Statistical Profile of Scheduled Tribes in India

7/22/2019 Statistical Profile of Scheduled Tribes in India

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FOREWORD

The Statistical Profile of Scheduled Tribes in India 2010 is the first comprehensive

statistical publication of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs. It has been designed to provideinformation on various facets of Scheduled Tribes in India. It covers a wide range of statistics

including macroeconomic, demographic, education, health, investment, poverty and statusof ST women along with social and environmental statistics.

Through this Statistical Profile, the Ministry endeavours to provide in a single volume a

comprehensive compilation of available statistics on social and economic conditions andactivities of the Scheduled Tribes in India, at the National and State level, covering as far as

possible a ten-year period. While most of the statistics presented in the Statistical Profileareextracted from more detailed databases prepared by the other Ministries of Government

of India who play a major role in implementing programmes for education, social justice,health, economic and social empowerment of disadvantaged Scheduled Tribe population,

it also contains information on important schemes and programmes implemented by this

Ministry.

It is hoped that this compilation will facilitate the policy makers, planners and all those whoare interested in the rights, welfare and development of Scheduled Tribes in the country. Data

published in the Statistical Profile may also be of interest to companies and enterprises andto agencies engaged in market research, governments and non-governmental organizations,

national statistical, economic and social policy bodies, scientific and educational institutions,

libraries and prove to be a valuable resource for users.

I place on record the excellent work done by the Statistics Division of this Ministry under theable guidance of Mr. S.K. Gupta, DDG.

(V KISHORE CHANDRA DEO)

UNION MINISTER OF TRIBAL AFFAIRS

Government of India

Ministry of Tribal Affairs

Shastri Bhavan

New Delhi 110 115


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Government of India

Ministry of Tribal Affairs

Shastri Bhavan

New Delhi 110001

MESSAGE

The Statistical Profile of Scheduled Tribes in India 2010 is an aempt of Ministry of Tribal Affairs

to provide comprehensive data on various characteristics of most under-privileged sections of the

Indian society, namely, the Scheduled Tribes (STs) (84.3 million) in the country. The significance of

preparation of this Report lies in its use for intelligent and purposeful planning at the micro/macro

level, and for formulation of meaningful and effective strategy for growth and development of

Scheduled Tribes in India. The Profile meets a long felt need by providing quantitative information,

facts and findings in an organized form at one place. The Profile, inter-alia, presents statistics on

diverse dimensions of the status of Scheduled Tribes in India that are required to understand the

complexities of this sector.

I compliment the Statistics Division for their continued technical support and feel that the

information provided through this profile will be helpful in policy formulation apart from being

useful to the planners, researchers and students.

(MAHADEO SINGH KHANDELA)

MINISTER OF STATE FOR TRIBAL AFFAIRS


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AIDS : Acquired Immuno-Deciency Syndrome

ANC : Anti Natal care

ANM : Auxiliary Nurse Midwife

AWC : Anganwadi Centre

BMI : Body Mass Index

BPL : Below Poverty Line

CD : Community Development

CDS : Current Daily Status

CHC : Community Health Centre

CPI : Consumer Price Index

CPIAL : Consumer Price Index for Agricultural Labourers

CRIDA : Central Research Institute on Dry-land Agriculture

CS : Centrally Sponsored

CWS : Current Weekly Status

DP : District Panchayat

DPT : Diptheria, Pertussis (whooping cough) and Tetanus vaccineDRDA : District Rural Development Agency

DT : Diphtheria & Tetanus

GDP : Gross Domestic Product

GER : Gross Enrollment ratio

GOI : Government of India

GP : Gram Panchayat

GPI : Gender Parity Index

HCR : Head Count Ratio

HDI : Human Development Index

HIV : Human Immuno-deciency Virus

HPI : Human Poverty Index

HRD : Human Resource DevelopmentIAY : Indira Aawaas Yojana

ICDS : Integrated Child Development Services

IFA : Iron Folic Acid

IMR : Infant Mortality Rate

IPC : Indian Penal Code

IRDP : Integrated Rural Development Programme

ISM&H : Indian System of Medicine and Health

ITDAs : Integrated Tribal Development Agencies

ITDP : Integrated Tribal Development Programme

KGSV : Kasturba Gandhi Swatantra Vidyalayas

LB : Local Body

LFPR : Labour Force Participation Rate

LHV : Lady Health Visitor

LFPR : Labour Force participation Rate

LR : Literacy Rate

MADA : Modied Area Development Approach

MFP : Minor Forest Produce

MMR : Maternal Mortality Ratio

Abbreviations


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MoHFW : Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

MPCE : Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure

MTC : Major Time Criteria

MoTA : Ministry of Tribal Affairs

NCERT : National Council of Educational Research and Training

NCMP : National Common Minimum Programme

NFHS : National Family Health Survey

NGO : Non Governmental Organization

NIRD : National Institute of Rural Development

NSSO : National Sample Survey Ofce

NSTFDC : National Scheduled Tribes Finance and Development Corporation

OBC : Other Backward Classes

ORS : Oral Rehydration Salts

ORT : Oral Rehydration Therapy

PAFs : Project Affected Families

PDS : Public Distribution SystemPESA : Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996

PHCs : Primary Health Centres

PMSY : Prime Ministers Sadak Yojana

PSUs : Public Sector Undertakings

PTGs : Primitive Tribal Groups

PTR : Pupil Teacher Ratio

PU : Proportion of Unemployed

RGI : Registrar General of India

SA : Scheduled Area

SCA : Special Central Assistance

SCs : Scheduled Castes

SD : Standard DeviationSGSY : Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana

SHG : Self-Help Group

SSA : Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

STDCCs : State Tribal Development Cooperative Corporations

STs : Scheduled Tribes

TB : Tuberculosis

TBA : Traditional Birth Attendant

TRIFED : Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India Ltd.

TSP : Tribal Sub Plan

UA : Urban Agglomerate

UPS : Usual Principal Status

UPSS : Usual Principal and Subsidiary Status

URP : Uniform Recall Period

UTs : Union Territories

WPR : Work-force Participation Rate

Abbreviations


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Table No. Descriptions Page No.

2.13 Enrolment by stages (Middle/ Upper Primary VI-VIII) of School

Education : All Categories, SC & ST

88

2.14 Enrolment by stages (Secondary/ Sr. Secondary IX-XII) of SchoolEducation : All Categories, SC & ST

89

2.15 State- wise Enrolment by Stages of School Education of ST Students -Pre- Primary, Primary, Upper Primary - (As on 30thSept 2007)

90

2.16 State wise Enrolment by Stages of School Education of ST Students(Secondary & Higher Secondary)

91

2.17 State-wise Number of ST Girls enrolled Per Hundred ST Boys (As on30th Sept 2007)

92

2.18 State -wise High School Examination Results of ST Students 2007 93

2.19 State-wise Higher Secondary Examination Results of ST Students

2007

95

SECTION 3 : Status of Health & Family Welfare among Scheduled Tribes

A. Infant & Child Mortality 97

3.1 Early childhood mortality rates by background characteristics 97

3.2 Prenatal mortality for the ve-year period preceding the NFHS-3survey

97

3.3 Statewise Estimates of Infant Mortality 98

3.4 State-wise Under ve Mortality 101

B. Maternal Health 103

3.5 Antenatal care provider 103

3.6 Components of antenatal care 103

3.7 Antenatal- care - services and information 104

3.8 Male involvement in antenatal care 104

3.9 Place of delivery 105

3.10 Assistance during delivery 105

C. Child Health 106

3.11 Vaccinations 106

3.12 Diarrhoea treatment 106

3.13 Knowledge of ORS packets 107

3.14 Utilization of ICDS services: Any services and supplementary food 107

3.15 Utilization of ICDS services: Immunization and health check-ups 108

3.16 Utilization of ICDS services during pregnancy and whilebreastfeeding:

108

List of Tables


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Table No. Description Page No.

D. Morbidity and Health Care 109

3.17 Knowledge and aitude toward tuberculosis: Women 109

3.18 Knowledge and aitude toward tuberculosis: Men 109

3.19 Health problems: Women and men age 15-49 per 100,000 reportingdiabetes, asthma, goitre or any other thyroid disorders (2005-06)

110

3.20 Use of tobacco By SC, ST, Others , All 110

3.21 Use of alcohol: Women 111

3.22 Use of alcohol: Men 111

3.23 Health insurance coverage 112

3.24 Recent visits to a health facility: Women 112

3.25 Recent visits to a health facility: Men 113

3.26 Problems in accessing health care 114

E. Fertility 115

3.27 Median age at rst marriage : Women 115

3.28 Median age at rst marriage: Men 115

F. Family Planning 116

3.29 Need for family planning among currently married women 116

G. HIV - AIDS Knowledge: Knowledge, Aitude & Behavior 117

3.30 Knowledge of AIDS: Women 117

3.31 Knowledge of AIDS: Men 117

3.32 Prevalence of HIV among couples 1183.33 Knowledge of prevention of HIV transmission from a mother to her

baby118

3.34 Coverage of prior HIV testing 119

3.35 Comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS: Women 120

3.36 Comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS: Men 121

H. Nutritional status of ST men & Women 122

3.37 Nutritional status of women 122

3.38 Nutritional status of men 122

3.39 Prevalence of anaemia in women 123

3.40 Prevalence of anaemia in men 1233.41 Micronutrient intake among children 124

3.42 Womens food consumption 125

3.43 Mens food consumption 125

List of Tables


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Table No. Descriptions Page No.

