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STANDARDS OF HIGH CULTURE UNDER UPWARD MOBILITY AND OUTMARRIAGE. WOUT ULTEE & NAN-DIRK DE GRAAF RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN EQUALSOC BARCELONA SEPTEMBER 22-23, 2006. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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STANDARDS OF HIGH CULTURE UNDER UPWARD MOBILITY
AND OUTMARRIAGE
WOUT ULTEE & NAN-DIRK DE GRAAF
RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN
EQUALSOC BARCELONA
SEPTEMBER 22-23, 2006
QUESTION 1: IS THERE FOR THE NETHERLANDS FROM 1974, 1983, 1993, 1998,
2000 TO 2003 AN UPWARD TREND IN ATTENDANCE OF CLASSICAL CONCERTS
AND VISITING MUSEUMS?
QUESTION 2: DOES IN EVERY YEAR MORE EDUCATION MAKE FOR HIGHER CHANCES
OF ATTENDANCE AND VISITING?
QUESTION 3: IF THERE IS NO UNIFORM UPWARD TREND, DID THE CHANCES OF
ATTENDANCE AND VISITING DECLINE FOR THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF EDUCATION?
QUESTION 4: AND IF SO, DID THE CHANCES OF ATTENDANCE AND VISITING
ALSO DROP
FOR THOSE WITH THE HIGHEST EDUCATION AND A FATHER AND SPOUSE
WITH THAT EDUCATION?
QUESTION 5: AND IF SO, DID THIS DECLINE COVARY
WITH THE PERCENT OF THE PERSONS WITH THE HIGHEST EDUCATION
MARRIED TO A PERSON WITH THE HIGHEST EDUCATION AND BORN TO A
FATHER WITH THE HIGHEST EDUCATION?
QUESTION 6: AND WHEN ACCOUNTING FOR A PERSON’S ATTENDANCE AND
VISITING,
DID THE WEIGHT OF THIS PERSON’S EDUCATION INCREASE
RELATIVE TO THE WEIGHT OF THE EDUCATION OF THIS PERSON’S SPOUSE
AND FATHER?
A HARD-NOSED EXERCISE IN QUANTITATIVE SOCIOLOGY? YES, BUT:
MY THEORY IS A MIRROR-IMAGE OF A GENERAL THEORY OF COMPETITIVE EXCESSES IN
VARIOUS FORMS OF ART AND ELITIST ACTION
THIS THEORY WAS PROPOSED BY ELIAS, GOMBRICH AND BOURDIEU
WITH THE THEORY OF COMPETITIVE EXCESSES AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO KANT’S THEORY OF
PURE AESTHETICS,
AND WITH THE THEORY OF COMPETITIVE EXCESSES AVOIDING THE OBJECTION OF
SOCIAL ARBITRARINESS
IF SOMETHING IS NOT EITHER UGLY/KITSCH OR BEAUTIFUL/ART,
BUT IF THERE IS AN UNDERLYING CONTINUOUS YET ‘PURE’ SCALE,
THEN INHERENT PROCESSES OF IMPROVEMENT PROPELLED BY
COMPETITION
IN CLOSED SOCIETIES MAKE FOR UPWARDLY CHANGING CUT-OFF
POINTS
AND IN OPEN SOCIETIES FOR DOWNWARDLY CHANGING CUT-
OFF POINTS
ACCORDING TO ELIAS, COMPETITION BETWEEN THE
BOURGEOISIE AND THE NOBILITY IN ABSOLUTIST
FRANCE MADE FOR MORE AND MORE ELABORATE RULES OF
CIVILIZED BEHAVIOUR
ACCORDING TO GOMBRICH, THE COMPETITION BETWEEN CITIES IN MEDIEVAL FRANCE
MADE FOR HIGHER AND HIGHER VAULTS IN
CATHEDRALS
OTHER CASES FROM ARCHITECTURE:
THE ROMAN PANTHEON AND THE DOME OF FLORENCE
MOSQUES WITH HIGHER AND HIGHER DOMES IN ISTANBUL AFTER THE FALL
OF CONSTANTINOPLE
ESCORIAL, VERSAILLES, SCHOENBRUNN: LARGER ROYAL
PALACES WITH LARGER GARDENS
THE ‘GRAND TRAVAUX’ OF THE PRENCH POST-WORLD-WAR-TWO PRESIDENTS SINCE THE CENTRE
POMPIDOU
COMPETITION BETWEEN THE ABSOLUTIST RULERS OF THE 18 TH
CENTURY GERMAN STATES:
NOT ONLY LARGER PALACES, BUT ALSO
BIGGER COLLECTIONS OF PICTURES AND
LARGER ORCHESTRAS
IN THE 19TH CENTURY BIEDERMEIDER ERA AND THE KAISERREICH:
FROZEN INTO BILDUNGSBUERGERTUM
THE NETHERLANDS AS A MARITIME REPUBLIC WITH AMSTERDAM AS
COMMERCIAL CENTER REMAINED OUTSIDE THIS COMPETITION,
