STABILIZATION EFFECT OF EMULSIFIED ASPHALT ON … · STABILIZATION EFFECT OF EMULSIFIED ASPHALT ON EROSION RATE OF SANDY CLAY LOAM Elifas Bunga Lecturer at the School of Engineering,

International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE-IJENS Vol: 12 No: 02 1

122702-6969 IJCEE-IJENS © April 2012 IJENS I J E N S

STABILIZATION EFFECT OF EMULSIFIED ASPHALT ON EROSION RATE OF SANDY CLAY LOAM

Elifas Bunga Lecturer at the School of Engineering, Universitas Veteran RI, Makassar, Indonesia

email: [email protected]

Abstract

Soil as one of the most vital natural resources for life, has continuously undergone degradation due to erosion process. The eroded soil is due to strength of binding of particles forming soil which is unable anymore to hold pressures on it. One of the ways to increase the soil strength and reduce erosion on it, is by stabilizing with emulsified asphalt.

The aim of the study was to find out the stabilization effect of emulsified asphalt on erosion rate of sandy clay loam. The soil sample was obtained from the Jeneberang watershed area that is at Manuju village, Gowa regency, South Sulawesi province (E.1190 41.035’, S. 050 17.509’, + 269 m). Emulsified asphalt type CSS-IS was obtained from PT Wydya Sapta Colas. The test was done by rain simulation using Rainfall Simulator. The research parameters comprise rainfall intensity (50 mm/hour; 65 mm/hour; 80 mm/hour), degree of slope (100; 200; 300), and emulsified asphalt volume (0 cc/m2; 60 cc/m2; 80 cc/m2; 100 cc/m2) with length of storage 3 days. The data were analyzed by using descriptive quantitative from regression analysis results and correlation of erosion rate parameter with rain intensity parameter, slope and emulsified asphalt volume.,

The results of the study indicate that erosion rate increases exponentially in line with the increase of rainfall intensity and linearly by the increase of slope, but it decreases exponentially by the increase of emulsified asphalt volume. The stabilization of sandy clay loam with emulsified asphalt can reduce the erosion rate 61.58%, 72.42%, and 86.14% respectively at the stabilization of emulsified asphalt 60 cc/m2, 80cc/m2, and 100 cc/m2

Key words: erosion rate, sandy clay loam, stabilization, emulsified asphalt, rainfall simulation

I. INTRODUCTION

Erosion of rain water has caused many serious problems for life. Sedimentation phenomena occur at water constructions (dam, irrigation channel, navigation channel, etc) are inseparable from the contribution of erosion process happens at the mainstream. The other effect of the erosion process is the decrease of soil fertility due to the sweep away of humus layers which contain nutrients needed by plants in their growth.

The research result done by Puslitbang Tanah (1997) in [1] indicates that there are 10.94 million ha of critical land. In 2008 the critical land area in Indonesia excluded DKI Jakarta was ± 77.81 million ha and this will increase more and more in all Indonesia area [1]. Critical land is the land which has been damaged due to the loss of its vegetation so that

it causes the land to lose its function as water reservoir, erosion control, nutrient cycle, etc.(Statistik Kehutanan, 2008) in [1].

[2] in his research at the main stream of Jeneberang watershed indicated the erosion rate occurred in open land 381.9 ton/ha/year, at dyke 229.3 ton/ha/year, agricultural area 163,6 ton/ha/year, road side 157.9 ton/ha/year, forest area 81.85 ton/ha/year and plain 63.6 ton/ha/year/ At the slope of 20%-45% (=48.4 ton/ha/year), slope of 45%-65% (=117.4 ton/ha/year), slope of 65%-85% (=178.5 ton/ha/year) and slope of > 85% (=225.6 ton/ha/year).

II. LITERATURE REVIEW Soil structure is one of the soil characteristics

fully affects the soil sensitivity to outside effect including erosion. Therefore stability of soil structure is one of the conditions needed to prevent erosion. In

International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE

order to obtain stabilization of good soil structure, attempts to provide chemical preparat(chemical conservation) [3]. According to of soil stabilization material is meant (1)soil aggregate to prevent erosion and pollution, (2) to change hydrophobic and hydrophilic nature so that to change the soil capacity to hold water,increase soil kation change capacity.

