State-building, expansion and conflict

• Political structures and forms of governance

• Empires

• Nations and nationalism

• Revolts and revolutions

• Regional, transregional, and global structures and organizations

Features at the Beginning of Period 1

• no organized political units, cities, or states

• largest community of humans were H-G bands, 30-50 people

Key Continuities

• unequal treatment favored elites• rulers/elites often claimed divinity or divine support

(Egypt, China)

Key Changes

• codification of laws (Hammurabi, Manu)– Dynastic system emerges

• Core civilizations developed where agriculture flourished: – 1st states emerged within core civilizations: replaced

city-states, kept power by maintaining strong military, Early empires emerge: Sargon the Great, Hammurabi

– codification of laws (Hammurabi, Manu)

Characteristics at the End of Period 2• Empires & Civs: Sumeria, Akkadia, Egypt,

Nubia, Olmec, Shang, Zhou, Bantus, Greece, Maurya

Reasons for the continuities or changes• increase in pop →need to organize, control, & coordinate

populations

• Needed to organize and oversee the fabrication of roads, irrigation projects, public buildings, etc. and to regulate commerce (through the establishment of laws, courts, and a system of punishment.

• Needed to protect citizens from invasions and to organize attacks on rival civilizations

5

Domestication of Plants and AnimalsDomestication of Plants and Animals

FarmingFarming

Surplus FoodSurplus Food SpecializationSpecializationPopulationPopulation

IntensificationIntensification

Complex Society,Complex Society,also known asalso known asCIVILIZATIONCIVILIZATION

1,000 years ago Today

Big Eras 4-9

10,000 years ago

Big Era 3

Big Era 2

6

That translates into:That translates into:

FarmersFarmersHerdersHerdersCitiesCities

Central governmentsCentral governmentsArmiesArmies

Monumental buildingsMonumental buildingsWritten languageWritten languageSocial hierarchiesSocial hierarchies

Complex belief systemsComplex belief systems

In 10,000 BCE none of these existed in the world. By 1,000 BCE they In 10,000 BCE none of these existed in the world. By 1,000 BCE they all did.all did.

Key Concept 1.3: Core Civilizations

The Development and Interactions of Early

Agricultural, Pastoral and Urban Societies.

CORE/FOUNDATIONAL RIVER CIVILIZATIONS

Core and foundational civilizations developed in a variety of geographical and environmental

settings where agriculture flourished.

• Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys

• Egypt in the Nile River Valley• Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River

Valley• Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He Valley• Olmecs in Mesoamerica• Chavín in Andean South America

Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys

(c.4000 BCE-2330 BCE)

Egypt in the Nile River Valley(c.3100 BCE-1070 BCE)

Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley

(c.3000 BCE-1500 BCE)

Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He Valley

(c.1750 BCE-1122 BCE)

Olmecs in Mesoamerica(c.1200 BCE-400 BCE)

Chavín in Andean South America(c.900 BCE-200 BCE)

The first states emerged within core civilizations.

• Power new states replaced city-states as main political unit.

• Rulers were viewed as divine.

• Kept power by maintaining a strong military.

• Competition between city-states and nomads lead to an increase in conflict!

Examples of early empires.• Sargon the Great: Built first

empire c. 2340 BCE.• Hammurabi: King of

Babylon c.1792 BCE

*** Towards the end of this period, you have several more fierce empires such as, the Assyrians and Persians c. 6th and 7th Century BCE.

*** Why so much conflict in this region (Mesopotamia)?

Read The Assyrian Military Machine p.30

• What did Assyrian kings believe was important for military success?

• Do you think their accounts may be exaggerated? Why?

POLITICAL AND MILITARY STRUCTURE

• Pastoralists (nomadic herders) interact quite often with “urban societies”

• 2 examples would be through new weapons and modes of transportation.

• Examples: Iron weapons and chariots

• What would the effect be on “settled societies”?

Systems of Record Keeping

• Eventually would branch out to include other forms of “writing”.