BUT COMPETITION BETWEEN PAINTERS IN A PROTESTANT COUNTRY FOR THE FAVORS OF THE SMALL BOURGEOISIE
LED TO VARIOUS GENRES IN PAINTING, AMONG THEM STILL LIFES
THE NETHERLANDS DID NOT HAVE COURT CULTURE, SINCE IT AS A
REPUBLIC DID NOT HAVE MUCH OF A COURT
THE DUTCH REPUBLIC DID HAVE A STADTHOLDER WITH ROYAL
ASPIRATIONS, AND STADTHOLDER WILLIAM V, WHO
WAS MARRIED TO A PRINCESS FROM PRUSSIA,
IN 1774 OPENED IN THE HAGUE, THE POLITICAL CENTER OF THE
DUTCH REPUBLIC, TO THE PUBLIC HIS COLLECTION OF
PAINTINGS
THE FRENCH IN 1795 TOOK THAT COLLECTION TO THE LOUVRE, AS PART OF THEIR ‘ARTISTIC
VICTORY’
AT THE VIENNA CONGRESS IT WAS DECIDED THAT THE NETHERLANDS
WOULD BECOME A KINGDOM
THE STADTHOUDER COLLECTION STOLEN BY THE FRANCH WAS
RETURNED IN 1822
AND HAS BEEN ON DISPLAY SINCE THEN IN ROYAL MUSEUM MAURITSHUIS IN
THE HAGUE
IT COULD BE VIEWED BY ANY ADULT WHO WAS WELL-DRESSED AND
WITHOUT ACCOMPANYING CHILDREN
IN THE HAGUE IN 1800 IN ‘HUIS TEN BOSCH’, A RESIDENCE OF THE LAST STADTHOLDER WHO FLED IN 1795, A STATE MUSEUM WAS OPENED
LOUIS-NAPOLEON, KING OF HOLLAND FROM 1806 TO 1810, MOVED IT TO THE TOWNHALL IN
AMSTERDAM
IT WAS MOVED AGAIN IN 1817 TO THE HOUSE OF THE BROTHERS TRIP WHO BECAME FILTHY RICH IN THE 17TH CENTURY IN IRON TRADE,
PRIMARILY WEAPONS, WITH SWEDEN
THE COLLECTION MOVED IN 1885 TO THE CURRENT BUILDING OF THE RIJKSMUSEUM IN
AMSTERDAM
WHAT NOW IS CELEBRATED AS CLASSICAL MUSIC CAME TO THE NETHERLANDS AT THE
END OF THE 18TH CENTURY WITH THE ENLIGHTENMENT
THE QUARTERS OF THE STADTHOLDER IN THE HAGUE IN THE 18TH CENTURY HAD A
MUSIC AND DANCE HALL AND A BAND – BUT NOT AN ORCHESTRA
NANNERL AND WOLFGANG MOZART PLAYED THERE IN 1765
THEY STAYED FOR SEVEN MONTHS BECAUSE FIRST SHE AND THEN HE CAUGHT TYPHOID
MOZART’S SYMPHONY KV20 PREMIERED IN AMSTERDAM IN 1766 IN THE RIDING SCHOOL
IN ASTERDAM, IN 1785 THE SOCIETY FELIX MERITUS (‘HAPPY THROUGH MERIT’)
OPENED A BUILDING WITH A MUSIC HALL AND A HALL FOR NATURAL EXPERIMENTS
IN 1830 ODEON OPENED AS A MUSIC HALL FOR THE GENERAL PUBLIC
THE PRESENT CONCERTGEBOUW IN AMSTERDAM WAS OPENED IN 1887
IN THE HAGUE IN 1805 THE SOCIETY DILIGENTIA (‘PERSEVERING APPLICATION’) FOR EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY OPENED
A NEW BUILDING, AND 1821 COME TO OFFER TO CONCERTI DILIGENTIA AN
AUDITORIUM WITH A ROYAL BOX
A THESIS FOR NOVEL COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGICAL-HISTORICAL RESEARCH:
IF A COUNTRY KNEW BEFORE 1795 AND BEFORE 1871 A STRONGER COURT CULTURE, THEN RIGHT NOW HIGH CULTURE IS A MORE
IMPORTANT PART OF LEISURE IN THAT COUNTRY
THIS HYPOTHESIS CAN BE TESTED QUITE EASILY IN A COUNTRY COMPARISON WHICH
ESTABLISHES THE YEARS IN WHICH MUSEUMS AND CONCERT HALLS WERE ESTABLISHED
AND TAKES THESE YEARS AS VARIABLES EXPLAINING NATIONAL PARTICIPATION IN
VARIOUS FORMS OF HIGH CULTURE
WEBER’S AND GOLDTHORPE’S WAY OF BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN
THEORY AND RESEARCH IN SOCIOLOGY:
IN ORDER TO DEVELOP THEORIES, TAKE WELL-ESTABLISHED
EMPIRICAL REGULARITIES AS STARTING POINT
ULTEE’S LESS SHAKY AND MORE PROMISING BRIDGE:
TAKE A MICRO-MACRO PARADOX AS STARTING POINT
THE MICRO-MACRO PARADOX OF PARIS-INSEE SOCIOLOGISTS:
HOW IS IT POSSIBLE THAT READING IS DECLINING, WHEREAS MORE EDUCATION MAKES
FOR MORE READING AND THE GENERAL LEVEL OF EDUCATION HAS INCREASED?
