Stachowski Kamil - Names of Cereals in the Turkic Languages

8/13/2019 Stachowski Kamil - Names of Cereals in the Turkic Languages

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Ksigarnia Akademicka

Studia Turcologica Cracoviensia

Kamil Stachowski

Names of Cereals

in the Turkic Languages

K.Stachowski

NamesofCerealsintheTurkicLanguages

STC

11

Kamil Stachowski

(born ) is an assistant lecturer in the Chair ofLanguages of Central Asia and Siberia at the Jagiel-lonian University. His main fields of interest are ety-mology and historical linguistics. He studied urkishphilology at the Jagiellonian University. He publishedseven articles (one currently in print), took part intwo international conferences and held a lecture atthe Polish Academy of Sciences.

Names of Cereals in the urkic Languages

Te work presents etymologies of the urkic namesfor the seven most important cereals: barley, corn,millet, oats, rice, rye and wheat. Altogether, namesare discussed.As yet, this subject has not been dealt with as a whole.Propositions for etymologies of various names in sin-gle languages are scattered in dictionaries and arti-cles, usually only accompanied by a brief explanation.Here, the author tries to provide a possibly compre-hensive commentary.Each entry presents a list of phonetic variants of theword, an overview of previous etymologies and theauthors standpoint expressed as ex haustively as pos-sible but without loquacity.Te work closes with an enumeration and brief com-mentary of the most common naming patterns andsemantic types which can be distinguished in thepresented material.

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www.akademicka.pl

ISBN 978-83-7188-098-8

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Jagiellonian University Institute of Oriental Philolology

StudiaTurcologicaCracoviensia

Edited byStanisaw Stachowski

Krakw


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Jagiellonian University Institute of Oriental Philolology

Kamil Stachowski

Names of Cerealsin the Turkic Languages

Krakw


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Recenzja wydawnicza:prof. dr hab. Henryk Jankowski

Korekta:Kinga Maciuszak

Projekt okadki:

Kamil Stachowski

Copyright byKamil Stachowski andKsigarnia Akademicka,Krakw

Ksika dofinansowana przezWydzia FilologicznyUniwersytetu Jagielloskiego

ISBN ----

Ksigarnia Akademicka

ul. w. Anny , Krakwtel./fax: ()

tel.: wew. [email protected]

www.akademicka.pl


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Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Barley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Millet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Final Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Index o non-urkic orms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


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I

A S WTe aim o this work is to work out the etymologies o the names o the seven most im-

portant cereals (barleyHordeumL., cornZea maysL., milletPanicumL., oatsAvenaL., riceOryza SativaL., ryeSecale CerealeL., andwheatTriticumL.) in the urkic languages.

Te current, rather uneven state o comparative dialectology and lexicography o theurkic languages does not allow us to perorm ull comparisons. We have thereore lim-ited ourselves to literary names, and only included selected dialectal orms. For the samereason, the names o subspecies and varieties have been excluded.

S A SOur subject has not as yet been dealt with as a whole. O the papers in the urkic languagesthat are devoted to the names o plants (not just cereals) the most detailed has been writtenL.V. Dmitrieva (). Tis, however, only contains an extremely limited commentary. Ety-mological propositions or various names in single languages are scattered in etymologicaldictionaries, generally only accompanied by a brie explanation, and in numerous articles

where a more comprehensive commentary is usually provided.Te bulk o the sources used in this paper are dictionaries, mainly Russian post-rev-

olutionary ones (abbreviated RKirgS, uwRS &c.), also etymological dictionaries (an

especially large amount o data is to be ound in SJa), various articles and publicationsdevoted to the vocabulary and/or grammar o single languages, and descriptions o dialects(mainly urkish).

S E Alphabetical list o orms ordered by pronunciation Enables a preliminary investigation o the phonetical diversity o names. All variants

are ordered alphabetically and linked with a system o cross-reerences. Alphabetical list o orms ordered by languages

Presents the diversity o the names in one language. Comparing the stock o names inlanguages rom one group can help to find out which orms should be treated as thestandard ones.

Brie overview o previous etymologies For lesser investigated words, we have tried to summarise the entire literature available

to us. For those which are better known, we have only selected the most importantworks. All papers have been treated equally, including the ones which we cannot beready to accept, given the present state o art.

Commentary Te commentary consists o a discussion with the propositions summarised beore and

a presentation o our own views.


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INTRODUCTION

We have tried to present all urkic orms in a unified, phonological transcription. Te dis-tinction between palatal k,g: velar q, has only been preserved or OUyg., Uyg. and Uzb.,as in all the other languages it is unequivocally determined by the position. By the sametoken, we have abandoned the marking o labialization o ain Uzb. (as resulting system-atically rom the orthography) and o spirantization o sand zin rkm.; however, wehave preserved it in Bk. where it has a phonological significance. Apart rom this, a dualtranscription has been employed or e: wide vs narrow eor languages where they areseparate phonemes, and neutral eor the others.

I am grateul to many people or helping me in various ways. Most o all, I would like toexpress my special gratitude to (alphabetically):

Proessor rpd Berta (Szeged, Hungary) or expert advice and access to his workingmaterials,

Lszl Kroly, MA (Szeged, Hungary) or helping me access some o the more inac-cessible literature,

Doctor Kinga Maciuszak (Cracow, Poland) or proessional advice and Iranistic help, Proessor Andrzej Pisowicz (Cracow, Poland) or proessional advice and Iranistic help, Proessor Marek Stachowski (Cracow, Poland) or a great amount o help and time without

which this work would not be completed, Proessor Alexander Vovin (Honolulu, USA) or Sinological help.


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.

Barley was one o the first domesticated cereals in the world. Te oldest grains o spelt arethought to be nine thousand years old, and have been ound in Jarmo, Kurdistan romwhere it probably originates. Its cultivation had spread westwards rom this region aroundthe thmillennium BC, to Mespotamia, Egypt and elsewhere.

Domesticated barley (Hordeum vulgare) is believed to have originated rom the eastern parto the Central Asian Centre, rom where it spread West and South-West, i.e. to India, Persia,Mesopotamia, Syria and Egypt, and later to Greece and Italy (thc. BC) and even urther.

Te area between Siberia and the Pacific is now used or the cultivation o barley, but

the plant was only introduced there in the thc.Compared to other cereals, especially to wheat which is equally old, or perhaps even

older, barley has very ew varieties: species, including stable, but they already existedin the second hal o the thmillennium BC. In the ancient world, barley was very popular;almost every higher culture cultivated it.

Names or barley are most uniorm in the urkic languages. Almost all languages havethe word arpa, and all the other names only have a very limited range. Interestingly, barleyis quite ofen identified or conused with oats, and while el.sulabarley < oats, all the

other examples o this conusion display just the opposite direction o development. Tisis understandable given the chronology o domestication o these two cereals c. com-mentary onjulaf(point ), and arpakanand harvaoats, and ootnote .

:apa arpaarba arpaarbaj arpaarpa

arp arpaarpaganarpagn arpaganarpakan arpaganarva arpaarvaj arpa

asa aserpe arpaharva arpa

jamekeke keneimien ehimiennehimien ehimieneimien ehimien

esemen ehimienorpa arpa

sulaar

tak-takurpa arpaesemen ehimienehehimien ehimienesemen ehimien

:Az.:arpaBlk.:arpaBrb.:aBk.:arpa

Com.:arpaCrm.:arpaCat.:arpaag.:arpa

uv.:orpa,urpaGag.:arpaKar.:arpaKarC:arpa


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arpa || BARLEY

ARPA:

apa Uyg.:Raquette , SJa, Dmitrieva arba Khak.:Dmitrieva , SJa, Dmitrieva , evilek || Kr.: R I t,

Rsnen : , Joki , Eren || Kyzyl:Joki , || MTkc.MK: Egorov || MTkc.Zam: Egorov || Oyr.: R I t, Rsnen : , Joki ,

Egorov , RAltS, VEW, Dmitrieva , SJa, Dmitrieva , Eren ,evilek || Sag.: Joki || Tel.: R I t, Rsnen : , Joki ,Ryumina-Srkaeva/Kuigaeva , Eren

arbaj Tuv.:RuwS, Egorov , atarincev , evilek arpa Az.: Rsnen : , Joki , RAzS, Egorov , Dmitrieva ,

SJa || Blk.: SJa || Bk.: RBkS, Egorov , Dmitrieva , SJa, Eren|| Crm.:Joki || CTat.:Zaatov , SJa || ag.:Rsnen : , Joki ,VEW || Gag.: SJa || Kar.:Joki || KarC: KRPS, Levi || KarH: Mard-kowicz , KRPS || KarT: Kowalski , KRPS || Khal.: Doerer/ezcan ,

Doerer || Kirg.: Maanov , RKirgS-Ju, RKirgS-Ju, Egorov ,Dmitrieva , SJa, Eren || Kklp.: RKklpS-BB, RKklpS-S, Egorov ,RKklpS-B, Dmitrieva , SJa, Eren || Kmk.: Rsnen : , Joki ,RKmkS, Egorov , Dmitrieva , SJa || Kr.Blk.: RKrBlkS, Dmitrieva|| Kzk.:RKzkS-, Rsnen : , Joki , RKzkS-, Egorov , Dmitrieva, SJa, DFKzk, Eren || MTkc.: Rsnen : || MTkc.H: ) Houtsma) || MTkc.IM: VEW || MTkc.KD: Golden || MTkc.MK:Joki ,Dankoff/Kelly || MTkc.Zam: Egorov , Dmitrieva || Nog.: RNogS,Egorov , Dmitrieva , SJa|| Oghuz.Ir.:Doerer/Hesche || OTkc.:Rsnen: , Joki , Dmitrieva || Ott.: ,) Wiesentahl , Rsnen : )

Joki , VEW || OUyg.: evilek || Tat.: Voskresenskij , Imanaev ,aniev , Rsnen : , Joki , RatS-D, Egorov , Dmitrieva

KarH:arpaKar:arpaKhak.:arba,as,keKhal.:arpaKirg.:arpa,arpakanKklp.:arpaKmk.:arpaKr.Blk.:arpaKr.:arbaKyzyl:arbaKzk.:arpa,tak-takMkc.:arpaMkc.H:arpa

Mkc.IM:arpa

Mkc.KD:arpaMkc.MA:arba, arpaMkc.MA.B:arpMkc.MK:arba,arpa,

arpagnNog.:arpaOghuz.Ir.:arpaOkc.:arpa,arpaganOtt.:arpa,arOUyg.:arpaOyr.:arbaSag.:arbaSarUyg.:arva,harva

r.:a

at.:arpa,arpaganat.Gr.:arpael.:arba,sulaksh.:arpaksh.dial.:eho.:jamerkm.:arpa,arpaganuv.:arbaj,arvaj,keUyg.:apa,arpa,erpeUzb.:arpaYak.:neimien,nehimien,

eimien,esemen,esemen,ehimien,

esemen


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BARLEY || arpa

, SJa, RatS-G || Tat.Gr.: Podolsky || Tksh.: Egorov , Dmitrieva ,SJa, evilek || Trkm.:Alijiv/Briji , Rsnen : , RrkmS, Nikitin/Kerbabaev , Egorov , Dmitrieva , Eren , Dmitrieva || Uyg.:Raquette, Rsnen : , Joki , RUjgS, Egorov , VEW, SJa, Dmitrieva, , Jarring : , evilek || Uzb.:

