CO/WY ASA # 1

STATISTICSSTATISTICSand theand the

CLEAN WATER ACTCLEAN WATER ACTPublic Law 92-500, October 18, 1972

STATISTICSSTATISTICSand theand the

CLEAN WATER ACTCLEAN WATER ACTPublic Law 92-500, October 18, 1972

N. Scott UrquhartN. Scott UrquhartDepartment of Statistics Department of Statistics Colorado State UniversityColorado State University

Fort Collins, CO 80523-1877Fort Collins, CO 80523-1877

CO/WY ASA # 2

OUTLINE FOR TODAYOUTLINE FOR TODAYOUTLINE FOR TODAYOUTLINE FOR TODAY

Status of our waters before any Status of our waters before any legislationlegislation

Legislative historyLegislative history Statistical issues in past Statistical issues in past

implementation of the CWAimplementation of the CWA EPA’s Environmental Monitoring EPA’s Environmental Monitoring

and Assessemt Program (EMAP)and Assessemt Program (EMAP) CSU’s STARMAP and its researchCSU’s STARMAP and its research

Status of our waters before any Status of our waters before any legislationlegislation

Legislative historyLegislative history Statistical issues in past Statistical issues in past

implementation of the CWAimplementation of the CWA EPA’s Environmental Monitoring EPA’s Environmental Monitoring

and Assessemt Program (EMAP)and Assessemt Program (EMAP) CSU’s STARMAP and its researchCSU’s STARMAP and its research

CO/WY ASA # 3

STATUS OF OUR WATERS BEFORE STATUS OF OUR WATERS BEFORE MUCH LEGISLATIONMUCH LEGISLATION

STATUS OF OUR WATERS BEFORE STATUS OF OUR WATERS BEFORE MUCH LEGISLATIONMUCH LEGISLATION

A little boy moved to a Colorado A little boy moved to a Colorado mountain town mid-winter, 1949.mountain town mid-winter, 1949.

As the snow melted in the Spring, As the snow melted in the Spring, he went exploring. he went exploring.

Landlady said not to go along the Landlady said not to go along the river behind the house where he river behind the house where he was living.was living.

What better reason to go there?What better reason to go there? He stepped in an open sewer He stepped in an open sewer

running directly into the river!running directly into the river!

A little boy moved to a Colorado A little boy moved to a Colorado mountain town mid-winter, 1949.mountain town mid-winter, 1949.

As the snow melted in the Spring, As the snow melted in the Spring, he went exploring. he went exploring.

Landlady said not to go along the Landlady said not to go along the river behind the house where he river behind the house where he was living.was living.

What better reason to go there?What better reason to go there? He stepped in an open sewer He stepped in an open sewer

running directly into the river!running directly into the river!

CO/WY ASA # 4

Time MagazineTime Magazine, August 1, 1969, August 1, 1969 (about a month after “the” fire) (about a month after “the” fire)

Time MagazineTime Magazine, August 1, 1969, August 1, 1969 (about a month after “the” fire) (about a month after “the” fire)

An article dramatized the state of the Cuyahoga: An article dramatized the state of the Cuyahoga: Some river!  Chocolate-brown, oily, bubbling Some river!  Chocolate-brown, oily, bubbling

with subsurface gases, it oozes rather than with subsurface gases, it oozes rather than flows.  flows. 

'Anyone who falls into the Cuyahoga does not 'Anyone who falls into the Cuyahoga does not drown,' Cleveland's citizens joke grimily.  'He drown,' Cleveland's citizens joke grimily.  'He decays.'  decays.' 

The Federal Water Pollution Control The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration dryly notes: 'The lower Cuyahoga Administration dryly notes: 'The lower Cuyahoga has no visible life, not even low forms such as has no visible life, not even low forms such as leeches and sludge worms that usually thrive on leeches and sludge worms that usually thrive on wastes.'  It is also--literally--a fire hazard.  wastes.'  It is also--literally--a fire hazard. 

