Bijoy Kumar Hrangkhawl . M e m b e r

Tripura L e g i s l a t i v e A s s e m b l y . President.

Ind igenous Nat iona l i s t Party o f Twipra. Quarter N o . T y p e - 1V/3 .

Kunjaban T o w n s h i p . Agartala - 7 9 9 0 0 6 Tripura. India

Statement, at the 21st Working Group of Indigenous Population,from 21st to 25th July, 2003 at Geneva, Switzerland

Mr. Chairman Sir.

Thank you very much for giving me time to speak about 'Globalization of

Indigenous People*. This is my second time here to share the theme of how the

Indigenous People around the globe are becoming marginalized and subjected

to mercy seekers in own land.

It is true that in many country the National, Regional and local Government

or authorit ies are scept ic i sm about the recognit ion of legi t imate rights o f

Indigenous People. In most o f the World's Countries, Indigenous People are

deprived of their control over resources, their political and economic power and

their opportunities to obtain higher education or legal training alongwith their

ability to exercise their rights are severely limited. At the local level more and

more extractive industries are prospecting for oil , minerals or plants, dams or

adjacent to ancestral Indigenous Territories, after leading to confl icts over

Indigenous sovereignty, rights o f access benefit sharing, and potential and actual

environmental damage.

Tripura, a small State o f India's North-East had officially merged with

the Union o f India on 15th October, 1949, after 2 ( two) years attainment o f

India independent, virtually become a free land for mil l ions o f refugees from

the then East Pakistan now Bangladesh and within very short span the sons o f

the soi l , the Indigenous People became minority and gradually the Indigenous

People had to move away to thick forest in search of new living being dis lodged

o f economic burden.

Contd..2..

With the standing law o f the land of Tripura the legitimate right on land, ancestral possess ion o f natural resources, opportunities of Government services in favour of the indigenous people had never been an instrument o f minimum satisfaction.

Insurgency and lawlessness situation over the past 2 (two) decade is not a new phenomena in the entire region o f the North-Eastern state o f India including Tripura. In view of the vastness o f the Union of Indian Republic the North-Eastern States are but only identification on the Map.

D u e to pover ty m a n y youths are frustrated, so m a s s i v e a t tract ive educational and economical institutions with proper infrastructure could had been the right way that the today's insurgency was avoided.

W h e n the I n d i g e n o u s P e o p l e found t h e m s e l v e s o u t n u m b e r e d and unprotected, and national, regional and local governments are also unable to determine meaningful measure to restore confidence o f the Indigenous People, then what a man can do ?

Weak is always weak in all respect, so nothing is wrong if for equality, and restoration of bonafied right, one seeks help and someone helps; so the Indigenous People of the world should walk and voice together for restoration of ancestral heritage, no matter what the other people think o f us. The very important message (theme) o f "Globalization o f Indigenous Population" should be taken to the last part o f the World.

Lastly but not the least, the indigenous people o f Tripura are hoping that, the Forum of WGIP could produce meaningful fruit fot the indigenous people around the world.

For Ready Reference:- Authentic detailed records, information relating to the Princely State o f Twipra Kingdom (and realm) a TEXT of Page 1 -37 is submitted.

Enel: As Sated.

Date: 2 / - o j - D - 3 (B.K. HRANGKHAWL)

President Indigenous Nationalist Party o f Twipra, India

E-mail: bijoy_hrangkhawl@yahoo.co.in

hr_bwkrang@rediffmail.com Contd..3..

MEMORANDUM

INTRODUCTION

The unabated influx of illegal migrants from East Pakistan/Bangladesh

into Twipra (Tipperah/Tripura) State and the consequent sea-changing in the

demographic structure o f the State has been an wel l -establ ished fact and a matter

o f serious concern not only o f Tripura State but the Union of India as a who le .

This phenomenon has total ly jeopardized the identity and ex i s t ence o f the

A b o r i g i n e s / I n d i g e n o u s Tribal Populat ion o f the State reducing them into

microscopic minority in their ancestral homeland.

Illegal migration into Tripura is still the core issue behind the unrest, ethnic

t e n s i o n and a s e r i e s o f m a s s - m o v e m e n t r ight from the dawn o f Ind ian

Independence - to be more specific from the date o f merger o f Princely ruled

Tripura State wi th the Indian D o m i n i o n on and from 15th October 1 9 4 9 .

Population explos ion due to illegal colossus infiltration is undoubtedly the prime

contributory factor behind the outbreak of Aborigines/tribal insurgency in the

State. This burning issue has not ever been fully addressed to by the concerned

authorities so far.

Superficial ly, there may be a tendency to v i e w this serious problem as a

regional issue, affecting only the people o f the State, but it has the dangerous

dimension threatening our national security as a who le .

Unprecedented and un-etidinu illegal niigraiion and consequence:- thereof in

Tripura Siate has been attending attention of different concern only from recent

past and this has also been placed before different fora both in national and

international arena by different agencies.

PART-* (ONE)

MIGRATION INTRJPURA

J. HISTORICAL B A C K G R O U D : A peep into the demographic history of

Tripura will reveal that Tripura v\as an ancient State ruled by Kings of Tripura

iroin couple of centuries, The State nas a r e f e r e n c dared back during epic era of

the Rainayana and the Mahabharata and there were continuous references during

the regime of Hindu, Mohamedan and lastly the British rules In India. Ancient

Tripura State having vast geographical areas in Eastern India, bordering Burma

(Myanmar) in the East. Bay of Bengal in the South. Naga Hills in the North and

upto North Bengal in the "west. Even during the rule of last but one King. Maharaja

Bir Bikram (184 l U King of T r ip ' r a ) the Tripura State having much greater

geographical areas with two distinctive parts \ ' \ 7 . . . Hill Tipperah and Tipperah

District. Once again Tipperali District and partly Chit tagong Hiil District

contribute a vast estate of Tripura to tulers known as "Chak la Rosanabad" having

total 550 sq. Miles geographical areas.

From the first ever Census record of 1S72, the Population of Tripura State

and Chakla Rosanabad was distinctive iy estate and neighbouring districts u 'K 'e r

British Rule not so :rea;eu as reai sub"-:o:i o f i ' r i i . c d y Tripura State but termed as

' j iratia Praja" i.e. People who migrated to Tripura temporarily. say for one crop-

bear agricultural purpose in the fertile land of Hill Tipperah i.e. present Tripura and

returned to home districts subsequently.

Furthermore, history disclosed that the rulers of Hill Tipperah were always

welcoming to outside farmers to migrate to Tripura for their permanent settlement

with a view to utilizaiioit of vast fallow land lor cultivation and to increase Suite's

exchequer through such exercise.

It was also proved beyond doubt that due to natural calamities, ethnic

violence from time to time large chunk of population mainly the Bengali speaking

population took shelter in Hill Tipperah - who had been taken care of by the royal

administration including arrangement of their Permanent Settlement on land.

Around 15,000 people entered into Tripura in a single occasion of ethnic violence

in Noakhali and Dacca in 1941.

Furthermore, there was migration of outsiders into Tripura on die wisdom of

rulers as the services of those outsiders were required for running the royal

administration. Those people not only migrated and emp!o>od but also awarded

Permanent Settlement on free-hold land.

From the above discussion, it is proved beyond doubt thai migration of

population into Tripura State having its long association :ue hisior. of

Tripura.

5

2. C E R T A I N M E A S U R E S / S A F E - G U A R D S T A K E N BY T H E EX-

R U L E R ( S ) T O P R O T E C T T H E I N T E R E S T O F I N D I G E N O U S T R I B A L

P E O P L E IN T H E S T A T E A G A I N S T SUCH M I G R A T I O N : For the

encouragement of Aborigines/Indigenous Tribal population for wet-land

cultivation (abandoning the Jhum cultivation), the ex-ruler of Tripura . .Maharaja

Bir Bikram Kishorc Debbarma made 2 (two) successive orders reserving a total of

geographical areas of 2060 sq. Miles (1 10 - r 1950 sq. Miles) oui of total 41 16 sq.

Miles of the Slate in 1931 and 1943 respectively exclusively for 'Panclia" Tripuris

i.e. Tripuri, Reang, Jamatia, Noatia and Halam Indigenous Tribes). But this safe­

guard on land for the Tribal have been honoured for breach more than that of

actual implementation by the subsequent Tripura Administration.

