Statistics for Analytical Chemistry- Vietnamese

7/24/2019 Statistics for Analytical Chemistry- Vietnamese

1/150

X l thng k

s liu phn tch

Bi gi ng tm t t

PGS.TS.T Th Tho


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Khi nim v Ha phn tch Ha phn tchl ngnh hahcnghi!n c"# v thnh

ph$n c%# to &'nh tnh(v hm l)*ng cc thnh ph$n&'nh l)*ng(t+ong nh,ng m-# ho /t.

Ha phntch 'ng vai t+0 1#an t+ng t+ong hoa hc2 3th#4t2 t+ong nghi!n c"# hoa hc5 'i# t+a c6 7n '8 pht

t+i8n tim n9ng2 hai thc ti ng#:!n hong /n5 'nh gich%t l)*ng /n ph;m< Ha hc phn tch ngnh hoa hc "ng =>ng t?ng h*p

cc thnh t@# cAa cc ngnh hoa hc hcc li!n 1#annh)B ha hc2 v4t lC2 ton hc D tin hc2 /inh hc D mEi

t+)Fng2 v t+>2 hi =)6ng hc2 'a ch%t2 'a lC.v.v...: lmIt ngnh hoa hc c /@ tch h*p cao cAa nhi# ngnhhoa hc t@ nhi!n m m>c 'ch c#Ji cng cAa n l 'Lmli l*i ch tJi 'a cho hoa hc2 'Fi /Jng v /@ pht t+i8ncAa con ng)Fi.
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc


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WHY TO STUDY ANAL. CHEM.

Moo=

NL=icinL

Pha+ma+c:

OhLmicalin=#/t+:

SpacLin=#/t+:

Hi/to+:aQ

RthL+/

GLolog:

nL+gLtic/

O+iminolog:

Tocicolog:

g+ic#lt#+Lnvi+onmLntal

nal:ticalchLmi/t+:


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Phn tch nh tnh Phn tch nh ln

Phn tch ha h!c Phn tch c"n c#


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$%c%nt t%chn&'(%) *+ Anal,t&cal Ch%-&)t,

OhLmical

mLtho=/

UiochLmi/t+:

Uiolog:

mLtho=/

Ph:/:calmLtho=/

Ph:/icoD chLmicalmLtho=/

NathLmatic

mLtho=/

OhLmomLt+:

nal:tical chLmit+:


6/150

Qu trnh phn tch

1.Xc nh vn nghin cu2.Chn phng php phn tch

3. Ly mu!.Chu"n # mu

$.%ch v& '&m gi&u cht phn tch (n)uc*n+ ,.-hn tch

.X/ '0 thng 'i4u phn tc v& #5 c5 )t 6u7


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Qu trnh phn tch (tip)V. Wc 'nh v%n ' nghi!n c"# phi hi8# +X

O$n Yc 'nh 'i l)*ng noZ

nh tnh ha: 'nh l)*ngZ K[t 1# ')*c =ng lm g\Z i /] /^ =>ng

thEng tin ' v hi no c$n thEng tin 'Z I '_ng v 'I chnh Yc c$n 't ')*c l 7ao

nhi!#Z Gi thnh phn tchZ `g)Fi phn tch c$n h#:!n hch hng '

Y#%t nh,ng ph)6ng php phn tch v cch l%:m-# hi# #.


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Qu trnh phn tch (tip)/. Ch!n ph0n ph1p phn tch c2n c3 45* oi m-# SJ l)*ng v hJi l)*ng m-# c$n l%: '8 phn tch m gi# &n[# hm l)*ng ch%t phn tch 1# nh( Tha mbn 'I chn lc &loi ')*c ch%t g: cn t+( p "ng ')*c 'I '_ng v 'I chnh Yc Thi[t 7 v m: mc /dn c. Ii ng 3 th#4t vi!n v inh nghim Gi c

ThFi gian phn tch e#i t+\nh phn tch t@ 'Ing ha: hEngZ Ph)6ng php phn tch c /dn t+ong ti li# tham ho

ha: hEngZ Oc ph)6ng php ti!# ch#;n c /dn hEngZ


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Qu trnh phn tch (tip)

f. %: m-# Yc 'nh YLm oi m-# no N-# 'i =in ha: m-# ng-# nhi!n Kch th)c m-# &/J l)*ng v l)*ng m-#(