A few weeks ago, the oil-slicked river burst into A few weeks ago, the oil-slicked river burst into flames and burned with such intensity that two flames and burned with such intensity that two railroad bridges spanning it were nearly railroad bridges spanning it were nearly destroyed.  destroyed. 

'What a terrible reflection on our city,' said 'What a terrible reflection on our city,' said Cleveland Mayor Carl Stokes sadly.Cleveland Mayor Carl Stokes sadly.

An article dramatized the state of the Cuyahoga: An article dramatized the state of the Cuyahoga: Some river!  Chocolate-brown, oily, bubbling Some river!  Chocolate-brown, oily, bubbling

with subsurface gases, it oozes rather than with subsurface gases, it oozes rather than flows.  flows. 

'Anyone who falls into the Cuyahoga does not 'Anyone who falls into the Cuyahoga does not drown,' Cleveland's citizens joke grimily.  'He drown,' Cleveland's citizens joke grimily.  'He decays.'  decays.' 

The Federal Water Pollution Control The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration dryly notes: 'The lower Cuyahoga Administration dryly notes: 'The lower Cuyahoga has no visible life, not even low forms such as has no visible life, not even low forms such as leeches and sludge worms that usually thrive on leeches and sludge worms that usually thrive on wastes.'  It is also--literally--a fire hazard.  wastes.'  It is also--literally--a fire hazard. 

A few weeks ago, the oil-slicked river burst into A few weeks ago, the oil-slicked river burst into flames and burned with such intensity that two flames and burned with such intensity that two railroad bridges spanning it were nearly railroad bridges spanning it were nearly destroyed.  destroyed. 

'What a terrible reflection on our city,' said 'What a terrible reflection on our city,' said Cleveland Mayor Carl Stokes sadly.Cleveland Mayor Carl Stokes sadly.

CO/WY ASA # 5

Time MagazineTime Magazine ran this photo in its article "The Cities: The Price of Optimism" ran this photo in its article "The Cities: The Price of Optimism" from its August 1, 1969 issue.  from its August 1, 1969 issue. 

This photo from the photographic collection of the Cleveland Public Library This photo from the photographic collection of the Cleveland Public Library depicts a fire in December of 1952 on the Cuyahoga River. depicts a fire in December of 1952 on the Cuyahoga River. 

The article brought national attention to the pollution of the Cuyahoga River, but The article brought national attention to the pollution of the Cuyahoga River, but it mislead readers to believe that this picture was of the June 22, 1969 fire, when it mislead readers to believe that this picture was of the June 22, 1969 fire, when in fact it, was not.in fact it, was not.

CO/WY ASA # 6

THE FABLE OF THE CUYAHOGA THE FABLE OF THE CUYAHOGA RIVER BURNINGRIVER BURNING

THE FABLE OF THE CUYAHOGA THE FABLE OF THE CUYAHOGA RIVER BURNINGRIVER BURNING

The fire began at 11:56 a.m. on a stretch of The fire began at 11:56 a.m. on a stretch of the Cuyahoga River just southeast of the Cuyahoga River just southeast of downtown Cleveland.  downtown Cleveland. 

The ignited floating oil slick was extinguished The ignited floating oil slick was extinguished in just over twenty minutes, but not before in just over twenty minutes, but not before the fire damaged two key railroad trestles.  the fire damaged two key railroad trestles. 

A bridge belonging to the Norfolk & Western A bridge belonging to the Norfolk & Western Railway Co. sustained $45,000 in damage as Railway Co. sustained $45,000 in damage as the oil slick passed under it.  Both tracks on the oil slick passed under it.  Both tracks on the bridge had to be closed.  The railroad the bridge had to be closed.  The railroad tracks were noticeably warped, while the tracks were noticeably warped, while the railroad ties were charred.  railroad ties were charred. 

The other bridge, the Newburgh & South The other bridge, the Newburgh & South Shore Railroad bridge, withstood $5,000 of Shore Railroad bridge, withstood $5,000 of damage, as support timbers were scorched.damage, as support timbers were scorched.