Research on the use of soil nutrients to improve soil quality in Indonesia has been pioneered by Soil Research Agency since 1970 by utilizing bitumen emulsion, polyacrilamin, and latex [4]indicates good result and therefore, attempts are continuously developed especially in the production of the materials. One of the soil nutrients developedby Gabriels, et al, (1977) is bitumen emulsion, which is low cost, so that it is mostly used [3]

Erosion and sedimentation are two processes related to one another. According to [3]sedimentation are the release of soil particle from its main part and taken away by water or wind followed by sedimentation of material in another place.

Rainfall is one of the main factors causing serosion. Musgrave (1947) and Kirbystates that there is a relation between rain characteristic and amount of eroded soil. Rain drops to earth’s surface results in the thrown of soil particle to air. Due to earth’s gravitation, the particles fall back to earth and some of the smooth partcover the soil pores so that soil porosity decreases.Rain drops can also cause hard layer on the surface layer that can cause soil infiltration capacity decreases so that water flows on the surface as a factor causing erosion by water flow will be g

[6] states that erosion rate tends to increase exponentially in line with the increase of rain intensity and tends to decrease linearly in line with the increase of soil density. [7] states that the amount of erosion affected by rain intensity and linear curve simultaneously.

The most common type of erosion occurs on land is sprinkled erosion and surface flow erosion. Sprinkled erosion is erosion caused by the release and thrown of soil particles from the main part due to

International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE-IJENS Vol: 12 No: 0

122702-6969 IJCEE-IJENS © April 2012 IJENS

of good soil structure, attempts to provide chemical preparations are done

According to [4], the use of soil stabilization material is meant (1) to stabilize soil aggregate to prevent erosion and pollution, (2) to

phobic and hydrophilic nature so that to he soil capacity to hold water,and (3) to

Research on the use of soil nutrients to improve

soil quality in Indonesia has been pioneered by Soil 0 by utilizing bitumen

ilamin, and latex [4]. The research indicates good result and therefore, attempts are continuously developed especially in the production of the materials. One of the soil nutrients developed

7) is bitumen emulsion, which it is mostly used [3].

Erosion and sedimentation are two processes her. According to [3], erosion and

sedimentation are the release of soil particle from its water or wind followed

by sedimentation of material in another place. is one of the main factors causing soil

erosion. Musgrave (1947) and Kirby (1980) in [5), states that there is a relation between rain characteristic and amount of eroded soil. Rain drops

surface results in the thrown of soil particle to air. Due to earth’s gravitation, the particles fall back to earth and some of the smooth particles cover the soil pores so that soil porosity decreases.

layer on the surface that can cause soil infiltration capacity

on the surface as a factor causing erosion by water flow will be greater.

tends to increase exponentially in line with the increase of rain intensity and tends to decrease linearly in line with

states that the amount of erosion affected by rain intensity and slope follows

The most common type of erosion occurs on land is sprinkled erosion and surface flow erosion.

ed by the release and soil particles from the main part due to

direct rain. Surface flow erosion is caused by intensity and/or overflow of rain exceeding infiltration capacity or capacity of ground water deposit. Factors affecting the surface flowvelocity and turbulence of flow. One of the factors affecting the velocity of surface degree. The greater the sloping degree, the greater the velocity of flow and thus, the erosion increase. [7]-[8]-[9], found the increase of erosion rate in line with the increase of sloping degree.

III. MATERIAL, EQ UIPMENT, AND METHOD

A. Sandy clay loam Sandy clay loam sample was obtained from the

Jeneberang watershed area that is at Manuju village, Gowa regency, South Sulawesi province (E.11941.035’, S. 050 17.509’, + 269 m)sample was obtained in its original form. Original soil sample was taken by using pipe of 7.5 cm in diameter and 30 cm long. Disturbed soil sample was taken by using spade and put into a sack. Soil sample was taken at the depth of 0 – 50 cm

Figure 1. Location of soil

B. Emulsified asphalt

Emulsified asphalt used was CSSused for soil stabilization. It was obtained from PT Widya Sapta Colas (Figure 2). The volume of emulsified asphalt used in the study was ;cc/m2, 80 cc.m2, and 100 cc/m

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Surface flow erosion is caused by intensity and/or overflow of rain exceeding infiltration capacity or capacity of ground water

the surface flow erosion are of flow. One of the factors

surface flow is sloping degree. The greater the sloping degree, the greater the velocity of flow and thus, the erosion rate will

found the increase of erosion in line with the increase of sloping degree.