It is pertinent to refer to the "Tripura Merger agreement with the Indian

Dominion" read with " Ins t rument of ^ c e s s i o n " the Text and Terms and

Conditions of these two Treaties clearly defined that all enactments by the ruler(s)

of Tripura and in existence on the date of execution of those treaties shall be

honoured unless those laws/acts were repealed by the successive acts.

It is once again crystal clear that the aforesaid reservation order(s) of

Tripura Ruler has been totally violated when the rehabilitation of so called

refugees (illegal migrants was attempted in Tripura during 1949 co even

though those reservation acts were repealed oniy in I960 through a comprehensive

land legislation entitled "Tripura Land Revenue and Land R5c-6rd Act. 1960"

(TLR&LR Act. 1960 in abbreviat ion).

6

This exercise was also contrary to the Tripura Administrat ion order, ¡949 .

issued by Govt, of India in conformity with the Manipur Administration order.

1949 upon the execution of merger agreement(s) . The Foreigners Act. 1946

although extending the whole of Indian Dominion, but Tripura State seems to be

kept isolated / outside the purview of the said act irrespective of the fact that the

influxion of foreign nationals were the highest in Tripura State.

3. D E M O G R A P H I C S C E N A R I O IN E A S T P A K I S T A N / B A N G L A D E S H :

Leading intellectuals in Bangladesh have been making a case for "Lebensraurn"

(living space) of their country; very recently, in his an ic ie Prof. A.M. Akash.

Professor of Economics , Dacca University, Bangladesh, appeared in Bengali

Magazine (Desh) dated 17.06.2003, has vividly clarified the demographic trend of

Bangladesh. Prof. Akash has proved the abnormal declining trend of the total

minority (Hindu) population in Bangladesh. He has shown that in 1951, the

minority (Hindu) population accounted for 23 . 1% of the total population. In 1961

Census it came down to 19 .6%, while in 1974 it was accounted 14.6%. In the year

1981, it had further reduced to 13.4% and lastly in 1991. it accounted for only

11.4%. Thus, the decline of minority (Hindu) population within the period from

1951 - 1991, say within 40 years was 2 3 . 1 % - i i .4% - 11.7% i.e. more than 5 0 %

of the total minority (Hindu) population of Bangladesh.

Prof. Akash further disclosed the sensational tec-taK about the outer

migration of minority population from Bangladesh to neighbouring countries, h

was accounted that from 1964 to 1991 the average daily migration of minority

population found to be as high as 538 persons . In simple calculation it works out

538 x 28 x 365 = 54,98,360 i.e. around f 5 lakhs of people.

7

4 . OFFICIAL STATEMENTS EXPRESSING C O N C E R N O V E R

ILLEGAL MIGRATION INTO TRIPURA STATE

(i) In 1951. Mr. G.V. Panth. the then Home Minister. Union of India, in his

statement on the floor of Parliament declared '"Tripura is super sa turated with

influx population. Not a single refugee could further be accommodated in Tripura

State."

(ii) The GOVT, of India appointed a Commission in i 960 with the cha i rmanship of

Shri U.N. Dhebar. known as"Dhebar Commiss ion" to look into the problems of

illegal migrants and to put a preventive check on further inflow of the illegal

migrants into Tripura. The Commission recommended regarding the influx of

Bangladeshi illegal migrants into the State as "49 .8 : The influ\ of displaced

persons fro Pakistan (now Bangladesh) to Tripura has been enormous and has

upset the local economy. It has greatly affected the Tribals and has made the Tribal

problem acute. The right of the Tribal in land should be safeguarded. '"

(iii) Shri Indrajit Gupta, the then Home Minister of India stated in Parl iament on 6 t h

May 1997 that there were 10 millions illegal migrants residing in India. Quot ing

\ J H A / Intelligence Bureau Source, the I 0 i h August 1998 issue of "India To-:lay",

has given the breakdown of these illegal migrants by States:- West Bengal 5.4

million. Assam 4 million, Tripura 0.8 million. Bihar 0.5 million. Maharas t ra 0.5

million. Rajasthan 0.5 million and Delhi 0.3 million making a total of 1- million.

(iv) In 1993-94. in the electoral rolls revision exercise in Tripura it was officialK

pronounced that consequent upon the revision of electoral rolls, it has been

identified that 1.35 lakhs of population in Tripura State arc having no

citizenship/legal document!;. It is therefore, well established that they are none but

g

illegal migrants from Bangladesh. But the fact remains that the detected 1.35 iakhi

illegal migrants were allowed to stay back in the State.

(v) The total population as reflected in the Village-Panchayat Registers do not tally

with the total population against whose Ration Cards h a \ e been issued to draw the

essential commodities from Fair Price Shops in Tripura State,

fvi) Regarding the grant of Indian Citizenship to Refugees from East Bengal who

have crossed over to India after 25 i ! l march 1971. an instruction that application

from such Refugees for Indian Citizenship should not be entertained was issued to

the all the Chief Secretaries of States Governments and Union Territories

Administration by Shri G.L. Goyal. Under Secretary to the Govt, of India, vide No.

26011/16/71. iC. Ministry of Home Affairs, dated. N e w Delhi-1 , the 29 i l ! Nov.

1971.

PART- 11 (TWO) ILLEGAL MIGRATION AND THE ABORIGINES OF

TRIPURA

I N T R O D U C T I O N

Migration is a world phenomenon. Broadly speaking, migration ma; be

internal or externa!. It may also be both legal and illegal, which can affect all

aspects of life in a state or a society. Demography change always affects the

genetic, ecological, geographical, historical, economical , social, cu l tu r a l religious

and political aspects of a state or a society. On one hand, norma! demographic-

change in a society is affected through rite interaction of the three main factors,

namely demographic structure, demographic processes and social s tructure. Cn the

other hand, abnormal demographic expansion in a slate may be affected by sudden

or compulsion migration, internal and external. In a nutshell , growth rate of

9

population in a state is ultimately affected by birth, death and migration. In fact,

flow of illegal migration has seriously affected all aspects of life of the Aborigines

of the State of Tripura.

1. T H E C H A N G I N G D E M O G R A P H I C P A T T E R N AND P E O P L E O F

T W I P R A ( T R I P U R A ) : Demographic, pattern determines all walks of life in a

state or a society. The present study is concerned with the demographic features of

Tripura. In Tripura. the growth of population has been so phenomena! that over the

past one hundred and ihiny years (1872 - 2002 A.D.) the territory registered more

than 42 (forty-two) times increase in its population, which has badly affected the

normal life situation of the Aborigines of the State and alio the normal life

situation of non-Aborigines but citizens of formerly princely Tripura State. This

abnormally high growth population in Tripura is not due to the norma! or natural

demographic factors like fertility, mortality etc.. but is mainly due to u great mliux

of migrants, the State had to receive prior to its Merger with Indian Union (15 t h

October, 1949 A.D.) and also the influx of illegal migrants in the Post-Merger

period particularly the period from 1950 to 2 5 U : March 1971 A.D. This

demographic process alfo resulted in wide variations of the pocen 'a tze of both

Aborigines ' Indigenous population and Non-Indigenous • rorei\_ ;i Nationals

population to the total population of the State particularly in it:", Post-Merger

period. TStus. from the periodical point of view, the present stucl> of popu ' .u ic" of

Tripura may be divided into two major phases - ii) Pre-Merger period and (hi Post

Merger period. The Pre-Merger period consists of Census period from !8~2 - 15^

October i 949 A.D. . whereas the Post-Merger period consists of Census period

from October 1949 - 2001 A.D. In other words, the Censuses conducted

during the Kings" regime of Independent Tiperrah/Tripura State may be called Pre-

Merger Census period, while the Censuses conducted after the Merger is'! date may

¡ 0

be called Post-Merger Census period. The Post-Merger period may roug.

divided into two parts - (i) Period of Major Influx of Immigrants (1950-1971

and (ii) Period of Post c u m Cont inual Influx of Immigrants (1971 - 2001 A.D..

The present population s tudy will stress upon the Post-Merger period particularly

the Period of Major Influx of Immigrants . Table - I will show the demographic

fluctuation in Pre-Merger Tr ipura and Post-Merger Tripura. and percentage of

decadal variation in populat ion.

T A B L E - ' l : D E C A D A L V A R I A T I O N IN P OP U L A T ION A N D THE P E R C E N T A G E OF

B O T H A B O R I G I N E S / I N D I G E N O U S P O P U L A T I O N A N D N O N - A B O R I G I N E S / FOREIGN

N A T I O N A L S P O P U L A T I O N T O T H C T O T A L P OP U L A T ION OF T W I P R A (TRIPURA)

F R O M 1 8 7 2 - 2 0 0 I A . D .