• Examples:

- cuneiform – Mesopotamia

- hieroglyphs – Egypt

- alphabets – Phoenicia

- quipu – the Inca

Legal Codes

• States would eventually use writing to develop legal codes.

• Often reflected existing hierarchies and helped the government rule over the people.

The Code of Hammurabi

• Read the Code of Hammurabi excerpt on p. 13 in the Duiker book.

• What do these points of law from the Code of Hammurabi reveal to you about Mesopotamian society?

With the development of farming and cities, political organization became much

more complex.

Why?

Egypt and the Shang in China were highly centralized. They developed bureaucracies, dynasties, and used religion to justify the position of the rulers.

Features at the Beginning of Period 2

Empires & Civilizations: Olmec, Egypt, Zhou, Greece, Bantus, Maurya Assyrians, Persians

Competition between city-states and nomadic herders lead to increased conflict

Key Continuities

• rulers often claimed divinity / support• military threats from “outsiders”

Key Changes

• # & size of states grew dramatically• administrative techniques (bureaucracies,

legal systems, diplomacy)

Characteristics at the End of Period 2• Empires: Large, Regional in Size (Byzantium, Gupta, Han,

Maya, Nazca, Persia, Rome, Toltec)• established administrative bureaucracies, large public

works projects, legal codes, currency

Reasons for the continuities or changes

• empires grew beyond their ability to administer• tech of the day limited imperial administration,

communication, control

Empires had formed in Afroeurasia as Empires had formed in Afroeurasia as early as Period 1. Although many early as Period 1. Although many claimed vast territories, most did not claimed vast territories, most did not survive for long.survive for long.

In the 4th century BCE, Alexander the In the 4th century BCE, Alexander the Great amassed an empire that Great amassed an empire that stretched from Greece to India. Upon stretched from Greece to India. Upon his death, however, the empire his death, however, the empire fragmented. fragmented.

The later centuries of Big Era Four The later centuries of Big Era Four saw the rise of new empires that both saw the rise of new empires that both dominated huge expanses of land and dominated huge expanses of land and remained unified for a long time. The remained unified for a long time. The Largest of these were the Han and Largest of these were the Han and Roman empires.Roman empires.

Expanding Networks: Expanding Networks: EmpiresEmpires

Large Empires of AfroeurasiaLarge Empires of Afroeurasia500 BCE - 500 CE500 BCE - 500 CE

Rome

Kush

Parthian/Xiongnu

Han

Kushana

Maurya/ Gupta

Byzantium

Sassanid

Axum

Classical empires were much more complex because they were so large.They had to invent new ways to keep their land together.

How did the classical empires accomplish this?

Rome: At first a republic ruled by aristocrats w/ some shared power with the Senate and 2 consuls usually selected

from the military. Later, an empire with focus onmilitary conquest, colonization, and law codes.The ideal was to use principle of the rule of law; not therule by the whim of the emperor.

China: Mandate of Heaven, the emperor was the Sun of Heaven housed in the Forbidden City.

Yellow Turban Revolt

What causes regionalism?

Mauryan and Gupta gain power through themilitary.

The greatest of the Mauryan kingswas? Why?

Meanwhile, in Africa, the Bantu-basedsocieties and others developedstateless societies which were

A.centralized. B.decentralized.

How do you know?

Post-Classical World 600-1450

1. State-building, expansion and conflict

• Empires: Large, Regional in Size

(Maya, Byzantium, Umayyad, Gupta, Tang)

• established administrative bureaucracies

 

• traditional symbols & methods of power & legitimacy (temples, patriarchy)

• political diffusion (political ideas from one empire to another)

• privilege of elites over lower classes

• Regional and Trans- Regional Empires (Mongols, Delhi, Ottomans, Ming, Aztec)

• traditional & new administrative techniques

 

• larger empires →cult diffusion

• admin methods → larger empires

 

• new methods of managing empires: city- states (E Africa), sultanate

(Ottoman, Delhi)

• caliphate & caesaropapism combined political & religious authority

 Theme

Basic Features at Beginning of Period

Key Continuities Basic Features at End of Period

Reasons for Change or

ContinuitiesKey changes

35

People migrated to new People migrated to new places in (and out) of places in (and out) of Afroeurasia.Afroeurasia.