UIPMENT, AND

Sandy clay loam sample was obtained from the Jeneberang watershed area that is at Manuju village, Gowa regency, South Sulawesi province (E.1190

17.509’, + 269 m)(Figure 1). Soil s original form. Original soil

sample was taken by using pipe of 7.5 cm in diameter and 30 cm long. Disturbed soil sample was taken by using spade and put into a sack. Soil sample was

50 cm

soil sample taken

Emulsified asphalt used was CSS-1S especially used for soil stabilization. It was obtained from PT Widya Sapta Colas (Figure 2). The volume of

in the study was ;0 cc/m2, 60 2.


Figure 2. Emulsified Asphalt

C. Rainfall Simulation Equipment

Rainfall simulation equipment consists of Rainfall Simulator (Figure 3) and other equipment used to stimulate rain on sandy clay loam stabilized with emulsified asphalt, among otherssloping arrangement tool (Figure 4).

Figure 3. Rainfall Simulator

Figure 4. Slope arrangement tool and Box of soil sample



Figure 2. Emulsified Asphalt

Simulation Equipment

simulation equipment consists of (Figure 3) and other equipment

used to stimulate rain on sandy clay loam stabilized among others: soil box and

Figure 3. Rainfall Simulator

Figure 4. Slope arrangement tool and Box of soil

D. Testing Procedure D.1. Sample Preparation

Soil sample was solidified in the box, then sprayed with liquefied emulsified asphaltproportion 1 : 3 (emulsified asphalt 1 : 3 parts of water). The asphalt volume used in the research was 60 cc/m2, 80 cc/m2 and 100 cc mproportion 1 : 3, the mixture of emulsified asphalt and water used was 240 cc/mcc/m2. The spray of the mixturewas done by using anti mosquito spraying pump (Figure 5). The spraying was done evenly to all earth’s surface and the distance of the pump from the earth’s surface is equal for each spraying. The spraying was stopped when all asphalt mixture and water in the pump was used up, in which the volume is adjusted with the three treatments. The soil box sprayed with the mixture was kept at laboratory temperature for three days thenartificial rain was conducted.

Figure 5. Emulsified Asphalt Spraying

The tool for measuring slope was put on the floor of rain simulator, set up according to the slope used in the study. The soil box was put on the tool measurement and then covered with plastic. The rain simulation tool was initiated through computer, arranged mouthpiece of sprinkler opening and inletflow sensor (SPD-30 and SPDaccording to rain intensity fixed.normal, the plastic used to cover the soil was opened and at the same time the stopwatch was


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Soil sample was solidified in the box, then fied emulsified asphalt, with

proportion 1 : 3 (emulsified asphalt 1 : 3 parts of water). The asphalt volume used in the research was

and 100 cc m2. With the proportion 1 : 3, the mixture of emulsified asphalt

was 240 cc/m2, 320 cc/m2, and 400 . The spray of the mixture on earth’s surface

was done by using anti mosquito spraying pump igure 5). The spraying was done evenly to all

earth’s surface and the distance of the pump from the l for each spraying. The

spraying was stopped when all asphalt mixture and used up, in which the volume

is adjusted with the three treatments. The soil box sprayed with the mixture was kept at laboratory room

then, watering test with

Figure 5. Emulsified Asphalt Spraying

The tool for measuring slope was put on the floor of rain simulator, set up according to the slope used in the study. The soil box was put on the sloping tool measurement and then covered with plastic. The rain simulation tool was initiated through computer, arranged mouthpiece of sprinkler opening and inlet-

30 and SPD-25) at position according to rain intensity fixed. After the rain was normal, the plastic used to cover the soil was opened and at the same time the stopwatch was run.