Year Total Percentage Aborig ines / Foi -ci"U Percentage o f Percen'-'iL'f.'

population o f variation Indigenous Nationals Aborigines Toiei^ii populat ion / population Indigenous Nationals

(but ST from 1956 Outsiders population to the total i.e. ¡961 Census ) to the total population

population

1 *\ 4 5 6 /

1S72 3 5 . 2 6 2 - . _ _

IisSl 9 5 . 6 3 7 171 .22 12.380 S7 .06 12.94

IS91 1.37.442 4 3 . 7 1 1 .04. , 14 3 3 . 3 2 o 2 - ^5

1901 1.73,325 26.1 1 1 .2 ' \43 i 4 3 . 8 9 4 74.68 2 5 . 3 2

i o n 2 , 2 9 . 6 1 3 32 .4S 1 .47 .950 81 .653 64 .34 35 .66

1921 3 . 0 4 . 4 3 7 3 2 . 5 9 2 .08 .051 9 6 . 3 8 6 68 .34 3 1.66

¡931 3 . 8 2 . 4 5 0 2 5 . 6 3 2 . 6 8 . 0 6 7 1.14.383 70 .09 2C-.91

1941 5 . 1 3 , 0 1 0 3 4 . 1 4 3 . 1 8 . 3 5 9 1,94.651 62 .06 37 .94

1 9 ? ! 6 .39 .028 2 4 . 5 6 3 . 1 0 . 9 4 6 3 . 2 8 . 0 8 2 48 .65 51 .35

1961 11 .42 .005 78 .71 3 . 6 0 . 0 7 0 7 .81 .935 31.53 6 5 . 4 7

1971 15 .56 .342 3 6 . 2 8 4 . 5 0 . 5 4 4 1 1.05.798 28 .95 71 .05

¡981 2 0 . 5 3 . 0 5 8 3 1.92 5 . S 3 . 9 2 0 14 .69 .138 28 .44 71 .56 1^91 2 7 . 5 7 . 2 0 5 2 5 . 5 4 8 . 5 3 . 9 2 0 19.03.8 .60 30.95 oS .05 2 0 0 1 3 1 . 9 1 . 1 6 8 15.74 - - - -

Sources : !. Debbanna. Samarendra, C e n s u s Bibarani (Census Report) - 1340 .T.E (i 93 1 A.D.),

Tripura Government Press . Independent Twipra (Tripura! 5u':o.

11

2. Tlw Tribes nf Tripura. op. a'l.. Appendix 8 and also in LJhauachsrya. A.Is... Trip;,;\; - A

Portrait of Papulation (compiled from Census of India, 1971 A.D.). Govt, of'lndia. 3. S m a s t a v a . S.C., Demographic Profile of North East India, forwarded by B.K. Roy Burman. Miual Publications. Delhi. ¡987. 4.Censusofl<)91 and 2001.

The above Table-i shows that the total population, including (perhaps) few

thousands of foreign nationals, of Independent Tripura State shown in its first

Census (1872 A.D.) was 35 .262. but the decadal variation or growth rate (i.e. Ig72

- 1881 A.D.) in population was 177.22 per cent, which is extremely high. In fact,

the growth rate figure of populat ion in 1SS1 A.D. Census, obviously seems to be

abnormal , but the historical fact, which may be justified on the basis of ie\ei of

awareness , quality of life, t ransport and communication, geographical condition,

socio-cultural milieu etc. of the State and its people at that time, remains that the

first Census might not have been conducted as thorough as Censuses conducted In

the later periods. Because , it was quite impossible to conduct Census in the remote

and inaccessible interior places of the State where most of the Aborigines or

Indigenous People Iked ; though conducted, the method of Census in the context of

interior places was not proper at that time. It follows from this that many people

were not included in the first Census , but as the level o f awar.-ness rose and many

other determining factors improved the once left out pernor.s a i r i n g ihe \'w-:.\

Census were, perhaps , included in the second Census in I SSI A.D.. which resulted

in wkie decadal variation o f percentage in population of the Star--? during the

second Census in 1891 A.D. The table also shows that growth rate o f population of

Tripura had maintained more or less a steady increasing trend since the beginning

of 20 , h" Century excepting the decade (1951 — i901 A.D.) that followed after the

Tripura Merger with Indian Union in \"-<9 A.D. In this decade the population

registered an abnormally high growth rate of 78.71 per cent L S reflected in the ¡961

Census.

¡2

Is this expansion or increase in population in Tripura natural or normal?

Table-2 below depicts a picture of decadal growth rate in Tripura against all-India

decadal growth rate in population.

TABLE-2: COMPARISON Of D CCA D A L GROWTH RATES Or TWTPRA (TRIPURA] WITH [NDiA (FROM 1931-1971 A.D.J

Year Aii-lndia decadal Tripura decadal growth urowrh

(%) " i%)

1 9 3 I - * i 14.2 34.14

'! 9 4 1 - 5 ! 13.3 24.56 1 9 5 1 - 6 1 21.6 7S .71

1961-71 24.6 36.28

Sources: 1. Debb-imia. S-imarendra. Census iiiharant (Census Report) - ! 340 .T.C (193 ! A . D . ; .

T r i p u r a Go' .cnr . r -enr Press. h'.dependfn: T-.ipra (Tripura i S;aic 2. The Tribes of Tripura, op. cit.. Appendix 8 and also in Bhatu'.char\a. A.K.. Trinuru - A

fa-trait of Popitiutitin (ccnpiled from Census cf India, 19"7! A.D.). GOVT, ofliidia. 3. Bhariacharvjee, S.R. Tribal insurgent. ui Tripura: A Study in C\pIo radon of Crises, inter-India Publications. New Delhi. 19S9.

A comparative study of the growth rates of population in Twip ra (Tripura)

shown in iable-2 above, reveals that In each successive decade falling within 1931-

¡971 rhe figure for decad.v growth rate ir. Tripura far jJ iead from il':-:

cor^jspunding ,i;Mndia de ; a Ja ! growth r a e of population. The figures for i ? 5 1 -

1961 record an abnormal difference of 57.11 per cent in growth ra t i . This

abnormally or unnaturali> high growth rate in Tripura In compar ison wuh that o f

•he whole country may be explained i l 'decadal flow of immigration from rlifrciem

Provinces and States is taken into account.

2. FLOW OF M1KGATION C f FOREIGN N A T i O N A L S / D ' S P L A C f c D

P E R S O N S AND SETTING UP O'.-' C A M P S O R C O L O N I E S F O R EA: :T

P A K I S T A N I / BANGLADESHI RE F l - G E E S ?N T W l f R A ( T R I P U R A ) : The

total population of the State during 139! A.D. Census, '.'.'as 1.3 7,442. which na^

13

already been shown in Table-1 in detail. The total number of Foreign Nationals

was 33.328. The inflow of immigrants or foreign nationals from different

Provinces and States over the Pre-Merger period of Tripura is shown in Table-3 .

T A B L E - 3 : ABORIGINES POPUL A T ION A N D FOREIGN N A T I O N A L S OF

I N D E P E N D E N T TWIPRA (TIPPERAH) STATE DURING 1891 C E N S U S .

Place o f birth

Outside Twipra (Tipperah)

Persons w h o were staying in

during Census Period

the State o f Twipra

in 1891 A . D .

Population Males Females

1 2 J 4

(A) From Neighbouring Districts

1. Chotragumi District

31 .028 9 .207 5 .004

2. Noakhali District : 3 .53 i

3. Tripura (Plain) 6 .845 4 . 3 2 0 2 '"2^

4 . Other Provinces (i) Sylhet (ii) Cachar

: 11.291

S8 6 .024

43

5 .267 4 5

Total 3 1 . 0 2 8 17 .730 13 .298

(B) From Other Districts o f Banga 9 5 6 6 8 5 2 7 1

(D) Orissa

(L) C ' lCt tanuypur

(T; Other Provinces arid countries

: 123

11

23

: 1.187

SO

i i T 1

[ —

744

1 *S -r _•

Nil

- 4 ?

Total : 2 .300 1.531

Grind Total ( A + B + C + D - E - f )

(Total N o . o f Foreign Nationals!

