FH MünsterSheet Nr. 1

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Starting Materials for Solid State Chemistry

Prof. Dr. Thomas JüstelResearch Group Tailored Optical Materials, Institute for Optical Technologies,

Department Chemical Engineering, Münster University of Applied Sciences

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 2

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Lithium LiLi: [He]2s1

Atomic number 3Rel. atomic mass 6.941 g/molMelting point 181 °CBoiling point 1342 °CDensity 0.53 g/cm3

Starting materials Properties relevant for solid state chemistryLi (metal) hard to handle, prone to oxidationLiClO4 explosiveLi2C2O4 decomposes to Li2O, CO, and CO2Li2CO3 decomposes to Li2O and CO2LiCl water soluble, fluxingLiF water insoluble, fluxingLiNO3 water soluble, may take up some waterLi2O take up of H2O and CO2Li2O2 instableLi3PO4 water insolubleLi2SO4 water soluble, may take up some water

Chemical composition Mineral nameLiAl[SiO3]2 Spodumene

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 3

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Beryllium BeBe: [He]2s2

Atomic number 4Rel. atomic mass 9.012 g/molMelting point 1287 °CBoiling point 2469 °CDensity 1.85 g/cm3

Starting materials Properties relevant for solid state chemistry Be (metal) very toxic, prone to oxidationBe(acac)3 very toxicBe(NO3)2 water soluble, decomposes to Be4O(NO3)6BeCl2 hygroscopicBeCO3 decomposes to BeO and CO2BeO take up of H2O and CO2BeSO4 water soluble

Chemical composition Mineral nameBe3Al2Si6O18 Beryl

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 4

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Boron BB: [He]2s22p1

Atomic number 5Rel. atomic mass 10.811 g/molMelting point 2076 °CBoiling point 3927 °CDensity 2.35 g/cm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryα-B low reactivityBBr3 hygroscopicBCl3 hygroscopicBF3 gas, high reactivityBF3O(C2H5)2 reacts violently with H2OB2O3 take up of H2O and CO2

Chemical composition Mineral nameNa2[B4O6(OH)2] · 3 H2O Karnit

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 5

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Carbon CC: [He]2s22p2

Atomic number 6Rel. atomic mass 12.0107 g/molMelting point 3550 °C (d)Boiling point 4800 °C (d)Density 3.51 g/cm3 (d)

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryActivated C reaction with strong oxidantsAmorphous C flameable in airGraphite inreactive

Chemical composition Mineral nameC(sp3) Diamond (d)

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 6

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Nitrogen NN: [He]2s22p3

Atomic number 7Rel. atomic mass 14.007 g/molMelting point -210 °C Boiling point -196 °CDensity 1.12 g/dm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryN2 low reactivityLiN3 instable, decompses to Li and N2NaN3 instable, decompses to Na and N2NH3 decomposes to N2 and H2NH4NO2 explosive

Chemical composition Mineral nameSi3N4 Silicon nitride

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 7

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Oxygen OO: [He]2s22p4

Atomic number 8Rel. atomic mass 15.999 g/molMelting point -218 °C Boiling point -183 °CDensity 1.33 g/dm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryO2 low reactivityLi2O2 reacts with CO2 to Li2CO3 and O2Na2O2 reacts with CO2 to Na2CO3 and O2KO2 decomposes in water to KOH and O2

Chemical composition Mineral nameß-PbO2 Plattnerite

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 8

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Fluorine FO: [He]2s22p5

Atomic number 9Rel. atomic mass 18.998 g/molMelting point -220 °C Boiling point -188 °CDensity 1.58 g/cm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryF2 low reactivityCF4 decomposes at high temp. to CF2 and F2LiF somewhat hygroscopicMnF4 decomposes at high temp. to MnF2 and F2 NaF somewhat hygroscopicNaHF2 decomposes at high temp. to NaF and HFNH4F decomposes at high temp. to NH3 and HFKF somewhat hygroscopic

Chemical composition Mineral nameCaF2 Fluorite

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 9

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Sodium NaNa: [Ne]3s1

Atomic number 11Rel. Atomic mass 22.989769 g/molMelting point 97.72 °CBoiling point 890.0 °CDensity 0.968 g/cm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryNa (metal) reacts violently with H2O, flamableNaCl water solubleNa2CO3 soluble in H2O NaH sensitive to moisture, intolerante with

alcohol, acids and oxygenNaI air sensitive, incompatible with strong acids NaNO3 oxidant, water soluble, may take up some waterNa2O decay in H2ONa2SiO3 incompatible with Tin, Lead and Zinc