Vikings

Bantu-Speaking People of Africa

Mongols

Turkic Groups

People of Oceania

Arabs

Germanic Tribes

Chinese

PopulationPopulation

36

EmpiresEmpires

Building states and empires involved

cultural exchanges in Afroeurasia.

During Period 3, many, many states

and empires came… and went.

37

New ruling groups New ruling groups built on the built on the foundations of foundations of earlier states and earlier states and empires.empires.

EmpiresEmpires

38

Sui ChinaSilla

Parhae

Yamoto Japan

Harsha’ Empire

Chalukya

Avar Kingdom

Frankish Kingdoms

GhanaAxum

Sassanid Empire

Byzantine Empire

States and Empires in 600 CEStates and Empires in 600 CE

39

Ghana

Carolingian

Byzantine

Abbasid Caliphate

Axum

Gurjara-Pratihara

Tang China

Srivijaya

Parhae

Silla

Cordoba Caliphate

Heian Japan

States and Empires in 800 CEStates and Empires in 800 CE

40

Mongol Empire

Russia

Sung China

Koryo

Kamakura Japan

Delhi Sultanate

Scandanavian Kingdoms

Mali

Zimbabwe

BeninOyo

France

Ethiopia

Ayyubid Caliphate

Almohad Caliphate

Poland

Rum

H.R.E.

Hungary

England

Portugal

Spain

States and Empires in 1237 CEStates and Empires in 1237 CE

Angkor

41

Mali

Oyo Benin

Zimbabwe

Zanj City-States

Ethiopia VijayanagaraSiam

Majapahit

Ashikaga Japan

Korea

Marinids HafsidsMamluk Sultanate

Granada

Portugal Castile

France

ScotlandEngland

Union of Kalmar

Holy Roman Empire

Poland-Lithuania

Hungary

Ottoman Emp.

Russian States

Khanate of the Golden Horde

Jagatai Khanate

Ming China

Timurid Empire

States and Empires in 1400 CEStates and Empires in 1400 CE

42

How did states and empires

stimulate cultural

exchanges in Afroeurasia?

• Wars led to Wars led to destruction but destruction but produced new produced new inventions.inventions.

• Strong governments Strong governments protected trade protected trade routes and stabilized routes and stabilized currencies.currencies.

• Royal courts were Royal courts were patrons of science, patrons of science, religious institutions, religious institutions, and arts.and arts.

• Large states brought Large states brought together many together many ethnic, language, and ethnic, language, and religious groups.religious groups.

EmpiresEmpires

43

Trade was also closely linked to

cultural exchange.

TradeTrade

Empires supported trade in

Afroeurasia. Merchants

traveled great distances in

search of wealth.

44

The number of cities grew, as The number of cities grew, as well as trade networks between well as trade networks between

them.them.TradeTrade

45

From 300-1500 CE, trade routes extended farther and were used by more travelers.

TradeTrade

Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

WEST AFRICA

• Ghana and Mali

• Became rich by taxing traders

• Powerful military (see a pattern here?)

• Mali first major leader Sundiata and later Mansa Musa

Islamic Empires

• After Muhammad’s death, the government set up rule by a Caliph.

• Abu Bakr was the first caliph supported by well-trained armies

• Aided by the weaknesses of the Persian and Byzantine empires

Pastoral nomads which means they are a _________ ___________?

“Protect trade routes.” Sounds familiar doesn’t it?

Organized into regional Khanates which were politically controlled by a relativewith one main ruler known as the Great Khan.