D.2. Measurement of surface flow and erosion flow

Since the artificial rain and intensity set up

began to operate at soil plot, at the same time watethat came out from the soil plot was held by pvc pipe and then flowed to water holding and erosion sediment (beaker of 500 ml). The water held in the beaker was observed until the discharge came out of the soil plot reached fixed value and the time was recorded (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Erosion Rate

At this state the balance between infiltration and surface flow that is all rain fell to the soil plot will consist of infiltration permeated to the soil and flow as the surface flow. After the balance state has been achieved, the water and erosion sediment flowing to the holding place was observed its volume until it reached 1 liter, then the rain was stopped and time used was recorded. The water and sediment held were put into a used mineral bottle to be settled infiltered on straining paper. The sediment filtered was dried for 24 hours in an oven, then weighted.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Soil Characteristics

Through the test of filter analysis from soil sample in the study, the percentage of rough fraction obtained was 74.54% and smooth fraction = 25.46%. Whereas the percentage of sand fraction = 70.24%. From the test of Atterberg consistency, liquid limit obtained was 30.90%, plastic limit = 23.73% and plasticity index = 7.17%. Visual observation result



Measurement of surface flow and erosion

Since the artificial rain and intensity set up began to operate at soil plot, at the same time water

held by pvc pipe to water holding and erosion

sediment (beaker of 500 ml). The water held in the beaker was observed until the discharge came out of the soil plot reached fixed value and the time was

Figure 6. Erosion Rate

At this state the balance between infiltration and surface flow that is all rain fell to the soil plot will consist of infiltration permeated to the soil and flow

After the balance state has been achieved, the water and erosion sediment flowing to the holding place was observed its volume until it reached 1 liter, then the rain was stopped and time used was recorded. The water and sediment held were

be settled in, then filtered on straining paper. The sediment filtered was dried for 24 hours in an oven, then weighted.

Through the test of filter analysis from soil sample in the study, the percentage of rough fraction obtained was 74.54% and smooth fraction = 25.46%. Whereas the percentage of sand fraction = 70.24%.

berg consistency, liquid limit tained was 30.90%, plastic limit = 23.73% and

plasticity index = 7.17%. Visual observation result

indicates that soil color wasaccording to information from local community, this soil is usually called red sand.

Based on soil classification according to unified system (Unified Soil Classification System) from this soil sample with smooth fraction (25.46%) > 12% and percentage passed the filter No.4 (100%), this soil belongs to sand category (SM and SC). Then based on liquid limit = 30.90% and plasticity index = 7.17%, the soil is at the areas ML and OL. Therefore it can be concluded that this soil belongs to sandy clay loam with low plasticity. In line with soil classification according to Rankine triangle, it belongs to soil texture of sandy clay loam [10].B. Erosion Rate

The result of erosion rate measurement from 36 treatments to soil sample in research as can be seen in Table 1. Table 1. The result of erosion rate measurement

a. Original Soil

No Test Intensity (I) Slope (S)(mm/hour)

1 P1 50 2 P2 50 3 P3 50 4 P4 65 5 P5 65 6 P6 65 7 P7 80 8 P8 80 9 P9 80

b. Soil stabilized with emulsi

10 P10 50 11 P11 50 12 P12 50 13 P13 65 14 P14 65 15 P15 65 16 P16 80 17 P17 80 18 P18 80

c. Soil stabilized with emulsi

19 P19 49.5 20 P20 51.5 21 P21 50.0 22 P22 65.0 23 P23 65.0 24 P24 65.0 25 P25 80.5 26 P26 81.5 27 P27 80.0


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that soil color was reddish brown and information from local community, this

classification according to unified

system (Unified Soil Classification System) from this soil sample with smooth fraction (25.46%) > 12% and percentage passed the filter No.4 (100%), this soil belongs to sand category (SM and SC). Then

it = 30.90% and plasticity index = 7.17%, the soil is at the areas ML and OL. Therefore it can be concluded that this soil belongs to sandy clay loam with low plasticity. In line with soil classification according to Rankine triangle, it

xture of sandy clay loam [10].