-Nalivkin , Lapin , Smolenskij , RUzbS-A, Egorov , RUzbS-, Dmitrieva , SJa

arp MTkc.MA.B:Borovkov : arva SarUyg.:evilek arvaj Tuv.:SJa, Dmitrieva erpe Uyg.:evilek harva SarUyg.:evilek urpa uv.:Nikolskij , RuvS-D, RuvS-E, Egorov , VEW, RuvS-A,

Dmitrieva , , Eren

:Az.:arpa || Blk.: arpa || Bk.: arpa || Com.: arpa || Crm.: arpa || CTat.: arpa || ag.: arpa|| uv.: orpa, urpa || Gag.: arpa || Kar.: arpa || KarC: arpa || KarH: arpa || KarT: arpa ||Khak.: arba || Khal.: arpa || Kirg.: arpa || Kklp.: arpa || Kmk.: arpa || Kr.Blk.: arpa ||Kr.: arba || Kyzyl: arba || Kzk.: arpa || MTkc.: arpa || MTkc.H: arpa || MTkc.IM: arpa|| MTkc.KD: arpa || MTkc.MA: arba, arpa || MTkc.MA.B: arp || MTkc.MK: arba,arpa || Nog.: arpa || Oghuz.Ir.: arpa || OTkc.: arpa || Ott.: arpa || OUyg.: arpa || Oyr.:arba || Sag.: arba || Tat.: arpa || Tat.Gr.: arpa || Tel.: arba || Tksh.: arpa || Trkm.: arpa|| Tuv.: arbaj, arvaj || Uyg.: apa, arpa, erpe || Uzb.: arpa

: : Rsnen: : limits himsel to a comparison with Mo. arbaj, Ma. arfa,Agh. rbah, Gr. [sic; c. KWb and Steblin-Kamenskij ]

: Joki: the Altaic orms belong to the same group as Agh. and Gr., but not directly against uniting PIE *albhi-, Gr. and Alb. ep[ebi] : MEN : kc. > Mo. (> Sal., uv.; Ma.), Hung. et al. against the possibility o PIE *albhi- > Ir. *arpa-, but does not exclude the pos-

sibility o IE origin in general : Egorov: limits himsel to enumerating orms rom various kc. languages

: VEW: limits himsel to providing bibliography and remarking that Hung. rpabarley < uv. urpa : Clauson: ? < IE (? och.) (reerring to MEN ) : SJa: limits himsel to summarizing previous propositions : KWb: puts together kc. arpajand Ma. arfa, Agh. rbah, Gr. : Dmitrieva .: < OIr. or old IE; or common in Alt. and IE Mkc.MA arbaj, uv. arvaj< Mo. : Steblin-Kamenskij: puts together Agh. orbi, urbeiet al. < ? *arpasy- (afer

EVP) and maybe Gr. , (pearl) barley (porridge); flour : Rna-as: : quotes the comparison with Gr. alton, Alb. epand Ir. *arb/pa

allowing the possibility o < Ir. *arb/pa, but remarks that the Ir. orm has onlybeen reconstructed basing on the kc. ones; Ma. arfa, Mo. arbaj< kc.


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arpa || BARLEY

: EWU: probably rom some IE language Hung. rpabarley rom some kc. language, c. Uyg., Com. arpa, uv. urpa,

orpa&c. : Jarring: : probably < IE (? och.) : Eren: limits himsel to summarizing previous propositions : atarincev: *ar- to multiply onesel, to be numerous + -pintens. + -a Jokis proposition not grounded sufficiently : ietze: limits himsel to quoting Doerers : opinion on borrowing rom

Mo. to kc. : NEVP: unclear expression: i Pashto orbaet al. < *arpasy, then c. kc. arpa : evilek: accepts Clausons proposition:

Tis word is unusually common in the kc. languages, and, at first glance, the phonetic

diversity o all its orms is surprisingly small.Tis commonality might be understoodas a sign that the kc. people became acquainted with barley very early on, perhaps asone o the first cereals. Te uniormity o the sounding should probably be attributedto the phonetically very simple structure o the word, which does not provoke any seri-ous changes by itsel.Te meaning o the word is the same everywhere, too, except or.SarUyg. harvawhich means both barley and oats (c.), .or an obvious influenceo Russ. in Bk., at. and ksh. meanings o stye (afer SJa; see also VEW), and.or a simple semantic shif in Az.dial. ladies barley grain shaped decoration &c.(afer SJa).

Te name is also present in the Mo. and Ma. languages, where it is probably a loan-word rom kc. c. SJa or urther bibliography.

Almost all the etymologists dealing with this word limit themselves to quoting previ-ous works (ofen quite inaccurately) about the possible Ir. origin.Only some o themadd their own commentary, which is usually not particularly innovative.

Perhaps Sal. arfaand uv. arvadeserve a bit more interest, as the spirantization o pcould beregarded as a trace that these orms are not a continuation o Okc. *arpa, but rather borrowingsrom one o the Mo. languages (c. Klmk.dial. arva however, meaning oats), or alternately,

though this does not seem very probable due to cultural-historical reasons, rom Ma. arfaoats;barley (c.julafoats). However, it might be equally probable that the spirantization is a trivialinnovation in these languages, c. SarUyg. harvaoats.

Also Sal. ahrunbarley flour < arfa un(Kakuk : ) has a strange sounding which doesnot seem to be explicable by any regular phonetic law.

However, beyond the kc. languages the situation is not so simple any more. A Ma. orm arfaquoted by Rsnen and Ramstedt is not entirely clear phonetically. Cincius : . givestwo examples o such a correspondence: Ma. gabta- shoot a bow = Even, Evk., Nan., Sol.,Ul. -rp-, Mo. -rv- and Ma. arfuku = Even, Evk., Ul. -rp-, both qoted by Benzing: ; but the derivation, and additionally the wordgabta- are marked with a question mark

(although the entire expression is unclear). It seems to us that this proposition is relatively improbable. Te word is not ound beyondeastern Ir. languages, has no etymology there, and apparently no cognates, either. See below.


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BARLEY || arpagan

o our knowledge, the only exception here has been made by atarincev whosubmitted his own and more importantly a very probable proposition: *ar- multiplyonesel, be numerous + -pintensification + -a, c. Okc. arkamultitude; collection;crowd; group, Mo. arbinplentiul et al.

Possibly, an interesting addition to this hypotheses might be made o OJap. *apamillet (Martin : , Omodaka )which, it seems, may be genetically relatedto the kc. orm and then to the Mo. and Ma. ones, too. I this was indeed true, it

would give added weight to atarincevs proposition.

It remains to be determined whether Pashto orba&c. are borrowings rom kc. (notvery plausible or cultural-historical reasons but definitely not impossible), anotherrealization o a much older cultural wanderwort o unknown origin (which seems to bequite probable but is absolutely impossible to determine, at least or now), or whether

the similarity o these words is a pure coincidence. Te current state o art does notallow or a final answer.

ARPAGAN

:arpagan OTkc.:Dmitrieva wild barley || Tat.: SJa wild barley; a plant similar to

barley, Dmitrieva || Trkm.: Dmitrieva agropyronarpagn MTkc.MK:Dankoff/Kelly a plant similar to barley

arpakan Kirg.:SJa wild barley; common wild oat (Avena fatua):Kirg.:arpakan || MTkc.MK: arpagn || OTkc.: arpagan || Tat.: arpagan || Trkm.:arpagan

: : SJa: < arpabarley + -gan:

Tis orm has a very clear structure. -ganis quite a popular suffix or plant names, herewith a distinct meaning o similar to, such as. C. arpakanoats.

Te Mkc.MK long -in the suffix is supposedly a transcription o ale, and notan actual length o the vowel, otherwise completely incomprehensible.

Tis word is attested as early as the oldest Jap. monument, Manysh (thc.). Interestinglyenough, it is written with thesign, nowadays used or Mand.s< MChin.sjowk> Okc.and othersskmillet (c.).

I so, then probably rom a PxSg orm (in a compound?).

Such a solution should also be considered or Hung. rpa, whose origin rom uv. is not likely

or phonetic reasons (uv. o/u- vs Hung. -). From among the possible sources quoted in EWU,Com. arpaseems to be most probable phonetically and cultural-historical ly but perhaps othersources with non-uv. sounding can not be entirely excluded, too.


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as || BARLEY

AS:

as Khak.:Dmitrieva a Brb.:R I b ||r. R I b

:Brb.:a || Khak.: as || r.:a

: : SJA: < Ir. soup:

Corresponds with kc. aood et al., including Khak., Kmk. cereal; Oyr., at.dial.cereal in ears and the like; Khak., Oyr. grain, presumably < Ir. (SJa). Te word appearsin many kc. languages in different meanings (SJa) which can be reduced to threegroups: .soup, pilaff; .ood, nourishment, and . cereal, grain. SJa believes the

first group to be a ag. innovation (even though such a meaning is attested in MIr. wherethe word originates rom), the second group represents the original meaning (this is theonly meaning attested in older kc. monuments), and the third one to be a later concre-tization o meaning . (it only appears in Brb., Khak., Kmk., Oyr., at.dial. and r.).

In the oldest monuments, the word is only attested in the meaning o ood, nour-ishment (SJa). However, it does not seem to be very probable that such a meaning

would evolve into cereal, grain and so on in Khak., Kmk., Oyr., at.dial. &c. Wewould rather believe that it is these languages that preserved the original meaningrom beore the Okc. period. Tis hint, together with the commonness o the word

in kc. could suggest that its relationship to Ir. akind o soup has just the oppositedirection than the one suggested by SJa. However, the Ir. word has an establishedetymology: Pers. < Skr. aood, nourishment (urner : ), Skr. aca- in

prataraca- breakast, Av. kahrkasa- Hhnerresser (Horn : ). Tus, we shouldprobably accept the slightly strange evolution rom ood to .soup, .cereal, where. must have come into existence still in the Okc. period.

Whether Khak. has evolved the meaning o barley rom cereal; grain, or independ-ently (i.e. rom the original ood, nourishment), cannot be determined with certainty.Te latter seems, however, to be more plausible because: .it has almost always been

wheat and not barley, that was the most important cereal or the kc. peoples, andso we would rather expect cereal; grain to evolve into wheat, rather than barley;.barley was an important part o nourishment in the orm o a gruel or a pulp; also,beer was made rom it (ryjarski : , ) which seems to point to the evolutionrom the meaning o soup rather than cereal; grain.

C. a(lyk) wheat.

JAME

: jame Tof.:RoS: as yet not discussed: < Russ.jamenid.