5.7 Selected characteristics of Non-agricultural Own Accountestablishments by Major Activity Groups Rural, Urban andCombined

148

5.8 Selected characteristics of Non-agricultural Establishments (with hiredworker) by Major Activity Groups Rural, Urban and Combined

149

5.9 Migrant households in dierent social groups and changes over time ,NSS 64thRound

150

5.10 Migration rate for dierent social groups 150

5.11 Migration rates across dierent Monthly Per Capita Expenditure(MPCE) levels

151

5.12 Distribution (per 1000) of migrants by reason for migration for eachlocation of last residence for household social group

152

5.13 Average household consumer expenditure (Rs.) during the last 365days

153

5.14 Total No. of ST Swarojgaris Assisted under SGSY 154

5.15 State-wise number of person-days of wage employment generated forthe STs during the years 2006-07, 2007-08 & 2008-09, under NREGA

155

5.16 Representation in General Service 156

SECTION 6 : Land, Houses, Household Amenities and Assets of Scheduled Tribes

6.1 Land: Number and Area of Holding according to Size for ScheduledTribes

157

6.2 Distribution of Scheduled Tribe households by the Condition ofCensus Houses Occupied

158

6.3 Distribution of Scheduled Tribe households by Type of Census HousesOccupied

158

6.4 Distribution of Scheduled Tribe households by Source of DrinkingWater and its location

159

6.5 Distribution of Scheduled Tribe households by Availability ofBathroom, Type of Latrine and & Type of Drainage Connectivity forWaste Water Outlet

160

6.6 Distribution of Scheduled Tribe households by Availability of SeparateKitchen and Type of Fuel Used for Cooking.

160

6.7 Number of Scheduled Tribe households availing Banking services andpossessing specied Asset.

161

6.8 Distribution of Scheduled Tribe households by Source of Lighting 161

6.9 Distribution (per 1000) of households by major sources (most used) ofdrinking water during last 365 days (All- India)

162

6.10 State-wise number of Houses completed and alloed / Housessanctioned for the STs during the years 2006-07, 2007-08, 2008-09 underIndira Awaas Yojana (IAY)

163

List of Tables


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SECTION 7: Poverty among Scheduled Tribes7.1 Statewise percentage of ST Population below Poverty line for

1993-94 and 1999-2000164

7.2 Social Class wise Poverty among Dierent Land Size Groups inRural areas (1999-2000)

164

7.3 State wise percentage of Population below Poverty line (SocialGroup wise) 2004-05

165

7.4 Incidence of Poverty among STs in Dierent States 165

7.5 Social class wise poverty among Dierent Land size groups inRural Areas (1999-2000)

166

SECTION 8: Women Empowerment and Domestic Violence

A. Women Empowerment 167

8.1 Control over womens cash earnings and relative magnitude ofwomens cash earnings: Womens reports

167

8.2 Control over womens cash earnings and relative magnitude ofwomens cash earnings: Mens reports

167

8.3 Womens participation in decision making 168

8.4 Mens aitude toward wives participation in decision making 168

8.5 Womens access to money and credit 169

8.6 Womens freedom of movement 169

B. Domestic Violence 170

8.7 Experience of physical violence 170

8.8 Experience of sexual violence 170

8.9 Dierent forms of Spousal violence 171

8.10 Help seeking to stop violence 171

SECTION 9: Crimes commied against ST men & Women

9.1 Year-wise Comparative Incidence of Crime Against ScheduledTribes (Figures in percentages)

172

9.2 State-wise Incidence & Rate of Crimes Commied AgainstScheduled Tribes During 2007

173

9.3 Incidence (I), Rate (R) and Percentage Contribution to All India(P) of Crimes Commied Against Scheduled Tribes during 2007

174

9.4 Disposal of Cases by Courts for Crimes Commied AgainstScheduled Tribes during 2007 Crime Heads

178

List of Tables


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9.5State-wise Disposal of Cases by Courts for Crimes CommiedAgainst Scheduled Tribes during 2007 179

9.6 Disposal of Cases by Courts for Crimes Commied againstScheduled Tribes during 2007

180

List of Tables

List of Maps

Annexure I Denition of Scheduled Areas 185

Annexure II State-wise List of Scheduled Areas 187

Annexure III State-wise List of Scheduled Tribes in India 225

Annexure IV Schemes for Tribal Development 239

Annexure

Map 1 Percentage of Scheduled Tribe Population 4

Map 2 Scheduled Tribes Households Having Permanent Houses

2001

41

Map 3 Schedules Tribes Households having Tap as Source of

Drinking Water 2001

42

Map 4 Schedules Tribes Households having Handpump as Source

of Drinking Water 2001

43

Map 5 Schedules Tribes Households having Tubewell as Source of

Drinking Water 2001

44

Map 6 Schedules Tribes Households having Latrine Facilities 2001 45

Map 7 Schedules Tribes Households having Source of Lighting-Electricity 2001

46


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Scheduled Tribes

Article 366 (25) of the Constitution of India

refers to Scheduled Tribes as those communi-

ties, who are scheduled in accordance with Ar-

ticle 342 of the Constitution. This Article saysthat only those communities who have been

declared as such by the President through aninitial public notification or through a sub-

sequent amending Act of Parliament will beconsidered to be Scheduled Tribes.

The list of Scheduled Tribes is State/ UT spe-

cific and a community declared as a Sched-uled Tribe in a State need not be so in anoth-er State. The inclusion of a community as a

Scheduled Tribe is an ongoing process. Theessential characteristics, first laid down by

the Lokur Commiee, for a community to beidentified as Scheduled Tribes are

indications of primitive traits;a)

distinctive culture;b)

shyness of contact with the communityc)

at large;

geographical isolation; andd)

backwardness.e)

Distribution of Tribes

The tribal population of the country, as per

the 2001 census, is 8.43 crore, constituting

8.2% of the total population with 91.7% of

them living in rural areas and 8.3% in urbanareas. The population of tribes had grown at

the growth rate of 24.45% during 1991-2001.More than half of the Scheduled Tribe popu-

lation is concentrated in the States of MadhyaPradesh (14.51), Maharashtra (10.17), Orissa

(9.66), Gujarat (8.87), Rajasthan (8.42) andJharkhand (8.4).

Tribal communities live in about 15% of thecountrys areas, in various ecological and

geo-climatic conditions ranging from plainsand forests to hills and inaccessible areas.

Tribal groups are at different stages of so-

cial, economic and educational development.While some tribal communities have adopt-

ed a mainstream way of life, at the other endof the spectrum, there are certain Scheduled

Tribes, 75 in number known as ParticularlyVulnerable Tribal Groups (PTGs), who are

characterised by:-

pre-agriculture level of technology;a)

stagnant or declining population;b)

extremely low literacy; andc)

subsistence level of economy.d)

Section-1: Demographic Status of Scheduled Tribe population and itsdistribution


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Map-1: Percentage of Scheduled Tribe Population


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The trend in ST population since Census1961 is illustrated in the table below. From

30.1 million in 1961, the ST population hasincreased to 84.3 million in 2001.

Trends in Proportion of Scheduled Tribe Population

Census Year Total population(in millions)

Scheduled Tribespopulation

(in millions)

Proportionof STs population

1961 439.2 30.1 6.9

1971 547.9 38.0 6.9

1981 # 665.3 51.6 7.8

1991 @ 838.6 67.8 8.1

2001 $ 1028.6 84.3 8.2

Source: Report of the Task Group on Development of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Planning Commission, 2005

# Excludes Assam in 1981 @ Excludes Jammu & Kashmir in 1991$ The figures exclude Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul sub-divisions of Senapati district of Manipur

16 States and 4 UTs have higher % of ST pop-ulation than countrys average (8.2%)

In 2 States (Punjab and Haryana) and 3 UTs(Puducherry, Delhi and Chandigarh), thereis no ST population as no Scheduled Tribe

is notified.

Concentration of ST Population across Districts

S. No. Percentage of STs population No. of Districts

1. Less than 1 per cent 173

2. Between 1 and 5 per cent 106




6. 50 per cent and above 75Total 543

Source: Report of the Task Group on Development of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Planning Commission, 2005

Note: Out of 593 districts in India, in 50 districts of Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana, Delhi and Puducherry, there is no Scheduled

Tribes population, as no Scheduled Tribe is notified there.

More than two-third of the ST population isconcentrated only in the seven States of the

country, viz. Madhya Pradesh, Maharash-tra, Orissa, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Jharkhand

and Chhaisgarh.