The result of erosion rate measurement from 36 treatments to soil sample in research as can be seen in

The result of erosion rate measurement

Slope (S) Erosion rate (degree) gr/m2/hour

10 83.60 20 115.71 30 126.70 10 125.93 20 166.53 30 210.92 10 177.83 20 237.70 30 285.50

emulsified asphalt 60 cc/m2

10 35.29 20 41.36 30 46.22 10 57.83 20 66.12 30 77.16 10 69.60 20 86.17 30 96.36

emulsified asphalt 80 cc/m2

10 24.60 20 28.89 30 34.08 10 37.71 20 46.56 30 51.76 10 54.14 20 64.91 30 76.32


d. Soil stabilized with emulsified asphalt

28 P28 50 10 29 P29 50 20 30 P30 50 30 31 P31 65 10 32 P32 65 20 33 P33 65 30 34 P34 80 10 35 P35 80 20 36 P36 80 30

C. The Effect of Rain Intensity on Erosion Rate

Figures 7, 8, and 9 show functional relations between erosion rate and rain intensity at each sloping degree. This functional relation follows exponential equation, both for soil costabilization and soil stabilized with emulsified asphalt. The tendency of erosion flow increasestabilized soil (E60, E80, and E100) follows the same pattern with the small increase in line with the increase of rain intensity. Unlike soil without stabilization, the tendency of erosion in line with the increase of rainfall intensity which is relatively great.

Figure 7. Correlation between erosion rate and rainfall intensity at slope 10




fied asphalt 100 cc/m2

14.89 17.60 20.78 17.20 20.19 23.47 24.88 30.49 33.00

Intensity on Erosion Rate

Figures 7, 8, and 9 show functional relations and rain intensity at each

sloping degree. This functional relation follows exponential equation, both for soil condition without stabilization and soil stabilized with emulsified

of erosion flow increases on ) follows the same

pattern with the small increase in line with the increase of rain intensity. Unlike soil without stabilization, the tendency of erosion rate increase is

intensity which is




The increase of erosion raterain intensity is caused by the increase of the amount of drops and sprinkles of rain water toward the earth’s surface. The drops and sprinklecause kinetic energy on the earth’s surface. The drops and sprinkles of rain water on the earth’s surface cause soil particles break and sprinkle and this becomes the embryo of erosion. Free (1960states that the amount of erosion sprinkles is eqthe amount of kinetic energy Laws (1941) and Wischmeier and Smith (1978[11] provides correlation between the amount of kinetic energy and rain intensity. The higher the rain intensity, the greater the kinetic energy caurain, especially increase of intensity up to 100mm/hour. Therefore, the greater the rain intensity, thegreater the erosion rate.

It is clear that the difference increase of erosion rate on soil condition with stabilization Efirst three conditions (E0, E60,, and Eenough that is ± one third. This result describes that soil stabilization with emulsified asphalt at percentage 100 cc/m2 can reduce the increase of erosion rate ± 35% compared to the increase of erosion rate at original soil condition for the increase of intensity from 50 mm/hour to 65 mm/hour to 80 mm/hour.

D. The Effect of Slope on Erosion Generally it can be described that there is a

difference in increase of erosion degrees from 100 to 200 to 30


I J E N S


rate due to the increase of rain intensity is caused by the increase of the amount

of rain water toward the The drops and sprinkles of rain water

cause kinetic energy on the earth’s surface. The drops of rain water on the earth’s surface

cause soil particles break and sprinkle and this becomes the embryo of erosion. Free (1960) in [5],

the amount of erosion sprinkles is equal to on the earth’s surface.

Laws (1941) and Wischmeier and Smith (1978), in provides correlation between the amount of

kinetic energy and rain intensity. The higher the rain intensity, the greater the kinetic energy caused by rain, especially increase of intensity up to 100

Therefore, the greater the rain intensity, the

It is clear that the difference increase of erosion on soil condition with stabilization E100 with the

,, and E80) is significant enough that is ± one third. This result describes that soil stabilization with emulsified asphalt at

can reduce the increase of ± 35% compared to the increase of

at original soil condition for the increase rom 50 mm/hour to 65 mm/hour to 80

The Effect of Slope on Erosion Rate Generally it can be described that there is a

difference in increase of erosion rate due to sloping to 300 at the three values of


rainfall intensity 50 mm/hour, 65 mm/hour, and 80 mm/hour) toward soil condition. For original soil condition, the increase is significant enough with the average increase 34.77% and 59.86%. Whereas for the three conditions of stabilized soil (EE100) the increase is almost the same with the average values 19.36% and 36.47%. The percentage of increase of erosion rate on stabilized soil with emulsified asphalt, only about half compared to percentage increase of erosion rate condition. This indicates that soil stabilization with emulsified asphalt can reduce the increase of erosion rate due to the increase of sloping degree of earth’s surface.