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BARLEY || ke

KE:

ke Khak.:RChakS, SJa, atarincev ke Tuv.:RuwS, atarincev

:Khak.:ke || Tuv.:ke

: : SJa s.v. ke: < Pers. [gouePrunus divaricata Ledeb.[species o plum : atarincev: < *k- to reduce (onesel):

Tis word is quite common in the kc. languages in different meanings. Almost allo them are names o various dishes or their components (most ofen, flour) made ocereals (barley, corn, millet and wheat, very occasionally rice and sorghum as well), and

only in a ew cases o cereals or grains. In dialects other meanings sporadically appear,too (see below). A comprehensive list can be ound in SJa.

Te geographical distribution o the meanings does not seem to contribute much toour understanding. Only ksh. dialects have all our meanings o the most importantcereals at once, and only in eastern Siberia is there no other meaning present but barley.Apart rom ksh. dialects, barley appears in the North and East, corn in the South,and millet and wheat in the centre, which corresponds quite precisely to the rangeso cultivation o these cereals. When taking all o this into account, one could try tosuppose that all these meanings are relatively young, but it must not be orgotten that

the word is attested in the kc. languages rom the thc., and the choice o cerealsor cultivation is mainly influenced by climate, which has not changed significantlyin the last ew centuries.

Te etymology proposed by SJa does not seem to be grounded very well rom thesemantic point o view, as it assumes the ollowing evolution: Pers. species o plum [> (a)kc. mulberry ruits flour > (b)flour made o roasted barley or wheat] > (c)flouro various cereals > (d)various dishes o cereals &c., which is only supported by theollowing acts: .[in the Pamir. languages] mulberry ruits flour and flour made o

roasted barley or wheat was designated by one word; .Uzb.dial., ksh.dial.g, kttspecies o mulberry; .Uzb.dial.gspecies o plum. While (c) > (d) is trivial, (a) isnot very likely, and it must be remembered that (b) reers to the Pamir. languages, notkc. Whether the inormation that mulberry ruits flour became so popular in Pamirthat it ousted flour made o cereals, also reers to kc. is unclear (c. Steblin-Kamenskij: , quoted by SJa). We believe that these difficulties provide sufficient reasonto discard the etymology. Te still unclear orms . and . may be understood as a quitestrange evolution, probably under Pers. influence, especially in the case o .

atarincev is against this etymology, too.

atarincevs proposition seems to be much more likely. He derives ke< *k-, andsupports this reconstruction with words like kc.g/kkpuppy; young o an animal,


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sula || BARLEY

also bud, k/ekyoung o a camel, also young o an animal, and ksh.gkshort;without tail,g(k)en(one year old) hare and so on.

As to the derivation, it might be regarded as being problematic, that the word has along vowel in rkm. (ke). But a secondary evolution in rkm. is possible, too underthe influence o Pers.goue?

Te reconstruction o *k- is very interesting but it seems to us that the exampleslisted by atarincev point quite clearly to the original meaning o to be small ratherthan to reduce (onesel). Actually, this seems to fit keeven better (barley grains arequite small).

SULA

: sula Tel.:Ryumina-Srkaeva/Kuigaeva

: seesleoats:

Tis word is one o the examples o the quite common identiying/conusing o barleyand oats: c. commentary on julaf(point ) and arpakan, harvaand ta arpasy oats.Only the direction is unclear here: this is the only word where barley < oats.

AR

: ar Ott.:() Wiesentahl ,arRedhouse : as yet not discussed: < Arab. ar barley.TAKTAK

: tak-tak Kzk.:wild barley DFKzk: as yet not discussed:

Tis name is completely obscure. Presumably, Kzk. tak. throne; . odd number cor-

responds to Uyg. ta. mountain; . odd number, but the semantic relationship isutterly unclear. Also, the word has a strange structure which we cannot explain.C. ta-arpasyoats.

EH

: eh Tksh.dial.:Pisowicz : : : Pisowicz: : < Kurd.ehbarley: We can see no flaw in the etymology presented by Pisowicz : .


18/119


19/119

BARLEY

arpabarley

Kar.

Gag.

CTat.

Tksh.

Kr

.

Blk.

Az.

Nog.

Kmk.

Khal.

uv.

Tat. B

k.

Kklp.

Trkm.

Uyg.

Kirg.

Uzb.

Kzk.

Oyr.

Khak.

Tuv.

SarUyg.


20/119

.

Corn originates rom the Mesoamerican centre. Te first traces o cultivation o corn wereound in the ehuacn valley, Mexico. Tey are dated around thmillennium BC, whilethe domestication probably happened between thand thmillennium BC. Te oldestremains o cobs o a cultivated orm are dated years BC and were ound in thefifies in Bat Cave, Mexico (cobs rom these period are just mm long). Te oldest polleno a wild orm was discovered in the city o Mexico and is about thousand years old. All

presently known orms o corn are domesticated; wild orms have not survived at all.Corn was extremely important or all the cultures o Central and South America, and

was also known in North America. It appeared very ofen, and it still does, as a moti inart, and it played a role in mythology and religious rituals. Columbus mentioned it as earlyas November , and brought it to Europe a year later when he came back rom hisfirst voyage. From Spain (cultivations in Andalusia since ), it spread to Southern andCentral Europe (Fr. bl dEspagne, G. Welschkorn), and to Middle East and Anatolia rom

where it diffused urther. Eastern and Central Europe (or the second time) learned aboutit later, rom the urks (c. e.g. Slvn. turica; Cz. turkyn; Pol.pszenica tureckaand Fr. bl deTurquie, G. trkischer Weizenand trkisch Korn, It.granturcoet al.). Te Portuguese playeda great role in its circulation by delivering it to Java as early as , to Angola about ,

to China in and to the Philippines in (Nowiski : .)Te Latin name is a compound o Lat. zatype o grain + mays< Sp. mas, mis rice o poor species

Tis proposition is thoroughly alse or the ollowing reasons: .there is no such wordin the kc. languages as mumstink; .there is no such word in the kc. languagesas uruzrice; .a compound o two nouns in Nom. which would have this kind oa meaning is impossible in the kc. languages; .to the best o our knowledge, thekc. peoples never considered corn to be a worse kind o cereal (and neither didthe Slavic peoples, c. e.g. Bulg. carevicacorn), in act, the exact opposite was true;.it is very hard to find a major similarity between corn and rice, and we know o

no parallel or uniying these two meaning in the kc. languages. : Dmitrieva: at. kukurus, Bk. kukuruz; Bk., Khak., uv., Yak., Oyr., at., uv.kukuruza< Russ.

: Eren: kc. kokorozrom the Balkan languages; c. Bulg. kukuruz, Serb. kukruz,Rom. cucurz; ultimate source unclear

:We believe that this word was borrowed to the kc. languages rom Slav., as Dmitrieva and Eren proposed it. In particular, the act that the word has a very rich amily in theSlav. languages and absolutely no relatives in the kc., speaks in avour o this proposition.

Te sounding does not allow or a precise determination o the Slav. source. We can onlymake a guess based on historical and cultural-historical premises. In the case o Asian kc.languages it was most probably Russ.; in the case o Bosn.ksh. we may suspect a borrowingrom one o the Slav. languages o the Balkans or, less likely, rom ksh. (Ott.); and finally inthe case o ksh. (Ott.) history seems to support the idea o a borrowing rom the Balkans(as proposed by Eren ) rather than rom Russ. (as Dmitrieva wants it).

All this might seem somewhat strange given the act that Europe (except or Spainand Portugal) has learned about corn rom the Ottomans (see above). However, the

Nikoli,Agronomski glasnik and ; quoted afer Skok s.v. kukuruz.

From Spain corn spread to France among other regions, and rom there to Germany, but itonly gained popularity later, probably under urkish or Hungarian influence.


25/119

kokoroz || CORN

linguistic data does not allow or any other solution. Most probably, the whole thingmight be explained by the ollowing acts:. in Ott. (and later in ksh.) the orms kukuruz~ kokorozare dialectal; corn was more

popular among the Slavic people than it was among the urks; in a limited area, a Slav.word could oust its kc. equivalent, and then find its way to the literary language

. a) all the other kc. languages where this word is present, have been under a strongRuss. influence

b) it is possible, that these kc. nations only learned about corn rom RussiansTe differences in auslaut among the kc. orms (-uzvs -uza) should probably be ex-

plained by variations in Russ. dialects (although Filin only attests kukurz), orby a borrowing rom ksh. (Ott.) rather than rom Russ.

Te only thing that might still be regarded as being problematic is that our wordhas no established etymology in the Slav. languages. An overview o previous solutions

(chronologically) and our proposition is presented below.

Blr.:kukurza|| Bulg.: kukurz|| Cz.: kukuice, kukuruc(thc.; Jungmann ) ||Pol.: kukurydza(thc.), kukurudza, kokoryca(thc.), kukuryza, kukuruca, kukuryca, kuku-rudz(thc.) (SEJP) || SC: kukruz, kukruza, kkurica, kukuriza, kokuruz(Skok )|| Slvk.: kukurica, kukuruc|| Slvn.: koruza|| Ukr.: kukurdza|| USorb.: kukurica. < kc. kokoroz, kukuruzcorn pro:Muchliski ; MiklEl, Karowicz ; Lokotsch ; Wei-

gand; Holub/Lyer; Skok ; Witczak :

contra:MiklElN; SEJP; Bakowski Te word is incomprehensible on the kc. ground. Vast amily in the Slav. languages.No related words in the kc. languages.

. native word; c. Slav.S. kukurjav. curly; . splayed out (rom hairs protrudingrom corns)

pro:Berneker , Brckner ; Holub/Kopen ; SEJP; Machek ;Zaimov ; Schuster-ewc ; ESUM; ernych

contra:Vasmer See below.

. < Rom. cucuruz. cone; . corn pro:? MiklFremdSlav, BER; Maryna ; ? Bakowski See below.. < kukuruused when luring birds with corn grains pro:Vasmer

Jungmann ; quoted afer Machek .

Muchliski : ; quoted afer SEJP s.v. kukurydza.

Karowicz : ; quoted afer SEJP. s.v. kukurydza.

Weigand, G.:Jahresbericht des Instituts fr rumnische SpracheXVII-XVIII: .; quoted afer SEJP.

Berneker : ; quoted afer SEJP s.v. kukurydza.

Zaimov : : ; quoted afer SEJP s.v. kukurydza.


26/119

CORN || kokoroz

contra:SEJP Very unlikely. Would require an assumption that the name or corn only came

into existence afer its grain had been acquired in some way, and used to lurebirds while shouting (why?) kukuru. Apart rom the above, it is not known whichlanguage the proposition reers to.

. = ? Alb. kqurbaked; roasted or = ? Alb. kkrr. grain o pea; . berry pro:Bakowski Kkrr(< kok head; bulb; berry; grain; Orel ) seems to be more probable,

but as a source o borrowing, rather than an equivalent. It also has, however,a very likely Slav. proposition (see below), this coincidence should probablybe regarded as accidental. What is important, though, is the idea proposedby Bakowski that the word might have been borrowed via two routes(see below).