N-# thJng ! ha: m-# t?ng th8 Sai /J hi l%: m-#Z


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Qu trnh phn tch6. Ch(7n 8 -9( phn tch t:, th%* N-# l ch%t +n2 lng ha: ch%t h Oh%t phn tch =ng tan ha: hEng tan t+ong n)c T+o ha hE ha: Y^ lC m-# thLo ph)6ng php )t Tch ch%t 7ng ph)6ng php ha hc ha: chL cc

ch%t cn t+ n[# c$nZ O c$n lm gi# ch%t phn tch hEngZ

O$n ch#:8n =ng ch%t phn tch '8 Yc 'nhhEngZ O$n 'i# chjnh mEi t+)Fng m-# phn tchZ & pH2

th!m th#Jc th^


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Qu trnh phn tch (tip)

k. Tch ch%t 7ng ph)6ng php ha hc hic$n thi[tOh)ng c%tK[t tAaOhi[t 7ng =#ng mEiOhi[t pha +n

Tch /c Cin =i


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Qu trnh phn tch (tip). Phn tch ThLo ph)6ng php ha hcB DPP t+ng l)*ng D PP phn tch th8 tch & 3 th#4t ch#;n 'I( ThLo ph)6ng php phn tch cEng c>

D @ng ')Fng ch#;n &t\m 1#an h gi,a tn hi# phntch v nng 'I ch%t phn tch( D Phn tch m-# ch)a 7i[t D Phn tch m-# hi# chjnhm-# ch#;n i8m t+a v m-#

t+ng.

D Phn tch m-#lqp

. W^ lC /J li# phn tch v 7o co [t 1#-hn tch thng 'i4u th8c nghi4m

95 c5 )t 6u7 phn tch


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S&nal ;n)t(-%ntalM%th*?a,@ U@ 4&)&8l%@ %l%ct*n@

A(%B +l(*%)c%nc%@ ph*)ph*%)c%nc%@ an?a,@ U@ an< 4&)&8l%B

7/o+ption or +a=iation Sp%ct*ph*t*-%t, an< ph*t*-%t, =>?a,@ U@ 4&)&8l%@;$B ph*t*ac*()t&c )p%ct*)c*p, n(cl%a -an%t&c%)*nanc% an< %l%ct*n )p&n %)*nanc% )p%ct*)c*p,

ScattL+ing or +a=iation T#+7i=imLt+:5nLphLlomLt+:5 saman /pLct+o/cop:sLr+action or +a=iation sLr+actomLt+:5 intL+rL+omLt+:

irr+action or +a=iation WD+a: an= LlLct+on =irr+action mLtho=/

sotation or +a=iation P*la&-%t, *pt&cal *tat,


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S* )1nh c1c th(Ft phn tch

NLtho= pp+oY.+angL& mol(

pp+oYp+Lci/ion &(

SLlLctivit: SpLL= Oo/t P+inciplL #/L/

G+avimLt+:

Tit+imLt+:

PotLntionmLt+:

lLct+og+avimLt+:2

co#lomLt+:

uoltammLt+:

SpLct+ophotomLt+:

Ml#o+omLt+:tomic /pLct+omLt+:

Oh+omatog+aph:

KinLtic mLtho=/

VDVDVDw

VDVDVD

VDVDVD

VDVDVD

VDfDVDV

VDfDVD

VDDVDxVDfDVDx

VDfDVDx

VDwDVDV

.V

.VDV

w

.VDw

wDk

w

wDk

wDV

wDk

wDV

Poo+D mo=.

Poo+D mo=.

Goo=

No=L+atL

Goo=

Goo=Dmo=.

No=L+atL

Goo=

Goo=

Goo=DNo=.

SloQ

No=.

Ma/t

SloQDmo=.

No=L+atL

Ma/tD mo=.

No=L+atL

Ma/t

Ma/tDNo=.

Ma/tD No=.

oQ

oQ

oQ

No=.

No=.

oQD No=.

No=.

No=.D High

No=.Dhigh

No=.

yno+g.

yno+g.2 R+g.

yno+g.

yno+g.2 o+g.

yno+g.2 o+g.

yno+g.2 o+g.

R+g.

yno+gD N#ltiLlL.

R+g. N#lticom.yno+g.2o+g2Lnz:mL


15/150

S? ghi ch{p t+ong ph0ng th nghim /? ')*c =ng '8 ghi cEng vic phn tch

t+ong PT`2 nh,ng ti li# ha: 7%t c" cEng vicno 7n ti[n hnh.