Figures 10, 11, and 12 show the functional relation between erosion rate and sloping degree at each rainfall intensity. This functional relation is linear both for soil condition without stabilization and stabilized soil with emulsified asphalt. The tendency increase of erosion rate on stabilized soil (Eand E100) follows the same patternsmall increase in line with the increase of sloping degree. Unlike the soil without stabilization, the tendency of the increase of erosion raterelatively greater increase of sloping degree

This occurs especially to the surface erosion rate. The component of flow style causes erosion is the parallel style component with the surface slope. The greater the angle of slope, the greater the flow style component parallel to slope and theerosion occurs.

Fig. 10. Correlation between erosion rate and slope degree at rainfall intensity



intensity 50 mm/hour, 65 mm/hour, and 80 mm/hour) toward soil condition. For original soil condition, the increase is significant enough with the average increase 34.77% and 59.86%. Whereas for

itions of stabilized soil (E60, E80, and ) the increase is almost the same with the average

values 19.36% and 36.47%. The percentage of on stabilized soil with

, only about half compared to at original soil

This indicates that soil stabilization with emulsified asphalt can reduce the increase of erosion

due to the increase of sloping degree of earth’s

Figures 10, 11, and 12 show the functional and sloping degree at

This functional relation is linear both for soil condition without stabilization and stabilized soil with emulsified asphalt. The tendency

on stabilized soil (E60, E80, ) follows the same pattern with relatively

small increase in line with the increase of sloping degree. Unlike the soil without stabilization, the

rate is in line with ng degree.

This occurs especially to the surface erosion rate. The component of flow style causes erosion is the parallel style component with the surface slope. The greater the angle of slope, the greater the flow style component parallel to slope and the greater the

10. Correlation between erosion rate and intensity 50 mm/hour

Fig. 11. Correlation between erosion rate and slope degree at rainfall intensity 65 mm/hour


E. The Effect of Stabilization with Emulsified Asphalt on Erosion Rate

Table 1b shows that the erosion soil with emulsified asphalt with volume 60 cc/mdecreases if it is compared with the erosion occurs in soil without stabilization (Table 1a) The amount of erosion rate occurs at volume 60 cc/mon the average 38.42% toward the erosion without stabilization. In other words, the eroson soil without stabilization will be reduced 61.58% if the soil is stabilized with emulsified asphalt with volume 60 cc/m2.

The same thing can also be seen in Table 1c that the erosion rate on soil stabilized with emulsified emulsion with volume 80 cc/m2 decreases compared to the erosion rate occurs on soil without stabilization. The amount of erosion volume 80 cc/m2 is on the average 27.58 toward


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Correlation between erosion rate and slope degree at rainfall intensity 80 mm/hour

The Effect of Stabilization with Emulsified

that the erosion rate on stabilized soil with emulsified asphalt with volume 60 cc/m2 decreases if it is compared with the erosion rate occurs in soil without stabilization (Table 1a) The

occurs at volume 60 cc/m2 is on the average 38.42% toward the erosion rate on soil

t stabilization. In other words, the erosion rate on soil without stabilization will be reduced 61.58% if the soil is stabilized with emulsified asphalt with

can also be seen in Table 1c that on soil stabilized with emulsified

80 cc/m2 decreases compared occurs on soil without

stabilization. The amount of erosion rate occurs at is on the average 27.58 toward


erosion rate on soil without stabilizationwords, the erosion rate on soil without swill be reduced to 72.42% if the soil is stabilizemulsified asphalt with volume 80 cc/

Like wise if the soil stabilized with emulsified asphalt with volume 100 cc/m2 (Table 1d) also shows the decrease if it is compared to erosion on soil without stabilization. The amount of erosion rate occurs on soil stabilized with emulsified asphalt 100 cc/m2 on the average 13.86% toward on soil without stabilization.

In other words, erosion rate on soil without stabilization will be reduced to 86.14% if the soil is stabilized with emulsified asphalt with volume 100 cc/m2. The results of this study confirm the research conducted by [12] using polyacrilamideable to reduce erosion rate 84%.

Figures 13, 14, and 15 show functional relationbetween erosion rate and emulsified asphalt volume at each rain intensity value (50 mm/hour and 80 mm/hour) for the three sloping degrees (10300). The three relationships are formed in graphicwith exponential type regression equation.

