Stationary Sources

7/29/2019 Stationary Sources

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Co-benefits Measures for

Stationary Sources

Dr. Badar Ghauri

Deputy Chief Manager

SUPARCO

Clean Air for Pakistan Training Course

Addressing Climate Change through

Better Air Quality Management

October 26-28, 2009

Quetta, Pakistan


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Outline

Overview of Energy in Asia

Control Measures for Stationary Sources

2


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Reference Scenario:

World Primary Energy Demand

3

Global demand grows by more than half over the next quarter of acentury, with coal use rising most in absolute terms

Oil

Coal

Gas

Biomass

Nuclear

Other renewables

0

2 000

4 000

6 000

8 000

10 000

12 000

14 000

16 000

18 000

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Mtoe

Source: IEA, 2007 - World Energy Outlook 2006


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Energy Mix in Asia

4

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

milliontonsofoilequivalent

Oil Natural Gas Coal Nuclear Hydro

Source: BP Statistics 2008


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Coal Consumption in Asia

5

Total North

America, 613.3

Total S. &

Cent. America,

22.4

Total Europe &

Eurasia, 533.7

Total Middle

East, 6.1

Total Africa,

105.9

Total Asia

Pacific, 1896.2

2007 Coal Consumption

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1990 1995 2000 2005


Coal Consumption

China India Pakistan

By 2030, China and India would account for

57% of the worlds coal demand

Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2006


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Reference Scenario: Share of China and India in the Global Coal,Oil and Power Capacity Growth, 2004-2030

6

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Coal demand Oil demand Power Generation

Capacity

China and India OECD (Org of Eco

Cooperation & Dev.)

Rest of the world

Source: IEA. World Energy Outlook 2006


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Chinas Oil Demand:Medium and High Economic Growth Scenarios

7

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2005 2015 2030

mb/d

Demand in MediumEconomic Growth

Additional Demand inHigh Economic Growth

Chinas 2 % point higher economic growth will bring in 2030 additional oil demand more

than the growth from OECD


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Electricity Generation in Asia

8

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

1990 1995 2000 2005

terawatthours

Electricity Generation

China

India

Japan

Pakistan

Thailand


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Cumulative Power Sector Investment

9

0

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 5003 000

3 500

OECD

Pacific

European

Union

United

States

China India Transitioneconomies

Latin

America

bil

lion

dollars

(2005)

Capacity replacement Demand increase


Huge investment ($5 trillion) is required in developing Asia, of whichmore than $3 trillion in China and $1 trillion in India


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Oil Consumption

10

Total

Europe &Eurasia,

949Total

Middle

East, 293

Total

Africa, 138

Total Asia

Pacific,1185

Total North

America,

1135

Total S. &

Cent.

America,

252

Oil Consumption

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005


Oil Consumption



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Net Oil Imports

11

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

OECD Oceania

Korea

Rest of developing Asia

IndiaJapan

ChinaEU

OECD North America

Million barrels/day2005 2030


China sees the biggest jump in oil imports in absolute terms, importdependency reaching nearly 80% in 2030


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Natural Gas Consumption

12

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

million

tonsofoilequivalent

Natural Gas Consumption


Total North

America,

728.9

Total S. &

Cent.

America,

121.1

Total Europe

& Eurasia,

1040.1

Total Middle

East, 269.4

Total Africa,

75.2

Total Asia

Pacific, 403.1

2007 Natural Gas Consumption

Chinas natural gas consumption grew 279% from 1997 to 2007

Share of Asias natural gas consumption grew from 11% in 1995 to 15% in

2007


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Energy Efficiency

13

OECDs average efficiency

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Coal-fired Power

generation

Iron and steel industry

Ind

ex(OECD

=1)

China India

Energy efficiency in China and India has generally improved in recentyears, but it is still well below the OECD averages


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Although countries in Asia have Industrial Emission Standards in place, theirimplementation and monitoring is generally weak and needs to be strengthened

Compliance to stationary standards is hindered by lack of access to resourcesallowing for investments in pollution control, low level of technology, non-availability of trained personnel, and the unwillingness of management to investin environmental protection

Many countries have substantial number of small and medium-sized industriesinterspersed in residential areas making it more difficult to monitor and regulatethese sources