Total Population

Aborigines Population

Total Population

Total Foreign Nationals

3 3 , 3 2 8

¡ .37.442

: 1.04.114

: 1.37.442

: (-) 3 3 , 3 2 8

: 9 .202 14 .006

Tot til Aborigine Population : 1.04.114

14

Sources: 1. Debbarma. Samarendra. C e n s u s Bibarani (Census R e p o r t ) - 1340 . T X |1931 A.D i.

Tripura Government Press. Independent Twipra (Tripura) State.

2. The Tribes tif Tripura, op. cil.. Appfndi . \ S and also in Bhattadiarva. A.K... Tripuu, - .J

Portrait of Population ( c o m p i l e d from C e n s u s o f India. I 97 I A.D.) . Govt, o f India.

T h e i n f l o w o f i m m i g r a n t s o r f o r e i g n n a t i o n a l s f r o m d i f f e r e n t F r o u n c e s a n d

S t a t e s o v e r t h e P r e - M e r g e r p e r i o d o f T r i p u r a h a s b e e n v e r y p h e n o m e n a l . T h e tota l

p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e S t a t e d u r i n g 1901 C e n s u s w a s e s t i m a t e d to b e 1.73.325. o u t o f

w h i c h 43.894 p e r s o n s w e r e F o r e i g n N a t i o n a l s a n d 1.29.431 w e r e t h e A b o r i g i n e s or

I n d i g e n o u s P e o p l e o f t h e S t a t e . Table-4 d e p i c t s t h e F o r e i g n N a t i o n a l s par t i cu lar ! )

the H i n d u B e n g a l e e s . M u s l i m B e n g a l e e s a n d N o n - B e n g a i i M u s l i m s w h o w e r e

s t a y i n g in t h e S t a t e d u r i n g 1901 C e n s u s p e r i o d a n d it a l s o s h o w s w h i c h or w h a t

c a s t e s o r c l a s s e s c f B e n g a l e e s w e r e p r e s e n t in t h e S t a t e at that t i m e .

TABLE -4 ; CLASSIFICATION OF H I N D U B E N G A L I A N D M U S L I M B E N G A L I A N D

N O N - B E N G A L I M U S L I S M S WITH P O P U L A T I O N OF I N D E P E N D E N T S T A T F 0 ;"

TwTP RA (T'PPEKAH) - 1 3 1 0 T.E.Q 90» A.D. )

P a s s / C a s t e i T o t a l P e r s o n s i M a l e s ; F e m a l e s

1 2 3 4

H i n d u B e n g a l i

i . Brahman 6 7 8 4 3 3 ¡ 9 5

2. Raidya ¡ 4 8 75

3. JCayastha . . 7 0 - 1.253 4 5 1

-!. S hud ra i .003 "25 77.)

5. Sarut 6 9 0 3 6 4 32ti

<:. T c l e e 6 7 7 4 1 0 2 0 7

7. Knmar 4 5 $ 2 3 7 221

S. Napi t 3 5 3 2 3 4 1 ¡ 9

9. Yogi 2 .014 1.188 5 2 6

10. Kapali 1.755 87S S77

11. Narnasiiudia 3.5 OS i . 338 i . 670

12. K.iibarta 7 4 6 4 0 2 . -t -f

13. Paaii 703 390 3 i 3

14. Saiia 2 7 9 271 s

! 5. D o p a 2 8 ! 1 1 - ¡09

Muslim / Muslim Bengali

i .Kaj i 6-4 2 3 ! !

I. Mu^al 3 0 I? ¡5

5- Saiyad 9 8 5 8 4 0

4. Paihan 2 9 16 13

5. Shekii 4 4 . 4 2 6 2 4 , 1 8 8 20.2' 'S

1 2 3 4

.Hindu Bengali + Musl im) 5 9 . 7 1 9 3 3 . 2 9 3 2 o . 3 9 6

From the above figure Total Hindu Bengali Population : P e r s o n s : 15 .072 M a l e s : S.993

F e m a l e s : 6 .079

Tntal Muslim / Muslim Bengali Population : Persons : 4 4 . 6 4 7

M a l e s : 2 4 . 3 0 0

F e m a l e s : 2 0 . 3 1 7

S O U R C C S : Census Bibarnni (Census R e p o n ) — 1 3 1 0 Tv.ipra Cra ¡'¡".12.;. i lie .Mate oi"J npu r s

by Tl-akur S im Somendra Chandra Debbarma. M.A.(Harbard) C e n s u s Officer. Sen ior Na>;;b

Imperial Table N o . I I (page -150) . Publ ished by C e n s u s Office. Tripura State Press . Primed

Shri Y o g e s h Bhattacharya. 1343 T.E. 0 9 3 3 A.D. )

1 ne inflow of migrants or foreign nationals into Twipra (Tripura) is shown

in T a b l e - 5 .

Table-5 Aborigines Population and Foreign nationals of I n d e p e n d e n t

Twipra (Tpperah) State during 1911 Census.

Place o f birth

0 . n s : d e Twipra

Persons w h o were s tay ing in ilie State o f Twipra

(Tipperah) during C e n s u s Period in 1911 A . D .

Populat ion M a l e s Females

Total i-cpula;!0n (1911 A.D.)

r.i Bardamen Divis ion

t Ba;dai!!L'.n

2. 3 irvhum

2.29,61 3

163

, 2 1 , 8 2 0

9 9

;S

4

1.07.793

6 4

6

j

¡6

S.Bakura 4. Madinipur

(B) Presidency Divis ion

1. 2 0 • Pargana

2 . Calcutta

3. Nadia 4. Murshidabad

5. Joshohar

6. Khoina

© R.ajshahi Divis ion

1. Rajshahi

2 . Dinajpur

3. Jalpaiguri

4 . Darjeeling

5. Rougpur

6. Pabna

7. Maldaha

32

100

195

8 8

4

I S

59

39

5

19

J

24

53

65

1

12

39

6

16

1

4

1

1

i p ) Dacca Divis ion : 1.902 1.240

1. Dacca 1.434 9 1 9

2. Maimal Shingha 174 102

3. Fsrid&pur 2 2 9 '¡67

4 . Bakharganj 6 5 52

(E) Chattagram Divis ion : 4 5 . 7 4 3 3 0 . 8 8 3

1. Tripura (Plain) 3 5 . 3 0 2 2 4 . 6 9 6

2. Noakhali 4 . 7 5 9 3.1 14

3 . Chattagram 5 .577 3 .013

4. Hill Tract CrattagiT.r.i 105 6 0

¥) Independent State o f Tripura : 1 .47 .950 7 1 . 0 5 9

(G) Other pans o f India 3 3 . 4 9 6 18 .303

(H) Nat ive Country and 16.0S0 Provinces o f Bengal 2 9 . 6 0 6 16.0S0

(n British ruled Districts o f Bangas : 2 9 . 5 1 2 1 6 . 0 1 9

[) Bihar and Orissa : 2 . 0 0 2 1.155

(K) Neighbouring Districts 4 7 9 . 2 8 0

!. Pumia : 3 -2. Sactai Pargana 2 ! 6 132

2 2 3 ¡ 2 7

4. Sa leswar i -i J> i

2 i

l 7

s 47

70

23

6

2 0

17

23

15

6 6 2

515

7 2

6 2

13

14 .860

10 .606

1.645

2 . 5 6 4

45

76 .S9 ;

15.191

13 .526

13 .493

S47

199

, i

O K

96

16

-\

17

(L) Other Districts : 1.523 875 6-18

(M) Assam : 27.506 U.S60 12.646

( N ) N e a r i n g Districts : 2 6 . 3 1 8 14.196 ¡ 2 . 1 2 2

t. Gowalpara 9 6 3

2. Sylhet 2 5 . 5 4 9 13.813 11 .736

3 . L u s h a i H i ! l 7 6 0 3 7 7 383

( 0 ) Other Districts o f Assam 1.188 6 6 4 5 2 4

(P) Bramadesh 4 4

(.0) Other Districts o f Bramadesh : 4 4

S ; Nat ive State : 9 4 61 33

(S) Native States o f Bihar and Orissa : S 6 2

1. MajTirvhanj S 6 2

(T) .Assam State 86 55 31

Other Province and N a u \ e

States o f India : 3.890 2 .223 ! . 667

( V ) Districts ruled by British 3 .740 2 .144 1.59

) . AjmirMaruwar I I

2. B o m b a y 1 I

3 . Maoliyapradesh and Bera 1.341 7 o 7 5"

4. Madras 1.066 553 5 1 .

5.P=.:;:.iab 50 42 S

(\V) United Province o f Agra a n d A y o d d a : 1.28! 730 5 0 !

