• Standard: – 3. Identify the basic rights of labor, management– 4. Give examples of how these rights must be exercised in a

way that advances the common good.– 23.Explain the causes and effects of the Age of Revolution

including the Industrial Revolution, the French Revolution, with emphasis on:

• Scientific and technological changes that promoted industrialization

• The impact of the growth of population, rural to urban migration, growth of industrial cities, and European immigration

• The changing role of labor• Changes in living and working conditions, especially

those of women and children– 24.Explore how a region’s history, geography, and

economics influences its view of other cultures and events (relate to North and South)

The Nation Expands

The North

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4joqYycnqM

• In the beginning of the 1700’s in Europe and the United States

– Most people were farmers• They made their

own cloth on spinning wheels and hand looms

– Others made goods by hand• Blacksmiths• Carpenters• Shoemakers

A Need for Change

• In the mid 1700’s– A growth in cities

and population and greater trade overseas led to a greater demand for manufactured goods

– People began to use machines to make things more efficient

The Industrial Revolution

• New development led to:

– A time of growth in the use of machines for manufacturing and production

Textile Industry

• The first important breakthrough took place in the textile industry

• Richard Awkwright (England)

– invented a large spinning machine that:

• Could produce dozens of cotton threads at once

• Lowered the cost of cotton cloth

• Increased the spread of textile production

Samuel Slater

• Memorized the designs of textile machines in England

• Immigrated to the U.S. with the plans

• Set up a mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island

• With Slater’s success other textile mills were built

– Mostly in the Northeast

• Especially in New England

–Its many rivers and streams provide reliable power supply

– Fewer mills were built in the South

• Which concentrated on agriculture

Technology• Most manufacturing

was still done by hand

• Factories needed better tools

Eli Whitney• Came up with the

idea of interchangeable parts

• The government wanted more muskets for the army

– Being made by hand no two were exactly alike

• It made machines easier to assemble and broken parts easier to replace

• It sped up mass production

– The production of large numbers of identical goods

• Review– Pg 389 # 1a&b, 2a&b

Changing Working Life

• Workers didn’t need specific skills to run machines

• Jobs were simple and workers grew tired of the simple work and left

• There was a need to find another way to fill jobs

• Two systems dominated the textile industry

Rhode Island System

• Samuel Slater began to hire entire families to work in the mills

– Children worked alongside adults

Lowell System• Francis Cabot

Lowell

– Employed young, unmarried women from local farms

– Constructed boarding houses for the women

• Workers were given a job, a room, and meals

Lowell Mill Girls

• They were paid $2 - $4 per week

– It cost $1.25 for room and board

– They worked 12 to 14 hours per day

• Some girls started working as young as 11

• Their lives were carefully controlled

• The Lowell girls were expected to attend church and demonstrate morals befitting proper society

– They were also encouraged to take classes and form clubs

Workers Organize• Skilled workers

formed trade unions – To improve pay and

working conditions• Sometimes they

staged strikes– Courts usually

supported companies not union members

Ironworkers Union Members

Carpenters Union Members

Sarah Bagley• 1848 - Founded

Lowell Female Labor Reform Association

• It had two goals

– Obtain an investigation of working conditions

– Obtain a 10-hour working day

Reform Achievements

• Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, Ohio, and Pennsylvania passed 10-hour workday laws

• Review– Pg 395 1a&b, 2a&b, 3a&b

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5FDMIDcyn0

The Transportation Revolution

• Before the main mode of travel was horse and buggy

• New methods of transportation increased the speed and convenience of travel, and created a boom across the country

• Increased business reduced shipping time and costs

The first two new means of transportation were:

Steamboats

Steam powered trains

Steamboat Era

• Robert Fulton built the first steamboat, the Clermont

• The steamboat did not rely on wind

• It increased trade because travel was quicker and cheaper

• By 1840 they were used to carry goods and people across the Atlantic

Railroads• Engineers faced tough challenges in building

railroads– Many railroads ran up and down steep

mountains, around tight curves, and over swift rivers

• Over time steam locomotives became heavier, faster, and more powerful

• By 1860 30,000 miles of track linked most major cities in the east

– The economy surged

– Railroad companies became some of the most powerful business in the U.S.

Transportation Brings Change

• Effects of railroads• Goods and people

were transported quicker and more cheaply

• Borders expanded• Population

increased

• It spurred a growth in many industries– It increased

demand for steel for rails

– It increased the demand for coal

• Review– Pg 401 #1a&b, 2a, 3a&b, 4a&b

Other Technology

• Samuel F. B Morse– Telegraph and Morse code

• John Deere– Steel plow

• Cyrus McCormick– Harvesting machine

• Isaac Singer– Sewing machine

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3YDNfW20zr4

• Next up…

The South

Evaluation • End of chapter test