Fig. 13. Correlation between erosion rate and emulsified asphalt volume at slope degree 10

The erosion rate from soil stabilized with

emulsified asphalt shows decrease tendency in line with the increase of emulsified asphalt volume. The gap between the three graphics that is graphic between intensity 80 mm/hour and 65 mm/hour and between 65 mm/hour and 50 mm/hour is relatively great. One interesting thing of the three graphics is they tend to convergence toward erosion rate zero at



on soil without stabilization. In other ithout stabilization

72.42% if the soil is stabilized with volume 80 cc/m2.

Like wise if the soil stabilized with emulsified (Table 1d) also shows

the decrease if it is compared to erosion rate occurs mount of erosion

soil stabilized with emulsified asphalt average 13.86% toward erosion rate

on soil without stabilization will be reduced to 86.14% if the soil is stabilized with emulsified asphalt with volume 100

nfirm the research acrilamide (PAM) is

Figures 13, 14, and 15 show functional relations and emulsified asphalt volume

at each rain intensity value (50 mm/hour and 80 mm/hour) for the three sloping degrees (100, 200, and

formed in graphics with exponential type regression equation.


The erosion rate from soil stabilized with emulsified asphalt shows decrease tendency in line with the increase of emulsified asphalt volume. The gap between the three graphics that is graphic between intensity 80 mm/hour and 65 mm/hour and

our and 50 mm/hour is relatively great. One interesting thing of the three graphics is they tend to convergence toward erosion rate zero at

the emulsified asphalt value which is greater than 100 cc/m2. The three graphics also indicate that the volume of emulsified asphalt on stabilized soil has a significant effect on the decrease of erosion rate of stabilized soil with emulsified asphalt. This effect occurs at all rain intensity for the three sloping degrees.

Fig. 14. Correlation between emulsified asphalt volume at slope degree 20

Fig. 15. Correlation between erosion rate and emulsified asphalt volume at slope degree 30 Figures 16, 17, and 18 show functional

relationships between erosion asphalt volume at each sloping degree (10300) for the three values of rain intensity (50 mm/hour, 65 mm/hour, and 80 mm/hour). The three relationships are also formed in graphics with exponential type regression equation. The thgraphics also show erosion rateemulsified asphalt with tendency to decrease in line with the increase of emulsified asphalt volume. The gap between the three graphics that is the graphic


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the emulsified asphalt value which is greater than 100 . The three graphics also indicate that the

ulsified asphalt on stabilized soil has a significant effect on the decrease of erosion rate of stabilized soil with emulsified asphalt. This effect occurs at all rain intensity for the three sloping



Figures 16, 17, and 18 show functional between erosion rate and emulsified

asphalt volume at each sloping degree (100, 200, and ) for the three values of rain intensity (50

mm/hour, 65 mm/hour, and 80 mm/hour). The three relationships are also formed in graphics with exponential type regression equation. The three

rate of soil stabilized with with tendency to decrease in line

with the increase of emulsified asphalt volume. The gap between the three graphics that is the graphic


between sloping degree 300 with 200 and and 100 is relatively small compared to graphics on Figures 13, 14, and 15. Likewise with the first relation above, the three graphics relationship tends to convergence toward erosion rateemulsified asphalt volume greater than

Fig. 16. Correlation between erosion rate and emulsified asphalt volume at rainfall intensity 50

mm/hour


mm/hour

The three graphics also indicate that the emulsified asphalt volume on stabilized soil has a significant effect on the decrease of erosion rate of soil stabilized with emulsified asphalt. This effect occurs at all sloping degrees for the three values of rainfall intensity.



and between 200 is relatively small compared to graphics on

Likewise with the first relation above, the three graphics relationship tends

rate zero at the ied asphalt volume greater than100 cc/m2.



graphics also indicate that the emulsified asphalt volume on stabilized soil has a significant effect on the decrease of erosion rate of soil stabilized with emulsified asphalt. This effect occurs at all sloping degrees for the three values of


mm/hour

From the two types of graphics above, difference between (1) Graphic of the relationship between erosion rate and emulsified asphalt volume at the three values of rain intensity, and (2) Graphic of the relationship between erosion emulsified asphalt volume at the three sloping degrees. The difference is at the gap between the three graphics. At the graphic due to the change of rain intensity, the gap is relatively greater and at the graphic due to the change of slope the gap is relatively smaller. This indicates thatemulsified asphalt volume is significant enough at the decrease of erosion rate both at the change of rain intensity and at the change of sloping degree. Only this effect is relatively greater at the change of rain intensity compared to the change of sloping degree which is relatively smaller.