THE EASY ANSWER:
IT’S THE TELEVISION STUPID!
THE LONG ANSWER:
WITH MORE UPWARD MOBILITY, THE ESTABLISHED AT THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF
EDUCATION ARE UNABLE TO MAINTAIN ANY STANDARD OF HIGH CULTURE IN THE FACE OF
MANY NEWCOMERS
SO THE INDIVIDUAL HYPOTHESIS IS A GENERALIZATION OF THE
EGOISM- PROPOSITION IN DURKHEIM’S LE SUICIDE:
IF PERSONS ARE MORE STRONGLY INTEGRATED INTO A
GROUP,
THEY WILL BE MORE LIKELY LIVE UP TO ANY OF ITS
STANDARDS
AND IF THEY ARE LESS INTEGRATED, THEY ARE LESS
LIKELY TO COMPLY
WITH AS AUXILIARY ASSUMPTIONS:
READING, ATTENDING CLASSICAL CONCERTS AND VISITING MUSEUMS ARE STANDARDS AMONG THE
HIGH LY EDUCATED
UPWARDLY MOBILE PERSONS ARE LESS INTEGRATED INTO THE GROUP OF HIGHLY EDUCATED PERSONS: COMPOSITION EFFECT
THE HIGHLY EDUCATED FROM HIGHLY EDUCATED PARENTS DISINTEGRATE S A GROUP UNDER UPWARD MOBILITY: CONTEXTUAL EFFECT
EDUCATIONAL HETEROGAMY HAS THE SAME EFFECTS AS EDUCATIONAL MOBILITY
THE DOWNWARD TREND IS EXPLAINED BY THE
COMPOSITION EFFECT
BUT THE IMPORTANT PART OF THE THEORY IS THE
CONTEXTUAL EFFECT: THERE IS IN AN OPEN SOCIETY A
DOWNWARD SPIRAL
MAKING THE THEORY A MIRROR OF THE UPWARD SPIRAL POSTULATED FOR
CLOSED SOCIETIES
THE ISSUE BEING RAISED RIGHT NOW BY OXFORD SOCIOLOGISTS IS WHETHER
STATUS HAS STRONGER EFFECTS ON HIGH CULTURE THAN CLASS
THE WAY OF MEASURING STATUS INVOLVES A MACRO-MEASURE REFERRING TO MARRIAGE AND FRIENDSHIP PATTERNS,
WHEREAS I USE A MICRO-MEASURE AND A CONTEXTUAL MEASURE
DO NOT GO AFTER CONTEXTUAL EFFECTS WITHOUT INCLUDING INDIVIDUAL EFFECTS
IN THE NETHERLANDS OF ALL INDIVIDUAL EFFECTS, THAT OF EDUCATION IS
STRONGEST
THE FOLLOWING TIME SERIES FOR THE NETHERLANDS PERTAIN
ONLY TO PERSONS WHOSE EDUCATION IS KNOWN, AS WELL
AS THE EDUCTION OF THEIR SPOUSE AND FATHER
1974 AND 1983 ARE FROM THE LIFE STUATION SURVEY OF STATISTICS NETHERLANDS
1993, 1998, 2000 AND 2003 FROM THE SERIES FAMILY SURVEY
DUTCH POPULATION FNB
FOUR LEVELS OF EDUCATION:
ONLY PRIMARY, LOWER SECONDARY, HIGHER SECONDARY,
TERTIARY
I SKIP READING AS HIGH CULTURE TO
LESSEN THE TELEVISION EFFECT
ANSWER 1
PERCENT EVER (VERSUS NEVER IN A YEAR)
ATTENDING CLASSICAL CONCERT
VISITING MUSEUM
1974 1983 1993 1998 2000 2003
28 33 25 31 29 22
29 42 47 65 67 55
ANSWER 2
ODDS RATIO HIGHEST / LOWEST EDUCATION AND ODDS RATIO HIGHERS / HIGHEST BUT ONE EDUCATION
