Stages of Learning

Learning ContinuumLearning Continuum

NoviceNovice SkilledSkilled ExpertExpert

Learning ContinuumLearning Continuum

NoviceNovice SkilledSkilled ExpertExpert

CognitivelyCognitively

GoalsGoals

Movement DynamicsMovement Dynamics

Fitts & Posner 3-Stage ModelFitts & Posner 3-Stage Model

Cognitive Cognitive StageStage

Associative Associative StageStage

Autonomous Autonomous StageStage

Gentile’s 2-Stage ModelGentile’s 2-Stage Model

Getting theGetting theIdea of theIdea of theMovementMovement

FixationFixation

DiversificationDiversification

closedclosed

openopen

Gentile & Goals of LearnerGentile & Goals of Learner

Free throwFree throw GuardingGuarding Patient moving from sit to standPatient moving from sit to stand Floor routine in gymnasticsFloor routine in gymnastics DivingDiving

Inferring Progress: Performance ChangesInferring Progress: Performance Changes

Rate of improvementRate of improvement

Coordination & ControlCoordination & Control

Stage 1- NoviceStage 1- Novice• ““Freezes out” portion of available degrees of Freezes out” portion of available degrees of

freedomfreedom Stage 2 - AdvancedStage 2 - Advanced

• Reinstates or releases dfReinstates or releases df Stage 3 - ExpertStage 3 - Expert

• Continues to release dfContinues to release df• Exploits external forcesExploits external forces

Performer/Performance ChangesPerformer/Performance Changes

Muscles used & energy costMuscles used & energy cost

Performer/Performance ChangesPerformer/Performance Changes

Visual selective attention & conscious Visual selective attention & conscious attentionattention

Performer/Performance ChangesPerformer/Performance Changes

Error Detection & CorrectionError Detection & Correction

Performer/Performance ChangesPerformer/Performance Changes

Self-Efficacy & MotivationSelf-Efficacy & Motivation

Initial Performance & Later PerformanceInitial Performance & Later Performance

Early performance not good predictor of Early performance not good predictor of later performancelater performance

Underlying motor abilities change as skill Underlying motor abilities change as skill level changeslevel changes