CO Native Slates 150 79 71

1. Bombay States ¡ 0 3 56 4 7

2. Middle India Agency 24 17 7

3 . Mahishur Slate 1 - I

4. Rajputana Agency 7 - 7

r.^tares o f United Provinces 15 6 9

(Z) Other Countries o f Asia : 322 92 3 0

1. Afganislan 23 23

2. A r a b 2 2

3. China 2 - 2

< -n

18

4 . Nepal 94

(AA) Stale Sett lement and Malay 1

(AB) Urup :

(AC) United States ( U S A ) : 2

( A D ) England and W a l e s I

(AE) Scot land !

(AF) Australia : !

Note: Accord ing to 1320 T.E. (1911 A.D. Census Report, the aborigine

populat ion is : State o f Independent Twipra : 1.47.950

From outs ide o f independent Twipra : 8! .663

1. From British Ruled Bangladesh : 4 8 . 0 4 2

2. From other pans o f lnd ia : 33 .496

3 . Frum other Countries i 25

Total : 2 .29 .613

The inflow of foreign nationals into Twipra (Tipperah) State is shown in Table-6.

TABLE-6: ABORIGINES POPULATION AND FOREIGN NATIONALS OF

INDEPENDENT T W I P R A (TRIPURA) STATE DURING 1921 C E N S U S .

I

Place o f birth j Persons w h o were staying in the State o f Twipr:.

Outside Twipra I duriny Census Period in T«2! A . D .

i i ;o;;u!;.:;on Males iHe>r:. i

1 2 3

Total Populat ion : 3j_4.^37 1.61 .5 ! 5 i . 4 2 . 9 2 2

Districts ruled by British in Banga - ;VU-,i 25 .787 2 0 . 2 7 4

A) Bardaman D h i s i o n 463 2^0 2 1 3

1. Bardaman 75 i — CI !

3S

2. Birvhum ¡ 0 7 3

3.Bakura ¡85 iOi 8 4

4 . Medìiì ipur 193 !05

19

66 28

2

(¡3) Presidency Div i s ion

1. 24 - Pargana

2. Calcutta

3 . Nadia

4. Murshidabad

5. Yosnohar

& Rajshahi Div i s ion

1. Rajshahi

2. Dinajpur

3 . Jalpaiguri

4 . Darjeeling

5. Bagura

6. Pabna

7. Maldaha

10

6 2

30

4 4

5

! i

6

4

2 0

i

3

79

16

10

3 0

21

2 6

6

6 S)

1

9

18

(D) Dacca Div i s ion

ì . Dacca

2. Maimanshing

3 . Faridspur

4. Bakhai'ganj

¡2) Chattagram Div i s ion

1. Tripura (Plain) 2. Noakhali

3 . Chattagram

4 . Hill Tract Chattagram

6 .799

2 . 6 1 6

764

2 2 7

Ì92

4 1 , 6 2 8

2 5 . 6 S 5

S.583

9.891

1.469

(F) Independent State in Banga : 2 .0S .055

l .Kuchb ihar 4

2.Tripma State 2 .08 .051

2 .271

1.580

3S4

174

133

23 .161

1 4 . 1 5 7

^.ù lb

5 . 3 8 3

7 4 5

1.08.840

1 .08 .840

I _ u

1.036

3 8 0

53

59

1S.4;,7

ì J .528

1.707

4.5 OS

724

99 .2 ! 5

;G) Other parts o f India 50 .093 2 6 . 7 3 -

(H) Neighbouring Native Stare and other Provinces o f Baneadesh. 4 2 . 8 ^ 0 T - i o — - T

Ol l ¡9 .993

(I) Native States under Bihar

and Orissa

1. Pumia

2. Saota! Pargana

3 . Manvhum

4. Shinghavhum

5. Bales war

(JÌ Other Districis

f

729

3S

338

2 7 6

55

25

4 . 3 4 8

3 9 0

2 i

--•'-+

71

4 9

¡ 5

, 452

3 3 9

', 1

101

205

6

¡0

! . 896

2 0

(K) Assam

(L) Nearing Districts ;

1. Gowaipara

2. Garopahar

3. Sylhe:

3. Lushai Hi]!

(M) Other Districts ol" Assam

(N) Bramadesh

( 0 ) Native State

(P) Native States of Bihar

and Orissa

1. Mayurvhanj

2. Other State

(Q) Native State under

Assam

•£) Other Province and

Native States o f India

(S) Districts ruled by British

!. Ajmir "vfaruwar

2. Bombay

3. Madhvapradesh and Bera

4. Delhi"

5. Madras

6. North-West Province

of Horde-

7. t-unjab

5. United Province o f

Agra r-nd Ayoddha :

(T) N a u v e States :

1. Bombay States

2. Middle Ind:r. Ag<?nc>

3 . States o f Mauliyaprades!'.

4. States o f Kashmir

x States o f Menisci*

6. States o f Punjab

7. Rajpulana Agency

8.States o f United Province

(U) Other Countries o f As ; a

I .Arab

3 6 . 9 7 8 19 .638 1 7 . 3 4 0

35 .36S 18. I I 7 15 .812

5 3 2

3 3 . 9 2 9 18.1 17 15 .812

¡ .434 6 2 5 8 0 9

1.608 891 717

8 7 !

8 0 9 3 9 2 4 1 7

6 1 3

574

39

3 0 7

291

16

3 0 6

2 8 3

23

196 85 111

7 .223 3 . 9 0 7 3 . 3 1 6

6 .788 3 . 6 3 ! 3 . 1 5 7

70 3 7 33

77 2 6 5 1

2 .227 1.109 l . l IS

5 4 1

2 .675 1.428 i . 2 4 7

5 1 4

4 4 1G 2(>

1.685 1.008 6 7 7

4 3 5 2 7 6 159

189 135 5 4

6S 4 5 23

114 53 61

2 1

4 1 3

6 2 4

¡5 ¡3 2

36 15 i 1

223 102 121

1 3

: . Nepal

( V) State Settlement and Malay

(\V) Africa

(X) Mishor

Note: According to 1331 T . E . 1 9 2 1 A.D.) Census R e p o n . total

population in the State o f Independent Twipra mcludiny

migrated persons : 3 . 0 4 , 4 3 7

The Aborigine Population o f Independent

Twipra : 2 .08 .051

Migrated persons from outside the Independent Twipra State 9 6 . 3 8 6

1. From British ruled Bangladesh 46 .061

2. From other parts o f India 50 .093

3. From other Countries : 2 3 2

Total 3 . 0 4 . 4 3 7

I s bio-7 below will show the inflow of immigrants from different Provinces

and States in Tripura during Census period in 1931 A.D.

TABLE-7 IMMIGRATION FROM DIFFERENT P R O V I N C E S / S T A T E S IN T W I P R A

(TRIPURA) S T A T E ÛLTUNG THE C E N S U S P E R I O D OF 1931 A . D .

Piace c f h i n h

outside Twipra (Tripura)

Persons w h o were staying in the State o f Twipra

(Tripura) during C e n s u s Period in J 931 A.D.

Total Population : 3 . S 2 . 4 5 0

1. B a n - l a d e s h 6 7 . 9 4 6

2. Assam : 33.262 3. Bihar and Orissa 4 .153

4. Madron . 2 . 1 6 6

5. Viadrtyapradesh 1 . 4 3 2

6. Yuktapradesh (United Province) : 2 . 116

7. Ajmir Mara war • 9 S. Pi-njuj 80 9. Bombay : 8 2 t0 . Inditr. Native States 2 . 5 9 !

77

1 1 . Вunna 12. Other than India

523 I 1

Total Foreign Nat ionals 1 . U . 3 S 3

Total Population Foreign Nationals

3 .82 .450 (-) I .14.3S3

Total Aborig ines Populat ion (1931 A.D. ) : 2 . 6 8 . 0 6 7

S o u r c e s : D e b B a m i a . Samarendra. C e n s u s Report. 1340 Т.Е. (1931 A.D. , Tripura Government Press. Agartala, 1 9 3 3 , p .22 .

TabIe-7 above indicates that not only the Bengalees, but people from other

Provinces also poured in Tripura. However, the fact remains that the Hindu

Bengalees from adjoining districts of Tripura (Plain). Sylhet. Noakhali.