The fire began at 11:56 a.m. on a stretch of The fire began at 11:56 a.m. on a stretch of the Cuyahoga River just southeast of the Cuyahoga River just southeast of downtown Cleveland.  downtown Cleveland. 

The ignited floating oil slick was extinguished The ignited floating oil slick was extinguished in just over twenty minutes, but not before in just over twenty minutes, but not before the fire damaged two key railroad trestles.  the fire damaged two key railroad trestles. 

A bridge belonging to the Norfolk & Western A bridge belonging to the Norfolk & Western Railway Co. sustained $45,000 in damage as Railway Co. sustained $45,000 in damage as the oil slick passed under it.  Both tracks on the oil slick passed under it.  Both tracks on the bridge had to be closed.  The railroad the bridge had to be closed.  The railroad tracks were noticeably warped, while the tracks were noticeably warped, while the railroad ties were charred.  railroad ties were charred. 

The other bridge, the Newburgh & South The other bridge, the Newburgh & South Shore Railroad bridge, withstood $5,000 of Shore Railroad bridge, withstood $5,000 of damage, as support timbers were scorched.damage, as support timbers were scorched.

CO/WY ASA # 7

THE FABLE OF THE CUYAHOGA THE FABLE OF THE CUYAHOGA RIVER BURNING - IIRIVER BURNING - II

THE FABLE OF THE CUYAHOGA THE FABLE OF THE CUYAHOGA RIVER BURNING - IIRIVER BURNING - II

CO/WY ASA # 8

THE 1950s and 1960sTHE 1950s and 1960sTHE 1950s and 1960sTHE 1950s and 1960s

I thought I was going to tell you I thought I was going to tell you about how deplorable a condition our about how deplorable a condition our waters had become by 1970.waters had become by 1970.

Frankly, the cities, counties and Frankly, the cities, counties and states had begun a substantial states had begun a substantial environmental cleanup effort by 1970environmental cleanup effort by 1970 Often not recognized Opposed by vested interests

TIME article galvanized public opinion TIME article galvanized public opinion Result: Clean Water Act of 1972

I thought I was going to tell you I thought I was going to tell you about how deplorable a condition our about how deplorable a condition our waters had become by 1970.waters had become by 1970.

Frankly, the cities, counties and Frankly, the cities, counties and states had begun a substantial states had begun a substantial environmental cleanup effort by 1970environmental cleanup effort by 1970 Often not recognized Opposed by vested interests

TIME article galvanized public opinion TIME article galvanized public opinion Result: Clean Water Act of 1972

CO/WY ASA # 9

FURTHER INFORMATION ON THIS FURTHER INFORMATION ON THIS HOAX, SEEHOAX, SEE

FURTHER INFORMATION ON THIS FURTHER INFORMATION ON THIS HOAX, SEEHOAX, SEE

http://www.cwru.edu/artsci/engl/http://www.cwru.edu/artsci/engl/marling/60s/pages/richoux/marling/60s/pages/richoux/TheFire.htmlTheFire.html

http://www.cwru.edu/artsci/engl/http://www.cwru.edu/artsci/engl/marling/60s/pages/richoux/marling/60s/pages/richoux/TheFire.htmlTheFire.html

CO/WY ASA # 10

LEGISLATIVE HISTORYLEGISLATIVE HISTORYLEGISLATIVE HISTORYLEGISLATIVE HISTORY

Federal Water Pollution Control Act first passed in 1956.

Water Quality Act of 1965 Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966 Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 The Federal Water Pollution Control Act

Amendments of 1972 Replaced the language of earlier acts Commonly known as the Clean Water Act Signed by Richard Nixon Many subsequent amendments

Federal Water Pollution Control Act first passed in 1956.