SEJP suggests that the word should be derived rom PSlav. *kokor-, a reduplicated ormo *kor- (> *koren), such as bbr,gogokaorpopi; c. also kkolcorncockle (Agrostemma

githago) and kuklik Geum urbanumL.. In the Slav. languages there are very manynames o plants with a very similar sounding, c. e.g. Bulg. kukurjk||Cz. kokok||LSorb. kokrik||Pol. kokornak, kokorycz||Slvk. kokork, kukurk||Ukr. kokorika||USorb.kokorac (more examples e.g. in SEJP s.v. kokornak). Te semantic basis were most probablycurly (crooked?) leaves or tendrils, or some kind o curls or locks characteristic o thegiven plant (c. Machek ; SEJP). C. Slav.S. kukurjavcurly(-headed).

We believe that PSlav. *kor- bent can with quite a high degree o probability beaccepted as the root o our word: c. also Russ.dial. kokratrunk [] together with acrooked root [], Hung.dial. kukoracrooked; bent; [], and Pol. and others krzywycrooked, maybe also Lat. curvus.

Many Slavists point out phonetical difficulties. wo routes o borrowing, proposedby Bakowski , seem to offer the best explanation. Only instead o the Alb. ety-mons, we would rather assume native Slav. names either shifed rom another similarplant, or neologisms created in the same way as the already existing names. Presumably,some o the orms may be explained by a contamination o two (or more?) orms (or

Pol., c. Bakowski ).

NB: Probably also Hung. kankalkprimrose (in the same way as konkolycorncockle) is a bor-rowing rom the Slav. languages against EWU, where it is regarded as an Abl[eitung] auseinem fiktiven Stamm, Entstehungsweise aber unbest[immt]. C. also Lith. knkalas(little)bell, something clanging (Splnik : ).

From Cz., where it meant among others monks hood; c. Splnik : , though anunclear expression.

Also Hung. kkrcurly(-headed), which probably rom the Slav. languages, too against

EWU, where it is derived rom kukoracrooked, bent, [], which is an Abl[eitung] aus einemrelativen fiktiven Stamm.

See ootnotes . C. Pol. kkolcorncockle (Agrostemma githago) o a very similar structure.


27/119

(kmme) qonaq || CORN

Finally, we should also consider whether it would be desirable to assume a Paleo-Europ. source, which could be connected with OBask. and Pre-Romance *kuk(k)ur-Kamm; Spitze (more: Hubschmid : ), and the Rom. orm (originally cone),instead o deriving it directly rom Bulg. (c. Cihac : II vs. Cioranescu ).An Ott. meaning attested by Redhouse : any tall, il l-shaped thing, might also beused to support this idea. We suppose that Arm.gogaand the like. hooks with twopoints used or hanging pots over a fire (Blsing : ) could also belong to the sameamily, such as finally. ksh. kokoremeat dish roasted on spit.

KMME QONAQ

:kma qonaq Uyg.:(uran) Jarring :

kmb konok Kirg.dial.:SJa cornkmek Uyg.:Jarring : special species o cornkme qonaq Uyg.:Jarring : special species o cornkmme qonaq Uyg.:RUjgS, Jarring : special species o cornkmr qonaq Uyg.:Jarring : konag Sal.:SJaqonaq Uyg.:Raquette , SJa

:Kirg.dial.:kmb konok || Sal.:konag || Uyg.:kma qonaq,kmek,kme qonaq,kmme qonaq,

kmr qonaq,qonaq: : Jarring: : ? kmme< kme~ kmercoal (c. kmr qonaq), or ? kmme< kmek?:

:Jarrings : proposition which is based on the orm kmr qonaq, and derives kmmerom kmr(~ Uyg. kme(r) ) coal is interesting but, semantically, rather enigmatic.

It seems more plausible to us that kmmeis a deverbal noun rom the verb km- to bury,dig in the ground. Such an attribute may result rom the way corn is planted: rather than

simply sowing seeds onto ploughed ground, its seeds are thrown into specially preparedpits, and then covered with soil. For semantics, c. also the somewhat enigmatic in thisregard,sokpa. Although this proposition does not explain orms with -rin auslaut, whichstill remain incomprehensible to us, it still, nonetheless, seems be more plausible.

It is probable that the same root that can be ound in kc. kme. bread; . pie;dumpling.: See konakmillet.

MKKE

: mkke(plant and dish) Kklp.:RKklpS-B, RKklpS-BB, RKklpS-S: see meke grand mekgeven


28/119

CORN || mekgeven

:Mkkeas a name or corn is certainly an abbreviation o mkke ueri, created by the sametoken as mysyr budajy> mysyrin ksh. According to Dmitrievas explanation,it means Mecca c. Kirg. mekeamong others Mecca, and comes rom Arab. makka(quoted by Dmitrieva as Mekes.v. meke gr, and as Mekkes.v. mekgeven).

C. meke grand mekgeven, and mysyr budajyandam darysy.

MEKE GR

:makkaavari Uzb.:Nalivkin makkaxori Uzb.:RUzbS-A, RUzbS-makka(-)uari Uzb.:Lapin , Smolenskij

mkke ueri Kklp.:RKklpS-BBmeke gr Kirg.:Dmitrieva : , RKirgS-Ju, RKirgS-Jumokka-avari Uzb.:Smolenskij

:Kirg.:meke gr || Kklp.: mkke ueri || Uzb.: makkaavari,makkahori,makka(-)uari,mokka-avari

: : Dmitrieva: < Arab. MekeMecca +grcorn:

: See mkke.

: Seegr.C. mkke, mekgeven, and mysyr budajyandam darysy.

MEKGEVEN

:mekgeven Trkm.:Dmitrieva : , Nikitin/Kerbabaev , RrkmSmekke even Trkm.:Alijiv/Briji

: : Dmitrieva: < mekge< Arab. MekkeMecca +ven

:-: See mkkeand mkke gr.-:Tis word is etymologically unclear. Tough not listed among equivalents by Eren ,it is presumably the same word as ksh.: venkk ve dallar sabun gibi kprtenbir bitki < enEren , dial. oan, oen, ovan, civen, uvanDS ||Az. oan||OKip. oan||rkm. oan(kk) ven.

We believe that it might be closely related to iginmillet, which unortunately isunclear, too. We should not completely discount the notion that its ultimate sourceis Pers.ou- barley (seejulafoats), or alternately, that igin< gn which would

probably rule out such a connection.C. mkke, mekgeven, and mysyr budajyandam darysy.


29/119


30/119

CORN || am darysy

. Osset. nartxorcorn, liter. ood o the Narts

Semantically, such a connection raises no doubts. It is, however, quite inexplicablephonetically. One might believe that it is a kc. derivative rom *nartNart witha meaning calqued rom Osset. nartxor, but a non-harmonic vocalization underminesthis solution.

. common Europ. nard Te word nard is present in many European languages (Lat. nardus, Eng., Fr., Pol.,

Russ. et al. nard) but to the best o our knowledge, it has no etymology. Te plantoriginates rom the region o India and ibet, and has been known to Europeanssince antiquity as a material or perume production. It does not look similar to corn,but it should be remembered that corn happens to be the same word or millet(see zgn qonaq, mysyr bugdajy,asymykandgr), and that the popular terms ormillet might in act mean various, not necessarily closely, related species (see com-

mentary on millet). A distant analogy is that ikinmillet may also mean Frenchlavender, and the word nardis not always entirely monosemantic as well, e.g. Gr., except or Nardostachys Jatamansimight in various compounds also meanValeriana Celtica, Cymbopogon Iwaraneusa, or nard oil (Lidell ) and others.

SARY

: sary KarH:KRPS: as yet not discussed

: From corns extremely distinct colour.

AM DARYSY

: am darysy Ott.:Eren s.v. mysyr: as yet not discussed:

C. mysyr budajy, and mkke, meke grand mekgeven.For a comparison to millet, c. daryand mysyr bugdajy, and zgn qonaq,asymyk

andgr. Te Narts were a race o giants described in the mythology o the peoples o Caucasus, including

the Ossetians. According to the legends, a long time ago, out o pride they rose against God.God punished them by sending upon them a terrible amine. At night, they would shoot withtheir bows grains glittering in the sky and eat them but there were not enough, and eventual lythe entire race starved to death. Afer that, the grains ell to the ground and corn sproutedrom them. (Dumzil : )

Other languages o Caucasus might also be taken into consideration, see Dumzil : :Peut-tre quon songe que dans une bonne partie du Caucase du nord [] le mas, na dautrenom que laliment des Nartes .

Te expression in Clauson is not entirely clear to us: iki:n[] () the name o a plantcalled usxdsFrench lavender []; ekinsame translation; [.].


31/119

asymyk || CORN

ASYMYK: asymyk Kzk.dial.:SJa: seejasymukmillet:

For naming corn and millet with one word, c. dary, am darysyand gr, andgn qonaq.

GR

:geri Kr.Blk.:Dmitrieva : || Kzk.:Dmitrieva : , DFKzk, DKzkF,

RKzkS-, RKzkS-gri Kirg.:Maanov

gr Kirg.:Dmitrieva : , RKirgS-Ju, RKirgS-Juxori Uzb.:Dmitrieva : geri Kr.Blk.:RKrBlkS

:Kirg.:gri, gr, geri || Kr.Blk.:geri || Kzk.:geri || Uzb.:xori

: : Dmitrieva: only points to a connection with Okc.jgr,jr, gr, jrand uv. vir

millet, and with Oyr. re e , at. jr, re; , Mo. rgrain; seeds, Okc.jgrgnplant similar to millet

:gras a name or corn is presumably an abbreviation o meke gr(c. also mekge-ven). Similarly mkke.

However, the word is not entirely clear rom the etymological point o view. Te -in auslaut is probably a possessive suffix which originally created the so-called secondizaet in compounds such as Kirg. meke gr c. ksh.dial. cgrspecies o grassDS, and ksh. mysyr bugdajycorn and Ott.am darysyid. Eren , ksh.dial. daryS. We believe that Dmitrievas proposition to connect the word with Okc.gr&c. has much to commend it (see grmillet).

C. meke gr.


32/119

CORN

kokorozcorn

KarL

Tksh.

uv.Tat. B

k.

Trkm.

Oyr.K

hak.

Tuv.

Yak.


33/119

CORN

mkke,meke gr andmekgevencorn

Trkm.

Kklp.

Uzb.

Kirg.

Uy

g.


34/119

.

Millet is one o the first plants ever to be cultivated by mankind. It is understandable then,that the name or millet encompasses in colloquial use many different, and not necessarilyclosely related species (see below). India, Central Asia, China and Aricas tropical savan-nahs are considered to be the homeland o millet. An exact dating o the beginnings ocultivation is very difficult, as distinguishing separate species in the archeological materialsraises serious problems. In Europe, which is not the homeland o this cereal (or rather,cereals), it has been discovered in neolithic finds, and in China it had already been one othe five most important cereals sown by the emperor himsel during the vernal equinox as

early as in the thc. BC.Proso millet has been traditionally cultivated in China, CentralAsia, urkestan and ranscaucasus.

Te two most important species are colloquially both called millet: proso millet (PanicummiliaceumL.) and setarias, especially oxtail millet (Setaria italicaP.B. = Panicum italicumL.and others). Also, some species o sorghum are sometimes called millet, too. Both the col-loquial and even the botanical terminology is somewhat in conusion (see table in Nowiski: ), mainly because o numerous synonyms and polysemantic names. Tere is no reasonto believe that the situation is any clearer in the kc. languages.We believe that some othe names we list with the meaning o millet reer in act to some other species than proso

millet, or that they reer to many species at once. Unortunately, the lexical data we have hadaccess to usually does not allow us to make these kinds o distinctions.