Chittagong. Dacca of the erstwhile East Bengal constituted the major bulk of

immigrants in the State. It is also worth mentioning that the inflow of immigrants

in the State varied time to time according to development of situation. Whenever

any communal disturbances and political unrest occurred in the erstwhile East

Bengal, the rate of inflow accelerated and the State had ю face an exceptional

situation by receiving a great influx of refugees particularly after the Indian

Independence (T947 and also after Tripura Merger - ¡949) . After the nr.rri-iin. j -

decade from 1949-1959 A.D.. the total influx of refugees from the erstwhile Fast

Pakistan now Bangladesh figured 3.73.500 and in the year 1904-65 itself 1.00.304

people migrated to Tripura. The total number of immigrants or Displaced Persons

who entered in Tripura within the period from 1947 to 1971 A.D. is estimated to

be 7,30,017.

Although, prior to the Tripura Merger with Indian Union (1949 A.D. the

Tripura Kings had to admit the Benglees into the princelv State to run the

administration and other services like judiciary, forest education etc.. the a v e r s e

R e s o u r c e : (1 ) Directorate of Rehabilitation. Govt . ofTripura.

(2) Siatistical Abstract. I 9 6 9 A.D. (Annua! Publication). Chapter: XXLI M S C . 2 2 . 4

( P a g e - 2 2 l ) F low o f Migration (Year wise ) o f Displaced Persons , publ i shed in 19 73

A . D . by Statistical Department. Govt. ofTripura.

(3) The Communist \favememafTripura by Sri Pradip Kr. Basu . p. 163 . T a b l e - 4 .

Note: 'Displaced Person' means who has entered into the State o fTr ipura (India) from East

Pakistan, now Bangladesh on or after the 15"' October. 1946 A.D. and a lso from Western

Pakistan on or after \* March 1947. on account o f the Civil disturbances or the fear o f such

disturbances or o n account o f the setting up o f the two D o m i n i o n s o f India and Pakistan.

Table-9 below re\eals the number of Refugees Colonies / C a m p s set u p for

the East Pakistani / Bangladeshi Refugees or Displaced Persons (but illegal

migrants) during the period from 1948 to 1978 A.D. is 83 . This number of

Refugees Camps is just an instance of the same. Besides, there were many places

in Tripura where the thousands of refugees illegally and scatteredly settled in the

State.

TABLE-9: N A M E OF EAST PAKISTANI / B A N G L A D E S H ! R E F U G E E S C A M P S

(DIVISION WISE) FROM 1948 A.D. TO 1978 A.D. IN T H E S T A T E OF T W I P R A

(TRIPURA) . INDIA:

Name of Divisions No. of Refugee Camps

1

I . - , U V •.. m

Name of Refugee Colonies

3

i. Sui-.^niu Co lony 2. Najrui Co lony

3 . Netaji Colony

4 . Vidhyasagar C o l o n y

5. Ramnagar C o l o n y (Bariala)

6. Hapania C o l o n y (Ishanc hand ran agar)

7. Anandanagar/ Jogendranagar C o l o n y

8. Lelin Colony (Aralia / Jogendranagar)

9 . Gaku'na^ar' Kamalasagai

1 i). Goutani Yhumih in Colony

11. Dakshin (South) Champamura Colony

12. Telacharan C o l o n y

13. Madhuban C o l o n y

14. Pravapur C o l o n y

¡5 . Dakshu (South) Charilam Colony

16. Khas Ma:-;iuban C o l o n y

26

]

I 7. Rajnagar Purathal C o l o n ) 18. Taranagar C o l o n y [9 . Kalkalia Co lony 20 . Mohanpur Colony

2 1 . Laksman Singhamuia Co lony 22 . Mandwi (Mandai) Colony

2 3 . Nayichata Nutanbari C o l o n 2-1. Fatikray Refugee Camp

2 5 . Jirania / Jisamia Refugee camp 2 6 . Nutannagar Refugee Camp (1) 2 7 . Champamani Refugee Camp 28 . Adliamianik Refugee Camp 29 . Badha Refugee Camp 30 . North Charilam Refugee C a m p 3 ! . Champaknagar Refugee Camp 32 . Nutannaaar Refugee Camp (2) 3 3 . Refugee Camp Para 34 . Badharghat Refugee Camp

2. Khovvai

3. Sonamura

I. Ganaki Grihahin ( H o m e l e s s ) C o l o n

1. Sonamura Co ionv

1

4 . Dharmanasar 1. Dewanpasa Grihahin ( H o m e l e s s ) C o l o n y 2 . Boruakandi C o l o n y ( 1 ) 3 . Horowa Co lony 4 . Boruakandi C o l o n y (2)

2. JndLraiiagar Cc!on> 3 . Irani Colony 4. Yubarajnaga: Colony 5. Pakhirbasa C o l o n y 6. Bar.guwati Co lony 7. Hiraehara Colony 8. Dhaliarkandi Colony 9.1 .etapam Co lony

10. .iolai Colon 1 ! . Vhigaramnagar C o l o r s 12. Kaolikura Coiony i 3 . Birchandranagar Colony 14. Dhanbiiash Co lony 15. fultati C o ! o n \

27

1

( 6 . Clihamaii Colony 1 7. Krishnanayar C o l o n ; 18. Kumarghat C o l o n ; ! 9 . Pabiachara Colony 2 0 . Kanchanbari C o l o n y 2 1 . Sukanta Colony

1. Kachuvvachaia C o l o n ; 2. Ambassa Colony j . Kaimachara C o l o n ; 4 .1 larerkhola Co lony 5. M a h a b i r C o I o n y ( l ) 6. Apai"esh Kar Co lony 7. Kanchanpur Co lony

8. Naliacbara Co lony 9. Mahabir Co lony (2) 1. Dakshin (South) Vharatchandranagar Co lon;

1 . Shankar palli Grihahin ( H o m e l e s s ) Colon> 1. T o w n (Udaipur; Co!on>-

2. Mnrantiln Giihahin ( H o m e l e s s ) Colon;, j . L'rtar Maharani Grihahin Co lon;

4. Gangapara Grihahin Co lony 5. Anuku! Smriri Colon;. 6. Sora \ numi; a Siren C o l o n ; 7. \ a n i ; an C o l o n ; S. U.K. Grihahin Co lony 11 9. i C i i . Gii.'.aiiin C o l u n ; 10. R.i-;. Grihahin C o l o n y (3) 11. Cora1, lumiiya Madhya Pam C c i o u ;

j rj. Sabroom 1 1 • Pachim (West) Joiefa Co lony

Sources: 1. Series . V i l l -Vo l . Ii. A s s e m b l y Proceedings . Official R e p o n . .^'Tripura Legislative A s s e m b l y . Ma; 3 0 . 1985 (Page- 135 - 139',.

2 . Report Published on A s s e m b l y Proceeding-, Official Report. Series - X I V - V o l - i . Tripura Legislative A s s e m b l y . March 10. I 987 '.Page- 4 - 5 ) .

Decadcwise population of Tr ipura State including illegal migrants/foreign nationals during 1941-1971 is shown in detail in ,:.e following tables.

28

6. Kamalpur

7 .Belonia 1

8. Amarpur 1 9. Udaipur 1 I

T:ilife-ГА: Decadal Vjinafiuri in Population unit (lie i'eicctita^e "I A l . m t ^ i i u s . IIMIIJIH Ня: ;;.ч. I , , ;i.nl l'oiii<Mnrs / Displaced Persons ol' Twiprii (Tri j iuni ) (from 1941 - 1951 A.U.).

Yin-r Total Total p o p u - Variation A b o r i g i n e s Indian Fore igners Population Intion e x c e p t in populat ion nationals /

Fore igners / percantage but d i s p l a c e d d i sp laced imn-ahori- p o p u l a t i o n

popu la t ion g incs o f llie Slate

Aborigiii i ' • !o the lol.ii ol" the S la le

(%)

A b o r i g i n e s Indians bul l 'oieimier:. / I n Ihc t o l a !

e x c e p t 11ic fore igners /

d i s p l a c e d persons

1%)

nnn-fihori-gines ol llie Slak'

to the total %)

db'pki-i'd peiuon.-: to

Ihc lola!