Water Quality Act of 1965 Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966 Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 The Federal Water Pollution Control Act

Amendments of 1972 Replaced the language of earlier acts Commonly known as the Clean Water Act Signed by Richard Nixon Many subsequent amendments

CO/WY ASA # 11

ECOLOGY and the CLEAN WATER ACTECOLOGY and the CLEAN WATER ACTECOLOGY and the CLEAN WATER ACTECOLOGY and the CLEAN WATER ACT

The Clean Water Act (CWA) The Clean Water Act (CWA) Specifically Mentions Aquatic Life AsSpecifically Mentions Aquatic Life As “… the protection and propagation of a

balanced indigenous population of shellfish, fish and wildlife,

and to allow recreational activities …” Statements like this occur at least 28Statements like this occur at least 28

times in the CWA sections times in the CWA sections numbered 3xxnumbered 3xx

Ecology covers this class of interests!

The Clean Water Act (CWA) The Clean Water Act (CWA) Specifically Mentions Aquatic Life AsSpecifically Mentions Aquatic Life As “… the protection and propagation of a

balanced indigenous population of shellfish, fish and wildlife,

and to allow recreational activities …” Statements like this occur at least 28Statements like this occur at least 28

times in the CWA sections times in the CWA sections numbered 3xxnumbered 3xx

Ecology covers this class of interests!

CO/WY ASA # 12

WHAT DID THE CLEAN WATER ACT WHAT DID THE CLEAN WATER ACT DO?DO?

WHAT DID THE CLEAN WATER ACT WHAT DID THE CLEAN WATER ACT DO?DO?

Provided federal assistance for Provided federal assistance for Sewer systems Water treatment plants Also required for permits for

discharges into waters Delegated responsibility for initial Delegated responsibility for initial

enforcement to the statesenforcement to the states But if the states didn’t do it, EPA

would

Provided federal assistance for Provided federal assistance for Sewer systems Water treatment plants Also required for permits for

discharges into waters Delegated responsibility for initial Delegated responsibility for initial

enforcement to the statesenforcement to the states But if the states didn’t do it, EPA

would

CO/WY ASA # 13

RELEVANT SECTIONS FOR TODAYRELEVANT SECTIONS FOR TODAYRELEVANT SECTIONS FOR TODAYRELEVANT SECTIONS FOR TODAY

Sec. 305. Water Quality Inventory (b) (1) Each State shall prepare and

submit to the Administrator … biennially …

a report which shall include – a description of the water quality of all

navigable waters in such State during the preceding year,

(2) The Administrator shall transmit such State reports, together with an analysis thereof, to Congress … biennially thereafter.

Sec. 305. Water Quality Inventory (b) (1) Each State shall prepare and

submit to the Administrator … biennially …

a report which shall include – a description of the water quality of all

navigable waters in such State during the preceding year,

(2) The Administrator shall transmit such State reports, together with an analysis thereof, to Congress … biennially thereafter.

CO/WY ASA # 14

Sec. 303. Water Quality Standards and Implementation Plans. (d) (1) (A) Each State shall identify those

waters within its boundaries for which the effluent limitations required by section 301(b)(l)(A) and … are not stringent enough to implement any water

quality standard applicable to such waters. … The State shall establish a priority ranking for such

waters, taking into account the severity of the pollution and the uses to be made of such waters.

(2) Each State shall submit … the waters identified and the loads established … such State shall incorporate them into it a current

plan {to mitigate the effect}

Sec. 303. Water Quality Standards and Implementation Plans. (d) (1) (A) Each State shall identify those

waters within its boundaries for which the effluent limitations required by section 301(b)(l)(A) and … are not stringent enough to implement any water

quality standard applicable to such waters. … The State shall establish a priority ranking for such

waters, taking into account the severity of the pollution and the uses to be made of such waters.

(2) Each State shall submit … the waters identified and the loads established … such State shall incorporate them into it a current

plan {to mitigate the effect}

RELEVANT SECTIONS FOR TODAY RELEVANT SECTIONS FOR TODAY continuedcontinued

RELEVANT SECTIONS FOR TODAY RELEVANT SECTIONS FOR TODAY continuedcontinued

CO/WY ASA # 15

NATIONAL EXTENT OF WATERSNATIONAL EXTENT OF WATERSNATIONAL EXTENT OF WATERSNATIONAL EXTENT OF WATERS

How many lakes, streams and rivers How many lakes, streams and rivers are the states suppose to report on?are the states suppose to report on?

