactions. Chemical reaction = when chemicals interact and molecules change to produce something different. Reactants= the chemicals that participate in a chemical reaction. Products= the molecules that are formed as the result of a chemical reaction.

1. What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions? Enzymes reduce the amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur, which allows reactions to happen much faster.



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I. Enzyme Substrate Complex

Part of enzyme- substrate complex

Definition

2. Enzyme A protein that catalyzes chemical reactions.

3. Substrate Molecule involved in a chemical reaction that an enzyme acts upon.

4. Active Site The place on the enzyme where it binds to the substrate.

5. Product The resulting molecule(s) formed during a chemical reaction.

6. Enzymes are (circle one) [ proteins | carbohydrates ]. The [ shape | size ] of an enzyme determines its function, because enzymes are specific to a particular [ substrate | temperature ].

7. Can the enzyme DNA polymerase be used to break down or build lactose? Why or why not? DNA Polymerase cannot be used to break down or build lactose because lactose is not DNA Polymerase’s substrate, it is not the right shape/not specific to lactase.

Enzyme Substrate

Lactase Lactose

Catalase Hydrogen peroxide

DNA Polymerase Nucleotides

Enzymes can break down a reactant into multiple products or build multiple substrates together to make one product. Enzymes are able to be re-used after each chemical reaction. Enzymes and substrates are specific; this is because the shape of each enzyme is unique to its specific substrate.

8. Fireflies are examples of organisms that use bioluminescence to emit light. This process relies on enzymes. The tail of fireflies contains thousands of luciferase enzymes, which help bind oxygen to a molecule called luciferin. This produces oxyluciferin. The chemical reaction requires energy and releases light. During this reaction, what are the substrates? What is the product? The substrates are oxygen and luciferin; the product is oxyluciferin.

II. Enzymes as Catalysts




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11. At which temperature does this particular enzyme perform best? 40° Celsius. 12. What happens if the temperature is too hot or too cold? If the temperature gets too hot or is too cold, the reaction rate decreases. 13. Pepsin and Trypsin are digestive enzymes. One is found in the stomach and one is found in the small intestine. Based on the graph, which enzyme is most likely found in the stomach acid and why? Based on the graph, pepsin is most likely found in the stomach, since its reaction rate increases/thrives in more acidic environments.

Enzyme 1

II. Enzymes as Catalysts continued

9. In the firefly example given, how does luciferase speed up the chemical reaction? Luciferase is an enzyme; it decreases the activation energy required for a reaction.

Enzymes catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions that would take too long to occur otherwise. Recall that our cells use glucose to build cellular energy. Lactose is a sugar found in milk products. Lactose is converted into glucose with the help of enzymes.

Lactose Galactose Galactose- 1 phosphate

Glucose-1 phosphate

Glucose-6 phosphate

Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3 Enzyme 4

10. If enzyme 4 were denatured, which product would there be more of? If enzyme 4 were denatured, there would be more glucose-1 phosphate.

The rate at which enzymes speed up reactions can depend on factors such as temperature and pH.

TEMP

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Enzyme reaction rates and temperature

Temperature (in Celsius)

Reac

tion

rate

Pepsin Trypsin

pH

Enzyme reaction rates and pH

Reac

tion

rate

pH

B.10 (A) Describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of regulation, nutrient absorption, reproduction, and defense from injury or illness in animals.


B.10. The student knows that biological systems are composed of multiple levels. STAAR Reporting Category 4-

BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES & SYSTEMSRS

I. Functions of Body Systems

Body System General Function

Skeletal1.  Protects vital organs; supports your body; works with your muscular system

to create movement; stores minerals such as calcium; produces blood cells.

Muscular

2. Protects organs; supports breathing (diaphragm); cardiac muscle pumps blood; smooth muscle is found in the digestive system, circulatory system, excretory and reproductive system to help facilitate body functions; skeletal muscle provides movement.

Circulatory3. Works closely with other body systems to help transport materials throughout the body such as oxygen, hormones, nutrients, waste, lymph, and immune cells.

Respiratory 4. Supplies oxygen to our cells from the atmosphere and removes carbon dioxide.

Nervous 5. Controls and coordinates functions throughout the body by responding to external and internal stimuli.

Endocrine6. Communicates brain and body with chemical messengers called hormones; we need the endocrine system to grow, reproduce, and maintain homeostasis.

Digestive 7. Physically and chemically breaks down food molecules into very small molecules and absorbs these into our bloodstream; expels waste.

Excretory 8. Filters and removes excess waste from the bloodstream through the kidneys.

Immune 9. Defends our bodies from harmful pathogens and foreign toxins.

Reproductive 10. To produce sex cells and transport them so that fertilization may occur; to produce hormones that regulate the production of sex cells and offspring.

Integumentary11. Protects tissues and organs, protects against infection; helps maintain temperature; stores water and fat; serves as a receptor for pressure, touch, pain, and heat.