NIt /J chj =-n chnhB| =ng /? c 7\a c"ng

| 'nh /J t+ang nJi ti[p nha#| chj ghi 7ng 7_t m@c| hEng 7ao giF ')*c ph{p Y{ 'i t+ang no.| ghi +X ng: vo m}i t+ang2 C nh4n v phi c

ch, C Yc nh4n cAa ng)Fi c t+ch nhim| ghi +X t!n cEng vic ti[n hnh2 ti /ao n ')*c

ti[n hnh v ti li# tham ho l g\.| ghi t%t c /J li# m 7n th# ')*c


16/150

S? ghi ch{p t+ong ph0ng th nghim

u => v mIt cch ghi ch{p t+ong /? th nghimB| `g: lm th nghimB| T!n th nghim

| `g#:!n tc ti[n hnh th nghim| Phn "ng =ng '8 'nh l)*ngB| Th nghim pha ch[ =#ng =ch ch#;n2 th#Jc

th^< v nng 'I ch#;n


17/150

Chng 1: Cc dng sai strong Ha phn tch1. :;i

2. :;i tuy4t i v& ;i tng i

3. :;i ngu nhin v& ;i < h4 thng!. :;i th< v& ;i tch '=y$. >? '@p 'Ai v& ? ti 'Bp

,. >? chnh c v& ? chDm. : cE nghF;

G HvIJy mI;uJImInt th;t i m;KI i u#Ict t5 ; num#IJ 5M IJJ5J.

If you cannot measure it you cannot !no" it#


18/150

:;i tuy4t i OX

O gi tJ 5 Pc Q gi tJ th8c XO Q

:;i tng i O xO X R -h*n tJSm ;i tng iO x 1TT

(U+

Sai /J t#:t 'Ji DSai /J

t)6ng 'Ji

S J -


19/150

~ /ai /J hEng Yc 'nh ')*c &ha: hEng i8m /ot')*c2 g: +a =o cc :[# tJ hch 1#an hoqc chA 1#anhEng 7i[t t+)c(

~ Sai /J c th8 c gi t+ m hoqc =)6ng &gi t+ th@cnghim th# ')*c ln h6n hoqc nh h6n gi t+ th@c(

~ Gim /ai /J ng-# nhi!n 7ng cch|ti[n hnh nhi# th nghim|i8m /ot tJt 'i# in th@c nghim &t+ang thi[t

72 ph)6ng php2 +n l#:n ta: ngh phn tchng c>2 thi[t 7 'o lm [t

1# lch v mIt pha

qc 'i8mB DSai /J l#En =)6ng v l#En m

~ O th8 hi# chjnh [t 1#~ O th8 l /ai /J h thJng hEng '?i hoqc 7i[n '?i

8 pht hin /ai /J h thJngB

ng m-# ch#;n ')*c ch"ng nh4n &m-# OsN(

Phn tch m-# t+ng &7lan /amplL(

S^ =>ng ph)6ng php phn tch hc

Tham gia c#Ic thi th^ nghim thnh tho &nhi# ng)Fiphn tch t nhi# PT` hc nha# phn tch cng m-# v/o /nh [t 1#(

J


21/150

P+opo+tional L++o+

inrl#LncL/ thL/lopL.

Oon/tant L++o+ inrl#LncL/ thLintL+cLpt.

Oc loi /ai /J


22/150

Co!put"tion #rror

Addition or Subtraction

Z = A + B C Z = A + B + C

Multiplication or Division

Z = AB / C Z / Z = (A / A) + (B / B) + (C / C)

General function

Z = f (ABC) Z = (df/dA)A+ (df/dB)B+ (df/dC)B

V)u h


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Ph{p cIng v ph{p t+

%ultiplic"tion "n$ $i&ision


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%ultiplic"tion "n$ $i&ision

!"en #ultipl$in% or dividin% #easure#ents t"e rl"ti& rrors "r "$$$&

Conse'uentl$ t"e absolute errors of t"e #easure#ents #ust first be converted to relativ

errors&

#'"!pl 1

A = (&* ,&,-) c# A = ,&,- c# A = ,&,- c# / &* c# = ,&,.*B = (*& ,&.) c#. B = ,&. c#. B = ,&. c#./ *& c#.= ,&,.0

1roduct of A and B AB = (&* c#)(*& c#.) = .-&- c#2= .-& c#2to 2 S3

Addin% relative errors AB = A + B = ,&,.* + ,&,.0 = ,&,22 = ,&,-

4"e 5 relative error in t"e product AB is t"erefore = - 5

Ph{p nhn v chia


25/150

L y m u Chu n b m u"

Phn tch

-M u i di n? A 4-M u ng nh t hay [ khng ng nh t?[

S m t m u8 Nhi m b n\ "

(t bn ngoi] -! nh " ng ch t #hn tch P -$y d ng ng chu n8 ^ "

Sai % do thi t b ) Sai % do dung d ch chu n "

&o' about %am#"ing achoco"at chi# cooki?

I. Sa& )G cG nh /. Sa& )G tha, J&K. Sa& )G th- 45* t*n '(1 tnh phn tch 6. Sa& )G


26/150

DOhj m"c 'I g$n nha# gi,a cc [t 1#+i!ng 7it 't ')*c 7i cng ph)6ng php

vi cng m-# phn tch 'qc t+)ngD`[# ti[n hnh t+ong nh,ng 'i# in nh)

nha# &cng ng)Fi phn tch2 cng t+angthi[t 72 cng PT`2 v t+ong hong thFigian ngn( th\ gi l 'I lqp li &+LpLata7ilit:(.