Te lexical data itsel does not let us determine whether it was millet or wheat that was thefirst cereal the kc. peoples became acquainted with. Te act that we know o no examples oa semantic shif millet > wheat, and that we know o two examples in the opposite direction(unortunately, both non-kc.: Nan. bdamillet, u-enph-tuu-kaimillet as opposed tokc. bugdajwheat (Joki : ) ) might suggest that it was wheat that came first.

Interestingly, names or millet are sometimes mixed or unified with names or corn (c. -

gn, dary,jasymuk,jgrand mysyr). Possibly, it results rom the act that the grains o these twocereals are similar to each other, both in shape and colour, though the grains o millet are smallerand flatter. It is also possible, perhaps even more probable, that this unification arose rom theact that corn had in many regions become the most important cereal, thus taking, at least tosome extent, the place o millet.One could suppose, or historical reasons, that the directiono the shif would always be millet > corn but this is not the case with mysyr(see below).

Tis reers to both the most important species: proso and oxtail millet (see below).

In act, it is just the opposite: many o the names we list have a meaning such as a species o millet

or a plant similar to millet &c. C. also e.g. Pol. burakborago > beetroot resulting rom beetroots displacing borago and takingover its place (Bory ).


35/119

MILLET

:cebedogonkin iginiginigit iginikin iginingetar targnygyt igindar tardari darydaru darydary

inditkonak konak

jasymukjgr grjosmik jasymukjgr grjgrgn grjgrgn grjr gr

kojak konakkonag konakkona konakkonakkonk konakkonakaj konakkonok konak

kunak konakmysyrmysyr budajy mysyrmysyrda(ry) mysyrmysyrgan mysyrnardangr grjr gr

prosaprosoqonaq konakqunoq konak

sksokpask sktartaragantara darytaran taragantarn taragantari dary

tar darytarig darytarik darytariq darytaru darytar darytary dary

taryg darytary darytaryk daryteri daryteri daryterik daryteriq darytgi tgtgth tgtg tgtgi tg

tg tgtui tgti tgtjtarytyr dary? tyryq darygrgrgn grjr gr

*r grr grvir gr

xonak konakxtar taravers

:

Az.:daryBlk.:taryBrb.:taranBk.:taryCom.:tary [tari]Cat.:daryag.:kin ||igin ||ind

||konag ||konak ||sk ||tarig ||tarik ||taryg ||tgi

uv.:tyr ||virFuy:nardanGag.:dary

KarC:dary ||taryKarH:cebedogonKhak.:prosa ||tarygKirg.:konak ||konok ||tar

||taryKklp.:konak ||taryKmk.:tari ||tar ||taryKmnd.:taraganKr.:tary ||tiKr.Blk.:taryKzk.:itkonak ||konak ||sk

||tary ||tjtary

Mkc.:ikin ||jgr ||jgr||kojak ||konak ||gr||jr ||taryg ||taryk ||tgi ||gr

Mkc.H:taryMkc.IM:tarygMkc.KD:taru ||tgMkc.MA.B:kojak ||

konak ||konkMkc.MK:jgr ||jgrgn

||taryg ||tgi ||tgi ||gr||grgn ||jr


36/119

MILLE || igin

Nog.:konakaj ||taryOkc.:igit ||jasymuk ||

jgrgn ||jr ||kojak ||konak ||sk ||tarik ||taryg||tg ||th ||tg ||jr

Ott.:igit ||ygyt ||daru ||dary ||tary ||avers

OUyg.:qonaq ||tara ||rOyr.:taragan || tarnSarUyg.:sokpa ||tarygat.:dari ||sk ||tary

at.Gr.:taryel.:taragan ||tarn ||taru

||tar ||taryksh.:daryksh.dial.:mysyr ||mysyr

bugdajy ||mysyrda(ry) ||mysyrgan

ob.:taryo.:darrkm.:dary ||konak ||taryg

||tui

uv.:ingetar ||tar ||xonak ||xtar

Uyg.:gn ||kona ||konak ||konok ||qonaq ||

sk ||tariq ||tary ||teri||teri ||terik ||teriq ||tgi ||? tyryq ||jr

Uzb.:igin ||josmik ||konak||kunak ||qunoq ||tarik||tariq ||taryk

Yak.:proso ||tarn ||*r

CEBEDOGON: cebedogon KarH:KRPS: as yet not discussed:

Tis name is unclear. Most probably it is a compound o cebe+ dogon, where dogon< Hebr. dagancereal or alternately ;dochanmillet; millet groats cebeis however, unclear.

C. basadohancorn.

IGIN

:kin ag.:species o milletigin ag.:R III m very fine millet, cotton seeds, R III b

species o millet, VEW very fine millet, cotton seeds || Uzb.:veryfine millet, cotton seeds R III m

igit OTkc.:VEW || Ott.:VEW ikin MTkc.:VEW hrenbildende Futterpflanze, die zwischen Weinstcken an-

gepflanzt wird

ygyt Ott.:VEW :ag.:kin,igin || MTkc.: ikin || OTkc.: igit || Ott.: igit,ygyt || Uzb.: igin

: as yet not proposed:

Tis name is unclear, and to the best o our knowledge no etymology has been proposedor it as yet. It seems to us that it might be etymologically the same word as unor-tunately the equally unclear venin mekgevencorn. Tis is entirely possible both

phonetically and semantically (or naming millet and corn with one word c. gn,dary, jasymuk, jgrand mysyr). I it turned out, however, even though it is not verylikely that ven


37/119

gn || MILLE

GN: gn Uyg.:Jarring : (afer Schwarz ) Setaria viridis: : Jarring: :indicates a non-kc. origin; enigmatic word:

C. gn qonaqcorn.Tis word is unclear. One cannot help noticing the phonetic similarity to igin

millet (c.) which is unclear, too. I these two words were to be related, gn isprobably the older orm.

DARY

:dari Tat.:aniev daru Ott.:SJadary Az.:RAzS, VEW, Dmitrieva , SJa, Eren || CTat.:SJa || Gag.:

SJa || KarC:SJa, KRPS, Levi || Ott.:() Wiesentahl , ,,R III m, VEW || Tksh.:Dmitrieva , SJa, Eren , ietze ||Trkm.:Alijiv/Briji , RrkmS, Nikitin/Kerbabaev , VEW, Dmitrieva, SJa, Eren

tara OUyg.:SJatari Kmk.:Dmitrieva tar Kmk.:SJa

tarig ag.: R III m, VEWtarik ag.: Ackereld R III m, SJa || OTkc.: R III m || Uzb.:

Eren tariq Uyg.:Brands : || Uzb.:RUzbS-A, Dmitrieva , Brands : , SJataru MTkc.KD: || Tel.:Ryumina-Srkaeva tar Kirg.:RKirgS-Ju, RKirgS-Ju, Dmitrieva , Brands : , SJa, Eren

|| Tel.:R III m, Eren tary Blk.:VEW, Eren || Bk.:RBkS, Dmitrieva , SJa, Eren ||

Com.:[tari] Grnbech , SJa, KWb || KarC:KRPS, SJa, Levi

|| Kirg.:Maanov , SJa || Kklp.:RKklpS-BB, RKklpS-S, RKklpS-B,Dmitrieva , SJa, Eren || Kmk.:RKmkS || Kr.:VEW || Kr.Blk.:RKrBlkS, Dmitrieva || Kzk.:RKzkS-, RKzkS-, Dmitrieva , SJa,KWb , DFKzk, DKzkF, Eren || MTkc.H:( ) || Nog.:RNogS, Dmitrieva, SJa, Eren || Ott.:R III b || Tat.:R III m, III m, IV b,Voskresenskij , Imanaev , RatS-D, RatS-G, Dmitrieva , SJa,KWb , Eren || Tat.Gr.:Podolsky || Tel.:R III m || Tob.:SJa

taryg ag.:SJa || Khak.:SJa || MTkc.:SJa, VEW . grain; . millet, Eren sowing; plant; barley; wheat; grain || MTkc.IM|| MTkc.MK:Dankoff/Kelly || OTkc.:Dmitrieva millet; grain; grass, Eren sowing ||SarUyg.:. grain; . millet VEW || Trkm.:( ) Nalivkin

tary Uyg.:VEW . grain; . millet


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MILLE || dary

taryk MTkc.KD:|| Uzb.:Lapin , (e) Smolenskij teri Uyg.:. grain; . millet VEWteri Uyg.:SJaterik Uyg.:R III m, VEWteriq Uyg.:Menges , RUjgS, Dmitrieva tyr uv.:VEW grain; millet, Eren cereal? tyryq Uyg.: Raquette

:Az.:dary || Blk.: tary || Bk.: tary || Com.: tary [tari]|| CTat.: dary || ag.: tarig,tarik,taryg || uv.: tyr || Gag.: dary || KarC.: dary,tary || Khak.: taryg || Kirg.: tar,tary ||Kklp.: tary || Kmk.: tari,tar,tary || Kr.: tary || Kr.Blk.: tary || Kzk.: tary || MTkc.:taryg,taryk || MTkc.H: tary || MTkc.IM: taryg || MTkc.KD: taru || MTkc.MK: taryg ||Nog.: tary || OTkc.: tarik,taryg || Ott.: daru,dary,tary || OUyg.: tara || SarUyg.: taryg ||

Tat.: dari,tary || Tat.Gr.: tary || Tel.: taru,tar,tary || Tksh.: dary || Tob.: tary || Trkm.:dary,taryg || Uyg.: tariq,tary,teri,teri,terik,teriq,? tyryq || Uzb.: tarik, tariq,taryk

: : VGAS : Okc. tarygErnte, Getreide = Mo. tarijanFeld, Saat, MMo. tarijad

Saaten, Getreide, Xlx. tariSaat : VEW: ~ Mo. tarijansowing; cereal; land, soil; grain : Clauson: < taryto cultivate land; d- by contamination with Pers. drmedi-

cine, drug : Dmitrieva: Okc. tarygmillet; grain; grass < taryto sow + -g

: SJa: .Forms without -g: < tar- to cultivate land; to sow + -y; .Forms with-g: < tar-y- to sow or like . : Dmitrieva: < taryto sow + -ygresult, outcome uv. tar, Oyr. tarn, at., Brb. taranmillet < Mo. tarijangrain, where -n< -an : Eren: < tary(ekin) ekmek + - : ietze: < Okc. taryg(afer Clauson ):

Tis word has relatively uniorm meanings in all the languages (afer SJa):. Te orm without -gapart rom millet can mean: grain, cereal, groats and the

like, and other cereals. All these meanings are understandable given the etymol-ogy and, except or the last group, are o a very limited range (at most one o theollowing languages: Oyr., o., uv.).

For ksh.dial. meaning o corn, c. mysyr, the commentary at the beginning othis chapter, and gn,jasymukandjgr.