O )

7 If)

1941 19:1

5 ,13 ,010 6 ,39 .02o 4 , 5 5 . 0 2 8 24 .56

3 . 1 8 . 3 5 9 3 . 1 0 , 9 4 6 1,44082

, 9 4 . 6 5 1 . 8 4 . 0 0 0

6 2 . 0 5 48 .6: . 22 .54

3 7 . 4 -

Sources; I. Debbaima, Samaiciidra, Census Bi&inmi (Census Report) - 13)0 . YM (I l>31 A . D ) . Гпрша Government Press. Independent I'wipta (Tnpiira) Stale. 2. /Vic Tribes of Tripura, op. tit. Appendix 8 and also in llhattach.iiya. Л.К., Tripimi - A I't-rtiatt и/ Popuhition (compiled lioni Census of India, P>7I A.D.). Govt oF India. .3 b'livastava, S.C., Dumagruptiic Profile njNorth East InJiu. forwarded bj U.K. llo> Uurnnm. Mill;i) Publici.tiuHs. Delhi. 19.47.

Note: (I) The term 'Aborigines' or 'Indigenous People' mentioned in (lie population table means those people who have been ]i\ ing in the Slate of Twipra Iroin time immemorial are the sons of llie soil or first settlers of ihe land; aie tlic rulers in Independent Twipt.: in the Pie-Merger period. Mn'\ are (lie i Indigenous People of Twipra. All llie Kokborok speaking people such as 13 ru (Keang) Debbanna, .laniatia.Koloy, Muiasing, Rupini, Tripura. and Uchoi

,uud the oilier language speaking group such as Uongclier, Cliorai, Darlong. I latum,! hangkhawl. kaipeng, Mo;-. Molsoin. and Rangloiig.and ;iImi Garo. Lesluii, Chakma, kuki , , Mciies (Manipiuri) etc. are the Aborigines or Indigenous People of Twipra..

(2) During ihc peiiod from I'Ml - I "51 A.D., 'Indian Nationals' means those persons who entered I wipra Suie in llie I're-Merget period of 1 wipra i.';. from 1872 - 15 t h October I'M" A.D. but except lliosc Bangladeshis who ('Displaced Persons') came to Twipia al'tci October IV-lo A.D Hindu Bengalees (Urahman, IJaidya, Kayastha. Shudra, llarui, Telec, Kamar. Napit, Yogi, Kapali, Namashudia. Kaiburla, Paini, Saha, Dopa etc.), Muslim Ik-ngalees, Muslims (K.tji. Mngul, Saiyad, Palhan. Shckh etc.),Hiniliwala.Ncpali.Oriya, Bete. Kaimi (Bhonii/). Gor. Assamese, 1 lidmvala. Maraliii, Punjabi. Sindi. Saulal. Mailji .S.uua. Khar, kanarese, Gujarat i. Telegu, Kuli, Kinido, Gondri. Maclraji, etc were Healed as Foreign National, or Nou-Aborigines ol'Tv.ipia in the I're-M.iger peiiod particularly liom 1872-October I'MFI and lliey may be nislifiahly considered to be 'Indi.ui Nationals' in the present coiilext.Thus. only these peupU i.il'ljoijgh the) came to Twipia from outside the Stale), are very much feasible lo be < misidered citizens of out unintrs and they are very much Indians in ihe present context. I

("i Di.plated Person' mean;; who has entered inlo the Slate of I ripura (India) from Past Pakistan, now Bangladesh on oi after llie I V!' October l'J-16 A D on account (£ i i . i l disinilvame'. m the le.u of such disturbances oi on accoool of the •.etlii",' 'ip ill die i wi > Dominions of Ind.a and Pakistan

Table 12: Decadal Variation in Population and the Percentage ol' Aborig ines , Indian Nat ional ; , and l r urci«ncrs / Displaced Persons of IVipra (Ti inui i i ) (f ioni 1961 - 1971 A.D.) .

Y ; I L T Total Total popu- Variation Aborigines/ Indian Foreigners Aborigines Aborigines Indians hut Foreigners/ Population lation except in Tubal nationals / to the tola! lo ilie total non-abort- displaced

Foreigners/ percentage population but displaced of llie Slate except the glues of persons lo displaced noii-abori- population (%) lin. kners / the Slate the total population g i n c s o f displaced to thc'total (%)

the Stale persons (%)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ••) II) II

I%1 1 1,-12,005 5,5-1.251 78.71 3.60,0 70 l.'M.IKI 5.87.75-1 3 1.53 ol.<>7 17.00 51/17

i y i 15.56,342 8,20.325 36.28 4,50,5-1 I 3.75.781 7.30,017 28.05 s | .52 2 - 1 6 . 0 1

Sources: 1. Debbarma, Sainarcndra. Census iJibaniui (Census Report i - 1340 .T.I- (193 I A.!").). I r'-:ii;i (iovernnieui Press, Independent I uipra (Tripura) Slate. 2. Ilic Tribes oj Tripura, op. cil.. Appendix 8 and also in Riiallacliarva, A.K., Tripura - A Portrait of Papulation (compiled from Census of India, 1971 A.IX), Govt, of India.

.3. Siiyastava, S.C., Dfiiui^rnplik Profile of North Hast bulla, lorwanled In U.K. Koy liurinan. Milial Publicalions. Delhi. I9S7.

Note: ( I ) The term 'Aborigines' or 'Indigenous People' mentioned in the population table means tin we people who have been living in the Slate ol'Twipra from lime immemorial are llie sons of the soil or liisl settlers of the land; are the H I L T S in independent Tw ipra in the Pre-

Miiger pcriod.They are the Indigenous People ol'Twipra. All the Ki .kborok speaking people such as V-\u (Reung) Debbamia, .laina'n, Kuloy, Murasing, Rtipini, "I'ripura and Uchoi, and the oilier language speaking group such as lJongcher. f honii. Darlong. I lalam, I Iran^kliawl,

Kaipeng. Mog, Molsom, and Ranglong.and also (iaro.l ushai. Chalana, Kid. i , , Meiics (Mauipi'.u i) ,.tc .ire the Aborigines or Indiuenous People ol'Twipra..

'CuIdi' 11: Di'i 'Jiiliil Yanul i i in in l 'opu l u t i m i a m i ilie l ' e r c i ' i i l a ^ e oi All'iridiii'."^, h i t l i i i i i iSalìni-ul imi l'orci ;IIIIS / ì)i«pi:u<<! iYrsuiis 'il T v ijini (Tripimi) ( from 1951 - 1961 A.D.J.

Ya.r Total lolal popu- Variation Aborigines/ Indian I'oivijinccs Alwri;'.inc> Ah• • ^.ne. . l.nlt.ms but K - v i g n e W

Population lation except in Tribal nationals / to I lie luial l:s :!:••-• total non-aburi- displaced

Foreigners/ percentage population but displaced of the Si•'(•; ex-.vpi the "hies of persons lu displaced non-abmi- populaiion (%) roic'Lineis/ I lie Stale llr. lolal

population g i n c s o f di.j'laeed to the luial %) the Slale iKV'.ons %)

i . V v L

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1951 6.39,028 4 .55 .028 24.56 3,10,946 1,44,082 1,84.000 48.65 i.i 22.54

1961 11,42.005 5,54 .251 78.71 3,6(1,070 1,94.181 5,87.754 31.53 (.4.97 17.00

I

'JS.79

51.47

I

jSourct 's: I. Debbanmi, Samareiiilra, Census Uibarani (Census Report) - 1340 T.K (193 I A.I).) , h i p m - i Go'.-enmieni Press. Independent I'uipia I (Tripura) Stale.

. 2. 'The Tribes of Tripura, op. cil.. Appendix 8 and also in Bhaltaeluuya. A.K., Tripura - A Purtvatl of Population (compiled from Census oi' India, 1971 A.D.), Govt, o f India.