Chemical composition Mineral nameNa[AlSi3O8] Albit

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 10

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Magnesium MgMg: [Ne]3s2

Atomic number 12Rel. atomic mass 24.305 g/molMelting point 650 °CBoiling point 1110 °CDensity 1.738 g/cm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryMg (metal) reacts violently with H2O, avoidable conditions are high

temperatures and open flamesMgCO3 rather soluble in water, decomposes to MgO at 540 °CMgCl2

.6H2O hygroscopicMgI2 instableMg(NO3)2

.6H2O oxidant, water soluble, may take up some waterMgO insoluble in H2O, air sensitiveMgSO4

.7H2O hygroscopic

Chemical composition Mineral nameCaMg[CO3]2 Dolomite

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 11

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Aluminum AlAl: [Ne]3s23p1

Atomic number 13Rel. atomic mass 26.9815385 g/molMelting point 660.32 °CBoiling point 2470 °CDensity 2.70 g/cm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryAl (metal) oxidizes to Al2O3 → surface passivationAlCl3 soluble in H2O, incompatibility with alcohol and

strong oxidizersAlF3 soluble in H2O AlN caustic, sensitive to hydrolysis Al2O3 water insoluble, irreconcilability with strong acids and basesAl(OH)3 with bases convicted to aluminates, unsoluble in neutral water,

incompatibility with strong acidsAl2(SO4)3 irritant, soluble in water

Chemical composition Mineral nameγ-Al(OH)3, γ/α-AlO(OH) Bauxite

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 12

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Silicon SiSi: [Ne]3s23p2

Atomic number 14Rel. atomic mass 28.085 g/molMelting point 1414 °CBoiling point 3265 °CDensity 2.329 g/cm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistrySi low reactivitySiCl4 low boiling point, highly reaction with water,

irreconcilability with strong acids and basesSi3N4 low reactivitySiO2 low reactivitySi(OCH3)4 (TMOS) decay in waterSi(OC2H5)4 (TEOS) decay in waterSi(OC3H7)4 (TPOS) decay in water

Chemical composition Mineral name(Ba,Ca,Na,K,NH4)(Al,B,Si)4O8 Feldspar

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 13

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Phosphorus PP: [Ne]3s23p3

Atomic number 15Rel. atomic mass 30.974 g/molMelting point 317.3 °C (white mod.)Boiling point 553.2 °C (white mod.)Density 1.83 g/cm3 (white mod.)

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryP4 toxic and high vapour pressurePCl3 low boiling point, highly reactive towards water,

irreconcilability with strong acids and basesP4O10 strong exotherm reaction with water → H3PO4NaH2PO4 decomposes at 170 °CNa2HPO4Na3PO4Mg3(PO4)2Ca3(PO4)2Ca2P2O7

Chemical composition Mineral nameCa5(PO4)3Cl ApatiteLnPO4 (Ln = La-Lu) Monazite

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 14

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Sulphur SS: [Ne]3s23p4

Atomic number 16Rel. atomic mass 32.065 g/molMelting point 119.6 °CBoiling point 444.6 °CDensity 2.07 g/cm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryS8 rather toxic and high vapour pressureSCl2 highly reactive towards water,

forms mustard gas → S(C2H4Cl)2S2Cl2 used for the vulcanisation of rubberSO2 gaseous, useful for gas reactions in a tube furnaceKHSO4Na2SO4Li2SO4K2SO4KAl(SO4)2·12H2O

Chemical composition Mineral nameCaSO4

.H2O GypsumSrSO4 StrontianiteBaSO4 BaryteZnS Zinc blendeFeS2 Pyrite

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 15

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Chlorine ClS: [Ne]3s23p5

Atomic number 17Rel. atomic mass 35.453 g/molMelting point -7.0 °CBoiling point -34.04 °CDensity 3.215 g/cm3 at 273 K

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryCl2 gaseous, very reactiveNH4Cl sublimes at 340 °C LiCl melts at 605 °CNaCl melts at 801 °CKCl melts at 770 °CMgCl2 melts at 714 °CCaCl2 melts at 782 °CSrCl2 melts at 875 °CBaCl2 melts at 963 °C

Chemical composition Mineral nameNaCl Rock saltKCl Sylvin

Source: Andreas Karwath

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 16

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Potassium KK: [Ar]4s1

Atomic number 19Rel. atomic mass 39.0983 g/molMelting point 63.38 °CBoiling point 774 °CDensity 1.83 g/cm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryK (metal) reacts violently with H2OKCl soluble in H2O, hygroscopicK2CO3 soluble in H2OK2SO4 soluble in H2OKNO3 oxidantKOH exothermic reaction with H2O, reacts violently with

metals and halogensKSCN soluble in H2OKClO4 strong oxidiser, decomposes to KCl and O2 upon heating