. Te orm with -gmeans also wheat, barley, grain, cereal, odder, sowing,crops, harvest, cultivation, descendant and the like. All these meanings areolder and, except or the last possibility which is not ully clear, understandable in

view o the etymology.

Te morphological structure o this word and its deverbal origin are quite obvious. Teproblematic part is the final vowel o the verbal stem (see taraand taragan). It has been,


39/119

ind || MILLE

however, solved by SJa in a very convincing way by interpreting -y~ -aas a denominalsuffix and deriving the verbal tary- ~ tara- rom nominal *tarsowing; harvest; field, whichat the same time explains dary(< tar-), taryg(< tar-(y-) ) and such orms as Sag. and otherstarlaodder, and OUyg. taracereal and the like (< tar-a-). C. tar, taragan.

Te contamination with Pers. darmedicine, drug assumed by Clauson toexplain the voiced anlaut in Oghuz. is, as has been justly remarked by SJa, not verylikely (although it seems to us that the semantic difficulty, not mentioned by SJa,migh be even more important than the act that the Pers. dr is unknown to SWkc. languages), and moreover, absolutely superfluous since the voicing o occlusives inanlaut is a regular change in the Oghuz. languages, and the d- orms in Kip. (KarC.and at.) may be easily, and with a very high degree o plausibility, explained by anOghuz. influence or borrowing.

For urther bibliography c. first o all SJa and Eren .

Dmitireva : has suggested that the act that this name derives rom the verbto sow might be regarded as a testimony that millet was the first cereal cultivated by thekc. peoples. But, it might also not be true since, she continues, D. tarwewheat. AS taretare, vetch et al. < [sic] OInd. drvmillet < PIE *der- to rip off; to skin. Tis seemsto us to be quite poor reasoning. OInd. and the Grmc. languages are only very remotelyrelated with one another, and the act that what originally was one word now has differ-ent meanings is not actually very surprising. Te kc. languages are related much moreclosely, and daryhas a very uniorm meaning (with a ew exceptions, see above) o millet;only in a ew o the languages does it include grain, cereal and the like. Te situation

is then, quite different. However, even in these, much more avourable conditions we donot believe as Dmitrieva apparently does that it is possible to establish which was thefirst cereal cultivated by the kc. peoples using only the etymology o one word. Onecould equally well suppose that the first cereal was named with a borrowing rather thana native word, and such a guess could not be proved any more.

C. also (-)tarand taragan.

IND

:ind ag.:[] , e [] R I m: R I m: < ind+-:

Te etymology offered by Radloff is rather odd. indappears in various languages, butwith the meaning o to call, to summon. Tus, the semantic connection i it evenexists would require a comprehensive commentary, which Radloff ails to provide.Regrettably, we cannot offer a more convincing proposition, either.

Tey could also be understood as the result o an assimilation to the next consonant, i.e. t-r>d-r, which is however not very convincing since such a change is characteristic o Oghuz., notKip. languages.


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MILLE || konak

JASYMUK:

jasymuk OTkc.:? millet DS, Dmitrieva , SJajosmik Uzb.:[?] VEW

:OTkc.:jasymuk || Uzb.:josmik

: : VEW: ag.jasmuklentil


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mysyr || MILLE

species o millet, Dmitrieva || Trkm.:SJa || Uyg.:mediocre species omillet VEW || Uzb.:SJa

konk MTkc.MA.B:Borovkov : konakaj Nog.:SJakonok Kirg.:SJa Setaria italica var. moghariumAle., Steblin-Kamenskij : Setaria

italica var. moghariumAle.; setaria (SetariaP.B.); oxtail millet (Setaria italicaP.B.)|| Uyg.:VEW

kunak Uzb.:(ee) Smolenskij qonaq OUyg.:DS species o millet, Steblin-Kamenskij : || Uyg.:Jarring ,

Steblin-Kamenskij : qunoq Uzb.:Dmitrieva , Steblin-Kamenskij :

xonak Tuv.:SJa Setaria viridisP.B.:

ag.:konag,konak || Kirg.: konak,konok || Kklp.: konak || Kzk.: itkonak,konak || MTkc.:kojak,konak || MTkc.MA.B: konk || MTkc.MK: kojak,konak || Nog.: konakaj || OTkc.:kojak,konak || OUyg.: qonaq || Trkm.: konak || Tuv.:xonak || Uyg.: kona,konak,konok,qonaq || Uzb.: konak,kunak,qunoq

: : VEW: ~ Mo. qona, qonumillet : SJa: limits himself to quoting two previous comparisons with Mo. against Clauson : KWb : only points to the comparison with qona, qonu

:Tis word is common in the kc. languages and has many meanings, millet beingthe most common one.

Clausons etymology is, as SJa has stated, very improbable or phonetic(konak, not *knak) and semantic (kn- to sit, not to seat) reasons. Unortunately, noother etymology has been proposed, and we are not able to provide one, either.

About borrowing this word to the Pamir. languages, see Steblin-Kamenskij : .

MYSYR

:mysyr Tksh.dial.:DSmysyr bugdajy Tksh.dial.:millet Eren mysyrda(ry) Tksh.dial.:DSmysyrgan Tksh.dial.:DS

: as yet not discussed in the meaning o millet

Most o them are related to cereals as a general term, or as the name o some species. Apartrom millet, they are: setarias (uv.), corn, sorghum (Kirg.) and others (SJa). See also(kmme) konakcorn.


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MILLE || prosa

:Usually mysyrmeans corn in ksh. Using one word to name these two cereals ofenhappens (see gn, dary,jasymukandjgr) but the direction is always natural romthe historical point o view, i.e. millet > corn. o assume that some o the Anatolianurks learned about millet rom Egypt would be totally unrealistic, given the historyo the cultivation o millet. Probably, the only acceptable guess would be that corndisplaced or at least surpassed millet in importance in some regions o urkey (whichis quite likely), and hence the secondary meaning (c. ootnote ). o some extent,such a scenario is pointed to by ksh.dial. mysyrda(ry) and mysyrganwith a clear suffix-ganwhich is used very ofen to orm names o plants, usually with the meaning osimilar to; -like (c. arpakanoats and arpagan(wild) barley). Mysyritsel is probablyan abbreviation o one o these orms, or simply a shif rom mysyrcorn.

NARDAN

: nardan Fuy:Zhen-hua : as yet not discussed:

Probably rom Pers. nrdnpomegranate seeds; (= nrdnag) dried seeds o wild pome-granate used as a spice (Rubinik ), though the semantic is not entirely clear.A devisable connection with nartkcorn should probably be ruled out despite o someremote associations.

PROSA

: prosa Khak.:RChakS, Dmitrieva , Brands : : Dmitrieva: < Russ.prosomillet : Brands: < Russ.prosomillet:

Te final -amight be a result o two possible events: .a phonetical, not graphical bor-

rowing; .borrowing o the Gen. orm used as Part.

It seems impossible to determine,which is more likely. In reality, probably both these actors were present at the sametime and separating them would be but an artificial operation, which would result ina more methodical description o the change mechanism.

Similarly to e.g. Yak.pruoka, boruoska, r.praqa&c. snuff


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proso || MILLE

PROSO: proso Yak.:RJakS, Dmitrieva : : Dmitrieva: < Russ.prosomillet:

It is difficult to criticise the etymology proposed by Dmitrieva . A complete lacko assimilation (c. ebiesoats) indicates that the borrowing was made only very re-cently, or alternately that the orthography does not in act render the actual Yak.

pronunciation.

SK

:sk ag.:SKE MEN, VEW husked millet || Kzk.:SKE , MEN,

VEW husked millet, DFKzk, DKzkF || OTkc.:VEW husked millet ||Uyg.:SKE

sk Tat.:millet pap VEW:

ag.:sk || Kzk.:sk || OTkc.:sk || Tat.:sk || Uyg.:sk: : KWb: : = Mo.sg, Klmk.sgchassed millet : SKE : < Chin. : MEN: ? kc. < Pers.skear o corn, beard o corn

: VEW: < Chin., KorS (afer: SKE )sok = Mo.sgmillet; spelt:

Tis word appears also in Kirg., Kzk., rkm., Uyg. and Uzb. meaning spelt. Te originproposed by SKE seems very likely (see below).

MEN, reasoning rom the act that the word is only attested as late as ag., sug-gests the possibility o a borrowing rom Pers. sk ear o corn, beard o corn which

would directly, or via kc. dialects, originate rom Chin. Tis proposition can not becompletely discounted, even though its seems to complicate the route o borrowing

beyond what is necessary. Tat a word was not attested earlier than ag. does not meanit did not exist beore.As has been proposed by MEN, the Chin. etymon SKE most probably meant

issoxtail millet (Setaria italicaP.B.). We believe that its MChin. sounding, *sjowk(Baxter: , oral inormation rom Pro. A. Vovin [Honolulu]), *siok(d )raises no doubts about the phonetics, and neither about the meaning.

Te change o harmony rom back to ront could be explained by the palatal pronunciation o-kin Pers. Te semantic change could be explainable as easily.

Te same sign is used to write OJap. *apamillet (Martin : , Omodaka ), c. arpabarley.


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MILLE || tar

SOKPA: sokpa SarUyg.:eniev : as yet not discussed:

While morphologically this word is absolutely clear (sok- to stick, to poke + -ma), itsmeaning is quite strange. Te literal meaning o *seedling indicates rice or corn ratherthan millet. One could try to look or a semantic parallel in tgbut the meaning o*tg- to beat, to hit enables an evolution to basically any cereal, and makes it impos-sible to compare withsok-. Perhaps this is an example o uniying/mixing millet withcorn (c. (kmme) konak)?

TAR

:ingetar Tuv.:RuwS, Dmitrieva dar Tof.:SJatar Tuv.:R II b (in: kara ~ black millet), Brands : , SJa

xtar Tuv.:RuwS:

Tof.:dar || Tuv.:ingetar,tar,xtar: : Dmitrieva: < uv. ingethin + targrain; cereal

: Brands: : < Mo. tarijan, tarnharvest; cereal : Dmitrieva: uv. tar, Oyr. tarn, Brb., at. taranmillet < Mo. tarijangrain,where -n< -an

:As opposed to tara(ga)n, this orm has no -nin auslaut, and thus it can be hardly ex-

pected to contain a trace o -gan, as has been proposed by Dmitrieva , or that it isborrowed rom Mo., as Brands : has suggested (c. taragan). What seems muchmore probable is that they are -gderivatives rom tar-a-. For. tar-a- and the semantic o

OUyg. orms c. SJas commentary on darycorn.Dmitrievas etymology is quite obvious, and it would be wrong to assume anyother origin o this word. Tin surely reers to the shape o this plant: millet stalksare much thinner than those o other cerals. Tey are also more elastic, making milletbend and lie down which makes the impression o thinness even stronger. : name ully clear etymologically and semantically: name unclear

Perhaps also tjtary.