Source – National Hydrographic Source – National Hydrographic Data Set (NHD) Data Set (NHD) A successor to EPA’s RF3

River Reach File version 3 Blue lines on 1:100,000 series of maps

Published by the United States Geologic Survey

Lets stick with the lower 48 states, Lets stick with the lower 48 states, because Alaska nearly doubles because Alaska nearly doubles extent, and is poorly mappedextent, and is poorly mapped

How many lakes, streams and rivers How many lakes, streams and rivers are the states suppose to report on?are the states suppose to report on?

Source – National Hydrographic Source – National Hydrographic Data Set (NHD) Data Set (NHD) A successor to EPA’s RF3

River Reach File version 3 Blue lines on 1:100,000 series of maps

Published by the United States Geologic Survey

Lets stick with the lower 48 states, Lets stick with the lower 48 states, because Alaska nearly doubles because Alaska nearly doubles extent, and is poorly mappedextent, and is poorly mapped

CO/WY ASA # 16

NATIONAL EXTENT OF WATERS NATIONAL EXTENT OF WATERS Sample Frame: LakesSample Frame: Lakes

NATIONAL EXTENT OF WATERS NATIONAL EXTENT OF WATERS Sample Frame: LakesSample Frame: Lakes

LakeArea(ha)

Number of

Lakes Percent

CumulativeNumber of

LakesCumulative

Percent1–5 172,747 63.8 172,747 63.8

5–10 44,996 16.6 217,743 80.4

10–50 40,016 14.8 257,759 95.2

50–500 11,228 4.1 268,987 99.3

500–5000 1,500 0.6 270,387 99.9

>5000 274 0.1 270,761 100.0

LakeArea(ha)

Number of

Lakes Percent

CumulativeNumber of

LakesCumulative

Percent1–5 172,747 63.8 172,747 63.8

5–10 44,996 16.6 217,743 80.4

10–50 40,016 14.8 257,759 95.2

50–500 11,228 4.1 268,987 99.3

500–5000 1,500 0.6 270,387 99.9

>5000 274 0.1 270,761 100.0

CO/WY ASA # 17

WHAT A NATIONAL SAMPLE LOOKS WHAT A NATIONAL SAMPLE LOOKS LIKELIKE

(FISH TISSUE CONTAMINANTS)(FISH TISSUE CONTAMINANTS)

CO/WY ASA # 18

EXTENT OF STREAM KILOMETERSEXTENT OF STREAM KILOMETERSEXTENT OF STREAM KILOMETERSEXTENT OF STREAM KILOMETERS

What is your guess?What is your guess?Map traces identified as perennial?

2.1 million kilometers (~1.25 million miles) Map traces identified as intermittent?

3.2 million kilometers (~1.9 million miles) Classification error rate? (In the West)

~20% coded perennial are nonperennial ~10% coded nonperennial are perennial

Blue lines are? See this map later.Blue lines are? See this map later.

What is your guess?What is your guess?Map traces identified as perennial?

2.1 million kilometers (~1.25 million miles) Map traces identified as intermittent?

3.2 million kilometers (~1.9 million miles) Classification error rate? (In the West)

~20% coded perennial are nonperennial ~10% coded nonperennial are perennial

Blue lines are? See this map later.Blue lines are? See this map later.

CO/WY ASA # 19

STATISTICAL ISSUES IN PAST STATISTICAL ISSUES IN PAST IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CWAIMPLEMENTATION OF THE CWA

STATISTICAL ISSUES IN PAST STATISTICAL ISSUES IN PAST IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CWAIMPLEMENTATION OF THE CWA

NO CRITERIA for how States were to NO CRITERIA for how States were to select waters on which to report!select waters on which to report! (How should such data be combined

across Sates?) State’s sites often reflected data State’s sites often reflected data

gathered in response to some gathered in response to some complaint.complaint. Thus EPA’s Office of Water contended

The actual condition of the Nation’s waters is substantially better than reported.