ATTENDING CLASSICAL CONCERT
VISITING MUSEUM
1974 1983 1993 1998 2000 2003
9.3 9.3 5.9 6.4 7.5 5.9
1.4 2.8 2.7 4.9 3.6 3.6
11.2 9.5 5.6 11.0 2.5 5.7
1.5 3.0 3.0 2.7 3.6 3.1
ANSWER 3
PERCENT EVER (VERSUS NEVER IN A YEAR) ONLY PERSONS WITH THE HIGHEST EDUCATION
ATTENDING CLASSICAL CONCERT
VISITING MUSEUM
1974 1983 1993 1998 2000 2003
56 64 42 55 53 37
58 74 70 85 87 77
ANSWER 2 AGAIN
ODDS RATIO HIGHEST / LOWEST EDUCATION AND ODDS RATIO HIGHERS / HIGHEST BUT ONE EDUCATION
FOR THE EDUCATIONALLY HOMOGENEOUS ONLY
ATTENDING CLASSICAL CONCERT
VISITING MUSEUM
1974 1983 1993 1998 2000 2003
40.836.0 21.418.3 14.4 8.1
1.9 4.3 6.2 11.5 7.1 6.1
38.5 22.5 9.6 24.7 8.6 11.5
2.14.5 4.3 3.9 3.5 4.8
ANSWER 4
PERCENT EVER (VERSUS NEVER IN A YEAR) ONLY PERSONS WITH THE HIGHEST EDUCATION AND
FATHER AND SPOUSE WITH THE SAME EDUCATION
ATTENDING CLASSICAL CONCERT
VISITING MUSEUM
1974 1983 1993 1998 2000 2003
78 80 65 67 64 50
77 84 78 91 88 85
ANSWER 5
AND AS THE CLIMAX OR ANTI-CLIMAX THE NUMBER OF PERSONS
HOMOGENEOUS AT THE HIGHEST (AND LOWEST) LEVEL OF EDUCATION AS A PERCENT OF THE PERSONS WITH THE
HIGHEST (LOWEST) LEVEL OF EDUCATION
1974 1983 1993 1998 2000 2003
8 11 17 20 18 19
HIGHEST LOWEST
58 52 28 27 34 27
THERE GOES A NON-GRAND
THEORY?
OUR INDIVIDUAL HYPOTHESIS WAS ABOUT LIVING UP TO THE STANDARDS OF A GROUP
THESE STANDARDS ARE BEST EXEMPLIFIED BY PERSONS WHOSE FATHER AND SPOUSE ARE IN THIS
GROUP TOO
FOR ESTIMATING EFFECTS OF OWN, FATHER’S AND SPOUSAL EDUCATION, LINEAR REGRESSION MODELS
MISS THE GIST OF THE INDIVIDUAL HYPOTHESIS
THESE MODELS ASSUME THAT MARGINAL FREQUENCIES ARE REFERENCE POINT FOR PERSONS,
WHEREAS DIAGONAL FREQUENCIES ARE SO
APPLY SOBEL’S DIAGONAL REFERENCE MODELS
ANSWER 6
WEIGHTS IN DIAGONAL REFERENCE MODELS FOR OWN, SPOUSE’S, AND FATHER’S EDUCATION
CONCERT MUSEUM
1974 1983 1993 1998 2000 2003
0.43 0.35 0.22 0.35 0.48 0.17 0.43 0.21 0.37 0.52 0.45 0.07 0.56 0.42 0.02 0.50 0.30 0.20
0.48 0.30 0.22 0.52 0.34 0.14 0.62 0.27 0.11 0.52 0.45 0.07 ?!0.61 0.56 -0.17!? 0.48 0.44 0.08
WEIGHTS OF OWN EDUCATION ARE UP, OF FATHER’S EDUCATION DOWN, OF SPOUSE’S
EDUCATION UP WITH RESPECT TO MUSEUM VISITS
IF YOU WISH TO VIEW THIS PRESENTATION ONCE MORE,
TYPE IN GOOGLE
‘WOUT ULTEE’
AND ON MY WIBE SITE YOU WILL FIND IT UNDER THE
HEADING OF
‘FOREIGN PRESENTATIONS’
AND THE SUB-HEADING OF ‘BARCELONA’