II. Relationships and Interactions Among Body Systems

12. When an ovum is produced in the ovaries, the egg travels down the fallopian tubes via peristaltic contractions to the uterus. Which body systems are involved in this process and what is the relationship? Ova moving through the fallopian tubes it requires the reproductive system to develop the mature ova from the ovaries; and the muscular system to use the peristaltic contractions of the smooth muscle that lines the fallopian tubes to move the egg.

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18. Describe the close relationship that the circulatory and respiratory system have in removing carbon dioxide waste from our tissues and providing our cells with oxygen: As our cells create carbon dioxide waste, the blood collects carbon dioxide and circulates it to the lungs, where it crosses the respiratory membrane and is exhaled as waste.

II. Relationships and Interactions Among Body Systems continued

13. When we are sick with food poisoning, our body usually feels nauseous and then makes an involuntary motion to expel the consumed food by vomiting. Think of as many body systems that would be involved with nausea as you can and how each system would contribute: •  Immune system detects stomach bug

•  Nervous system links brain and body and signals body to induce vomiting.

•  Muscular system works with nervous system to initiate contraction of the abdominal muscles and diaphragm to forcefully expel tainted food.

Animal body systems work together to ensure homeostasis by carrying out specific functions. For each purpose (temperature regulation, nutrient absorption, reproduction, and infection defense), one body system has already been including with a description as to how it helps carry out this purpose. In the blank space, write how a different body system interacts to contribute to each purpose.

14. Temperature Regulation

The nervous system detects low temperature from the nerves in the skin; this information is sent to the hypothalamus of the brain.

The endocrine system can initiate shivering to raise the body temperature if it is too low.

16. Nutrient Absorption The digestive system breaks down food into smaller particles.

The circulatory system cycles the small molecules (such as glucose) that were absorbed in the villi of the small intestine to other parts of the body.

15. Reproduction The endocrine system contains glands that produce hormones to regulate sperm and egg production.

The reproductive system produces egg and sperm with the help of the endocrine system, and in females protects and nourishes a growing embryo.

17. Infection/ Illness Defense The immune system contains white blood cells that defend against pathogens or produce antibodies to help other white blood cells destroy pathogens.

The integumentary system acts as a barrier to protect against infection.

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B.10 The student knows that biological systems are composed of multiple levels. STAAR Reporting Category 4-


III. Homeostasis in Body System Relationships

19.C Homeostasis is an ongoing process to maintain a stable internal environment. Each body system plays a role in homeostasis. This is known as “homeostatic regulation”, and relies on the coordination of body systems. This coordination is mostly controlled by the following body systems (choose the best pair):

A.  Respiratory and circulatory systems B.  Skeletal and reproductive systems C.  Nervous and endocrine systems D.  Digestive and muscular systems

20. A reflex arc is a pathway that responds when something is touched that causes pain, such as a hot stove. The reflex arc is responsible for pulling your hand away quickly! Write the name of the system that is missing form the reflex arc: 21. When a pathogen has infected your body, hormones called pyrogens may be released into the bloodstream by white blood cells. When these hormones reach the brain’s hypothalamus, it can release its own hormones to make the body temperature rise, resulting in a fever. The purpose of a fever is to make the body temperature higher than what the bacteria or virus can withstand. The fever is produced by vasoconstriction; which allows the blood to move to the body’s core and retain more heat. Based on this information, write the missing body systems in the flow chart for fever response:

Immune System Endocrine System Muscular and Circulatory Systems

Senses heat; pain Contracts to move away from source

of pain.

Communicates body with external stimuli.

Integumentary System Nervous system Muscular System

Vasoconstriction occurs to rise body

temperature.

Detects pathogen and attempts to destroy

pathogen

Communicates internal body systems via the

hypothalamus.

B.10 (B) Describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of transport, reproduction, and response in plants.


Label the diagram as root system or shoot system. In each connected box, write a quick description of each system.



II. Transport in Plants

5. Plants can be vascular or nonvascular. Vascular plants transport food and water through the xylem and phloem.

Plant Structure – Vascular Plants

Function Location

Xylem 6. Transports water and minerals from roots to shoots.

LEAFPhloem 7. Transports sugars and nutrients within the plant.

Stomata 8. Allow gas exchange (carbon dioxide; water vapor; oxygen).

Guard Cells 9. Regulate the opening and closing of the stomata.