NO CRITERIA for how States were to NO CRITERIA for how States were to select waters on which to report!select waters on which to report! (How should such data be combined

across Sates?) State’s sites often reflected data State’s sites often reflected data

gathered in response to some gathered in response to some complaint.complaint. Thus EPA’s Office of Water contended

The actual condition of the Nation’s waters is substantially better than reported.

CO/WY ASA # 20

IMPETUS FOR EPA’S IMPETUS FOR EPA’S ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

AND ASSESSMENT PROGRAM (EMAP)AND ASSESSMENT PROGRAM (EMAP)

IMPETUS FOR EPA’S IMPETUS FOR EPA’S ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

AND ASSESSMENT PROGRAM (EMAP)AND ASSESSMENT PROGRAM (EMAP)

““What do you mean you don’t know how many What do you mean you don’t know how many acid lakes there are?”acid lakes there are?”

William Ruckelshaus - EPA Administrator - early 1980s

““Good News - Based on my years in the Good News - Based on my years in the environmental movement, I think the Agency environmental movement, I think the Agency does an exemplary job of protecting the nation’s does an exemplary job of protecting the nation’s public health and quality of the environment.”public health and quality of the environment.”

““Bad News - I can’t prove it.”Bad News - I can’t prove it.”William Reilly - EPA Administrator - 1989

CO/WY ASA # 21

Not Supporting

13%

FullySupporting

87%

Traditional Targeted Monitoring

FullySupporting

13%

Not Supporting

87%

Probability Survey

Fully Supporting

75%

Not Supporting

25%

Traditional Targeted Monitoring

Fully Supporting

95%

NotSupporting

5%

Probability Survey

IMPORTANCE OF EMAP-TYPE IMPORTANCE OF EMAP-TYPE DESIGNSDESIGNS

IMPORTANCE OF EMAP-TYPE IMPORTANCE OF EMAP-TYPE DESIGNSDESIGNS

Condition of a State’s streams using different designs

STATE B

STATE A

CO/WY ASA # 22

EMAPEMAPEMAPEMAP

Principles:Principles: Define the population of interest.

Develop a usable sampling frame for IT. And sample IT.

Develop relevant measures. Train field crews thoroughly. Exercise solid QA. Have and use a solid data retrieval

system. Learn from your mistakes.

Principles:Principles: Define the population of interest.

Develop a usable sampling frame for IT. And sample IT.

Develop relevant measures. Train field crews thoroughly. Exercise solid QA. Have and use a solid data retrieval

system. Learn from your mistakes.

CO/WY ASA # 23

EMAP – STATISTICAL TOOLSEMAP – STATISTICAL TOOLSEMAP – STATISTICAL TOOLSEMAP – STATISTICAL TOOLS

Classical finite population samplingClassical finite population sampling Focuses on a list – not continuous Assume enough knowledge of the

response to allow meaningful stratification.

Interesting ecological resources Interesting ecological resources are located in space – no listare located in space – no list Not well enough understood to allow

meaningful stratification. Water flows in channelsWater flows in channels

Distance needs to be measures “as the fish swims”, not “as the bird flies.”

Classical finite population samplingClassical finite population sampling Focuses on a list – not continuous Assume enough knowledge of the

response to allow meaningful stratification.

Interesting ecological resources Interesting ecological resources are located in space – no listare located in space – no list Not well enough understood to allow

meaningful stratification. Water flows in channelsWater flows in channels

Distance needs to be measures “as the fish swims”, not “as the bird flies.”