45/119

taragan || MILLE

TARAGAN:

taragan Kmnd.:Eren || Oyr.:R III b || Tel.:R III b, Eren taran Brb.:R III m, SJa, KWb tarn Oyr.:RAltS, Dmitrieva , Brands : , SJa, KWb , Eren || Tel.:

R III m, SJa, KWb , Eren || Yak.Fedotov ~ remillet; groats:

Brb.:taran || Kmnd.:taragan || Oyr.:taragan, tarn || Tel.:taragan, tarn || Yak.:tarn: : KWb : Brb. tarian, Oyr., el. tarn< Mo. : VGAS: Mo. tarijan field; sowing, tarijadsowing; cereal &c. = Okc. taryg

crop; cereal : Brands: : < Mo. tarijan, tarnsowing; cereal

: SJa: < tar-a-; against deriving < Mo. tarija(n) : Eren: < Mo.:

SJa is against KWb or phonetic reasons (Mo. -ija: kc. -aa-), and supportsVGAS assuming a parallel evolution tar-a- + -gan> kc. taragan&c., Mo. tarija.

We too, support this conception. C. dary, -tar.

TG

:tgi MTkc.MK:(Oghuz.) Eren husked millettg OTkc.:MEN , SJath OTkc.:SJatg OTkc.:VEW husked yellow millettgi ag.:husked millet MEN || MTkc.:VEW husked millet || MTkc.MK:

Dankoff/Kelly || Uyg.:VEW husked millettg MTkc.KD: husked millettui Trkm.: ,R III bti Kr.:Prhle , VEW:ag.:tgi || Kr.:ti || MTkc.:tgi || MTkc.KD:tg || MTkc.MK:tgi,tgi || OTkc.:tg,th,tg || Trkm.:tui || Uyg.:tgi

: see tvirice:

See tvirice; also dvmewheat.rkm. tui( ,, so tviand tuvican not be excluded either; c. rkm. tvirice)

is most probably, as suggested by MEN . borrowed rom ag. or another Kip.source, as is indicated by the voiceless auslaut (c. also dary).


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MILLE || gr

TJTARY: tjtary Kzk.:MEN oxtail millet: : MEN : < *tgi-taryg:

Te etymology offered by MEN appears to be quite probable, although themeaning is a little surprising. One could expect such a compound to yield a meaninglike husked millet or something similar (c. tvirice), not oxtail millet.

While rom the semantic point o view a compound *tj-tarymillet with hair wouldseem much more likely, and would be a nice parallel to the European names (c. Eng.

foxtail bristlegrass, Slav. wonicaor Lat. setaria(< Lat.saeta(sta) (hard) animal hair,horse hair; Genaust ) ), such a solution raises phonetic doubts: in Kzk. hair iscalled tk. Maybe a borrowing rom one o the Oghuz. languages?

Tough not very probable, it nevertheless cannot be ruled out that tg&c. < *tg

hair (adj.) < tkhair + -adj. (< Pers.), c. tvirice. Tis idea is interesting semanti-cally but it seems that it, too, leaves the sounding o tjtaryunexplained.

GR

:jgr MTkc.:VEWjgr MTkc.MK:MK III (DS) || OTkc.:Dmitrieva jgrgn OTkc.:Dmitrieva

jgrgn MTkc.MK:plant similar to millet Dankoff/Kelly jr OTkc.:DS, Dmitrieva gr MTkc.:VEWjr OTkc.:Egorov , VEW, Fedotov millet; speltgr MTkc.MK:MK I , II (DS), Dankoff/Kelly , Eren s.v. dar

|| OTkc.:Dmitrieva grgn MTkc.MK:grain eaten by Qarluq urkmn Dankoff/Kelly jr MTkc.MK:(Oghuz.) Eren s.v. dar|| OTkc.:DS, Dmitrieva || Uyg.:

Eren s.v. dar

*r Yak.:Fedotov tarn~e millet; groatsr OUyg.:evilek vir uv.:Nikolskij , RuvS-D, RuvS-E, VEW, RuvS-A, Dmitrieva ,

Eren s.v. dar:

uv.:vir || MTkc.: jgr,jgr,gr,jr,gr || MTkc.MK: jgr,jgrgn,gr,grgn,jr || OTkc.:jgrgn,jr,jr || OUyg.: r || Uyg.: jr || Yak.:*r

: : Ramstedt: uv. vir= Mo. reseed; ruit : Egorov: limits himsel to a comparison to Mo. rgrain; seeds; crop


47/119

avers || MILLE

: Dmitrieva: = Okc. jgr,jr, gr, jr; indicates a comparison to Kzk. gericorn and at. jr, at. re; , Oyr. re e , Mo. rgrain; seeds, Okc.jgrgnplant similar to millet

: Stachowski, M.: Khak. grsoup, OUyg. grgruel; pap &c. < *gr- to grate;to squeeze; to grind

: Fedotov: limits himsel to indicating a comparison to Mo. reseeds; ruit : Eren s.v. dar: gr&c. = uv. vir:

Tis word has quite a large number o phonetic shapes which is understandable given itsphonetical structure. It appears in a relatively large number o meanings, o which onlythe ones connected with millet have been listed here; see Egorov , Stachowski, M., Fedotov .

o the best o our knowledge, the only etymology to date is the one proposed by Sta-

chowski, M. : . It seems to be based solely on the meanings o the type gruel, pap,soup and the like, but connecting these two words does not pose any major problems.

We know that the urks have been eating various cereals, including millet, in the ormo gruels, mashes and the like (c. ryjarski : and others). Shifing the name romgruel (or something similar) made o millet to millet itsel is only natural.

However, the morphological structure does pose a problem here. While the gruel&c. words have a vocalic auslaut (Khak. grsoup, OUyg. grgruel; pap, at. jrsoup with gruels &c.), the millet ones have a consonant at the end. In Okc., theexistence o nomen and verbum with the same sounding is not a rare phenomenon, but

a unification o meanings to grate; to squeeze; to grind and millet in one stem, withno suffixes, is hardly probable. o grind and gruel would make a more likely couple,but it is the meaning o gruel that has the suffix, and o millet that does not.

It hardly seems plausible that the orms meaning gruel &c. would not be relatedin this or another way to the words mentioned above but it is impossible to establishthe exact nature o this relationship at the moment.

Further bibliography in Eren . C. also jrwheat, and or the final seman-tics tvirice and dvmewheat.

AVERS:

avers () Ott.:Wiesentahl vers Ott.:species o millet growing wild among wheat Redhouse

: as yet not discussed:

From Pers. ~avers gawresoxtail millet (Setaria italicaP.B.); SetariaviridisP.B..

On the surace, the semantics might raise doubts here. But setarias, like in allprobability other grasses, too, are named in various languages o the world, includingthose in Asia, with the word or millet and some kind o an adjective (c. Nowiski


48/119

MILLET

: ), c. e.g. Russ. eeeoxtail millet. Tis pattern is even reflectedin the biological nomenclature: Setaria italicaP.B. = Panicum italicumL. and others,Setaria viridisP.B. = Panicum virideL.

konakmillet

Trkm.

Kklp.

Uzb.

Kirg.

Uyg.

N

og.

Kzk.

Tuv.


49/119

MILLET

darymillet

Trkm.

Kklp.

Uzb.

Kirg.

Uyg.

K

r.

Kzk.

Tuv.

KarL

Gag.

CTat.

Tksh.

Nog.

Blk.

Kmk.

Az.

uv.

Tat.

B

k.

Oyr.

Khak.

Sar

Uyg.

Tof.

dary

tar

taragan


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.

In comparison to other cereals, the cultivation o oats began relatively late, only about thebeginning o the Common Era. Te plant was known much earlier but was regarded as beingmore o a usable weed, a supplement to wheat or barley. Tis is most probably the reason

why names or oats are so ofen mixed with names or barley (c. commentary onjulaf(point ), harva, ta arpasyoats, andsulaand arpaganbarley).Because the cultivation ooats began so late, it is not entirely clear which region is its homeland. Ancient Greece onlyknew it as a medicinal weed, the most important cultures o ancient Asia and Arica didnot know it as a cereal at all. In China, it appeared in the ormer role, as late as the thc.

It seems the the kc. peoples had already known oats in the period beore written monu-ments (c. commentary on sle). Presumably, however, it was not highly regarded, or inancient texts it is rarely mentioned, unlike e.g. wheat or barley.

Te basic name is definitelysle. It appears in very many phonetic variants, surprisinglymany given its simple sounding. Te range o the word julaf, the second most commonname, is huge, but it is absolutely understandable rom a cultural-historical perspective.

:

Interestingly enough, this only concerns oats and barley, not oats and wheat. Te only expla-nation we can offer here is a guess that the urks have always valued wheat more highly thanbarley, or that they had known wheat beore they learned about barley. Te act that wheat

appears in monuments more ofen seems to support the ormer rather than the latter. So doessle(c. commentary on sle). Concurrently, botanical sources emphasise the antiquity owheat. However, or how long exactly the urks have been acquainted with it is unknown.

arpakanat tarzy a"tarzya"tarzybrdkebies

gara gyjakharvaholo slehl sle

hl slehuly slejolap julafjulafnyxaovjos

ovjotovsa

sl slesinir bozansl slesolo slesl slesl slesoly sle

sula sleslesuli slesli slesully slesulu sle

sul slesl slesuly slesly slesly slel slellli sleta-arpasyurus arpa

uvusuwysxarva harvazyntxy*ilap julafylap julaf


51/119

arpakan || OAS

:Az.:julafBrb.:solyBk.:holo ||hl ||hl ||

huly ||ovsaCom.:suluCat.:*ilapuv.:sl ||sl ||sl ||l

||llliGag.:julafKar.:slKarC:julaf ||ylapKar:uvus

Khak.:sulaKirg.:sulu ||sul ||sulyKklp.:sully ||suly

Kmk.:nyxa ||sulu ||sulyKoyb.:sula ||suluKr.:sulaKr.Blk.:zyntxyKyzyl:suluKzk.:sulu ||suly ||slyLeb.:sulaNog.:sulyOtt.:julaf ||sinir bozanOyr.:sulaSag.:sula ||suluSarUyg.:harva ||xarva

r.:sulaat.:julaf ||solo ||sl ||sl

||soly ||sly

at.dial.:uwysat.Gr.:jolapel.:sulaksh.:julafob.:suluo.:ovjotrkm.:brdk ||gara gyjak

||ovjos ||sle ||sliuv.:at tarzy ||a"tarzy

||sulaUyg.:arpakan ||sula ||sulu

||ta-arpasy

Uzb.:suli ||sli ||urusarpa

Yak.:ebies

ARPAK AN: arpakan Uyg.:R I m: Uyg. orm as yet not discussed:

Te structure o this word is absolutely clear: arpa+ -kan. What seems to be moreenigmatic is its meaning, given kc. arpabarley. However, these two cereals are tosome extent unified or mixed by numerous peoples, c. commentary onjulaf(point ),harvaand ta arpasy, and arpaganbarley.

A"TARZY

: at tarzy( ) Tuv.:Dmitrieva 1972: 213 ||a"tarzyRuwS: : Dmitrieva: < athorse + tarzyits cereal, grain

:Tis name is absolutely clear rom both morphological and semantic point o view,and it is very difficult to offer an explanation different than the one presented byDmitrieva .