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At the district level, there are 75 districtswhere ST population is 50 per cent or more

as per the 2001 Census.

Out of these 75 districts, 41 districts are in 8North Eastern States.

All the districts in Mizoram, Meghalaya andNagaland have more than 60% of ST Popu-

lation.

Out of 13 districts in Arunachal Pradesh, 9districts have more than 50 % of ST popula-tion.

25 districts in the country have more than

90% of ST population.

Out of 6380 CD blocks, 716 blocks have morethan 50% of ST population.


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S E C T I O N - 2STATUS OF EDUCATION AMONG

SCHEDULED TRIBES


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Section - 2: Status of Education among Scheduled Tribes

Lite racy Rate (LR) is defined as percentage

of literates among the population aged seven

years and above.

For the Scheduled Tribe Population in India,

the Literacy Rate increased from 8.53 percent

in 1961 to 47.10 percent in 2001 for STs while

the corresponding increase for total popula-

tion was from 28.30 percent in 1961 to 64.84

percent in 2001 (Table 2.1 and the graph be-

low).

Source: Census of India

Literacy Rate (LR) of General, SC and ST

Population during 1961-2001

Literacy Rate (LR) increased by 17.5 per-

centage points from 1991 to 2001 for STs and

increased by 12.63 percentage points for to-

tal population during the same period. LR

has been, however, all along lower both for

males and females STs as compared to SCs

and Total Population (Table 2.1).

Male - female gap in literacy rate increased

from 22.46 percentage points in 1991 to 24.41

percentage points in 2001 for STs while for

the total population, it declined from 24.84

percentage points in 1991 to 21.59 percent-

age points in 2001 for total population. For

SCs, this gap decreased from 26.15 in 1991 to

24.74 in 2001. (Table 2.1)

Among states Mizoram and Lakshadweep

have highest LR for STs, while the lowest LR

was observed in Bihar and Uar Pradesh.

(Table 2.2). Gap in LR was highest in Tam-

il Nadu in 1991 and 2001 and decreased

only marginally in 2001 for Tamil Nadu.

(Table 2.3)

Eleven states having Literacy Rates less than

countrys average for ST population are in-

dicated in the table below.

States having ST literacy rates less than countriesaverage for STs

S .No.

State/ UT Literacy Rate

1. Bihar 28.17

2. Uar Pradesh 35.13

3. Andhra Pradesh 37.04

4. Orissa 37.37

5. Jammu & Kashmir 37.46

6. Jharkhand 40.67

7. Madhya Pradesh 41.168. Dadra & Nagar Haveli 41.24

9. Tamil Nadu 41.53

10. West Bengal 43.40

11. Rajasthan 44.66

Source : Census 2001


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Across India, 108 districts have female Sched-uled Tribe Literacy rate below 20%. Out of125 districts with more than 25 % Scheduled

Tribe population, 11 districts have female

Scheduled Tribe literacy rate below 20%.

These districts are:

Districts with >25% ST Population &


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indicate that while Sikkim has highest GER

(250.81) in the primary classes, HimachalPradesh has the highest GER in upper

primary Classes VI-VIII (Table 2.5).

Gender Parity Index (GPI) in elementaryeducation for STs has increased from 0.6 in

1990-91 to 0.9 2007-08 (See graph)

Statewise profile of GPI for STs shows thatAssam & Sikkim has the highest GPOI in thePrimary Class, Sikkim also has the highest

GPI in the upper primary classes whileAndaman & Nicobar islands has the highest

GPI in the secondary classes. The lowest GPIis noticed in the state of Bihar in primary

classes with Uar Pradesh falling in thecategory of upper primary and secondary

classes. (Table 2.7)

Dropout Rates (Classes I to X)

Drop-out rates for All India from class I toV fell steadily over the years from 42.6 in1990-91 to 25.6 in the year 2007-08. Similar

decline in the dropout rates of ST populationwas observed from 1990-91 (62.5) to 2007-08

(32.2). Among girls, the Drop-out Rates in2007-08 was highest in the state of Manipur

followed by the state of Rajasthan andGujarat. Among boys, it was highest in the

state of Manipur followed by Gujarat andMeghalaya (Table 2.8, 2.9).

However the dropout rates are considerablelower for both boys and girls have declined

continuously since 1990-91 which shows aremarkable improvement in the quality of

education for STs.

The overall picture of Drop-out rates forAll India depicts that it has been steadily

declining from 1990-9 to 2007-08 for bothboys and girls from class I to X. However,

dropout rates are considerable lower in

the Classes I - V than the higher classes (Ito X). This indicates that the dropout rates

are alarmingly higher in the higher classes.(Table 2.8 & 2.9).

Education Level

Analysis of data of Census 2001, onpercentage of STs by gender across differentlevels of education shows a gradual decline,

starting from Below Primary classes toGraduate and above. The decline in the

percentage of STs by gender is almost similarand uniform in both rural and urban areas.

(Table 2.10)

Gender Ratio

According to the Abstract of Statistics ofSchool Education 2007-08, MoHRD, thecomparison of number of Scheduled Tribe

girls per 100 ST boys reveals that there are

92 girls in Classes I-V, 82 girls in Classes VI-VIII, 70 girls in Classes IX-X and 68 girls per100 boys in Classes IX-XII (Table 2.17).

Among the states, Sikkim has the highestratio of the girls in all classes per 100 boys.

There are 101 girls in Classes I-V, 124 girlsin Classes VI-VIII, 107 girls in classes I-VIII,

116 girls in classes IX-X and 116 ST girls inclasses IX-XII per 100 boys.

Sikkim is followed by the State of Meghalayawhere per 100 ST boys, there are 91 girls in

Classes I-V, 107 girls in Classes VI-VIII, 95girls in classes I-VIII, 113 girls in classes IX-X

and 113 ST girls in classes IX-XII. The leastnumber of girls per 100 boys in the classes

are in the state of Bihar, where per 100 STboys, there are 66 girls in Classes I-V, 63 girls

in Classes VI-VIII, 66 girls in classes I-VIII, 50girls in classes IX-X and 44 ST girls in classes

IX-XII.

There is a marked decline in the number ofenrolments of ST girl students from Classes

I- V till they reach Classes IX-XII - from 92 to68 (Table 2.17).

As can be seen from the table above, someimprovement in the percentage enrolment

of ST students to all categories has beenmade in 2007-08 since 95-96, at the Primary,

Upper Primary and Secondary level. More


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Percentage Enrolment of ST students to all categories

Year Primary Upper Primary Secondary

1995-1996 8.8 6.1 4.9

1996-1997 9.2 6.3 4.9

1998-1999 9.6 6.7 5.1

1999-2000 9.4 6.9 5.0

2000-2001 9.7 7.2 5.4

2002-2003 9.7 6.9 5.4

2003-2004 9.8 7.5 5.6

2004-2005 10.5 8.1 5.6

2005-2006 10.6 8.5 5.7

2006-2007 10.8 8.5 6.1

2007-2008 10.8 8.2 6.3

Source: Selected Educational Statistics, M/HRD, 2005-06

Pass Percentage across States

Though Madhya Pradesh has the highestnumber of Scheduled Tribes in the country,the highest number of ST students appearing

for the High School exams was fromMaharashtra (Abstract of Statistics of School

Education 2007-08). 1,13, 706 ST studentsappeared in the High school examination,

with 68,119 ST boys and 45,587 ST girls. Theoverall pass percentage of these students

was 61.86%. (Table 2.18)

The highest pass percentage of ST Highschool students was of those students who

appeared in the Council for the Indian

School Certificate Examinations in NewDelhi. It was 97.93% for males, 99.15% forfemales, overall being 98.5%.

The lowest pass percentage of ST studentswas of those who appeared in Rabindra

Mukta Vidyalaya (West Bengal State Open

Examination Results of ST students in 2007,

Maharashtra has the highest number of STstudents who appeared in Maharashtra State

Board of Secondary and Higher SecondaryEducation. A total of 51,292 ST students

appeared in the exams, with 33,589 males

and 17,703 females.

The highest pass percentage of studentsappearing for the Higher Secondary

Examination was of those students who

appeared for the Council for the IndianSchool Certificate Examinations in New

Delhi. It was 92.75% for males, 96.86% forfemales, overall being 94.72%.

The lowest pass percentage of ST studentswas of those who appeared in Rabindra

Mukta Vidyalaya (West Bengal State OpenSchool). It was 7.02% for boys and 11.76%

for girls, overall being 9.38%. (Table 2.19)

aention is required towards improving the

quality of education in the Upper Primaryand Secondary levels.

Enrolment

School). It was 26.17% for boys and 27.96%

for girls, overall being 27.11%.

