States of States of MatterMatter

Changes all around Changes all around usus

What is What is MatterMatter??

•Matter is anything that has mass (atoms) and volume (takes up space).

• EVERYTHING is made of matter.

3 States of Matter

Water in all 3 statesWater in all 3 states

44 States of Matter States of MatterThere are four

states of matter:– Solid– Liquid– Gas– Plasma

What Makes Something a Solid?

Solids:– Retain their

shape,– Molecules are

close together, with strong force between molecules that holds the shape,

– Molecules moving very slowly (vibrating)

SolidsSolids

What Makes Something a Liquid?

Liquids:– Take the shape of

its container, – Molecules close

but not as tightly held as in solids,

– Molecules move around each other.

– Liquids can have different viscosities

What is Viscosity?What is Viscosity?ViscosityViscosity = a liquids = a liquids

resistance to changing its resistance to changing its shape. shape.

Thicker = higher viscosityThicker = higher viscosity

Thinner = lower viscosityThinner = lower viscosity

What is a Gas?What is a Gas?• GasGas:

– takes the shape of its takes the shape of its container, container,

– molecules are very far apart molecules are very far apart and moving fast. and moving fast.

Some GasSome Gas

More GasMore Gas

Lots and Lots Lots and Lots of Gasof Gas

Everything is in Everything is in MotionMotion

All molecules are in motionAll molecules are in motion

Everything has Everything has HeatHeat

All molecules have heat.

What is What is Heat?Heat?

Heat is a Heat is a form of form of energyenergy

WHAT IS HEAT?WHAT IS HEAT?• Heat is:

– a form of energy– the energy of vibrating molecules

(Kinetic energy)– molecules are always moving

(vibrating) therefore all matter has heat

– the faster that molecules vibrate the more heat they have

Heat is…Heat is…• HEAT is the total kinetic energy of an

object

(Compared with Temperature which is the average Kinetic energy)

ex. Block of ice vs. match

Where Does Heat Come Where Does Heat Come From?From?

Sun, burning fuel, friction Sun, burning fuel, friction

How Does Heat How Does Heat Move?Move?

ConvectionConvection

ConvectionConvection = a substance in motion = a substance in motion carries heat energy with it. (requires carries heat energy with it. (requires matter)matter)

ConductionConduction

Conduction = is the molecule to molecule transfer of heat energy. (requires matter)

RadiationRadiation

Radiation = photons travel through space from emitter to another point (does not require matter)

How Do We Measure Heat?How Do We Measure Heat?

• Thermometer – measures the average Kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance.

• Celsius = water freezes at 0oC and boils at 100oC

• Farenheit = water freezes at 32oF and boils at 212oF.

• Kelvin = begins at Absolute Zero = -275 celsius = limit of coldness = the lowest possible kinetic energy that molecules can have (Theoretic point)

•

What is Absolute Zero?What is Absolute Zero?

• Absolute Zero = the temperature at which kinetic energy of molecules is zero, there is NO movement of the molecules.

The Kinetic Molecular TheoryThe Kinetic Molecular Theory

• Kinetic Molecular TheoryKinetic Molecular Theory – explains thermal energy as the random movement of atoms or molecules; explains the properties of matter.

• All matter is made of atoms (molecules)• The molecules are in constant motion

(kinetic)• Motion and spacing of the molecules

determines the state of matter• Temperature of the molecules determines the

motion and thereby the state of matter.– More heat = more motion = more space

Molecular Spacing and Heat Molecular Spacing and Heat Determine State of Matter or Determine State of Matter or

PhasePhase

• SolidSolid = close molecules, slow, “cold”

• LiquidLiquid = pretty close, faster, “warm”

• GasGas = far apart, fast, “hot”

Phase Changes – Evaporation Phase Changes – Evaporation and Boilingand Boiling

• LiquidLiquid + heat GasGas (Evaporation)– ex. Puddle disappearing on a hot day

(Boiling)

– BoilingBoiling = pressure of escaping water vapor = air pressure

Evaporation is a Cooling ProcessEvaporation is a Cooling Process

Phase Changes - MeltingPhase Changes - Melting

• SolidSolid + heat LiquidLiquid (Melting) – ex. Ice melting to water

Phase Changes - CondensationPhase Changes - Condensation

• GasGas – heat LiquidLiquid (Condensation) – ex. Liquid forming on the outside of a

cold glass

Phase Changes - FreezingPhase Changes - Freezing

• LiquidLiquid – heat SolidSolid (Freezing) – ex. Water cooling and changing into ice

Phase Changes - SublimationPhase Changes - Sublimation

• SolidSolid + heat GasGas (Sublimation) – ex. Dry ice, moth balls disappear over time

Phase Changes - DepositionPhase Changes - Deposition

• Gas – heat Gas – heat Solid (Deposition) Solid (Deposition) –ex. Snow, frost on windows, breath ex. Snow, frost on windows, breath

on cold day, frost in freezeron cold day, frost in freezer

Thermal ExpansionThermal Expansion

• Thermal Expansion = the Thermal Expansion = the expansion that occurs as a expansion that occurs as a substance is heatedsubstance is heated

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