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Stationary Battery Storage Systems
- Technology Overview, Cost Calculation and Application Examples -
Dirk Magnor
Chair for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems (Univ.-Prof. Dirk Uwe Sauer)Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical DrivesRWTH Aachen University
Definition of a Storage System
Stationary Battery Storage Systems 2
3Stationary Battery Storage Systems
Definition of a Storage System – Pumped Hydro Storage
4Stationary Battery Storage Systems
What Size do Storage Systems Have?
Pumped Hydro Storage: 1 m3 at a hight of 360 m for 1 kWh
Sou
rce:
htt
p:/
/ww
w.g
old
isth
al.
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5Stationary Battery Storage Systems
Definition of a Storage System – Battery Storage
6Stationary Battery Storage Systems
What Size do Storage Systems Have?
Battery Storage: 20 ft container can house 1 MWh / 1 MW
lithium ion batteries Approx. 4 times the size for
same amount of lead-acidor redox-flow batteries
PV battery systems haveapprox. the size of a fridge
Most modern class of container ships can carry approx. 15,000 containers (400 m x 56 m base area)
7Stationary Battery Storage Systems
Example for Storage Dimensions
Most modern class of container ships can carry approx. 15,000 containers (400 m x 56 m base area)
Completely loaded with battery containers, this equals a capacity of 15 GWh / 15 GW (all German pumped hydro plants: 60 GWh / 6 GW)
8Stationary Battery Storage Systems
Example for Storage Dimensions
≡Energy
Most modern class of container ships can carry approx. 15,000 containers (400 m x 56 m base area)
Completely loaded with battery containers, this equals a capacity of 15 GWh / 15 GW (all German pumped hydro plants: 60 GWh / 6 GW)
9Stationary Battery Storage Systems
Example for Storage Dimensions
≡Power
Battery Technology Overview
Aspects of Battery Cost Calculation
Application Examples
10Stationary Battery Storage Systems
Outline
11Stationary Battery Storage Systems
Lead Acid Batteries
Parameter
Efficiency 80 % – 85 %
Calendar Life 5 – 15 years
Cycle Life 500 – 2.000
Specific Energy Cost 80 – 200 €/kWh
Specific Power Cost 100 – 200 €/kW
SWOT
Strengths High availabilityExperience with large systems
Weaknesses Low cycle lifeSpace ventilation mandatory
Oportunities Many manufacturers worldwideCost reduction potentials
Threads Limited reservoirs of leadCompeting with lithium ion batteries
Sources: V
arta, Hoppecke B
aterrien
Electrolyte H2SO4
Separator
Positive Electrode +
PbO2
Negative Electrode -
Pb
HSO4-
H+
12Stationary Battery Storage Systems
Lithium Ion Batteries
Parameter
Efficiency 90 % – 95 %
Calendar Life 5 – 20 years
Cycle Life 1.000 – 5.000
Specific Energy Cost 200 – 500 €/kWh
Specific Power Cost 100 – 200 €/kW
SWOT
Strengths Long lifetimes, high efficiencies,High energy density
Weaknesses High costIntrinsic safety
Oportunities High cost reduction potentials
Threads Lithium reservoirs limited to few countries
Sources: S
aft, Kokam
, GS
YU
AS
A
Negative electrode Positive electrodeElectrolytes
Oxygen
Metal
Lithium-ion
Carbon
DischargeCharge
Separator
13Stationary Battery Storage Systems
High Temperature Batteries
Parameter
Efficiency 82 % – 91 %
Calendar Life 15 – 20 years
Cycle Life 5.000 – 10.000
Specific Energy Cost 250 – 500 €/kWh
Specific Power Cost 100 – 200 €/kW
SWOT
Strengths Long lifetimes, existing systemsCheap raw materials (NaS)
Weaknesses Thermal lossesHigh operation temperatures
Oportunities Expiring patentsAvailability of raw materials
Threads Few manufacturers
Quelle: NGK, MES-DEA
Elektron Sodium Sodium ion Sulfur Sodium polysulfide Discharge
Charge
Sodium (liquid) Sulfur (liquid)
Neg
ativ
e el
ectr
ode
Positive electrode
Beta alumina (solid)
14Stationary Battery Storage Systems
Redox Flow Batteries (Vanadium)
Parameter
Efficiency 60 % – 74 %
Calendar Life 10 – 15 years