Comparing the State Wise Higher Secondary


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S E C T I O N 3STATUS OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE

AMONG SCHEDULED TRIBES


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Section 3: Status of Health and Family Welfare among Scheduled Tribes

Some of the key health indicators as per NFHS-3 (2005-06) in the country are:SC ST Total

Infant Mortality 66.4 62.1 57.0

Neo-natal Mortality 46.3 39.9 39.0

Pre- natal Mortality 55.0 40.6 48.5

Child Mortality 23.2 35.8 18.4

Under five Mortality 88.1 95.7 74.3

ANC Checkup 74.2 70.5 77.1

Percentage Institutional Deliveries 32.9 17.7 38.7

Childhood vaccination (full immunization) 39.7 31.3 43.5

Source: National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 2005-06

The 2005-06 National Family Health Survey

(NFHS-3), provides estimates of important

indicators on family welfare, maternal and

child health, and nutrition according to social

groups.

In addition, there is information on several

new and emerging issues, including perinatal

mortality, reproductive health, high-risk

sexual behaviour, tuberculosis, malaria,

health insurance coverage and accessibility

to health care.

Infant and Child MortalityA.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is defined as the

number of infant deaths in a year per 1,000

live births during the year. Child mortality is

defined as the number of deaths of children

under five years of age but above one year of

age in a given year per one thousand children

in this age group.

Neo-natal Mortality Rate is the number of

neonatal deaths in a given year per 1000 live

births in that year and Post-natal Mortality

Rate is the number of deaths of children

between 28 days and one year of age in a

given year per 1000 total live births in the

same year. Peri-natal Mortality Rate includes

late foetal deaths (28 weeks gestation & more)

and early neonatal deaths (first week) in one

year per 1000 live births in the same year.

As per NFHS-3 estimates, the under-five

mortality rate and the child Mortality rate

are much higher for STs than any other social

group/ castes at all childhood ages (95.7 and

35.8 respectively). However, it is found that

STs have a lower infant mortality rate (62.1)

than SCs (66.4) but higher than OBCs (56.6).

Even the perinatal mortality rate for STs (40.6)

is lower than other social group/ castes (Table

3.1 and 3.2).


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SocialGroups

Place of delivery (Health Institution/Facility)

Person providing assistance during delivery

Publicsector

Privatesector

Ownhome

Deliveredthroughhealthfacility

Doctor Mid-wife/

ANM/Nurse/LHV

Relatives/Friends

Dai/TBA

Deliveredby a

skilledprovider

ST 11.6 5.8 70.9 17.7 17.1 7.0 23.0 50.2 25.4

SC 19.4 13.4 56.8 32.9 29.4 10.4 20.7 37.7 40.6

OBC 16.1 21.1 51.8 37.7 33.8 11.7 15.5 37.1 46.7

Others 21.8 28.7 40.5 51.0 47.4 9.3 11.3 30.4 57.8

Total 18.0 20.2 51.3 38.7 35.2 10.3 16.2 36.5 46.6

Source: NFHS-3, 2005-06, M/o H&FW, GOI

lowest for scheduled tribe mothers (only 32.8

percent compared to all India total of 50.2

percent and 42 percent for Schedule Caste).

(Table 3.5)

The percentage of Scheduled Tribe women

consuming Iron Folic Acid (IFA) for at least

90 days and who took a drug for intestinal

parasites during their pregnancy was only

17.6 and 3.7, respectively (Table 3.6).

Among ST women who received antenatal

care for their most recent birth, only 32.4

percent of ST mothers (lowest among all social

groups) received advice about where to go if

they experienced pregnancy complications.(Table 3.7)

Only 17.7 percent of births to ST mothers are

delivered in health facilities compared with

51% of births to mothers in category others.

(See Table below)

Though Obstetric care from a trained

provider during delivery is recognized as

critical for the reduction of maternal and

neonatal mortality, only 17.1 % of births to ST

women were assisted by a doctor, comparedwith 47.4 % of births to women, who do not

belong to a SC, ST, or OBC category (others).

(See Table below).

According to Census 2001, the Infant mortality

(IMR) and the under 5 mortality rate (U5MR)

for STs is highest in Madhya Pradesh (110

and 169 respectively per 1000 live births)

followed by Arunachal Pradesh (104 and 158

respectively per 1000 live births). There is a

significant gap in the IMR and U5MR in rural

and urban areas in almost all states and UTs.

Compared at country level, the IMR and

Under 5 Mortality among STs is much higher

than to that of SCs (ST- IMR 84 and U5MR

123 and SC IMR 77 and U5MR 111) (Table

3.3 and 3.4).

B. Maternal Health

Antenatal Care (ANC) refers to pregnancy-

related health care, which is usually provided

by a doctor, an ANM, or another health

professional, to monitor a pregnancy for

signs of complications, detection and treating

of pre-existing and concurrent problems

of pregnancy, and provides advice and

counseling on preventive care, diet during

pregnancy, delivery care, postnatal care, and

related issues.

As per the estimates of NFHS-3, the likelihood

of having received care from a doctor is


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Utilization of ICDS by children (Figures in percentages)

SocialGroups

Children (0-71 months) geing facilities fromAnganwadi Centre (AWC)

Frequency of going to an AWC forearly childhood care/ preschool

education

Children (0-71age) receiving anyservices from an

AWC

Children (0-71age) received any

immunizations from anAWC

Regularly Occasionally

ST 49.9 33.1 16.0 14.4SC 36.1 21.4 15.8 9.7

OBC 30.3 20.5 12.9 7.5

Others 28.3 13.3 13.4 8.1

Total 32.9 20.0 14.0 8.8


C. Child Health

Un iversal immunization of children againstthe six vaccine-preventable diseases (namely,

tuberculosis, diphtheria, whooping cough,tetanus, polio, and measles) is crucial for

reducing infant and child mortality. Childrenbetween 12-23 months who received BCG,

measles, and three doses each of DPT andpolio are considered to be fully vaccinated.

Based on information obtained from avaccination card or reported by the mother

(either source), only 31.3 percent of STchildren were found to be fully vaccinatedas compared to 53.8 percent belonging

to Others. 11.5% of ST children have novaccinations at all. (See table below)

Vaccinations of children 12-23 months (Figures in percentages)

Social Groups All basicvaccinations

No vaccinations

ST 31.3 11.5

SC 39.7 5.4

OBC 40.7 3.9

Others 53.8 4.3

Total 43.5 5.1


Among ST children who suffered fromdiarrhoea in the two weeks preceding the

survey, only 29.3 percent of them did notreceive any treatment at all. Only 61.4 percent

of all ST women and 64 percent of ST womenwith recent births knew about ORS packets.(Table 3.12 & 3.13)

49.9 percent of scheduled-tribe childrenreceived services at an anganwadi centreand 33.1 percent of ST children received

any immunization through an anganwadi

centre in the past 12 months. (See tablebelow)


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Morbidity and Health CareD.

Despite being a curable disease, TB is still a

stigmatizing illness, mainly due to peoplesignorance of its etiology and transmission.

40.2 percent of ST women and 44.3

percent of ST men who have heard of

TB mentioned coughing or sneezing as a

mode of transmission for TB. Half of the ST

men who have heard of TB (50.5 percent)

have misconception about transmission of

TB (Table 3.17 & 3.18)

With respect to the correct knowledge of

transmission of TB, ST men & women wereno different from other social groups. 13.7

percent women and 17 percent men who

had heard of TB, said that they would want

the TB positive status of a family member to

remain a secret.

Results in NFHS-3 about health problems

of diabetes, asthma, goitre or any other

thyroid disorders among women and men

age 15-49 per 100,000 show that the number

of people with asthma is high among bothST women and men as compared to SCs

and OBCs. (1,749 per 100,000 for women

and 1,973 per 100,000 for men). (Table 3.19)

As with diabetes, scheduled tribe women

and men exhibit lower prevalence thanother social groups. The prevalence of

goitre and other thyroid diseases was high

among ST women as compared to ST men

(753 per 100, 000 for women and 567 per

100,000 for men).

Tobacco use is associated with a wide range

of major diseases, including several types

of cancers and heart and lung diseases.

According to NFHS-3 findings, the

percentage of ST women and men age 15-49, who use any kind of tobacco is highest

when compared to any other social group

(26.3 percent for women and 71.2 percent

for men) (Table 3.20)

NFHS-3 finds that among all social groups,

drinking is common among half (49.9

percent ) of the ST men and 14.1 percent of

ST women. (Table 3.21 & 3.22)

Only 2.6% of ST households have a member

with health insurance, the lowest among allsocial groups, as seen from table below.

Health Insurance Coverage and Accessibility to Health Care

(Figures in percentages)

S o c i a lGroups

Householdscovered by a

health scheme orhealth insurance

Problem in accessing medical advice ortreatment

Distanceto healthfacility

Concern thatno drugsavailable

At least oneproblem in

accessing healthcare

ST 2.6 44.0 35.8 67.0

SC 3.3 27.3 24.2 50.4

OBC 3.8 26.0 22.8 47.4

Others 7.8 18.5 18.7 38.2

Total 4.9 25.2 22.9 46.6



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Only 27 percent of ST women visited a

health facility or camp for themselves or

their children in the three months preceding

the survey and majority of them reported

that the health care provider was responsive

to their problems and needs. (Table 3.24)

The ST women were found to be mostly

prevented from geing medical treatment

from a health facility for themselves, due

to distance (44 percent reporting it). 28.4

percent of ST women report concern that

no female provider will be available to 18.7

percent of total women. (Table 3.26)

E. Fertility

Age at first marriage has a profound impact

on childbearing because women who marry

early have on an average a longer period

of exposure to pregnancy and a greater

number of lifetime births.