Chemical composition Mineral nameKCl Sylvine

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 17

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Calcium CaCa: [Ar]4s2

Atomic number 20Rel. atomic mass 40.078 g/molMelting point 842 °CBoiling point 1484 °CDensity 1.55 g/cm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryCa (metal) intense reaction with water, prone to oxidationCaCO3 (calcite) insoluble in water, decomposes to CaO at 900 °CCaCl2

.6H2O soluble in waterCaF2 prone to defect formationCa(NO3)2·4H2O oxidantCaO reacts with water to Ca(OH)2, picks up CO2

CaSO4.2H2O hygroscopic, little soluble in water

Chemical composition Mineral nameCaCO3 Calcite

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 18

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Scandium ScSc: [Ar]3d14s2

Atomic number 21Rel. atomic mass 44.955908 g/molMelting point 1541 °CBoiling point 2730 °CDensity 2.985 g/cm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistrySc (metal) flammableSc2O3 low reactivitySc(NO3)3·H2O oxidantSc2(SO4)3·5H2O soluble in waterScCl3 hygroscopicSc2(C2O4)3·xH2O -ScF3 toxic

Chemical composition Mineral name(Sc,Y)2Si2O7 Thortveitite

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 19

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Titanium TiTi: [Ar]3d24s2

Atomic number 22Rel. atomic mass 47.867 g/molMelting point 1668 °CBoiling point 3260 °CDensity 4.50 g/cm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryTi (metal) insoluble in waterTiO2 (anatase) low reactivityTiBr4 reacts violently with waterTi(OCH2CH2CH2CH3)4 flammable, irritand (Titanium(IV)-butoxide)TiCl2 spontaneously combustable, heavy reaction with water,

to handle under inter gasTiCl3 flammable, avoid the contact with air, high reactivity

Chemical composition Mineral nameFeTiO3 Ilmenit

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 20

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Vanadium VV: [Ar]3d34s2

Atomic number 23Rel. atomic mass 50.9415 g/molMelting point 1910 °CBoiling point 3407 °CDensity 6.11 g/cm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryV (metal) oxdises slowly to green vanadium oxideKVO3 water soluble, decomposes to V2O5

NH4VO3 water soluble, decomposes to V2O5

V2O5 water soluble, incompatible with strong acidsVCl3 hydrolysis in water

Chemical composition Mineral namePb5(VO4)3Cl Vanadinite

Source: Didier Descouens

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 21

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Chromium CrCr: [Ar]3d44s2

Atomic number 24Rel. atomic mass 51.9961 g/molMelting point 1907 °CBoiling point 2482 °CDensity 7.14 g/cm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryCr (metal) oxdises slowly to green chromium oxideCrO3 (Chrom(VI)-oxide) water soluble, toxic, instable, irritantCr2O3 (Chrome(III)-oxide) unsoluble in water and diluted acids, melting point 2435 °CCr2(SO4)3·H2O corrosiveCrCl3·6H2O corrosiveCr(NO3)3·9 H2O oxidising material, not compliable to reducing agents, inaccurate

composition

Chemical composition Mineral nameFeCr2O4 Chromite

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 22

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Manganese MnMn: [Ar]3d54s2

Atomic number 25Rel. atomic mass 54.938044 g/molMelting point 1246 °CBoiling point 2100 °CDensity 7.43 g/cm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryMn (metal) oxdises slowly to green manganese oxideMnO2 decomposes chlorides and reducing agentsMnO -Mn2O3 irritantMn3O4 -MnCl2·4H2O soluble in water, not compliable to alkaline materialsMnCO3 decomposes in acidsMn(ClO4)·xH2O strong oxidiser, explosive