`[# ti[n hnh t+ong nh,ng 'i# in hcnha# &hc ng)Fi phn tch2 hc t+angthi[t 72 hc PT` v thFi gian hc nha#(

th\ gi l 'I ph>c hi &+Lp+o=#ci7ilit:(.

I lqp li v 'I ph>c hi


27/150

V ch#- 45 V chnh 1c

Gi t+ th@c &t+#L val#L(B~l gi t+ ch#;n2 gi t+'Ji ch"ng hoqc gi t+')*c ch%p nh4n

I chnh Yc &cc#+ac:(~ chj m"c 'I g$n vigi t+ th@c

I ch>m &P+Lci/ion(~ chj'I ph>c hi hoqc 'It+ng nha# cAa cc git+ 'o t+ong cc ph{p 'o

lqp li


28/150

I chnh Yc&cc#+ac:DD P+Lci/ion(I ch>m Ohj 't ')*c hi cc

gi t+ 'o g$n gi t+th@c

O$n gim /ai /J ng-#

nhi!n v /ai /J hthJng '8 t9ng 'I'_ng

#En /^ =>ng m-#ch#;n ')*c ch"ngnh4n &OsN( '8 /o/nh [t 1#

Oho th%: m"c 'I tnmn cAa cc [t 1#'o +i!ng 7it /o vi git+ t+#ng 7\nh

Oho 7i[t 'I ph>c hicAa ph{p 'o

T9ng 'I chnh Yc cAa

ph)6ng php 7ngcch gim /ai /J ng-#nhi!n


29/150

Ch0n /X C1c & ln thGn

m th[ no '8 'nh gi t?ng /ai /J cAa1# t+\nh phn tchZ

D S^ =>ng m-# ch#;n 'Ji ch"ng nh) mItm-# phn tch '8 i8m t+a.

D N-# ch#;n 'Ji ch"ng phi ')*c phn

tch cng 1# t+\nh nh) m-# phn tch '8Y{t m"c 'I g$n nha# cAa cc [t 1#th@c nghim vi [t 1# cho t+)c t+ong

thnh ph$n m-# ch#;n

N- t? th8 - thJ !


30/150

N-# t?ng th8 v m-# thJng !&pop#lation v/. /amplL(

N-# t?ng th8 l t%t c cc m-# phn tch mIt loi'Ji t)*ng no ' uB c$n phn tch hm l)*ng aYit a/co7ic t+ong vi!n vitamin O

V gam.

Khi ' t%t c cc m-# vitamin O V mg ')*c gi l m-# t?ngth8 N-# thJng ! l mIt ph$n m-# t?ng th8 ')*c l%: '8

phn tch

`[# l%: +a mIt l vitamin O V mg '8 phn tch th\ gi l m-#thJng !.T+ong /J cc m-# thJng ! th\ mItm-# 'Lm vo phn tch ')*cgi l m-# phn tch

Generally only data for samples is available since it is generallyimpossible to obtain data for the whole population

x


31/150

Oc 'i l)*ng thJng !

Gi t+ t+#ng 7\nh &mLan(B

T+#ng v &mL=ian(`[# /p Y[p ` gi t+ lqp li t+ong t4p /J

li# thLo th" t@ t9ng '$n hoqc gim =$n t YV2 Yw2


32/150

V lch ch(7n=Stan


33/150

h: =ivi=L 7: `DV QhLn calc#lating/Z

`DV =Lg+LL/ or r+LL=om &r( or /amplL~ n#m7L+ or in=LpLn=Lnt val#L/ on Qhich a

+L/#lt i/ 7a/L=2 o+ thL n#m7L+ or val#L/ inthL rinal calc#lation or a /tati/tic that a+L +%%

t* 4a,~ ro+ a pop#lation r `

~ ro+ a /amplL r `DV

onL r lo/t QhLn calc#lating thL vL+agL or a/amplL


34/150

No+L on r/4o calculate t"e std& dev& of a rando# sa#ple 6e #ust first calculate

t"e #ean of t"at sa#ple and t"en co#pute t"e su# of t"e severals'uared deviations fro# t"at #ean&

!"ile t"ere 6ill be n suc" s'uared deviations onl$ (n 7 ) of t"e# arein fact free to assu#e an$ value 6"atsoever&

4"is is because t"e final s'uared deviation fro# t"e #ean #ust includet"e one value of 8 suc" t"at t"e su# of all t"e 8s divided b$ n 6ille'ual t"e obtained #ean of t"e sa#ple&

All of t"e ot"er (n 7 ) s'uared deviations fro# t"e #ean cant"eoreticall$ "ave an$ values 6"atsoever&

3or t"ese reasons std& dev& of a sa#ple is said to "ave onl$ (n 7 )de%rees of freedo#&

G 9 J Z


35/150

TFp )G l&( tR -9( tJn thZ[h& )G th nh&- l\n

N ]N ] th xx ] ^] ^ v ) ]) ] __

trung bnh tp hp lch chun tphp.