Among ST women age 20-49, the median age

at first marriage is 16.5yrs and among age

25-49 years, it is 16.3yrs. The increase in the

median age at first marriage is proceeding

at a very slow pace, and a considerable

proportion of women still marry below the

legal minimum age of 18 (Table 3.27).

Almost all ST men marry before aaining

the minimum age at marriage for men (21

years) set by the Child Marriage Registration

Act of 1978. The proportion of ST men who

are married by age 20yrs has decreased

steadily in recent years. (Table 3.28)

F. Family Planning

Currently married women who are not

using any method of contraception but who

do not want any more children are defined

as having an unmet need for limiting and

those who are not using contraception

but want to wait two or more years before

having another child are defined as having

an unmet need for spacing. The sum of the

unmet need for limiting and the unmet need

for spacing is the unmet need for family

planning.

61.8 percent of currently married ST women

have a demand for family planning, of

which only 77.5 percent have a met need for

contraception. (Table 3.29).

G. HIV - AIDS Knowledge: Knowledge, At

titude & Behavior

Though Government of India has been

using mass media extensively, especially

electronic media, to increase awareness of

AIDS and its prevention in the population,

the percentage of ST men & women

who have heard about AIDS is far below

the general population. (38.6 percent of

ST women and 63.9 percent of ST men

compared to 60.9 percent women and 82.9

percent men in general population). (Table

3.30 and 3.31).

Television is by far the most common source

of information on AIDS, reported by 61.9

percent ST women and 64.8 percent ST men

who have heard of AIDS. The next most

frequently reported sources aer television

are radio (35.4 percent of ST women and

54.2 percent of men) and friends/relatives

(37.7percent of ST women and 46.7 percent

of men). (Table 3.30 and 3.31)

The HIV prevalence rate among the STs is

0.25 percent compared to all India figure of

0.28 percent. (Table 3.33).

Among STs only 1.3 percent of women and

1.4 percent of men have ever been tested for


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HIV. The proportion of women and men

who have been tested for HIV but who

did not get the test results is very low (0.2

and 0.1 percent among women and men,

respectively). (Table 3.34)

The knowledge of HIV transmission and

prevention is crucial in enabling young

people to avoid HIV/AIDS. Young people

may be at greater risk because they may have

shorter relationships with more partners, or

engage in other risky behaviours.

Among STs, only 8 percent of women and

20 percent of men have a comprehensiveknowledge of HIV/AIDS. 10 of 100 ST

women and 24 of 100 ST men rejected the

misconceptions that HIV/AIDS cannot be

transmied by mosquito bites, by hugging

someone who has AIDS and by sharing

food with a person who has AIDS. (Table

3.35 and 3.36)

27.6 percent of ST women and 44.5 percent

of ST men know that HIV/AIDS can be

transmied from a mother to her baby.However, only 11 percent of ST women and

12.7 percent of ST men know that the risk of

HIV transmission from an infected mother

to her baby can be reduced by the mother

taking special drugs.

Nutritional status of ST Women, Men &E.

Children

NFHS-3 collected information on two

indicators of nutritional status - height

and body mass index (BMI) - for women

age 15-49 and men age 15-54. The cutoff

point for height, below which a woman

can be identified as nutritionally at risk,

varies among populations, but it is usually

considered to be in the range of 140-150

centimeters (cm). A cutoff point of 145 cm is

used for NFHS-3.

The height and weight measurements in

NFHS-3 were used to calculate the BMI.

The BMI is defined as weight in kilograms

divided by height in metres squared (kg/m2).

This excludes women who were pregnant

at the time of the survey and women who

gave birth during the two months preceding

the survey. A cut-off point of 18.5 is used to

define thinness or acute under-nutrition and

a BMI of 25 or above indicates overweight

or obesity

The percentage of ST women below 145 cm

is second highest (12.7 percent) among all

social groups. Chronic energy deficiency

is usually indicated by a BMI of less than

18.5 and among ST woman, 46.6 percent

have a BMI below 18.5, indicating a high

prevalence of nutritional deficiency (Table

3.37)

Nutritional status of women

(Figures in percentage)S o c i a lGroups

Mean Body Mass Index inkg/m2


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the ST women indicating nutritional problem

being more serious for this category.

Micronutrient intake among Children andtheir nutritional status

Micronutrient deficiency is a serious

contributor to childhood morbidity

and mortality. Vitamin A is an essential

micronutrient for the immune system and

plays an important role in maintaining the

epithelial tissue in the body. NFHS-3 collected

information on the consumption of vitamin

A-rich foods and on the administration of

vitamin A supplements for the youngest child

age 6-35 months living with the mother.

Among all social groups, the percentage of ST

children were lowest in consuming foods rich

in vitamin A in the day or night preceding the

survey (43.8 percent). Only 21 percent of ST

children age 12-35months received vitamin

A supplements in the six months before the

survey. This figure drops further, to only 14.6

percent, among children age 6-59 months.(Table 3.41)

Children belonging to STs have the poorest

nutritional status on almost every measure

and the high prevalence of wasting in this

group is of particular concern.

76.8 percent of children belonging to ST

category are anemic, including 26.3 % who

are mildly anemic, 47.2 % are moderately

anemic and above 3.3 % are severely anemic.ST children top among all social groups, as

far as any anemia prevailing among them

is concerned. (See Table below)

paerns of thinness for ST men are similar

to the paerns for women. (Table 3.38)

NFHS-3 also measured anaemia in women

and men, using the same equipment and

procedures used to measure anaemia among

children. Three levels of severity of anaemia

are distinguished: mild anaemia (10.0-10.9

grams/ decilitre for pregnant women, 10.0-

11.9 g/dl for non-pregnant women, and

12.0-12.9 g/dl for men), moderate anaemia

(7.0-9.9 g/dl for women and 9.0-11.9 g/dl for

men), and severe anaemia (less than 7.0 g/dl

for women and less than 9.0 g/dl for men).

ST men and women are found to be highly

anaemic among all social groups. 68.5

percent of women and 39.6 percent of men

whose haemoglobin level was tested were

found to be anaemic. 44.8 percent of ST

women are mildly anaemic, 21.3 percent

moderately anaemic and 2.4 percent

severely anaemic. (Table 3.39)

Prevalence of anemia in women


S o c i a lGroups

Anemia status by hemoglobinlevel

Mild(10.0 -

11.9 g/dl)

Moderate(7.0-9.9 g/

dl)

Any anemia(


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Prevalence of anaemia in children aged 6-59 months


Social Groups Anemia status by hemoglobin level

Mild(10.0-10.9 g/dl)

Moderate(7.0-9.9 g/dl)

Severe(


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S E C T I O N - 4HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE IN TRIBAL AREAS


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Section-4: Health Infrastructure in Tribal Areas

The tribal constitute around 8.2% of the to-

tal Indian population, and of the total tribal

population around 80% are found in central

India and a large part of the rest in the north-

eastern states.

Among the tribal population in India, there

exists

widespread poverty,o

illiteracy,o

malnutrition,o

absence of safe drinking water, ando

un-hygienic living conditions.o

In spite of the efforts of the government, there

are poor maternal and child health services

and ineffective coverage of national health

and nutrition. Research and surveys have

found that infrastructure like Sub-Centres,

Community Health Centres (CHCs), Public

Health Centres (PHCs) and others are less

than required in the tribal areas.

NFHS-I, II and III data show trends of deteri-

orating health indicators and socio-economic

status of the tribal population in comparison

to national statistics.

Medical and Health personnel posted in trib-

al areas are practically not working in non-

tribal areas due to various reasons. Despite

lowering of the population norms for seing

up of Sub-Centers and PHCs in tribal areas

relative to other areas, about 15 to 20 vil-

lages fall under the jurisdiction of one ANM

due to the tribal population generally being

scaered in diffi cult terrains. This situation

heavily constrains the ANMs from provid-

ing adequate services to the people for ANC,

post-natal care, etc.

Discussing the postings of various health

offi cers, doctors and health workers, Ru-

ral Health Statistics Bulletin, published by

MoHFW in 2008, shows a very dismal pic-

ture.

Though majority of the states have adequate

positions that are filled, still more health work-

ers and doctors are needed to take care of the

entire tribal population.

The situation regarding the Number of Sub

Centres, PHCs & CHCs in tribal areas, as on

March, 2008, depicts a very disheartening

status. (Table 4.1)

The maximum deficit in the number of Sub

Centres is seen in the State of Rajasthan where

in spite of the existence of 1221 Sub Centres;

there is a shortfall of 1018 Centres. Next is

the State of West Bengal with a shortfall of

933 Sub Centres. On the other hand, the States

of Arunachal Pradesh, Chhaisgarh, Kerala,

Karnataka and Orissa are leading by having

more than the required number of Sub-Cen-

tres. The same is the situation with the PHCs

and CHCs in these states.

Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and West Bengal

have a shortage of a large numbers of PHCs

and CHCs. As it can be seen that Madhya

Pradesh has a shortfall of 223 PHCs and 58

CHCs and Rajasthan has a shortfall of 175

PHCs and 45 CHCs. (Table 4.1)

Data on building positions for Sub-Centres

in the tribal areas shows a very diverse pic-

ture. Gujarat has the highest number of Sub-

Centres positioned in Government buildings

which is 2013 out of 2209 Sub Centres. This


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is followed by Maharashtra with 1611 Sub-

Centres functioning in Government build-

ings. (Table 4.2)

In Orissa, 1657 out of 2689 Sub-Centres and

in Madhya Pradesh, 1602 out of 2917 Sub-

Centres are functioning in rented buildings.

Concerning the building position of PHCs,

maximum numbers of PHCs were seen to be

functioning in Government buildings. Orissa

has the highest number of PHCs and all the

423 PHCs were functioning in Government

buildings (Table 4.3).

As regards building position of CHCs in

tribal areas, Orissa has the highest number of

CHCs and all the 83 CHCs were functioning

in Government buildings. (Table 4.4)

The positions of female Health Workers/

ANMs at Sub-Centres were found to be va-

cant in some of the states, especially in Mad-

hya Pradesh with 1110 positions, Chhais-

garh with 809 positions, Maharashtra with

489 positions and Gujarat with 425 positions

lying vacant. (Table 4.5)

Similar status was noticed in the case of male

Health Workers working in tribal areas. A

large number of positions were vacant in

the States of Chhaisgarh, Gujarat, Madhya

Pradesh and Maharashtra. A shortfall of 1901

male health workers in Madhya Pradesh,

1403 in Chhaisgarh and 1019 in Maharash-

tra is indicated. (Table 4.6)

Availability of doctors at PHCs in the tribal

areas is of great significance. Data indicat-

ing shortfall for doctors in PHCs shows that

195 positions in the State of Chhaisgarh and

190 positions in Madhya Pradesh are vacant.

(Table 4.7)

Similar was the case with the postings of Sur-

geons at the CHCs. The State with maximum

number of positions of surgeons vacant is

Chhaisgarh with 67 positions followed by

Gujarat with 50 positions vacant. There is a

shortfall of 81 positions of surgeons in CHCs

in the State of Madhya Pradesh. (Table 4.8).

The two most deficient States in terms of po-

sitions of Obstetricians & Gynecologists are

the States of Madhya Pradesh with a shortfall

of 80 positions out of the required 85 posi-

tions and Chhaisgarh with 68 positions out

of the required 76 positions. (Table 4.9)

The maximum shortfall in the position of

Physicians at the CHCs is in the States of

Chhaisgarh and Gujarat, with both having

a shortfall of 70 positions out of the required

76 and 70 positions, respectively.(Table 4.10)

There is a shortfall of Pediatricians at Com-

munity Health Centres in a number of States,

the majority being in Madhya Pradesh (83)

out of the required 85 positions, followed by

Chhaisgarh and Gujarat with 68 positions

out of the required 76 and 70 positions, re-

spectively. (Table 4.11)

There is an acute shortfall of Total Specialists

at Community Health Centres in Tribal Areas

in practically all the States, maximum being

in Madhya Pradesh with 312 positions out ofthe required 340 positions along with Chhat-

tisgarh with 273 positions out of the required

304, and Gujarat with 258 out of the required

280 positions, respectively. (Table 4.12)


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There is a shortfall of Radiographers at Com-

munity Health Centres, maximum in the

State of Orissa (81) followed by Gujarat with

a shortfall of 58 radiographers. (Table 4.13)

329 positions of Pharmacists at PHCs are ly-

ing vacant in the State of Madhya Pradesh,

followed by 101 in Chhaisgarh. (Table 4.14)

There is a shortfall of Lab Technicians at

PHCs & CHCs in Tribal Areas, mainly in the

State of Orissa with 401, followed by Mad-

hya Pradesh with 322 and Chhaisgarh with

shortfall of 187 Lab Technicians. (Table 4.15)

There is a massive shortfall of Nurses/ Mid-

wifes/ Staff Nurses at PHCs & CHCs in Tribal

Areas, with the maximum in the State of Oris-

sa with 799, followed by Madhya Pradesh

with 646 and Chhaisgarh with a short-

fall of 556 Nurses/ Midwifes/ Staff Nurses.

(Table 4.16).


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S E C T I O N 5EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENTSITUATION OF THE STS, INCLUDING

MIGRATION


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Section-5: Employment and unemployment situation of the STs,including migration

The development of the tribal populationin India has been a major concern of the

Government, Voluntary agencies, NGOs,

Social reformers, Social scientists, etc.Unemployment leading to immense poverty

can be directly linked to the increase interrorism and rising membership of tribals

in the ranks of Maoists and Naxals.

A. Definition of work according to Census

Work is defined as participation in anyeconomically productive activity. According

to this definition, the entire population has

been classified into three main categories -Main workers, Marginal workers and Non-

workers.

Main workers are those who work for themajor part of the year preceding the date of

enumeration i.e. those who were engagedin any economically productive activity for

183 days (or six months) or more duringthe year. Marginal workers work any time

in the year preceding the enumeration but

do not work for a major part of the year, i.e.those who worked for less than 183 days (or

six months). Non-workers are those whohave not worked any time at all in the year

preceding the date of enumeration.

B. Concepts used in employment and

unemployment surveys of NSSO

Economic activity and the Activity status:

Any activity that results in production ofgoods and services that adds to national

product is considered as an economicactivity. The entire population is classified

under three categories of Activity status:

(i)Working

(ii) Seeking or available for work, i.e

unemployed

(iii) Neither working nor seeking or avail

able for work.

Persons under category (i) and (ii) of activitystatuscome underLabour Forceand those

under category (iii) are Out of Labour

Force.

The NSSO provides four different measuresof employment and unemployment, whichcapture different facets of the employment-

unemployment situation following therecommendations of the Expert Commiee

on Unemployment (Dantwala).

Usual Principal Status (UPS),

Usual Principal and Subsidiary Status

(UPSS),

Current Weekly Status (CWS),

Current Daily Status (CDS).

Usual principal activity status

Reference period 365 days preceding

the date of survey.

Activity status decided on the basis of

Major Time Criteria (MTC) during thereference period.

First, one is categorized as belonging to

the labour force or not. Second, from the persons belonging to

labour force, the broad activity statusof either working or unemployed is

determined on the basis of MTC.

Subsidiary economic activity status:

Engagement in work in subsidiary capacity

arises due to two situations:

A person may be engaged for arelatively longer period during the 365

days in some economic/ non-economicactivity and for a relatively shorter

period in another economic activity,which is not less than 30 days (e.g. a

student engaged in private tuitionsduring summer vacations).


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A person may be pursuing an economicactivity/non-economic activity almost

throughout the year in the principal

status and also simultaneouslypursuing another economic activity for

relatively shorter time in a subsidiarycapacity (e.g. a student simultaneously

engaged in private tuitions throughoutthe year).

Current weekly activity status

Reference period of 7 days precedingthe date of survey

Decided on the basis of priority-cum-

major time criteria.

According to priority criteria, the status

of working gets priority over the statusof unemployed, which in turn, get

priority over the status of out of labourforce.

A person is considered working if he or

she had worked for at least one hourduring the reference week.

If a person is pursuing multiple

economic activities, the current weeklystatus is decided on the basis of MTC.

Current daily activity status (CDS)

CDS of a person is determined on thebasis of his/her activity status on each

day of the reference week using apriority-cum-major time criterion.

Each day of the reference week is lookedupon as comprising of either two half

days or a full day for assigning the

activity status.

A person is working with intensity 1.0,if he/she had worked for four hours or

more during the day.

If a person had worked for one hour or

more, but less than four hours, he/she

is considered working for half day.

A person engaged in more than one

economic activity for four hoursor more on a day is assigned two

economic activities out of the differenteconomic activities on which he/she

devoted relatively longer time on thereference day, i.e. 0.5 intensity to these

two economic activities.

C. Work Participation Rate

Census of India 2001 defines the WorkParticipation Rate (WPR), as the percentage

of total workers (main and marginal) to thetotal population.