TANG AND SONG DYNASTIES

TANG AND SONG DYNASTIES

• Equal–field system• Strong support for

transportation and communication

• Meritocracy• Religion played a role• Took tribute from their

neighbors• Hegemony over

neighbors

• Expanded meritocracy

• Didn’t emphasize the military as much so not as much hegemony

• Trade, communication and transportation still important

YUAN Dynasty ruled by collecting tribute called Tax Farming. This outsourcing of tax collectionled to corruption and rebellion and ultimately to their downfall.

Who really had the power in Japan?

What do these names have in common?

Fujiwara, Minamoto, Tokugawa

The feudal system was less centralized than some areas, but more powerful than a local government. Political values emphasized what?

European Feudalism established political and military relationships.

Byzantium

Justinian law codes the biggest legacy.The ruler was absolute in power and controlled the church as well.

Russia

Copied Justinian law codes and organized into a stateby the 10thc. in Kiev.

54

Aztec EmpireMayan States

Inca Empire

States and States and Empires in the Empires in the

Americas in Americas in 1500 CE1500 CE

Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

THE AMERICAS

• Maya: city-states w/ no central govt. • Aztecs: central monarch in Tenochtitlan

who didn’t have absolute power; a council of aristocrats made many decisions; no elaborate bureaucracy

• Inca: highly powerful centralized govt. the Inca owned all of the land; elaborate bureaucracy; road system enforced Inca’s power; quipu kept records

1450-1750Power of nomads decreased because of sea trade’s rising importance. Major maritime powers were?

Major Gunpowder Empires were?

THE GREAT GLOBAL CONVERGENCE

1. State-building, expansion and conflict (political structures & forms of governance, empires, nations & nationalism, revolts, revolution)

• Regional and Trans- Regional Empires (Mongols, Delhi, Ottomans, Ming, Aztec)

• traditional & new administrative techniques

 

• land-based empires (Ottoman, Ming/Qing, Sultanate of Delhi, Mughal, Russia)

 

• increased complexity & competition

• minorities used for econ profit

(pol rights)

 

• global economy → increased competition

• global size → gov’t complexity

(Samurai, Ming, scholar-bureaucrats, Ottoman devshirme)

 

• sea based empires (Portugal, Spain, Netherlands, Great Britain)

• European hegemony → Americas

(Asia)

 

 Theme

Basic Features at Beginning of Period

Key Continuities Basic Features at End of Period

Reasons for Change or

ContinuitiesKey changes

58

Asian commercial and political voyages on the seas continued.

Ottoman naval vessels patrolled Ottoman naval vessels patrolled the Mediterranean, the Black the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, and the Indian Ocean.Sea, and the Indian Ocean.

Zheng He, Admiral Zheng He, Admiral of the Ming fleet, of the Ming fleet, made seven made seven voyages around the voyages around the Indian Ocean.Indian Ocean.

Indian Ocean trade Indian Ocean trade routes attracted routes attracted merchants as they had merchants as they had for centuries.for centuries.

59

Technologies from Afroeurasia led to new European ship designs in the 15th century.

Chinese Chinese sternpost sternpost rudderrudder

Arab Arab lateen saillateen sailChinese Chinese

compasscompass

Muslim portolan Muslim portolan charts and mapscharts and maps

60

Columbus 1492

Vasco da Gama 1498

Magellan 1519

After 1415, European mariners made voyages across the seas toward east and west. By 1519, Spanish ships had circumnavigated the globe. Others set out in search of wealth and adventure.

61

Aztec Empire

Mayan States

Inca Empire

Spanish conquistadors ended Aztec and Inca rule and claimed their lands in Mesoamerica and

Andean South America.

In 1492, two major empires in the Americas, the Aztecs and the Inca, ruled many people.

62

• Accountants learned double-entry bookkeeping with “Arabic” numerals.

• Commercial law protected private property and investments.

• More efficient bureaucracies and taxation increased the power of the government’s purse.

• European monarchs issued charters to colonize overseas.

• Jurists experimented with civil and constitutional law.

Banking and law served new demands.Trade & Trade &

ManufacturingManufacturing

63

Large bureaucratic states in Afroeurasia used gunpowder and artillery to expand trade and win territory in several parts of Afroeurasia.