Cycle Life > 10.000
Specific Energy Cost 150 – 400 €/kWh
Specific Power Cost 100 – 200 €/kW
SWOT
Strengths Power and energy capacities independently scalable, high cycle life
Weaknesses System complexityHigh maintenance cost
Oportunities Expiring patents
Threads Vanadium is rare material
Quelle: w
ww
.vrbpower.com
Tank 1 Tank 2
Pump 1 Pump 2
Anode
Membrane
Cathode
Power InDuring Charging
Power OutDuring Discharging
15Stationary Battery Storage Systems
Redox Flow Batteries (Vanadium) – Functional Principle
Tank 1 Tank 2
Pump 1 Pump 2
Anode
Membrane
Cathode
Power InDuring Charging
Power OutDuring Discharging
16Stationary Battery Storage Systems
Definition of a Storage System - Redox Flow Battery
17Stationary Battery Storage Systems
Redox Flow Batteries (Vanadium)
Parameter
Efficiency 60 % – 74 %
Calendar Life 10 – 15 years
Cycle Life > 10.000
Specific Energy Cost 150 – 400 €/kWh
Specific Power Cost 100 – 200 €/kW
SWOT
Strengths Power and energy capacities independently scalable, high cycle life
Weaknesses System complexityHigh maintenance cost
Oportunities Expiring patents
Threads Vanadium is rare material
Source: w
ww
.vrbpower.com
Tank 1 Tank 2
Pump 1 Pump 2
Anode
Membrane
Cathode
Power InDuring Charging
Power OutDuring Discharging
Lead acid batteries Lithium ion batteries
NiCd batteries
High temperature batteries(NaS, NaNiCl2)
Redox flow batteries
18Stationary Battery Storage Systems
Battery Technologies – Interim Conclusion
Currently dominating technologiesfor decentralized PV battery systems
Application especially for larger systems feasible; market not stimulated through small systems‘ sales
Technologically viable, but not to beexpected to large extent
19Stationary Battery Storage Systems
Cost Calculation
electricity cost[€ct/kWh]
capital cost [%]
energy [kWh]
system lifetime [a]
cycles [#/d]
power [kW]
specific energy cost [€/kWh]
specific power cost [€/kW]
efficiency [%]self discharge [%/d]
maximum depth of discharge (DOD)
[%]
cycle life @ DOD [#]maintenance &
repair [%/a]
energy storage cost[€ct/kWh]
annuity method
Technologyparameters
Applicationparameters
Goal: Construction and operation of a 5 MW / 5 MWh hybrid BESS in the reserve market with
2 x Li: NMC/LMO and LFP/LTO2 x Pb: OSCM and VRLANaNiCl
Budget: 12.5 Mio. € total6.5 Mio. € public funding
20
Project Example – M5Bat
21Stationary Battery Storage Systems
Applications – Primary Control Reserve (PCR)
Fre
qu
en
cy
[H
z]
72 % of the time no load (dead
band)
Activation nearly symmetrical
pos. and neg. reserve – not quite
Maximum demand in 3 months
70 %
of nominal power rating Activation of > 25 % of
nominal power in 0,36 % of the time 15,4 hours per year
Activation of > 50 % of nominal power in 0,0036 % of the time 8,5 minutes per year
22Stationary Battery Storage Systems
Primary Control Reserve (PCR) – Load Profile
Data 3,5 months cleaned data
> 25 % 25 % <
> 50 % 50 % <
Market volume in Germany: Positive SCR 2.470 MW Negative SCR 2.420 MW 267 M€ in 2012 (BNetzA)
Period of supply min. 4 h (4 MWh per MW)
Potential earnings (ideal) 200 k€ / MW = 50 k€ / MWh
Invest MW-battery system 2015 ca. 550 k€ / MWh Annuity (550 k€; 12 years, 8 %) = 68 k€ / MWh Plus operation cost and electricity purchase
Currently, batteries can not provide SCR economically
Viable approx. 2020 - 2025
23Stationary Battery Storage Systems
Applications - Secondary Control Reserve (SCR)
Traded seperately
24Stationary Battery Storage Systems
Prospective Storage Markets
min max min max min max2023 2033 2050
020406080
100120140160180200
Installed Power in the Electricity Grid in GW
Regelreserve E-/ Plugin-Hybrid PKW Hausspeicher Control Reserve EV / PHEV PV home storage
Increasing electricity cost + PV cost
Increasing margin for storage operation
Dependent on cost for generation, electricity purchase, storage
25Stationary Battery Storage Systems
Why Decentrelized Storage?