Khi ti[n hnh th nghim m th# ')*c'I lch ch#;n nh th\ [t 1# /] chnhYc h6n.

Tuy nhin, chnh xc tt !h"ng n#ir$ng %ng tt.

[`t '( thbc nh&- thn c 8&Z(


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I /ai ch# n&Stan=a+= =Lviation or thL mLan(

&/tan=a+= L++o+( Khi tnh 'I lch ch#;n cAa mIt /J gi t+ t+#ng 7\nh th\ t?ng 'I lch gi,a cc gi t+ t+#ng 7\nh /]gim n[# chia 'I l!ch ch#;n cho c9n 74c hai cAa /J th nghim

/ 'I lch ch#;n gi,a cc gi t+ +i!ng +]

/m 'I lch ch#;n gi,a cc gi t+ t+#ng 7\nh

s s

Nm =

= P i i


37/150

cc#+ac: an= P+Lci/ion

Un ch%t 'Ichnh Yc v' lqp li

chnh Yc vch>m Ohj ch>mnh)ng hEngchnh Yc

KhEng chnhYc v hEngch>m

nghathJng !

I lch ch#;n&S( ha: h /J7i[n thi!n &Ou(nhSai /J t)6ng 'Jinh

I lch ch#;n&S( ha: h /J7i[n thi!n &Ou( nhSai /J t)6ng'Ji ln

I lchch#;n &S(ha: h /J 7i[nthi!n &Ou(lnSai /J t)6ng

'Ji ln

,h cnt oth tagt i%th tu /a"u.

+h h


38/150

0 nghathJng !

Sai /J gi,a

cc ph{p 'o+%t nh

T%t c cc

gi t+ 'o g$ngi t+ th@c

O$n gi t+ch#;n v git+ th@c '8 /o/nh

Oc gi t+

'o ch>mnha# nh)nglch hi git+ th@c

Sai =o')Fng ch#;nhoqc ph{p 'o

ha: =o /ai /Jh thJng

hi# "ng

7n /_ng

O$n lm li

th nghim2tha: '?iph)6ngphp hoqc

ng)Fi hclm thnghim

Ch m / chnh 0*cD Ch ch ma D +hng ch m /Dkhng chnh 0*c

Ui8# =in 'I chnh Yc


39/150

Ui8# =in 'I chnh Yc&acc#+ac:(v 'I ch>m &p+Lci/ion(

Gi t+ t+#ng 7\nh &NLan(&avL+agL( Sai /J t)6ng 'Ji&PL+cLnt L++o+(

Khong 7i[n thi!n

I lch

I lch ch#;n H /J 7i[n thi!n

! ch m? D

!?chnh0*c

&SLL al/o in chaptL+ f(


40/150

Ph0n )a& =a&anc%B

V lch ch(7n t0n G&=$%lat&4% )tan


41/150

) 1o0 and 'hi%k #"ot on Minitab 23

,ung / +ho ng bi n thin7 )

! " ch " n? 4 b! " ch? 4

nh

d&1 t 8it thn

SG c nhja


42/150

SG c nhja /J cc ch, /J t+ong [t 1# phn tch

phn nh 'I '_ng cAa ph{p 'o v 'I chnhYc cAa gi t+ 'o. K[t 1# ')*c 7o co vi /J c ngha t nh%t

&t+ong ph{p nhn v chia( hoqc t /J c nghanh%t /a# =%# th4p phn &t+ong ph{p cIng vt+(

e#i )c /J c ngha

Oc con /J t@ nhi!n nh)V2 2 x< SJ gi,a cc /J c ngha SJ /a# /J t@ nhi!n v 7!n phi /J th4p phn

G


43/150

L5- tkn )G

Oc ch, /J c$n ')*c lm t+0n v /J c nghahi 7o co [t 1# phn tch

`[# 7 cc /J 222x2 th\ t9ng ga t+ t+)c nl!n V '6n v.

`[# loi 7 cc /J V2w2f22 th\ hEng tha: '?i

con /J '"ng t+)c n.`[# loi 7 /J k th\ lm t+0n /J t+)c ' v /J

chdn g$n nh%t.

& d'( ),)* l+m trn th+nh ),)- ),.* th+nh ),/0

Ph0n ph1p 8&Z(


44/150

Ph0n ph1p 8&Z(


45/150

Th


46/150

Oh)6ng fBPhn ph i lC th#: t Ui8# =in [t 1# phn tch 7ng ' th.