I. Root System and Shoot System in Plants

2. Shoot system

4. Root system

1. The plant stem, leaves, and buds. Contains vegetative and reproductive parts of plants.

Vascular bundle

xylem phloem

Guard cells stoma

cuticle

Upper epidermis

Palisade mesophyll

spongy mesophyll

Lower epidermis

CELLS OF THE LEAF

3. Anchors the plant and absorbs nutrients and water; typically underground.

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II. Transport in Plants continued- Fill in the statements using the word bank: leaf; hot; xylem; water; absorption; carbon dioxide; phloem; transpiration; nutrients

10. Absorption occurs in the root system. Water and nutrients are absorbed into the plants shoot system, where they are moved through vascular tissue in structures such as the xylem and phloem. 11. The stomata help reduce water loss when closing due to hot or dry conditions. They also allow the exchange of carbon dioxide. Stomata affect the rate of water loss in plants, known as transpiration. 12. The plant’s food is produced in the leaf. The food travels from the leaves to the stem through the phloem. The plant’s water is absorbed through the roots, where it is moved up to the stem through the xylem. 13. How do the stomata play a role in transpiration? The stomata can affect water loss in a plant by opening and closing. When open, the rate of transpiration increases, when closed, the rate of transpiration decreases.

III. Plant Transport and Photosynthesis

14. How do the stomata play a role in photosynthesis? The stomata allow carbon dioxide to enter the leaf, which is required to make sugar. The amount of carbon that enters the plant through the stomata determines the rate of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis Equation: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O à C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Rate

of p

hoto

synt

hesis

Temperature

15. The rate of photosynthesis can be affected by temperature. As the temperature rises, the rate of photosynthesis also increases, but only to a certain point. As it gets hotter, what happens to the rate of photosynthesis? (See graph at left). If the temperature is too hot, the rate of photosynthesis decreases.

16. Offer an explanation for this: Answers vary! The hot temperatures can affect the enzymes that the plant requires for photosynthesis. Students often think of water loss and associate that- this is a great time to discuss how the stomata will close in high temperatures!

24. The movement of a plant in response to environmental stimuli is known as a tropism. For numbers 22-24, match the term at left with the most accurate description: a, b, or c. 25. C Phototropism 26. A Thigmotropism 27. B Gravitropism 28. Photoperiodism is the ability for plants to respond to the changing lengths of day and night. Come up with an example as to how plants might use this response: This may trigger plants to flower or close at night, or initiate dormancy during the winter months.

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17. The reproductive parts of angiosperms are located within the flower. The male part is called the stamen, and the female part is called the pistil.

18. In angiosperms, pollen produces sperm cells. Pollen sticks to the female stigma and travels down the style to the ovary. This is where fertilization will occur to make seeds.

19. The reproductive parts of plants are part of the (circle one) [ shoot system | root system ].

V. Plant Response

20. Plant growth and development is regulated by hormones, which send chemical messages. Plant Hormone Function Gibberellins 21. Growth hormones that stimulate rapid increase in size; and play a role in

germination, flowering, and fruit ripening.

Cytokinins 22. Promote cell division in plants and the formation of buds.

Auxins 23. Lengthens the cells found in the tips of plants; control some forms of tropism.

a.  A plant’s response to touch; such as climbing plants and vines raveling around a fence or plants growing in the direction of wind.

b.  A plant’s response to Earth’s gravitational pull.

c.  The tendency for a plant to grow towards light.

Pistil

Receptacle

Stamen

Stalk Ovule

Sepal

Anther Filament

Petal

Stigma

Style

Ovary


BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES & SYSTEMSIV. Plant Reproduction


Organisms are made up of smaller units and systems that work together to maintain homeostasis for survival. The smallest of these units is the cell. Using a clown fish as an example, put the following units into order from smallest to largest: tissues, cells, organism, organs, organ systems.

B.10 The student knows that biological systems are composed of multiple levels. STAAR Reporting Category 4-

BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES & SYSTEMS

I. Biological Organization

SS

B.10 (C) Analyze the levels of organization in biological systems and relate the levels to each other and to the whole system.

1. cells 2. tissues 3. organs 4. organ systems 5. organism

Biological organization also continues onto ecological organization: where multiple organisms affect one another as well as the physical components of the environment. Starting with the individual organism, put the following in order: biome, community, population, biosphere, ecosystem

Individual 6. population 7. community 8. ecosystem 9. biome 10. biosphere

11. The clown fish is one individual organism. However, it lives in a coral reef with many other clown fish. These clown fish make up a population. 12. Other populations live in a coral reef as well, such as anemones, seahorses, coral, sea turtles, sponges, and star fish. These living things make up the community. 13. The ecosystem is made up of the living things along with any nonliving factors that interact with each other. 14. The sea turtle is composed of multiple organ systems. Her brain, eyes, and spinal cord are all examples of organs that make up her nervous system. 15. The sea turtles’ organs are made up of tissues, which is made of specialized cells.. 16. How is the biosphere like an organism? The biosphere is composed of smaller pieces that each contribute to a larger piece; the biosphere being the largest. Organisms are built in the same way; they are made up of organ systems that rely on smaller units (cells).

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STAAR Reporting Category 4- BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES & SYSTEMS · blood; smooth muscle is found in the digestive system, circulatory system, excretory and reproductive system to help