Chemical composition Mineral nameγ-MnO(OH)2 Manganite

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 23

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Iron FeFe: [Ar]3d64s2

Atomic number 26Rel. atomic mass 55.845 g/molMelting point 1538 °CBoiling point 2862 °CDensity 7.874 g/cm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryFe (metal) flammable, insoluble in waterFeO non-stochiometricFe2O3 intolerance with strong acids and peroxidesFe3O4 intolerance with strong acids and peroxides FeF3 intolerance with strong bases, corrosiveFeCl3 intolerance with alkali metals and strong oxidantsFeCl2 air-sensitive, intolerance with strong oxidants and

sodium/potassium

Chemical composition Mineral nameFe3O4 Magnetite

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 24

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Cobalt CoCo: [Ar]3d74s2

Atomic number 27Rel. atomic mass 58.933194 g/molMelting point 1495 °CBoiling point 2900 °CDensity 8.9 g/cm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryCo (metal) flammable, reacts facilitated with acids (hydrogen created)CoO low solubility in water, toxic, intolerance with strong oxidants Co3O4 low solubility in water, toxic, intolerance with reducting

agentsCoF3 corrosive, intolerance with org. materials and red. AgentsCo(NO3)2 soluble in water, oxidisingCo(CH3COO)2 soluble in water, toxic

Chemical composition Mineral nameCoAsS Cobaltite

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 25

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Nickel NiNi: [Ar]3d84s2

Atomic number 28Rel. Atomic mass 58.6934 g/molMelting point 1455 °CBoiling point 2730 °CDensity 8.908 g/cm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryNi (metal) toxic, intolerance with oxygen, hydrogen, acids, fluor,

org. solvents and aluminiumNiCl2 toxic, soluble in water, intolerance with peroxidesNiO toxic, unsoluble in water, intolerance with strong acidsNi(OH)2 toxic, intolerance with strong acidsNi(NO3)2·6H2O toxic, intolarance with org. materials, metal powder strong

reducting agentsNiBr2 toxic, intolerance with strong acids and oxidising agents

Chemical composition Mineral name(Ni,Fe)9S8 Pentlandite

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 26

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Copper CuCu: [Ar]3d104s1

Atomic number 29Rel. Atomic mass 63.546 g/molMelting point 1455 °CBoiling point 2730 °CDensity 8.92 g/cm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryCu (metal) soft metal, difficult to millCu2O toxic, instable in waterCuO toxic, unsoluble in waterCuCl2 toxic, soluble in waterCu(OH)2 toxic, intolerance with strong acids Cu(NO3)2·6H2O toxic, decomposes to CuO upon heating CuSO4 emetic, decomposes to CuO and SO3 above 340 °CCuSO4·5H2O decomposes to CuSO4·3H2O at 95 °C & to CuSO4·H2O at 116 °C

Chemical composition Mineral nameCu(OH)2

.CuCO3 Malachite

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 27

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Zinc ZnZn: [Ar]3d104s2

Atomic number 30Rel. Atomic mass 65.38 g/molMelting point 420 °CBoiling point 907 °CDensity 7.14 g/cm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryZn (metal) prone to oxidationZnO dissolves in strong acids and bases Zn(OH)2 dissolves in strong bases ZnS decomposes in strong acidsZn(NO3)2 decomposes to ZnO upon heating ZnSO4 decomposes to ZnO, O2, and SO3 above 680 °CZnSO4·7H2O decomposes to ZnSO4·6H2O at 39 °C, to CuSO4·H2O at 70 °C,

and then to ZnSO4at 240 °C

Chemical composition Mineral nameZnS Sphalerite

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 28

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Gallium GaGa: [Ar]3d104s24p1

Atomic number 31Rel. Atomic mass 69.723 g/molMelting point 30 °CBoiling point 2204 °CDensity 5.91 g/cm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryGa (metal) prone to oxidationGa2O3 dissolves in strong acids and bases Ga(OH)3 decomposes to GaO(OH) at 170 °CGaF3 insoluble in water, sublimes at 800 °CGaCl3 reacts heavily with waterGa(NO3)3 decomposes to Ga2O3 at 110 °CGa2(SO4)3 decomposes to Ga2O3 and SO3

Chemical composition Mineral nameGa(OH)3 Soehngeite

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 29

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Germanium GeGe: [Ar]3d104s24p2

Atomic number 32Rel. Atomic mass 72.64 g/molMelting point 938 °CBoiling point 2820 °CDensity 5.32 g/cm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryGe (metal) prone to oxidationGeO2 dissolves in strong basesGeF4 gaseous compoundGeCl4 colourless liquid, reacts heavily with waterK2GeF6 soluble in hot waterBi4Ge3O12 insoluble, very stable oxide, shows strong scintillation

Chemical composition Mineral nameCu26Fe4Ge4S3 Germanite

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 30

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Arsenic AsAs: [Ar]3d104s24p3

