States of Matter - IPA Grp 2

8/12/2019 States of Matter - IPA Grp 2

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Group 2 - IPA


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1.The gas consists of molecules or atoms (of mass m) with

negligible volume.

2.Gas particles do not attract one another. Instead, they move with

complete independence.3.Gas particles exhibit continuous random motion because of its

kinetic energy.

4.The molecules exhibit perfect elasticity giving rise to pressure.


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Root mean square () can also be obtained:


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Real Gases - not composed of infinitely small and

perfectly elastic non-attracting spheres


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aerosol

Van der Waals interaction

forces

denser

occupy a definite

volume critical

temperature

criticalpressure

adiabatic expansion

Joule-Thomson

effect

Phase diagram of carbon dioxide


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Clausius-Clapeyron Equation Relationship between the vapor pressure and the

absolute temperature of a liquid

log

=( )

2.303

Pressure of the vapor above the liquid

p1andp2 vapor pressure at absolutetemperatures T1and T2

Hv molar heat of vaporization


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temperature at whichvapor pressure = atmospheric pressure

thermal agitation can overcome the attractive forces

between molecules of a liquid

Latent heats of vaporization elevations, atm P, BP

MW, van der Waals forces, BP

branching of the chain, BP

polarity, BP and heats of vaporization

straight-chain 1 alcohols and carboxylic acids


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Compute for the vapor pressure of water at 120C

given that water at 100C has a vapor pressure of

1 atm.

H = 9720 cal/mol

log

=

()

.

log

1.0 =

9720 / (393 373 )

2.3031.987373393


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Crystalline

Definite shape

Orderly arrangement of units

Melt sharply Crystallization

Cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal,

rhombic, monoclinic, triclinic

Amorphous

Disordered arrangement of

molecules

Do not possess

distinguishable crystal lattice

Supercooled liquids

No definite melting point

Tend to flow when subjected

to pressure Isotropic


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occurrence of different crystalline forms of the same drug

substance

Different physical and chemical properties

Formation depends on: Solvent differences

Impurities

Level of supersaturation

Temperature

Pressure

Attraction/repulsion of ions


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Intermediate between the solid and liquid phase

May result from

Heating of solids (Thermotropic)

Action of certain solvents on liquids (Lyotropic)

Which form mesophases?

Organic

Elongated and rectilinear

Rigid

Possess strong dipoles and easily polarizable groups


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Smectic Nematic


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Intermediate nature

Change color with

temperature

Sensitive to electricfields

Solubilization of

certain materials Similar to cell

membrane


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Sinko, P.J., 2006, Martins Physical Pharmacy and

Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5thed. Philadelphia, PA:

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

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States of Matter - IPA Grp 2