V. CONCLUSIONSa. The amount of erosion rate

the increase of rainfall intensity at all sloping degrees and at all values of emulsified asphalt volume following the tendency of increase exponentially.

b. The amount of erosion ratethe increase of sloping degree at all values of rainfall intensity and at all emulsified asphalt volume following the tendency of increase linearly.


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mm/hour

From the two types of graphics above, there is a (1) Graphic of the relationship and emulsified asphalt volume

at the three values of rain intensity, and (2) Graphic of the relationship between erosion rate and emulsified asphalt volume at the three sloping degrees. The difference is at the gap between the

ic due to the change of rain intensity, the gap is relatively greater and at the graphic due to the change of slope the gap is relatively smaller. This indicates that the amount of emulsified asphalt volume is significant enough at the

both at the change of rain intensity and at the change of sloping degree. Only

greater at the change of rain intensity compared to the change of sloping degree

V. CONCLUSIONS increase is in line with

intensity at all sloping degrees and at all values of emulsified asphalt volume following the tendency of increase

rate increases in line with the increase of sloping degree at all values of

intensity and at all emulsified asphalt volume following the tendency of increase



c. Through stabilization with emulsified asphalt, the erosion rate can be reduced. The greater the emulsified asphalt volume, the greater the erosion rate that can be reduced. At the emulsified asphalt volume 60 cc/m2, erosion rate is reduced to 61.58%, at 80 cc/m2 to 72.42%, and at 100 cc.m2 to 86.14%.

d. The tendency of sandy clay loam erosion rate stabilized with emulsified asphalt following exponential type trend: the greater the emulsified asphalt volume, the smaller the erosion rate.

e. Further research can be done to obtain the stabilization effect of emulsified asphalt on erosion rate with involve other parameter such as; another type of soil, degree of compaction variety, condition of land cover, etc.

VI. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

1. Scope of the research was on the effect of sandy clay loam stabilization with emulsified asphalt on erosion rate.

2. Limitations of the research among others; the disturbance of the soil sample, length of storage after stabilization of 3 days, condition of soil surface without cropping cover, type of surface flow are debris flow.

VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Thanks to the Head of Soil Mechanic Laboratory and Hydrology and Hydraulic Laboratory, Hasanuddin University, who have provided opportunity to the writer to conduct research.

VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Elifas Bunga; He is an Associate Professor at Mining Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Veteran RI University, Makassar, Indonesia, Post Code : 90231. Telp/Fax : +62 411 491203. E-mail : [email protected].

He was born in Makale, South Sulawesi, Indonesia on 19th February 1956. His education level at elementary school, junior/middle high school, and senior high school were experienced in Makale, South Sulawesi. He got graduate program in Civil Engineering (Ir) from Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia from January 1976 until March 1983. He received his Master of Engineering (M.T) in Civil Engineering from Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia from September 2000 until November 2002. And he also received his Doctor Civil Engineering (Dr) from Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia from September 2005 until December 2011.

He is lecture in Veteran RI University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia since March 1985 until now. His field of study and research interest is in soil mechanic, seepage, soil stabilization. He has published in the; IJENS, INTEK Journal of Technology of State Polytechnics Makassar, MULTEK Journal of Multiple Technology of Kopertis IX Sulawesi, IDTEK Journal of Technology of Engineering School, UVRI Makassar. He attended seminar at Conference of Highway Engineering (HPJI) and Annual Meeting Forum (PIT HATHI). He also involved in professional association such as member of Indonesian Road Development Association (IRDA), Indonesian Association of Hydraulic Engineers, and Indonesian Association of Hydraulic Engineers, and Indonesian Society For Geotechnical Engineering (ISGE).

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STABILIZATION EFFECT OF EMULSIFIED ASPHALT ON … · STABILIZATION EFFECT OF EMULSIFIED ASPHALT ON EROSION RATE OF SANDY CLAY LOAM Elifas Bunga Lecturer at the School of Engineering,