&/^ =>ng ph$n mm R+igin2 Ninita72 YcLl


47/150

Hm phn 7J v ch#;n phn 7J

Hm phn 7J l g\Z Oh#;n phn 7J l g\ZHm phn 7J l hm ton hc 7i8# =in 1#i

l#4t phn 7J cAa t4p /J li# v ')*c minhha 7ng ' th

ng =>ngBD cho 7i[t /@ phn 7J cc /J li#D =@ 'on h n9ng Y#%t hin cAa

ch_ng. H5- phn 8G c thZ l&n t#c h*c & c


48/150

Oc loi hm phn 7J

m&n*-&alD&)t&8(t&*n

N*-al D&)t&8(t&*n

P*&))*n D&)t&8(t&*n Ep*n%nt&al

D&)t&8(t&*n

L*&)t&c D&)t&8(t&*n t?D&)t&8(t&*n

Ch&?)'(a%ng ch#;n thJng ! '8 loi

7 /J li# 7%t th)Fng Ti!# ch#;n VB 1#i tc w Ti!# ch#;n wB ch#;n iYon

Oh#;n iYon &ch#;n e( loi gi t+ 7%t


72/150

Oh#;n iYon &ch#;n e( loi gi t+ 7%tth)Fng

Sp Y[p cc /J li# th# ')*c thLo chi# t9nghoqc gim =$n

ng eDtL/t 'nh gi [t 1# nghi ngF hc Ya7ao nhi!# /o vi /J c0n li t+ong t4p /J li#B

DTnh gi t+ e thLo 7i8# th"c

D So /nh vi gi t+ e ch#;n t+a 7ng

e&P2x2 `(

`[# etnh ech#;nth\ ' l /ai /J thE

#in#aJ xx

xx canlanngonghi

Tnh )G th nh&- cn t&`n h5nh lp l&


73/150

gi t+ th@c ha: gi t+ mong m#JnY gi t+ 'o ')*c

n /J m-# c$n lm lqp li

/w

ph)6ng /aiL 'I /ai hc gi,a gi t+ 'o ')*c v gi t+ th@c

t ')*c t+a 7ng hi n

%

n

tsJ= .

..

e

st

n=

Tnh )G th nh&- cn t&`n h5nh lp l&

Ph)6ng php tnh ')*c lqp li '[n hi n hEng tha: '?i

So snh gi tr trung bnh tp


74/150

So snh gi tr trung bnh tphp v gi thc&V (

N>c 'ch B i8m t+a t+#ng 7\nh t4p h*p c hc nha#c ngha vi gi t+ th@c cho t+)c vha: hEng .

Gi thi[t thJng ! l HvB v2 n[# hEng tho mbn th\ ha: v m"c tin c4: thEng ! cho t+)c.

e#:[t 'nh m"c C ngha 2 tha: '?i 7c 7 n[# n '_ng=@a t+!n m"c tin c4: thJng ! /^ =>ng t+ong t+)Fng h*pphn phJi ch#;n

Tnh gi t+ v /o /nh vi g t+ ch#;n t+ong 7ng.f.

D`[# DV2x hoqc V2x th\ loi 7 gi thi[t 'o &vi2k(

DT+ong ph$n mm m: tnhB gi thi[t 'o ')*c ch%p nh4nn[# Pval#L 2k( &t"c l giJng nha#(

S* )1nh &1 t t(n 8nh 4\& &1


75/150

S* )1nh &1 t t(n 8nh 4\& &1t thbc =ItB

Tnh gi t+ tB

So /nh ttnhvi tch#;n&tt+a 7ng p2xk v r`DV( `[# ttnh t7ng 1hay 2value34,4*5 th6 hai gi tr7 !hc

nhau c# 8 ngh9a thng !

t

x N

scalc =

( )

=

=

=

x ts

N

x ts

N

x N

st

So /nh hai t4p /J li#


76/150

So /nh hai t4p /J li#So /nh cc gi t t+#ng 7\nh &TDtL/t( &wt(

~Oc /J li# hEng tng cqpN-# /o /nh ')*c l%: cng m-# t?ng th8

~u => /o /nh [t 1# phn tch P7 t+ong n)c ng$m H` cAa hai PT` hcnha#

~SJ li# tng cqpOc m-# hEng cng m-# t?ng th8

~u => /o /nh hm l)*ng cholL/tL+ol t+ong m# cAa nh,ng 7nh nhn hcnha# /^ =>ng hai ph)6ng php phn tch

~So /nh ph)6ng /ai hai t4p /J li# &MDtL/t(

~Ohj /o /nh cc /J li# hEng tng cqp


77/150

So /nh hai ph)6ng /ai &MDtL/t(

DTnh M B

DSo /nh Mtnhvi M7ng&P2xk2 rV2rw(

D`[# Mtnh

M7ng

&ha: Pval#L

2k( th\ SV

an= Swhc nha#c C ngha thJng !

