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STATES OF MATTER Self Study
CHANGES IN STATEFour states of matter video clip: click here
PHASE DIAGRAM Book video clip: click here
Phase Diagram
MELTING
FREEZINGCONDENSATION
VAPORIZAITON
SUBLIMATION TRIPLE POINT
WHAT WORD DESCRIBES MOTION OR MOVEMENT ENERGY?
KINETIC ENERGYAll matter’s particles are in constant motion
State of Matter is determined by
•Particle arrangement•Energy of particles•Distance b/w particles
KINETIC THEORY: SOLIDS Atoms are vibrating on a fixed point in a solid
TYPES OF SOLIDSBook video clip: click here
Amorphous Solid
Has no organized internal structure
Rubber Plastic
Glass Asphalt
Cotton Candy
COMPOUNDS WITH THE HIGHEST MELTING POINTS ARE….
Melting Points
Strongest ( highest): Ionic Bonding Hydrogen Bonding Dipole-DipoleLowest ( weakest) Dispersion
1. Ionic : strongest bondBond kept together by….
Crystalline structure
Covalent Compounds have three interactions( intermolecular forces) that keep them together….
2. Hydrogen Bonding strongest covalentHighest MP & BP of covalent
Hydrogen attracted to: N itrogen O xygen F luorine
3. Dipole-Dipole [polar]- end attracted /// to + end of another
4. Dispersion [nonpolar] weakest-a dipole is induced-lowest MP & BP
interaction
Induced +
Induced -
KINETIC THEORY: LIQUIDSParticles are not bound together in fixed positions, but there is still some attractive forces keeping them close during movement.
Fluidity Particles flow, slide over each other
Viscosity
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES Book clip: clip here
Gas Particles Assumption #1: • Have a small volume • Far apart from each other• Independent : No attractive or repulsive forces
Gas Particles Assumption #2:
• Move:• Rapid• Independent • Random• Straight paths
• Only direction when rebounding
Gas Particles Assumption #3When particles collide, there collisions are elastic:
•no loss of energy• it is transferred between the particles
GAS PRESSUREForce exerted when gas particles collide: click here
Pressure Units• SI unit : Pascal (Pa) ▫ Sea level: 101.3 kPa
• Millimeters of Mercury: mm Hg ▫ blood pressure
• Atmospheres: atm▫ Atmospheric pressure
• Torr• Pounds per Square Inch: PSI▫ Tire pressure, scuba diving
• Bar ▫ Atmospheric pressure
Conversions of Pressure1 atm = 760 mmHg = 101.3 kPa1 torr = 1 mm Hg1 atm = 14.7 PSI1 bar = 1 atm
VACUUM no gas particles = no collisions
= NO PRESSURE
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSUREGas particles in Air colliding in earth’s atmosphere
Elevation and Atmospheric Pressure↑ Elevation = ↓ Atmospheric Pressure
b/c less gas particles =less collisions = P
Sea Level more gas particles = more P
More gas particles = More collisions=More pressure
EVAPORATION VS CONDENSATIONEureka video clip: click here
EQUILIBRIUM Book clip: click here
Evaporation/ Condensation Equilibrium
Evaporation/ Condensation Dynamic Equilibrium
Evaporation/ Condensation Dynamic Equilibrium
Boiling Liquid has enough HEAT/ENERGY
to overcome the External Pressure
Vapor Pressure = External Pressure
to make something boil
Energy/Heat is added Or
the EXTERNAL pressure is changed
Affect of Temp on Contained Liquid
KE of particles particle collisions VP
This why a tea kettle whistles
Elevation and BP
Pressure Cooker
Creates a High External Pressure a bubble of vapor can’t form unless KE= T BP is = hotter liquid= shorter cooking time
MEASURING TEMPERATURE Eureka video clip: click here
TEMPERATUREMovement of particles
ABSOLUTE ZERO (0 K) No movement of particles
KINETIC ENERGY TEMPERATURE
Kinetic Energy↑ the Temp↑
REMEMBER: K =273 + C F = (9/5 C) + 32
APPLICATION
DistillationA homogenous mixture of liquids, a solution, can be separated using the knowledge that:
• every substance has a unique boiling point• all gasses can condense
Distillation
