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What is Matter?What is Matter?
Anything that has mass and takes up Anything that has mass and takes up spacespace
So pretty much anything you can So pretty much anything you can imagine – from the air we breathe, to imagine – from the air we breathe, to water we drink, to the sun and all the water we drink, to the sun and all the stars.stars.
Solid StateSolid State
Lowest energy form of Lowest energy form of mattermatter
Molecules do not change Molecules do not change positionposition
Definite ShapeDefinite Shape Definite VolumeDefinite Volume
Liquid StateLiquid State
Molecules can move Molecules can move around each otheraround each other
Definite volumeDefinite volume Takes shape of containerTakes shape of container
Gas StateGas State
Molecules move freely and Molecules move freely and separate from one anotherseparate from one another
No definite shapeNo definite shape No definite volumeNo definite volume
PlasmaPlasma
Most common state of matter Most common state of matter (in universe)(in universe)
Highest energy form of matterHighest energy form of matter Made up of ionized gas Made up of ionized gas
molecules (atoms breaking molecules (atoms breaking apart due to high heat/energy)apart due to high heat/energy)
Density is..Density is..
A property that relates mass A property that relates mass and volume (combines them)and volume (combines them)
Density = mass/volumeDensity = mass/volume OROR Density equals mass per unit Density equals mass per unit
volume (g/cmvolume (g/cm33))
Density affects…Density affects… HardnessHardness (resistance to scratching) (resistance to scratching) ElasticityElasticity (ability to stretch and (ability to stretch and
return)return) BrittlenessBrittleness (likelihood to shatter) (likelihood to shatter) MalleabilityMalleability (ability to made into (ability to made into
thin sheets)thin sheets) Tensile StrengthTensile Strength (how much force (how much force
before breaking)before breaking)
Density of FluidsDensity of Fluids
Tend to be less dense than solidsTend to be less dense than solidsMolecules move around each Molecules move around each otherother
Do not “stack” easilyDo not “stack” easily Water is an exception – ice is less Water is an exception – ice is less
dense than water (due to dense than water (due to structure of water)structure of water)
Density MathDensity Math The density of a material can be The density of a material can be
determined by dividing the mass by determined by dividing the mass by the volumethe volume
Ex. What is the density of a 400 g Ex. What is the density of a 400 g block that has a volume of 16 cmblock that has a volume of 16 cm33??
Answer: 400/16 = 25 g/cmAnswer: 400/16 = 25 g/cm33
ConversionsConversions Sometimes the mass is given in a unit Sometimes the mass is given in a unit
other than grams.other than grams. Or the volume is given in a unit other Or the volume is given in a unit other
than mL.than mL. Ex. What is the density of a block Ex. What is the density of a block
that weighs 2.5 kilograms and has a that weighs 2.5 kilograms and has a volume of 40 cmvolume of 40 cm33??
The mass must be converted into The mass must be converted into grams (g)grams (g)
Answer: 2500/40 = 62.5 g/cmAnswer: 2500/40 = 62.5 g/cm33
Turning things aroundTurning things around
If you are given the density and If you are given the density and volume of a substance, you can volume of a substance, you can determine its mass.determine its mass.
Ex. What is the mass of a block Ex. What is the mass of a block that has a density of 3 g/cmthat has a density of 3 g/cm33 and and a volume of 40 cma volume of 40 cm33??
D=m/v, re-arranged, m=DvD=m/v, re-arranged, m=Dv Answer: 3 X 40 = 120gAnswer: 3 X 40 = 120g
Turning things around.. Turning things around.. Again..Again..
The same can be applied The same can be applied to volume..to volume..
D=m/v, re-arranged, D=m/v, re-arranged, v=m/Dv=m/D
Note…Note…
A cmA cm33 is equivalent to a is equivalent to a mL. Specifically, mL is mL. Specifically, mL is used for volume of gasses used for volume of gasses and liquids and cmand liquids and cm33 is used is used for the volume of solids.for the volume of solids.
DefinitionDefinition
The measure of upward The measure of upward pressure a fluid exerts on pressure a fluid exerts on an objectan object
Buoyancy is…Buoyancy is…
Determined by density Determined by density The denser the fluid, the more The denser the fluid, the more
buoyant force it appliesbuoyant force it applies Ruled by Archimedes’ PrincipleRuled by Archimedes’ Principle
The force exerted on an object by a The force exerted on an object by a liquid is equal to the mass of the liquid is equal to the mass of the fluid displaced by that objectfluid displaced by that object
Therefore…Therefore…
If buoyant force is greater If buoyant force is greater than the mass of the object, than the mass of the object, the object FLOATSthe object FLOATS
If buoyant force is less than If buoyant force is less than the mass of the object, the the mass of the object, the object SINKSobject SINKS
Neutral BuoyancyNeutral Buoyancy
Is achieved when the mass of Is achieved when the mass of the object is EQUAL to the the object is EQUAL to the mass of the liquid displaced mass of the liquid displaced by that object.by that object.
The object floats exactly in The object floats exactly in the position it is placed.the position it is placed.
DefinitionDefinition
Measure of a material’s Measure of a material’s resistance to flowresistance to flow
(how hard it is to pour)(how hard it is to pour)
Viscosity is determined by…Viscosity is determined by…
Size of liquid moleculesSize of liquid molecules Shape of liquid moleculesShape of liquid molecules Temperature of liquidTemperature of liquid
Therefore…Therefore…
A thick substance is described A thick substance is described as being very viscousas being very viscousKetchup, syrup (cold)Ketchup, syrup (cold)
Motor oils have different Motor oils have different grades based on viscosity grades based on viscosity (10W-40, 10W-30)(10W-40, 10W-30)