Comparing the Worker Participation Ratesas obtained from Census 2001 data, it wasobserved that 43.5 % of ST males were main

workers compared to 23.9% ST females.Among the marginal workers, 9.7 % were

ST males whereas 20.9 % were ST females.Overall, among 53.2% were male and 44.8%

were female workers. (See table below)

Worker Participation Rate (%)

STs All Gap

Total Workers

Persons 49.1 39.1 10.0

Male 53.2 51.7 1.5

Female 44.8 25.6 19.2

Main Workers

Persons 33.8 30.4 3.4

Male 43.5 45.1 -1.6

Female 23.9 14.7 9.2

Marginal Workers

Persons 15.2 8.7 6.5

Male 9.7 6.6 3.1

Female 20.9 11 9.9

Source: RGI, Census of India 2001

As regards the Occupational Distribution


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of the STs, SCs and all India population,obtained from Census 2001 data , 50.37% of

the tribals living in rural areas were workers

compared to 42.5% of SCs and 41.75% of AllIndia population. In the urban areas, 34.56%

of the STs were workers compared to 33.14%of the SCs. (Table 5.1).

81.56% of the total ST workers, both ruraland urban taken together, are engaged in

the primary sector, of whom 44.71% are

cultivators and 36.85% are agriculturallabourers. The corresponding figures for all

workers are 31.65% (cultivators) and 26.55%(agricultural labourers).

In the rural areas, 47.07% of STs werecultivators compared to 23.47% SCs and

40.24% of All India population. This

indicates that STs are essentially dependenton agriculture.

In rural areas, 38.37% of STs were agriculturallabourers as compared to 52.23% of SCs,

whereas 2.08% of STs were working inhousehold industries compared to 3.73%

SCs and 3.92% of all India population. (Table

5.1)

The Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR),i.e. the number of persons in the labour force

per 1000 persons, is measured accordingto the usual status considering both the

principal and the subsidiary statuses. Data

obtaining from NSS 61st Round (2004-05)

shows that LFPR for Scheduled Tribes was50.7% (56.6% males and 44.6% females).

The LFPR of STs was higher by 7.7% whencompared to the All India rate. The Work-

force Participation Rate (WPR) for Scheduled

Tribes was 50.2% (55.9% males and 44.4%females). This was higher than the overall

rate by 8.2%. The WPR was higher for STfemales than All India by 15.7%. (Table 5.2)

Tables 5.3 to 5.5 give State-wise LFPRs,WPRs, PUs for various social groups for

rural, urban and rural +urban combined

based on 61stround data.

NSS 61

st

Round lists the Average daily wages/earnings across Social groups. AmongCasual workers, the earnings of the ST men

and women are less than SCs and othersboth in rural and urban areas. However,

among regular workers, the earnings of theST men and women were more than the SCs

but less than others. (Table 5.6)

As per the 5 th Economic census (2005),

analyzing the characteristics of Non-agricultural Own Account Establishments

and Non- agricultural establishments(with hired worker) in rural, urban and in

combined areas, it was found that maximumnumber of tribals are in the retail trade

followed by the manufacturing sector (Table

5.7, 5.8)

With respect to migration, comparing theresults of NSS 49th round (Jan-Jun, 1993) and

64th round (2007-08), the number of migranthouseholds among STs has decreased from

27 to 19 (per 1000 hhs) in rural areas, and

increased from 29 to 62 (per 1000 hhs) inurban areas. Overall, in rural and urban

areas, the migrant households decreasedfrom 27 to 23(per 1000 hhs). (Table 5.9)

Comparing the 55 th round (1999-2000)and 64thround (2007-08) data, the migration

rate for the STs in rural areas showed thatthe rate of migration of males has decreased

from 56 to 47 (per 1000 persons) whereas

that of females has increased from 357 to 440(per 1000 persons). On the other hand, the

migration rate in the urban areas increasedfor both males (282 to 288) and females (411

to 430), per 1000 persons. (Table 5.10)

It could be seen that the female migrationwas around 9 times than that of the male

population in rural areas. In the urban areas,


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the female migration was almost 2 timesthan that of the male STs.

From the data on migration rates acrossdifferent Monthly Per Capita Expenditure

(MPCE) levels, in both rural and urbanareas, the highest number of persons who

migrated belonged to 90-100 MPCE decileclass. Least migration occurred among

the STs belonging to the lowest MPCEdecile class (0-10) for both rural and urban

population. (Table 5.11)

Most of the migration (72.5%) took placefrom one rural area to another rural area of

the same district. The reason for that mayhave been due to marriage (82.7%) or to

pursue studies (5.3%). (Table 5.12)

16.4% of the migration took place from onerural area to another rural area of different

districts but in the same state. The reason

for that also may have been due to marriage(71.6%), or due to the migration of the

parent/earning member of the family (9.5%)or in search of beer employment (4.5%).

Least migration (0.1%) took place from Indiato another country.(Table 5.12)

A large number of reasons were responsiblefor the migration of ST population.Maximum migration (76.4%) took place

due to marriage. 7.7% of the ST populationmigrated due to the migration of the parents

or the earning members of the family. (Table

5.12)

The average household consumerexpenditure in the last 365 days as per NSS

64thRound (July 2007 June 2008), of the STsliving in the rural areas was Rs. 30,446. The

average household consumer expenditure of

ST households receiving remiance was Rs.34949, which was more than that of SCs and

less than that of OBCs. In the urban areas, theaverage household consumer expenditure

in the last 365 days (July 2007 June 2008),of the STs was Rs. 53,386 and the average

household consumer expenditure of SThouseholds receiving remiance was Rs.74,

459 which was higher than the expenditureof both SCs and OBCs. (Table 5.13)

According to the Ministry of RuralDevelopment, the number of ST Swarojgarisassisted under the mammoth scheme of

SGSY (Swarnjayanti Gram SwarozgarYojana) has increased from 241291 in 2006-07 to 274530 in 2008-09. In the year 2006-07

and 2007-08, the State of Andhra Pradeshhad the highest number of ST beneficiaries

whereas in the year 2008-09, the State ofMaharashtra had the highest number of ST

beneficiaries. (Table 5.14)

Under NREGA, the number of person-

days of wage employment generated for

STs during year 2008-09 has considerablyincreased 2007-08. (Table 5.15)

The percentage representation of STs inthe General Services increased marginally

from 1994 to 2005 from 5.49 percent to6.43 percent, with maximum representation

being in Group D. In 2005, 4.3 percent STswere represented in Group A services. (Table

5.16)


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S E C T I O N - 6LAND, HOUSES, HOUSEHOLD AMENITIES AND

ASSETS OF SCHEDULED TRIBES


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Section-6: Land, Houses, Household Amenities and Assets of

Scheduled Tribes

Historically, the economy of most tribes wassubsistence agriculture or hunting and gath-ering. A large number of tribal populations

in rural areas are still dependent on forestsfor their livelihood. In the forest based tribaleconomy, provisions for basic necessities likefood, fuel, housing material, etc. are madefrom the forest produce. In most of the states,more than 60 percent of the tribal populationresides within 5 km distance from the forest.A large percentage of tribals that live closeto forest areas constitute the most disadvan-taged section of society based on per capitaincome, literacy rate, health status and lackof access to basic amenities.

Basic amenities: As per the NSS 58thRound(2001-02), only 24.4 % of ST households havepermanent houses, 15.2% have drinking wa-ter source within premises, 36.5% have ac-cess to electricity, 17.0% have latrine facilityand 21.8% have connectivity for waste-wateroutlet . Table below depicts availability of ba-sic amenities to ST households as comparedto all Social Groups.

Area Description STs All

SocialGroups

Housing % householdshaving Permanenthouses

24.4 51.8

Drinkingwater

% householdshaving drinkingwater sourcewithin premises

15.2 39.0

Electricity % householdshaving access toelectricity

36.5 55.8

Sanitation % householdshaving latrinefacility

17.0 36.4

% households withconnectivity forwaste -water outlet

21.8 46.4

Source: Census of India, 2001

As per the Agricultural Census 2005-06, thenumber and area of operational holdings forScheduled Tribes by size-classes and gender

is given in Table 6.1.

It may be seen that in 2005-06, the total areaof operational holdings by Scheduled Tribesin the country is 16.9 million hectares against10.34 million holdings. Out of the total areaunder operational holdings among STs, theholdings by males account for 91.5 percentwhile that by females is only 8.5 percent.These holdings comprise 88.36 percent ofindividual holdings and 11.64 percent ofjoint holdings. Among various holding sizes,area-wise, maximum holdings are of size 1.0-

2.0 hectares followed by size class 2.0 - 3.0.The male female proportion in holding ofsize 1.0- 2.0 hectares was 90.6 percent for STmales and 9.4 percent for ST females. Amongindividual holdings, the majority of holdingswere found to be below 0.5 hectares in size.(Table 6.1)

Census 2001 laid emphasis on the quality ofliving of households rather than just housing.The questions included those on conditionof residential or partly residential housesas good, livable or dilapidated; availability

of bathroom, kitchen, certain assets to thehouseholds, like radio/ television, telephone,etc. and banking services. Data was analyzedSocial Group wise and published in 2009 byRGI Tables on Houses, Household Amenitiesand Assets for Scheduled Tribes.

Table 6.2 highlights the distribution ofhouseholds by the condition of census-houses occupied, with respect to residenceand residence-cum other use. The houseswere then further classified into threecategories - good, livable and dilapidated.