Strom kosten
H ausha lte 1 000 kW h/a b is 2 500 kW h/a
(2000-2011: +4% /a ; ab 2012 : +3% /a )
H ausha lte 2 500 kW h/a b is 5 000 kW h/a
(2000-2011: +4 ,6% /a; ab 2012: +3% /a)
Industrie 500 M W h/a bis 2 G W h/a
(2000-2011: +5 ,3% /a; ab 2012: +2 ,5% /a)
Industrie 20 G W h/a bis 70 G W h/a
(2000-2011: +5% /a ; ab 2012 : +2% /a )
EE G Vergütung für P V
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
Jahr
€Ce
nts
/ k
Wh
Industrie
Haushalte
Photovoltaik
P V D achan lage b is 10 kW
(2004-2012: -12,6% /a; ab 2013 : -13% /a)
P V D achan lage 10 kW bis 40 kW
P V D achan lage g rößer 40 kW
(2004-2012: -13,9% /a; ab 2013 : -13% /a)
(2004-2012: -13,9% /a; ab 2013 : -13% /a)
P V Fre iflächenan lage
(2004-2012: -14,4% /a; ab 2013 : -13% /a)
B.B
urg
er,
Fra
un
hofe
r IS
E,
Sta
nd
28
.01
.20
14
Data
: B
MU
, E
EG
20
13
un
d B
MW
i E
nerg
ied
ate
n
PV reimbursement German EEG
Households
Industry
Storage
Storage
Different applications need different storage solutions Batteries support short to medium term storage For each application load profiles need to be evaluated to
select the right battery
Large battery capacities will be available in the electricity grid from: Increasing numbers of electrified vehicles PV battery systems
Multiple use of storage systems can open markets earlier and improve economics of battery storage
26Stationary Battery Storage Systems
Conclusion – Take Home Messages
Thank you very much for your attention.
Contact Details:
www.isea.rwth-aachen.de
Dirk [email protected]
27Stationary Battery Storage Systems
Operational strategy for
compensation of losses necessary
(slow and low power)
Time share at given SOC depends
on size of battery – influence on
aging
Smaller capacity results in larger
variation of SOC i.e. increased
aging
String influence on invest (capex)
Prequalification requires 2 x 15
min full load, ENTSOE pushing
towards
2 x 30 min
Technically 0.5 MWh / MW
sufficient
28Stationary Battery Storage Systems
Primary Control Reserve (PCR) – SOC Profile
State of Charge (SoC) of the battery [%]
Dw
ell
tim
e at
res
pec
tive
So
C [
h]
Impact Factors: ∆SoC and SoCavg
Shallow Cycles long lifetime Deep Cycles short lifetime
29Stationary Battery Storage Systems
Battery Aging – Example: Lithium Ion Batteries
95
50
5
1000
11000
21000
31000
41000
51000
1 3 5 10 40 70 100SO
C_av
g
# of
cyc
les
DaltaSOC
100
60
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
SOC_
avg
lifeti
me
/ a
Temp / °C
Calendar LifeCycle Life
Impact Factors: Temp. and SoCavg
Full LiB are aging faster Cool LiB are aging slower
30Stationary Battery Storage Systems
Lithium Ion Batteries – Functional Principle
Negative electrode Positive electrodeElectrolytes
Oxygen
Metal
Lithium-ion
Carbon
DischargeCharge
Separator
31Stationary Battery Storage Systems
High Temperature Batteries – Functional Principle
Elektron Sodium Sodium ion Sulfur Sodium polysulfide Discharge
Charge
Sodium (liquid) Sulfur (liquid)
Neg
ativ
e e
lect
rode
Positive electrode
Beta alumina (solid)