CO/WY ASA # 24

EMAP – STATISTICAL TOOLS - IIEMAP – STATISTICAL TOOLS - IIEMAP – STATISTICAL TOOLS - IIEMAP – STATISTICAL TOOLS - II

Developed Generalized Random Developed Generalized Random Tessellation Sampling (GRTS)Tessellation Sampling (GRTS) Spatially balanced Variable density Supports replacement of unusable

points Nontarget Physically inaccessible Access denied No evaluation needed – see next slide

Developed Generalized Random Developed Generalized Random Tessellation Sampling (GRTS)Tessellation Sampling (GRTS) Spatially balanced Variable density Supports replacement of unusable

points Nontarget Physically inaccessible Access denied No evaluation needed – see next slide

CO/WY ASA # 25

CLIFF AT MILE CLIFF AT MILE 135.2135.2

(PARTIAL HEIGHT)(PARTIAL HEIGHT)

CLIFF AT MILE CLIFF AT MILE 135.2135.2

(PARTIAL HEIGHT)(PARTIAL HEIGHT)

NO VEGETATION TRANSECT NEEDED HERE!NO VEGETATION TRANSECT NEEDED HERE!

EMAP SITE SELECTION PROTOCOL EMAP SITE SELECTION PROTOCOL ACCOMMODATES THIS, WHEREAS ACCOMMODATES THIS, WHEREAS TRADITIONAL METHODS DON’T.TRADITIONAL METHODS DON’T.

CO/WY ASA # 26

IS GRTS BEING USED?IS GRTS BEING USED?IS GRTS BEING USED?IS GRTS BEING USED?

CO/WY ASA # 27

CSU’s STARMAP CSU’s STARMAP MAJOR OBJECTIVESMAJOR OBJECTIVES

CSU’s STARMAP CSU’s STARMAP MAJOR OBJECTIVESMAJOR OBJECTIVES

TO ADVANCETO ADVANCE THE SCIENCE OF STATISTICS TECHNIQUES OF HIERARCHICAL SURVEY

DESIGN AND ALLIED TECHNIQUES

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL MODELING TO DEVELOP AND EXTEND THE

EXPERTISE ON DESIGN ANDANALYSIS TO THE STATES ANDTRIBES

TO ADVANCETO ADVANCE THE SCIENCE OF STATISTICS TECHNIQUES OF HIERARCHICAL SURVEY

DESIGN AND ALLIED TECHNIQUES

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL MODELING TO DEVELOP AND EXTEND THE

EXPERTISE ON DESIGN ANDANALYSIS TO THE STATES ANDTRIBES

CO/WY ASA # 28

STARMAP’S MAJOR OBJECTIVESSTARMAP’S MAJOR OBJECTIVESCONTINUEDCONTINUED

STARMAP’S MAJOR OBJECTIVESSTARMAP’S MAJOR OBJECTIVESCONTINUEDCONTINUED

TO EXPAND THE CADRE OFGRADUATES WITH

EXPERTISE AND EXPERIENCE IN SURVEY DESIGN AND ANALYSIS NEEDED TO SUCCESSFULLY MONITOR THE

CONDITION OF THE NATION’S AQUATIC RESOURCES

http://www.stat.colostate.edu/starmap/

TO EXPAND THE CADRE OFGRADUATES WITH

EXPERTISE AND EXPERIENCE IN SURVEY DESIGN AND ANALYSIS NEEDED TO SUCCESSFULLY MONITOR THE

CONDITION OF THE NATION’S AQUATIC RESOURCES

http://www.stat.colostate.edu/starmap/

CO/WY ASA # 29

STARMAP PROJECTSSTARMAP PROJECTS STARMAP PROJECTSSTARMAP PROJECTS

Combining Environmental Data Combining Environmental Data SetsSets

Local Estimation = “Small Area” Local Estimation = “Small Area” estimationestimation

Developing Environmental Developing Environmental IndicatorsIndicators GIS tool development

Outreach and ExtensionOutreach and Extension Learning materials relative to

environmental sampling and analysis

Combining Environmental Data Combining Environmental Data SetsSets

Local Estimation = “Small Area” Local Estimation = “Small Area” estimationestimation

Developing Environmental Developing Environmental IndicatorsIndicators GIS tool development