This classification was based solely on theperception of the respondent. The data in theabove table is, therefore, qualitative in naturewith an extent of element of subjectivity.

Table 6.3 shows distribution of ST Householdsby type of Census houses and classified into


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permanent, semi-permanent and temporary

households. The temporary structures are

further classified into serviceable and non-

serviceable. The data is presented rural-urban sector wise.

In India, only 24.4% ST households possesspermanent houses and 51.4% have semi-

permanent houses while the rest 24.2% are

in temporary structures. In these temporary

structures, while 60.5% are serviceable struc-

tures in which wall is made of mud, wood,

etc., 39.5% are non-serviceable structures in

which wall is made of grass, thatch, bamboo,

etc. (Table 6.3)

Table 6.10 gives State-wise number of houses

completed and alloed/ sanctioned for the

STs during 2006-07, 2007-08 and 2008-09 un-

der Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY).

Census 2001 also analyzed various types of

drinking water sources usually used by the

households, e.g., Tap, Hand pump, Tube

well, Well, Tank and others. The distribution

of Scheduled Tribe households by type of

drinking water sources and their location is

given in Table 6.4.

The location of the Drinking water sourcetype has been indicated as within the premis-

es, i.e., within a radius of 100 meters in urban

areas and 500 meter in the case of rural areas.

The location of the Drinking water source

type has been indicated as away if it is locat-

ed beyond 100 metres for the households in

urban areas and more than 500 meters for the

households in rural areas. The data in Table

6.4 is presented for Total, Rural and Urban,

separately.

The source of drinking water was Taps for20% of households, Handpumps (35.8%),Tube wells (5.9%), Wells (28.4%), Tanks,

Ponds, Lakes (1.4%% ) and for Rivers, Ca-nals, Springs, etc. (7.1%). Also, the sources

of drinking water were Within premises

for 15.2% of households, Near premises for56.6% of households and Away for 28.2% of

households. (Table 6.4)

Table 6.5 presents the distribution of Sched-uled Tribe households by availability of bath-

room and type of latrine within the house andtype of drainage connectivity for waste water

outlet. The data are presented for total, ruraland urban areas separately.

Table 6.6 presents the distribution of Sched-uled Tribe households by availability of sepa-

rate kitchen and type of fuel used for cook-

ing. The data are presented for total, ruraland urban areas separately. Households have

been classified in four categories dependingonthe availability/ non-availability of kitch-

en, cooking in open or no cooking.

Table 6.7 presents distribution of ScheduledTribe households availing banking servicesand having each of the specified assets.The

data are presented for total, rural and urban

areas separately. The number of ST house-holds that possess the specified assets like ra-

dio, transistor, television, telephone, bicycle,scooter, car, etc are provided in the table.

Table 6.8 presents distribution of ScheduledTribe households by the type of lighting

sources used by them. The data are present-ed for total, rural and urban areas separately.

The various sources of lighting on which the

data were collected are electricity, kerosene,solar energy, other oil, etc.

Overall 36.5 % of ST households among thetotal ST households have source of lighting

as electricity followed by use of kerosene(61.8%). In the rural ST households, while

30.4% use electricity, 67.94% are dependenton kerosene. However, in the urban areas,

78.1% households have electricity and only

20.3% households are using kerosene forlighting. (Table 6.8)

Detailed State-wise data on Tables 6.2 to 6.8


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are available in the Census 2001 Report onHouses, Household Amenities and Assets.

Maps depicting ST households having per-

manent houses, tap, hand pump, tubewellas sources of drinking water, latrine facilities

and electricity as source of lighting, based onCensus 2001 data, are given at the end of the

chapter.

NSSO in its latest Report Housing Condi-tions and Amenities in India: July, 2008 - June,

2009 has highlighted some aspects of hous-ing conditions among different social groups

in India. The various aspects studied in thesurvey are drinking water facility, bathroom/

latrine and electricity facility.

The composition of different social groups intotal households shows that nearly 11 percent

of rural households and 3 percent of urbanhouseholds belong to STs (see table below)

Distribution (Per 1000) of households acrossSocial Groups during 2008-09

HouseholdSocial Groups

Rural Urban Rural +Urban

ST 112 33 88

SC 227 144 203

OBC 418 378 406

Others 243 445 302

All (incl. n. r) 1000 1000 1000Source : NSSO Housing Conditions & Amenities in India, 2008-09

As per the above Report, at all India level,94% of the ST population had residence and

6% used their residence for other purposes

also. As regards the condition of census hous-es where they lived, 36% houses were good,58% houses were found to be livable and the

rest 6% houses were dilapidated.

Table 6.9 shows the distribution of house-

holds by major sources (most used) of drink-

ing water during last 365 days as per theNSS Report referred to above. The most used

source of drinking water by STs is tubewell/handpumps followed by tap and all well

(both protected and unprotected).

In rural areas, 56.1 percent of ST householdsdepended on tube well/ hand pump as the

major source of drinking water. Among allrural households, the source of drinking wa-

ter from tap was the lowest (18.5 percent) forST households. Similarly, the use of wells

(protected and unprotected), was the high-est among rural ST households as compared

to other social groups (19.5 percent). Onenoticeable feature is that 2.7 percent of ru-ral ST households used spring as source of

drinking water. In urban areas, proportion ofhouseholds who depended on tap was low-

est among ST households (68.5 percent) ascompared to other social groups.

Regarding availability of suffi cient drinkingwater, it is seen from table below that in bothrural and urban areas, highest proportion of

ST households did not get suffi cient drinking

water from the major source: nearly 24 per-cent of rural ST households and 16 percent ofurban ST households.

Proportion (Per 1000) of households who donot get suffi cient drinking water throughout

the year

HouseholdSocial Group

Rural Urban Rural +Urban

ST 237 157 228

SC 131 107 126

OBC 120 87 111

Others 130 80 108

All (incl. n. r) 138 89 124Source : NSSO Housing Conditions & Amenities in India, 2008-09


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In rural areas, proportion of ST households

who had drinking water for exclusive use was

the lowest (13.4 percent) as compared to other

social groups and in urban areas, it was 33.5

percent. It is also found that community use of

drinking water facility was highest (77.2) for

rural ST households .(See table below)

Distribution (per 1000) of households by type of useof drinking water facility for each ST household (All-

India)

House-hold(ST)

Type of use of drinking water facility

Exclusiveuse

Commonuse of

HHs in the

building

Commu-nity use

Others All(inc.n. r.)

Rural 134 57 772 36 1000

Urban 335 303 313 48 1000

Rural +Urban

157 84 722 38 1000

Source : NSSO Housing Conditions & Amenities in India, 2008-09

In rural areas, highest proportion of non-availability of bathroom facility was noticedin case of ST households (74 percent) and

availability of aached bathroom facility was

lowest among ST households (nearly 6percent).

Distribution (per 1000) of households by types ofbathroom for each ST household

Household(ST)

Type of bathroom

Aached Detached Nobathroom

All(incl. n. r.)

Rural 57 202 741 1000

Urban 389 335 276 1000

Rural+Urban

93 217 690 1000


It is also seen that the proportion of ruralhouseholds having no latrine facility ishighest for ST Households (75 percent). Use

of Septic tank/ flush latrine was the highest

among ST in urban households (65.2 percent).(See Table below)

Distribution (per 1000) of households by types ofLatrine used for each ST household ( All-India)

House-holdST

Type of Latrine

Nolatrine

Service Pit Septictank/flush

Others AllIndia(Incl.not

knownand n.r)

Rural 750 13 111 105 18 1000

Urban 211 12 106 652 13 1000

Rural +Urban

691 12 110 165 17 1000


Regarding availability of electricity

facility for domestic use, inequality

among different social groups was

wider in rural and urban areas. In both

rural and urban areas, proportion of

ST households who had electricity for

domestic use was the lowest among the

social groups. In rural areas, nearly 57

percent of ST households had electricity

for domestic use and in urban areas;nearly 92 percent of ST households

had electricity for domestic use against

nearly 98 percent of others category of

households. (See Table below)

Proportion (per 1000) of households who hadelectricity for domestic use for each household social

group

HouseholdSocial Group

Rural Urban Rural+ urban

ST 573 915 611

SC 595 925 664

OBC 676 956 753

Others 736 981 843

All (inc. n. r.) 660 961 750



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Map-2: Scheduled Tribes Households Having Permanent Houses 2001


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Map-3: Schedules Tribes Households having Tap as Source ofDrinking Water 2001


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Map-4: Schedules Tribes Households having Handpump asSource of Drinking Water 2001


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Map-5: Schedules Tribes Households having Tubewell asSource of Drinking Water 2001


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Map-6: Schedules Tribes Households having Latrine Facilities2001


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Map-7: Schedules Tribes Households having Source of Lighting-Electricity 2001


64/269

S E C T I O N - 7POVERTY AMONG SCHEDULED TRIBES


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Section 7: Poverty among Scheduled Tribes

Poverty alleviation has been one of the guidingprinciples of the planning process in India.The various

Documents

Statistical Profile of Scheduled Tribes in India