Stationary Sources: Standards

14

The Philippine Outsourcing Sampling Project showed: 49% of the 795 stacks reported failed the CAA standard

for at least one parameter

Sources firing heavy bunker fuel oil are exceeding theSO2 and PM emission limits

Gensets (compression engines) are exceeding the NOxemission limit

Solid fuel-fired units are exceeding the CO emission limit

PM

28.8%

CO

14.8%

NOX

5%

SO2

51%

Pb

0.2%

% exceedance of parametersfailed by the sources sampled


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Stationary Sources: Control Strategies (1)

While international roadmaps for vehicular emissions are in place,stationary sources standards are not readily available for

comparison thus absence of roadmaps makes it difficult to promotestricter standards.

With the exception of the UNEP GERIAP (which has ended), thereare very few regional initiatives and programs on stationary sourcescompared to mobile sources which have resulted in lesserexchanges and policy-dialogues

Reduction of air pollution from stationary sources in Asia are stillmostly "end-of-pipe" treatments: tightening emission standards for stationary sources,

Mandatory use of clean fuel

Monitoring and inspection systems

Relocation of polluting industries

There is no comprehensive policy on fuels for stationary sources butthere is an emerging trend on use of low-sulfur coal, specifically inChina, but actions to reduce sulfur content of bunker oil are stilllargely absent and there are few regulatory or financial incentives forindustry to invest in sulfur-emissions abatement

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Stationary Sources: Control Strategies (2)

Emissions trading pilot projects have beenimplemented in China but there are no indications that

this will be a major control instruments for stationarysources in the next 5-10 years in Asia

The availability of carbon financing through the CDM hascreated opportunity especially for stationary sources toaccelerate industries acceptance of efficiency

investments. This has sparked off: Improved (base-line) monitoring of emissions

Structural shifts to new, less energy-intensive industrial products

Reducing the energy intensity of existing industrial productionthrough process changes and optimizing industrial energysystems.

Although China, India, Thailand, the Philippines, andIndonesia all increasingly rely on coal and oil forelectricity, they have also all established national goalsto increase renewable energy and improve energyefficiency.

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SO2 Control in China

In the 11th Five-year plan, SO2 emission reduction is theemphasis of air pollution prevention and control and

states that the emissions of sulfur dioxide should bereduced by 10% by 2010

The three principal components of existing SO2emissions control policy are:

Pollution Levy System (PLS), which is based on the

polluter pays principle Two Control Areas (TCA), is not an instrument like the

pollution levy for affecting abatement behavior, butrather a means for prioritizing SO2 control efforts,designating the standards, and identifying cities and

regions that should receive extra attention andresources from the national government

Total Emissions Control (TEC) limits the polluters todischarge under a specified level and levies thecharge when any pollution is discharged

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China has been engaged in sweeping energy policy

reforms over the last two decades to promoteenergy efficiency and conservation. Measures takeninclude the following:

reductions in fossil fuel subsidies;

research, development and demonstration

projects;a national information network with efficiencyservice and training centers;

tax reforms;

equipment standards; and

special loan programs, among other initiatives.

These measures represent emission savingsequal to nearly the entire U.S. transportationsector, about 400 million tons per year.

SO2Control in China (Contd)


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Direct impact of biomass burning

Contribute to global warming

Production of greenhouse gases

Removal of CO2 sink (vegetation)

Release of previously sequestered carbon within a short period

of time

Affect global radiation budget and climate through emission ofparticulates

Cause tropospheric ozone production through emission of reactive

gases

Contribute to stratospheric ozone depletion through emission ofmethyl bromide

Create regional and trans-boundary haze problems


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Pakistans Case (Recommendations):

EPAs should facilitate industry and other stakeholders in

implementation of control measures. EPAs can do this by entering

into contracts with the industrial associations on the basis of long-term sector level environmental policies and environmental

management plans.

Cleaner Production Program (CPP) has prepared environmental

management plans for 14 industry sectors. These plans can be used

as basic documents for reaching to long-term understandingbetween EPAs and industry associations on reducing emissions

EPAs should promote ISO 14000 certification among industry,

NGOs, Transport Sectors, Vehicular Manufacturers.

EPAs should monitor and apply pollution charges on polluters


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