.3. Siivaslavn, S.C.. Demographic Profile of North East hhiia. Ibi warded by B !<.. Ko\ Biirm.in, Min; i I'ubii. alions. Delhi. 19X7

Note (11 The lei'in ' Abovigincs' oi 'Indigenous People' mentioned in ihe population lable means ilio -e people v\lio have been living in 1 in­stale ofTvvipra Ironi time immemorial arc the sons of the soil or Hi si settlers of the land; are (he rv.K r; in Independent Twipra in the IVe-

; Merger period.Tliey .ire the Indigenous People of Twipra. All the Kokhornk -peaking people suoli ;r. lini (Ke;>n;',) I iebhamia. Juniatia. I Kolov.M musing, Kupini, I riponi and Uelioi. and the oilier language speaking groupjsucli as B o m ; i h u , < "hoi ai, Dai Ion;;, 11 a lain. I l iangkhaul.

kaipeng, Mog, Molsom. and Kangloug.and also (iaro.Lushai, Chakina. Kiiki. . Muites (Manipriiri) etc. aie the A boi i .nines or Indiyenous j People of Twipra.

i

I

T a b I e - 1 0 shows that the total number of population of the State during 1951

Census is 6 .39.028. \ar iat ion in percentage is 24.56. total Aborigines population is

3.10.946, total Indian Nationals 1.44.082. total number of Foreigners/Displaced

Persons/Il legal Migrants is 1.84.000. percentages of Aborigines population to the

total population and to the total population except the Illegal Migrants are 48.65

and 68.33 respectively.

T a b l e - l l reveals that the total number of population of the State during 1961

Census is 11.42.005. variation in percentage is 7S.71. total Aborigines population

is 3,60,070, total Indian Nationals 1,94,181. total number of Foreigners/Displaced

Persons/I l legal Migrants is 5.87,754. percentages of Aborigines population to the

total populat ion and to the total population except the Illegal Migrants are 31.53

and 64 .97 respectively.

Tab le -12 depicts the picture of population in the State during 1971 Census

stating that the total number of population of the State during i97 i Census is

15.56.3-i2. variation in percentage is 36 .28 . rotal Aborigines popvlaiion is

4 ,50.544, total Indian Nationals 3.88.601. total number of Foreigners. 'Displaced

Persons/Il legal Migrants is 7.30.017. percentages of Aborigines population to the

total population and to the total population except the Illegal Migrants are 28.95

and 54.52 respectively.

32

It may not be out of place to mention here a few lines about Tripura Merger

with Indian Dominion in connection with the flow of Illegal Migrants into Tripura

and the national commitment of safeguards to the North-East people particularly

the Aborigines (sons of the soil) of the State of Tripura. The State of Tripura was

one of the ancient princely states of the world. According to the *Rajmala\ or the

Chronicles of Tripura was ruled continuously by as many as 184 TrtpurLBorok

(treated as 'Tribal ' from 1956) kings with sovereign and independent status prior

to its merger with the Indian Union (1949 A.D.) . the last king being Bir Bikram

Kishore Manikya Bahadur Debbarma. His successor Kirit Bikram Debbarma was a

minor and only 33 years at that time, is still living today as a living Royal Symbol

of Twipra (Tripura) history. King Bir Bikram died in 1 9 4 7 A.D. Then. Council of

Regency was formed to run the administration under the Presidentship of Queen

Kanchanprava Devi, mother of Kirit Bikram. Within few months after the

unnatural demise of King Bir Bikram Kishore. Tripura faced a great crisis and

there was a threat both from internal and external forces. The president of the

Council of Regency was under severe pressure and was bound to opt to join the

Indian Union. In the meantime, the queen on the advice of the Government of

India had to dissolve the Council c c Regency ?.r.d h:._::me herself :is -.!••:

Regent on 12U 1 January 1948. and after about more than a year she had to sign the

Tripura Merger Agreement on 9 l h September 1949. Thereafter. Tripura became a

part of Indian Union from 15 t h October 1949 A.D. and was administered by rhe

Chief Commissioner as a ' C category state.

Mention may be made here that Sadar Ballabhai Pate!, the then Minister of

Home of Affairs, gave the following message on the occasion of tfie Merger of

Tripura on 15 t h Oct. 1949 A.D.

33

"The State of Tripura, with the isolated situation yet occupying a position of

strategic importance of the Easter borders of India, has an ancient history and a

rich culture. The partition of the country has. however , brought in each train for

this small State a host of problems, which, in the present State of its development

was impossible for it to solve on its own resources . The State has potentialities and

the sources, which it tapped and properly exploi ted, would be an asset to the

country. For all these reasons , the Government of India and Her Highness, the

Maharani Regent acting on behalf the Minor Ruler , came to the conclusion thai in

the interest of the welfare of the State and of the country as a whole, it was

essential that the Centre should make itself directly responsible for its

administration and its well being. I am most grateful to Her Highness for having

come to this agreement. Her was not any easy task in the peculiar circumstances in

which she found herself. I am sure that providence will reward her for the courage

and boldness with which she has taken this decision. To the people of Tripura. I

can only say this: though far (and remote) from the capita! city of the country, v. ill

always claim our attention and we shall do our best to ensure mat its link and

connection with the main land are s t rengthened and it comes nearer to us. They

v-.'ill not stand-alone to battle with the manifold problems that cor f ront them. They

will have the resources and the assistance of the Centre on which they can count.

'With their cooperation and help we hope that we shall deal with their problems

efficiently and effectively. May God bless our jo in t effort with success ." (Ref.:

Sadar Patel ' s Correspondence - Vol-8, p-530-531) .

R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S

(1) Migration / Illegal infiltration of population outs ide of India into Tripura State

must be reviewed right from I 5 , ! ' October 1949 onwards in proper perspective

34

taking into account of ail facts and circumstances as incorporated and presented

hereabove.

(2) Illegal migrants so detected from 15 l h October 1949 to till date in Tripura State

must be debarred from Indian Citizenship Certificate and must be given only

Refugee Status. They may be allowed to sta> in India as Stateless Citizens with no

voting right nor the right to acquire immovable property.

(3) The population so identified with Refugee Status, must be deported in other

States of Indian Union proportion to Tripura State making a case of National Issue.

(4) The National Register of citizens should b e updated and computerized. A

separate register of Stateless Citizens should also be maintained

(5) Illegal Migrants who have infiltrated on or after 25'" March 1971 should not be

given Refugee Status and must be deported to their original home State/Country.

(6) Illegal Migrants who came to Twipra (Tripura) prior to \5VA Oct. 1949.

including those amongst t h e m «Aho.se name appeared on the first electoral rolls

used in Lok Sabha General election, should be regularized.

(7) Foreigners who came to Twipra (Tripura) after 1949. and upto till date should

be detected in accordance with the Provisions of die Foreigners Ac ; ¡946 .

(8) Names of foreigners so detected should be deleted from the electoral ro!U in

force.

(9) Illegal Migrants who were expelled earlier, but have since re-entered illegally

into Twipra (Tripura) should be expel 'ed.

(10) Foreigners who came to Twipra (Tripura) after first list of electoral rolls for

General Election should be continued to b e detected, deleted and expelled in

accordance with law.

(31) Constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards, as may be

appropriate, should be provided to protect, preserve and promote the cultural.

35

social and linguistic identity and heritage of the Indigenous or tribal people of

Twipra (Tripura).

(12) The Central Government should arrange for the issue of Citizenship

Certificate in future only by the authorities of the Central Government.

(13) Specific complaints that may be made by the all Oorok (Tripuri) based

organizations about irregular issuance of Indian Citizenship Certificate should be

looked into by the Central Government.

(14) The International Boarder should be made secure against present and future

infiltration by erection of physical barriers like walls, barbed wire fencing and

other obstacles at appropriate places.

(15) It should be ensured that relevant laws for prevention of encroachment of

Government lands and lands in Twipra Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council

(TTAADC) areas and Blocks are strictly enforced and unauthorized encroachers

should be evicted.

(16) It should be ensured that relevant laws restricting acquisition, allotment a;"d

occupying of immovable properties by illegal infiltrators (Foreigners) in Twipra

(Tripura) should be strictly enforced.

(17) It should be ensured that Birth and Death Register should duly be r.-.aintained

by Government of Twipra (Tripura) and the author ity of TfAADC.

Note: Recommendat ions .' v i e w s apart from the ahove ones may he furnished later at the time of'

oral e v i d e n c e , if necessary.

SUGGESTIONS

In the Illegal Migration Laws (Repealing and Amendment) Bill. 2003 . the

following amendments may kindly be considered for incorporation:

( I ) The Immigrants (Expulsion from Assam) Act. 1950. should be amended with

the Nomencla ture "The immigrants (Expulsion from Assam and Tripura) Act.

2003 .

36

(2) In Chapter -III of the Bill, the word "Tripura" should be inserted following the

word " A s s a m " wherever appeared in all sections and sub-secuons.

(3) Text of the Object ives and Reasons should therefore be suitably amended

keeping in v iew of the suggestion put forward in items 1 and 2 . ***** *************