Period 4 was the first age of global empires.

States & States & EmpiresEmpires

64

Persian, Indian, Turkish, Persian, Indian, Turkish, Chinese, Japanese, and Chinese, Japanese, and European artisans European artisans experimented with steel experimented with steel production for weapons.production for weapons.

Land and maritime Land and maritime empires battled over empires battled over control of trade, control of trade, resources, and resources, and territory.territory.

Gunpowder empires in Gunpowder empires in Asia, Africa, and Asia, Africa, and Europe honed skills in Europe honed skills in production of artillery production of artillery and handguns.and handguns.

States & States & EmpiresEmpires

65

States and Empires in 1519 CEStates and Empires in 1519 CE

States & States & EmpiresEmpires

66

States and Empires in 1600 CEStates and Empires in 1600 CE

States & States & EmpiresEmpires

67

States and Empires in 1714 CEStates and Empires in 1714 CE

States & States & EmpiresEmpires

68

States and Empires in 1804 CEStates and Empires in 1804 CE

States & States & EmpiresEmpires

69

Monarchs claimed Monarchs claimed absolute power.absolute power.

States & States & EmpiresEmpires

Louis XIVFrance 1643-1715

Catherine the Great Russia1762-1796

Elizabeth IEngland 1558-1603

Philip IISpain 1556-1598

Xizong Ming China 1620-1627

Shah Abbas Persia1587-1629

JahangirIndia1605-1627

Süleyman Ottoman Empire 1520-1566

70

Charles I, beheaded in 1649 Charles I 1625-1649

King George III1760-1820

Rebellion in American Colonies 1776

Challenges to absolutism came from new Challenges to absolutism came from new elites with ideas about human rights.elites with ideas about human rights.

French Revolution1789

Louis XVI 1775-1793

States & States & EmpiresEmpires

71

Summary: global convergence led to accelerating world change.

•World trade volume increased dramatically and began to shift its center from Asia to the Atlantic region.

•States increased their power with gunpowder conquests and new sources of mercantile wealth.

•In Europe rising economic elites enjoyed growing wealth, which led them to challenge old landed aristocracies and monarchs.

The Ming defeat the Yuan.

Establish trade and bureaucracy again!

Send out trade expeditions to start collecting tribute again!

Afraid of another invasion from the North and West…again!

Begin to isolate themselves, because Confucian bureaucratswere xenophobic.

Suffered from inept rulers who were isolated from the empire in the Forbidden City….again!

Invaded by outsiders…again!

Manchu take the name Qing…used Mandate of Heaven to justify…again!

WESTERN EUROPE

The pope remained politically powerful. Treaty of Tordesillas!

Kings begin to shake off feudalism and become more centralized bytaking on absolutism.

In Spain and Portugal they support exploration. Name those kings!

Later, so do France and England.

Magna Carta 1215 listed the rights of the nobility and created Parliament.

King Henry VIII Church and takes over the monasteries separates from the Catholic church.

Elizabeth I defeats the Spanish Armada.

After the English Civil War the power of the king is limited by the….of 1688

It greatly limited the power of the king AND allowedwealthier merchants to participate in the government

Louis XIV said, “L’stat c’est moi!”

I AM THE STATE! Absolutely!

Kings were not gods, but they wereHis lieutenants on earth.

He greatly weakened the power of thenobles and the feudal system.

Absolutists

• Russia and Peter the Great

• Wanted to westernize• Reformed military and

created the navy• Reorganized

bureaucracy/took titles away from nobles

• Ottoman Empire under Suleyman the Magnificent (sultan)

• Used captured Christian boys as skilled soldiers and bureaucrats-Janissaries

• Grand Vizier

Colonies in the New World

• Spain and Portugal• Developed large

bureaucracies in urban areas

• Brought concepts of feudalism and absolutism with them

• English colonies had no bureaucracies

• Colonists et up their own structures like representative bodies and ran their own affairs…salutary neglect