BRDK

: brdk Trkm.:R IV m: see bordoqroasted corn:

Te original meaning o grain is a perect tertium comparationis or the seeminglyunconnected meanings o oats and corn. C. bordoqroasted corn.


52/119

OAS || harva

EBIES: ebies Yak.:Slepcov , RJakS, Dmitrieva : : Slepcov : < Russ. ovsoats with an irregular correspondence ie


53/119


54/119

OAS || nyxa

We would like to suggest a slight modification o this etymology, and as no ulti-mate proo can be presented here another proposition or explaining this word.

In anlaut, the alternationj- ~- can be explained by a purely kc. alternation which,however, has not been studied thoroughly enough to allow or a ull verification othis assumption. However, what seems to be more problematic is the lack o -v- and achange rom the remaining -aa-, -a- &c. into -u-. Tis is why we believe that the first

part o this compound should have rather been borrowed rom a orm such as liter.Pers., i.e.ou.

Te second part definitely should have been a word o back vocal harmony. Wecould take into consideration such orms as aly., Arab. or Pers. (dial., not liter.,

with non-palatalised short as). Arab. can probably be excluded, as it would requirean assumption, that on the dial. kc. ground a presumably local borrowing rom

dial. Pers. / aly was compounded with a borrowing rom Arab. which is quiteunlikely. On the other hand, a compounding o a orm such as the liter. Pers. ou(which could have appeared in dial., too) with a Pers.dial. / aly orm [ala], seemsto be quite realistic.

Tere is still at least one more way o explaining this word. Namely, it could be regardednot as a compound, but as an iotated borrowing orm Arab. ;alafdry grass; hayodder. Iotation is not a common phenomenon, and definitely not a regular one, whichis certainly a weakness o this proposition. ekin : gives only three examples

o modernju- deriving rom Mkc. long vowel: *-, *-, *-, and all o them come romSarUyg. As ar as our knowledge goes, it has not yet been established what the condi-tions allowing or iotation were in dial. ksh. (Ott.). I they were the same, one couldbelieve that a- was rendered as *- >ju-. In such a case, only the Arab. orm could betaken into consideration, the Pers. - being nothing but a graphical tradition with noimportance or the actual sounding.

From the semantic point o view, grass; hay; odder > oats is at least as probableas barley grass or similar > oats, given that oats are ofen used or odder.

None o the three propositions is completely convincing. Ultimately, the modifiedversion o SJas explanation appears to be the most realistic.

NYXA

: nyxa Kmk.:RKmkS, Dmitrieva : as yet not discussed:

Te sounding o the word clearly suggests a borrowing, presumably rom one o theCauc. languages, but we have not managed to establish the exact source.

Although c. ksh.dial. alaf, alefodder or animals; hay (ietze ).


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ovjos || OAS

OVJOS: ovjos Trkm.:RrkmS: as yet not discussed:

Tis word is undoubtedly a borrowing rom Russ. ovjsid. Te initial o- supposablyindicates that it must have been borrowed rom some dial. with an okanye pronuncia-tion, though it would be difficult to confirm this solution, as the Russ. dialectal texts,especially the older ones, do not render the actual sounding precisely. Another pos-sibility would be to assume a partly graphicalborrowing. Tis, however, is definitelyless likely rom the cultural-historical point o view.

OVJOT

: ovjot() Tof.:RoS, Stachowski, M. a: : as yet not discussed:

Tis orm is undoubtedly a borrowing rom Russ. ovjsid. Te final -tis supposablythe result o a common but not ully described and not ully predictable alternation

s~ t, present in languages o various linguistic amilies across Siberia, including kc.(c. Stachowski, M. a or urther bibliography).

OVSA

: ovsa Bk.:Dmitrieva : : Dmitrieva: < Russ. ovsoats:

Tis orm was most probably borrowed rom Russ. Gen. in the unction o Part.C.prosamillet.

SINIR BOZAN

: sinir bozan Ott.:R IV m: as yet not discussed:

Tis name is unlcear. Maybe it is a substantivised participle in the expression (birinin)sinirlerinibozmakto annoy? Such an explanation could be justified by the act thatoats was ofen regarded as a weed.

Or even a ully graphical one, i one takes into account that Russ. is usually printed as e.


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OAS || sle

SLE:

holo Bk.:Joki , RBkS, KLS, Dmitrieva , Fedotov hl Bk.:Egorov hl Bk.:SJahuly Bk.:Joki

sl uv.:Nikolskij , Amarin , RuvS-D, RuvS-E, Egorov , VEW,RuvS-A, SJa, Fedotov

sl uv.:VEWsolo Tat.:Voskresenskij , Joki sl uv.:Rsnen || Tat.:R IV b, IV m, I b, Rsnen , Joki

, EW, SJasl Tat.:Imanaev

soly Brb.:SJa || Tat.:RatS-D, Egorov , KLS, Dmitrieva , RatS-G,Fedotov

sula Khak.:RIV b, RChakS, Egorov , Dmitrieva , SJa || Koyb.:Kannisto: , KWb, Fedotov || Kr.:Kannisto : || Leb.:Kannisto : ,Fedotov || Oyr.:R IV s, Kannisto : , Joki , Egorov , RAltS,VEW, Dmitrieva , SJa, KWb, Fedotov || Sag.:Kannisto : ,

Joki , Fedotov || r.:R IV b, Kannisto : , Joki , Fedotov || Tel.:R IV b, Rsnen , Kannisto : , Joki , barley Ryumina-Srkaeva/Kuigaeva , Fedotov || Tuv.:RuwS, Dmitrieva , SJa ||

Uyg.:Joki sle Trkm.:Joki , Nikitin/Kerbabaev , KLS, VEW, Dmitrieva ,

SJasuli Uzb.:Joki wild oats (Avena fatua), RUzbS-A, Egorov , VEW, Dmitrieva

, SJa, RUzbS-sli Trkm.:Alijiv/Briji ||Uzb. KLSsully Kklp.:RKklpS-BB, Dmitrieva sulu Com.:R IV b, Joki , KWb, Fedotov || Kirg.:R IV b, RKirgS-Ju,

RKirgS-Ju, Egorov , KLS, Dmitrieva , SJa, Fedotov || Kmk.:

RKmkS, Egorov , Dmitrieva , SJa || Koyb.:Joki || Kyzyl:Joki ,SJa || Kzk.:R IV b, Rsnen , Joki , VEW, KWb || Sag.:Joki || Tob.:Joki || Uyg.: RUjgS, KLS, Joki , Egorov , SJa

sul Kirg.:Joki sl Kar.:SJasuly Kirg.:Maanov || Kklp.:RKklpS-S, Egorov , RKklpS-B, SJa

|| Kmk.:SJa || Kzk.:KLS, Egorov , Dmitrieva , SJa, DFKzk,DKzkF || Nog.:RNogS, Dmitrieva , SJa

sly Tat.:SJasly Kzk.:RKzkS-, RKzkS-l uv.:Dmitrieva llli uv.:Dmitrieva


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sle || OAS

:Brb.:soly || Bk.: holo, hl, hl, huly || Com.:sulu || uv.:sl, sl, sl, l, llli ||Kar.:sl || Khak.:sula || Kirg.:sulu, sul, suly || Kklp.:sully, suly || Kmk.:sulu, suly ||Koyb.:sula, sulu || Kr.:sula || Kyzyl:sulu || Kzk.:sulu, suly, sly || Leb.:sula || Nog.:

suly || Oyr.:sula || Sag.:sula, sulu || r.:sula || Tat.:solo, sl, sl, soly, sly || Tel.:sula ||Tob.:sulu || Trkm.:sle, sli || Tuv.:sula || Uyg.:sula, sulu || Uzb.:suli, sli

: : Rsnen: ~ Mo.suli : Joki: ~ or rather < Mo. suli&c.; Uzb. suli common wild oat (Avena fatua),

rkm.sle< Mo.; uv. = or < at. urther etymology unclear; maybe a common PAlt. name : VEW: uv.sl,sl< at.sl; rkm.sle, Uzb.suli< Mo.suli : Clauson:


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OAS || urus arpa

syllable should > o; .we believe that the evolution *solo>sola,sula>suly,sulu,sleismore natural or the kc. languages than any other, which would have to be assumedor a different set o original vowels.

Tis reconstruction does not explain all o the kc. orms. What the source o longvowels in Kirg. suland Kzk.slyis, we do not know.

Te diffusion o this word in the Alt. languages and a very high number o phoneticvariants, especially high or a word o such a simple structure, indicates that it must beold, perhaps as old as PAlt. C. also ootnote .

For borrowings rom kc. to other languages see bibliography in Sa andKannisto .

TAARPASY

: ta-arpasy Uyg.:

Raquette : as yet not discussed:

Being absolutely clear morphologically (lit. mountain barley), this name is utterlyobscure semantically.

Te Uyg. word ta which is perhaps closely related to Kzk. tak-takbarley (un-clear, too) has two meanings: mountain and odd (number). It would be difficult toassume, that the one in question is the latter, but it is also quite impossible to explain

why the Uyghurs should cal l oats a mountain barley. Climatic requirements o

oats are much higher than those o barley; in the mountains it does not grow above m above sea level while barley sets the world record in this regard, growing ashigh as m above sea level in ibet (Nowiski : ).

Te second part o this compound could be regarded as another example o a verycommon unification/mixing o oats and barley (c. commentary on julaf (point )and arpakan, also sulabarley), though the existence o Uyg. arpabarley seems tospeak against it.

Maybe then ta(presumably, etymological ly different rom kc. tagmountain)has originally had a meaning o wild or something similar, a trace o which would

be a modern odd (number)? Tis, given that oats were held in low esteem, couldexplain such a compound as Uyg. ta-arpasybut would be useless i not preventing inthe case o Kzk. tak-takbarley, in light o the strange structure o the latter. Unless,o course, the two words turned out not to be related in any way afer all.

URUS ARPA

: urus arpa Uzb.:Smolenskij : as yet not discussed:

Urusdoes not appear in modern Uzb. dictionaries (UzbRS, Maruov ). We be-lieve, however, that it is just a better assimilated version o the modern word rusRus-


59/119

uvus || OAS

sian. Te name would then mean liter. Russian barley. Tis would suggest that theUzbeks knew barley beore they learned about oats rom the Russians, or that oats wasthe basic cereal grown by the Russians living in Uzbekistan, while the Uzbeks mainlycultivated barley. Te ormer o these two possibilities seems to be the more plausible,but one does not really exclude the other.

UVUS

: uvusw KarT:R I m: : Radloff: < Russ. ovsoats:

Te etymology proposed by Radloff appears to be correct, although . anotherSlav. language cannot be excluded (c. Pol. owies||Ukr. oves); .it completely omits

the question o the unusual vocalism in Kar. Unortunately, we cannot explain it ina ully convincing way, either.

We believe that the vocalism indicates that the word was not borrowed to Kar.directly rom Russ., but via Mat.

Tere exists another, though less likely, possibility o a double mistake (copyists?printers? Radloff s?) and reading? writing? instead o ., i.e uvus instead o ovos,which would be a much more understandable orm, and really pointing to Russ. as thesource o the borrowing. H

Documents

Stachowski Kamil - Names of Cereals in the Turkic Languages