..

.

& >=

S

SFcal


78/150

S* )1nh ha& &1 t t(n 8nh


79/150

S* )1nh ha& &1 t t(n 8nh=(npa&%<


80/150

S* )1nh ha& &1 t t(n 8nh=(npa&%<


81/150

=(npa&%<


82/150

=pa&%<


83/150

ypuI N-# phn tch t

cng mIt ng#n

Oc ph{p /o /nh ccng /J th nghim

Ph)6ng /ai cAa hai ph{p/o /nh c giJng nha# hEng

Oh)6ng kB `Ru &anal:/i/ or va+iancL(


84/150

Oh)6ng kB `Ru &anal:/i/ or va+iancL(

2hCn b tB '8 i8m t+a /@ hc nha# gi,a haigi t+ t+#ng 7\nh.

Oh#;n t hEng ph h*p t+ong mIt /J t+)Fngh*p /a#~ Ohj =@a t+!n mIt ph$n =, li#

~ O 1# nhi# /o /nh nh)ng chj mIt /J t+ong 'c C ngha thJng !

~ KhEng th8 /o /nh nhi# ga t+ t+#ng 7\nh cAa ccnhm t+ong cng mIt m-# t?ng th8

S@ c$n thi[t /^ =>ng `Ru


85/150

S@ c$n thi[t /^ =>ng `Ru

Gi thi[t thJng ! c$n i8m t+a t+ong `RuBcc ga t+ t+#ng 7\nh m-# hc nha#

Phi =ng `Ru v\ c$n i8m t+a ph)6ng /ai

cAa cc gi t+ t+#ng 7\nh c hc nha# c nghaha: hEng

ng =>ng hcB `Ru =ng '8 'nh ga nhh)ng chnh v nh h)ng t)6ng h} cAa mItha: nhi# :[# tJ '[n [t 1# th nghim

Th#4t ton /o /nh cc gi t+ t+#ng\ R


86/150

g g7\nh 7ng `Ru

GTTKB HB V w f


87/150

g g:[# tJ '[n [t 1# th nghim

i# in /^ =>ng `RuB N-# ')*c l%: ng-# nhi!n t m-# t?ng th8

Oc nhm m-# ')*c phn tch 'Ic l4p

nha#. Oc th nghim lqp li cAa m}i m-# ')*c

ti[n hnh 'Ic l4p nha#

T4p /J li# cAa m-# t?ng th8 phi t#nthLo phn 7J ch#;n

TQo So#+cL/ or ua+ia7ilit:


88/150

: #n $%&'$ an )stimat) of *ariabi!it+

b)t,))n groups is compar)d ,ith*ariabi!it+ ,ithin groups-Q .)t,))n/group *ariation is th) *ariation among

th) m)ans of th) di0)r)nt tr)atm)nt conditionsdu) to chanc) (random samp!ing )rror" and

tr)atm)nt )0)cts if an+ )xist-Q 1ithin/group *ariation is th) *ariation du) to

chanc) (random samp!ing )rror" among indi*idua!sgi*)n th) sam) tr)atm)nt-A N O A

W & t h & n ? d . * ( p ) a . & a t & * n

u a + i a t i o n = # L t o c h a n c L .

m % t q % % n ? d . * ( p ) a . & a t & * n

u a + i a t i o n = # L t o c h a n c L

a n = t + L a t m L n t L r r L c t & i r a n : L Y i / t i / ( .

T * t a l a . & a t & * n A - * n S c * . % )

ua+ia7ilit: ULtQLLn G+o#p/


89/150

ua+ia7ilit: ULtQLLn G+o#p/

Th%% &) a l*t *+ 4a&a8&l&t, +*- *n% -%an t* th% n%t. La%


90/150

`Ru mIt :[# tJ

Tnh cc 'i l)*ngi= trun% bn" c"un% + @n" "]n% can"E# + qi

i= %iM trV ca >Tt 'u@ p"n tLc" t"` itron% n"E# t"` @n" "]n% ca n"E# = s >"Mc n"au %iOa cMc %iM trV

trun% bn" c@u #u t\n% t": t"` v trun% bn"

c"un%qiis l %iM trV n%u n"iNn ca p"n bD c"umn vhi %iM

trV trun% bn" bkn% ,

ThL Dsatio


91/150

A N O A = B

M % a n S ' ( a . % ) W & t h & n

W & t h & n ? d . * ( p ) a . & a t & * n

u a + i a t i o n = # L t o c h a n c L .

