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CriminologyHistory and Structure of
American Law EnforcementLesson 5
Stankiewicz
What are the roots of American law
enforcement? What are some of the principles of law
enforcement? How does American law enforcement get its
authority? What are some of the generalizations
involving American law enforcement? What are the various law enforcement
models? Assignment – Law enforcement organizations
Essential Questions
US has almost 18,000 law enforcement
agencies Federal State and Local levels of
government Vast majority are
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The Limited Authority of American Law Enforcement - 1
The authority of each agency is carefully
limited by law
Territory within which an agency may operate is limited as well
Jurisdiction: ______________________________________________________________________________________________
The Limited Authority of American Law Enforcement - 2
Each federal law enforcement agency has a
specific jurisdiction
_______________________________________________
Procedural law derived from US Supreme Court decisions also impose limitations on the authority of agencies
Miranda, etc
The Limited Authority of American Law Enforcement - 3
The Limited Authority of American Law Enforcement - 4
___________________
Took hundred of years to develop
_______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
10 families (a tithing) agreed to follow the law, keep the peace, and bring violators to justice (Posse)
English Roots – Tithing System
A system in early England in which citizens
under the direction of a constable were required to guard the city and pursue criminals
Constable: ______________________________________________________________________________________________
English Roots – The Constable –Watch System
English Roots – Bow Street Runners
1748 Professional law
enforcement agents Apprehend criminals
and recover stolen property
__________________________________________________________________
Paved the way for future detectives
English Roots – The London Metropolitan Police
1829 London Metropolitan Police Act 1000 member police force Professional standards _______________________ Under command of two
magistrates – Commissioners
Became known as __________________________________________________after Robert Peel, Home Secretary
Robert Peel’s Principles of Policing
Police must be stable, efficient and organized under military lines
Police must be under govt control
Absence of crime best proof of police efficiency
Distribution of crime news essential
Deployment of police strength both by time and area is essential
Police should have command of temper and act quiet determined manner
Good appearance commands respect
Train proper type of person Every police member is
given a number Police hqs centrally
located and easily accessible
Policemen should have a probationary period
Police records are used to distribute police strength
US Has more police departments than any
other country History of local control Disparity between police throughout US Started with “watches” Often politically controlled in the early days
Development of American Law Enforcement - 1
Law enforcement in states and frontier
Southern Slave patrols _______________________________________________
Development of American Law Enforcement - 2
Development of American Law Enforcement - 3
Frontier Law Enforcement Sheriffs
____________________ Idea of self
protection still popular in South and West
Development of American Law Enforcement - 4
State Police ___________________
Professionalism and Reform ______________________________________________ Wasn’t until 1880 that Cincinnati posted two
qualifications to be a police officer ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Both Cincinnati and NYC had Police academies
in 1880s – little requirements/standards
Development of American Law Enforcement - 5
Vollmer Professional Model of Policing (Reform Model)
1909-1932
Development of American Law Enforcement – August Vollmer’s
Ideas
Vollmer Professional Model of Policing (Reform Model)
Narrow the police function from social service/maintenance of order to enforcement
_______________________of authority
Creation of specialized, centrally base crime fighting units
Shift from neighborhood foot patrol to motorized patrol
Patrol allocation system based on crime rates etc.
Reliance on technology ___________________
screening and civil service testing for new recruits
Specific _____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________ Federal agencies - .4% Sheriff’s Departments – 18% State Police - .3% Special police – 8%
Stats - 2006
The Structure of American Law Enforcement - 1
Quality of police services vary greatly among
states and localities across the nation _______________________________________________
for police personnel, equipment, and practices Expenditures for police services vary greatly
among communities Obtaining police services from the appropriate
agency is often ______________________________________________________________________________________________
American Law Enforcement Generalizations
______________________________________________ Order maintenance or peacekeeping ______________________________________________ Information gathering
Local Police Duties
P – ____________________________________________E – ____________________________________________P – _____________________________________________P – Preserve the peaceA – _____________________________________________S – _____________________________________________
The Structure of American Law Enforcement
Local Police Duties (PEPPAS)
Sheriff and Department Personnel Functions
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Enforce criminal and traffic laws of the state ________________________________________________ Provide courtroom security Confine and transport prisoners
Most _________________________________________
County Law enforcement
Each state has chosen one of two models for
providing law enforcement
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
State Law Enforcement
Model in which state police officers have the
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________but can exercise these powers anywhere within the state
State Police Model
Highway Patrol Model
Model in which state ______________________________________________________________, enforcement of states traffic laws, and the investigation of accidents on the state’s roads, highways, and property
Everyone aware of the more familiar federal
law enforcement agencies FBI, DEA, CIA, Treasury
But there are many more lesser known that have a vital job in law enforcement
Federal Law Enforcement - 1
Three major differences between Feds and
State/Local law enforcement1)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
2) Feds do not have peacekeeping or order maintenance duties3) _________________________________________(Example: AFOSI has to have a tie with USAF interests for it to have jurisdiction)
Federal Law Enforcement - 2
Federal Law Enforcement - 3
Example: Department of Homeland Security ____________________
________________________________________
Reduce US vulnerability to terrorist attacks
________________________________________
AssignmentExploring an American Law Enforcement
AgencySome Investigative Agencies
FBI CIA DEA US Marshall’s Service US Secret Service Army CID Naval Investigative
Service AFOSI
Treasury Department Investigative Services
EPA Investigative Services
TSA US Coast Guard
Investigations US Customs US Border Patrol
American Private Security
__________________________________________
Training and compensation varies
Two types ____________________ Proprietary Security
In house – Companies do own internal security
Summary