Outreach and ExtensionOutreach and Extension Learning materials relative to

environmental sampling and analysis

CO/WY ASA # 30

STARMAP PROJECTS - EXAMPLESSTARMAP PROJECTS - EXAMPLES STARMAP PROJECTS - EXAMPLESSTARMAP PROJECTS - EXAMPLES

Ranalli, M.G., F.J. Breidt, and H. Ranalli, M.G., F.J. Breidt, and H. Wang. Wang. Low-rank Smoothing Splines on CoLow-rank Smoothing Splines on Complex Domainsmplex Domains. Seminar, Atlantic Ecology . Seminar, Atlantic Ecology Division, EPA, Narragansett, RI.  Division, EPA, Narragansett, RI.  March 1, 2005.March 1, 2005.

Measuring distance “as the fish Measuring distance “as the fish swims” swims”

Ranalli, M.G., F.J. Breidt, and H. Ranalli, M.G., F.J. Breidt, and H. Wang. Wang. Low-rank Smoothing Splines on CoLow-rank Smoothing Splines on Complex Domainsmplex Domains. Seminar, Atlantic Ecology . Seminar, Atlantic Ecology Division, EPA, Narragansett, RI.  Division, EPA, Narragansett, RI.  March 1, 2005.March 1, 2005.

Measuring distance “as the fish Measuring distance “as the fish swims” swims”

CO/WY ASA # 31

Sample Sites

Mercury (Hg) Concentration ug/g") 0.010000 - 0.100000") 0.100001 - 0.200000") 0.200001 - 0.300000") 0.300001 - 0.500000") 0.500001 - 0.766387

Estuary boundary

New Hampshire

New Hampshire Estuary and Sample Locations

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CO/WY ASA # 32

STARMAP PROJECTS – EXAMPLE IISTARMAP PROJECTS – EXAMPLE II STARMAP PROJECTS – EXAMPLE IISTARMAP PROJECTS – EXAMPLE II

Spatial statistical models for Spatial statistical models for predicting water quality impairment predicting water quality impairment on stream networkson stream networks Ver Hoef, J.M., E. Peterson, and D.T.

Theobald. Spatial statistical models that use flow and stream distance. To appear in Environmental and Ecological Statistics Objective: Predicting the likelihood of

water quality impaired stream reaches; Developing GIS and spatial modeling methodologies for stream networks

Example: Maryland Stream Survey

Spatial statistical models for Spatial statistical models for predicting water quality impairment predicting water quality impairment on stream networkson stream networks Ver Hoef, J.M., E. Peterson, and D.T.

Theobald. Spatial statistical models that use flow and stream distance. To appear in Environmental and Ecological Statistics Objective: Predicting the likelihood of

water quality impaired stream reaches; Developing GIS and spatial modeling methodologies for stream networks

Example: Maryland Stream Survey

CO/WY ASA # 33

0 5,000 Meters

Maryland Bioglogical Stream Survey (MBSS) Sample Site Locations

Legend

MBSS sample sites

1:100,000 National Hydrography Dataset

Maryland

¯

0 30Kilometers

CO/WY ASA # 34

This research is funded by

U.S.EPA – Science To AchieveResults (STAR) ProgramCooperativeAgreement

# CR - 829095

The work reported here today was developed under the STAR Research Assistance Agreement CR-829095 awarded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to Colorado State University. This presentation has not been formally reviewed by EPA.  The views expressed here are solely those of presenter and STARMAP, the Program he represents. EPA does not endorse any products or commercial services mentioned in this presentation.

FUNDING ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

CO/WY ASA # 35

End of prepared presentationEnd of prepared presentation

Questions are welcome!Questions are welcome!

SeeSee

http://www.stat.colostate.edu/starmap/publicahttp://www.stat.colostate.edu/starmap/publications/tions/

And many related talks, reports, etcAnd many related talks, reports, etc

End of prepared presentationEnd of prepared presentation

Questions are welcome!Questions are welcome!

SeeSee

http://www.stat.colostate.edu/starmap/publicahttp://www.stat.colostate.edu/starmap/publications/tions/

And many related talks, reports, etcAnd many related talks, reports, etc