Atomic number 33Rel. Atomic mass 77.92 g/molMelting point 615 °C (sublimes)Triple point 817 °C (at 3.63 MPa)Density 5.73 g/cm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryAs4 sublimes at moderate temperatureAs2O3 hydrolysis to arsenious acidAsH3 highly toxic gas (precursor for MOCVD)As2S3 melts at 320 °CA2S5 decomposes to As2S3 and Sulphur at 100 °C

Chemical composition Mineral nameAs4S4 Realgar

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 31

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Selenium SeSe: [Ar]3d104s24p4

Atomic number 34Rel. Atomic mass 78.97 g/molMelting point 221 °C Boiling point 685 °CDensity 4.19 g/cm3 (grey Se)

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistrySe (grey) -SeO2 dissolves in water to form seleneous acid H2SeO3

SeO3 dissolves in water to form selenic acid H2SeO4

K2SeO4 dissolves in water

Chemical composition Mineral nameCuSe2 Krutaite

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 32

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Bromine BrBr: [Ar]3d104s24p5

Atomic number 35Rel. Atomic mass 79.904 g/molMelting point -7 °C Boiling point 59 °CDensity 3.14 g/cm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryBr2 liquid, high vapor pressureNaBr melts at 755 °CKBr melts at 732 °CRbBr melts at 682 °C, hygroscopicCsBr melts at 636 °C, hygroscopicKBrO3 strong oxidiser, melts at 350 °C, decomposes at 370 °C

Chemical composition Mineral nameMgBr2

.KBr.6H2O Bromine carnallite

Source: Pavel M. Kartashov

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 33

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Rubidium RbRb: [Kr]5s1

Atomic number 37Rel. atomic mass 85.468 g/molMelting point 39 °CBoiling point 688 °CDensity 1.53 g/cm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryRb (metal) reacts violently with H2ORbCl soluble in H2O, hygroscopicRb2CO3 soluble in H2ORb2SO4 soluble in H2ORbNO3 oxidant, soluble in H2ORbOH exothermic reaction with H2O, reacts violently with

metals and halogensRbClO4 strong oxidiser, decomposes to RbCl and O2 upon heating

Chemical composition Mineral nameRbCl by-component

in Carnallite

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 34

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Strontium SrSr: [Kr]5s2

Atomic number 38Rel. atomic mass 87.62 g/molMelting point 777 °CBoiling point 1412 °CDensity 2.63 g/cm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistrySr (metal) intense reaction with water, prone to oxidationSrCO3 insoluble in water, decomposes to SrO at 1270 °CSrCl2·6H2O soluble in waterSrF2 prone to defect formationSr(NO3)2·4H2O oxidant, may pick up some wateSrO reacts with water to Sr(OH)2, picks up CO2, melts at 2430 °CSrSO4 insoluble in water, decomposes to SrO, SO2 and O2 at 1300 °C

Chemical composition Mineral nameSrCO3 Strontianite

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 35

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Yttrium YY: [Kr]4d15s2

Atomic number 39Rel. atomic mass 88.62 g/molMelting point 1523 °CBoiling point 3337 °CDensity 4.47 g/cm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryY (metal) reaction with water to Y(OH)3, prone to oxidationY2O3 insoluble in water and diluted acids, refractive index nD = 1.93YF3 prone to defect formationYCl3 water soluble and hydrolysis towards [Y(H2O)8]3+

YBr3 water soluble and hydrolysis towards [Y(H2O)8]3+

Y(NO3)3·6H2O oxidant, may pick up additional waterY(acetate)3 decomposes at 400 °C to Y2O3

Y2(C2O4)3.xH2O decomposes at 400 °C to Y2O3

Chemical composition Mineral nameYPO4 Xenotime

FH MünsterSheet Nr. 36

Starting MaterialsProf. Dr. Thomas Jüstel

MOTT a i l o r e d O p t i c a l M a t e r i a l s

Zirconium ZrZr: [Kr]4d25s2

Atomic number 40Rel. atomic mass 91.224 g/molMelting point 1855 °CBoiling point 4377 °CDensity 6.52 g/cm3

Starting materials Problem areas in solid state chemistryZr (metal) dissolves in HCl and H2SO4, especially if fluoride is presentZrO2 insoluble in water and conc. acids, high melting point ~ 2715 °CZrF4 hydrolysis in water, prone to defect formationZrCl4 hydrolysis readily to give ZrOCl2

ZrBr4 hydrolysis readily to give ZrOBr2

Zr(SO4)2·4H2O decomposes to give Zr(SO4)2 at 380 °CZr(NO3)4·5H2O soluble in water and ethanolZrSiO4 insoluble, highly refractive and shows birefrigence

Chemical composition Mineral nameZrSiO4 Zircon