M % a n S ' ( a . % ) m % t q % % n

m % t q % % n ? d . * ( p ) a . & a t & * n

u a + i a t i o n = # L t o c h a n c La n = t + L a t m L n t L r r L c t & i r a n : L Y i / t i / ( .

T * t a l a . & a t & * n A - * n S c * . % )

F=

MSbetween

MSwithin

bilit$Grouparia!it"in

bilit$GroupariaBet6een

=F

ThL Dsatio


92/150

F

=

MSbetween

MSwithin

MSbetween= SSbetweendfbetween

MSwithin = SSwithin

dfwithin

SStotal= SSbetween+ SSwithin

ThL DsatioB SS ULtQLLn


93/150

J;nK %5t;' (;KK ;'' 5MthI c5JI t5gIthIJthIn 6u;JI thI t5t;'+

%5t;' num#IJ 5Mu#Ict.

N

%

n

&SS'et(een

..

=

dinK I;ch gJ5up t5t;' 6u;JIit ;nK KiviKI #y thI num#IJ

5M u#Ict in thI gJ5up

.

)( g)andg)oup'et(een **nSS =

ThL DsatioB SS ithin


94/150

:6u;JIK gJ5up t5t;'.

Vum#IJ 5Mu#Ict inI;ch gJ5up.

n

&*SS(ithin

.. =

:6u;JI I;ch inKiviKu;' c5JI;nK thIn ;KK up ;'' 5M thI

6u;JIK c5JI

.

)( g)oup(ithin **SS =

ThL D satioB SS Total


95/150

ThL DsatioB SS Total

)7%roupsofnu#ber='et(eendf

SStotal= X2

G 2

N J;nK %5t;' (;KK ;'' 5MthI c5JI t5gIthIJ

thIn 6u;JI thI t5t;'+

%5t;' num#IJ 5Mu#Ict.

:6u;JI I;chc5JI thIn ;KK;'' 5M thI6u;JIK c5JI

t5gIthIJ.

)()()( . g)oupg)andg)oupg)andtotal

******SS

+==

fIgJII 5M dJIIK5mZfIgJII 5M dJIIK5mZ9IteIInZ9IteIInZ

|ithinZ|ithinZ%roupsofnu#bertotal7subectsofnu#bertotal

&&& 2.

=++=

(ithin

(ithin

df

nnndf


96/150

1

2

3

`Ru hai :[# tJ


97/150

`Ru hai :[# tJ

`Ru /^ =>ng cc 'i l)*ng tnh nh)`Ru mIt :[# tJ

T+#ng 7\nh cAa ph)6ng /ai t+ong mIt cIt

&SSO=rO(

S@ hc nha# gi,a cc cIt SS t l vi m}inh h)ng chnh &=0ng v cIt( v nhh)ng t)6ng h}

SSs2 SSO2 SSsWO

TQoDa: `Ru


98/150

TQo a: `Ru

TQoDa: `Ru


99/150

TQoDa: `Ru

TQo a: `Ru


100/150

TQoDa: `Ru

TQoDa: `Ru


101/150


102/150

atin /1#a+L


103/150

Lat&n )'(a%) ha) c*(nt%8alanc&n 8(&lt &n

N *+ *q) %'(al) th% n *+ c*l(-n) Th% l%tt% p%)%nt&n t%at-%nt) app%a) &n%ach c*l(-n an< *q *nl, *nc%

E++%ct) *+ t%at-%nt@ *


104/150

Lat&n S'(a%)


105/150

Oh)6ng B Phn tch hi 1#i vphn tch t)6ng 1#an


106/150

phn tch t)6ng 1#an

.V. T)6ng 1#an hai 7i[nBDng '8 'o m"c 'I 1#an h t#:[n tnh

gi,a hai 7i[n

D Wc 'nh mJi 1#an h gi,a hai 7i[n

DTnh h /J t)6ng 1#an PLa+/on vt)6ng 1#an th" hng SpLa+mLn.

//#mption/


107/150

//#mption/

S#7Lct/ a+L +Lp+L/LntativL or a la+gL+ pop#lation Pai+L= /amplL/ &m#/t havL w va+ia7lL/( a+L

yn=LpLn=Lnt o7/L+vation/

W an= val#L/ m#/t 7L mLa/#+L= in=LpLn=Lntl: W val#L/ a+L mLa/#+L= 7#t not cont+ollL=

`o+mal =i/t+i7#tion &ir not #/L SpLa+man/ +anco++Llation(

ll cova+iation m#/t 7L linLa+

V5tI th;t 5ut'iIJ h;vI ; ';JgI in}uIncI in

ScattL+ iag+am


108/150

ScattL+ iag+am

L/ignatL onL va+ia7lL W an= thL othL+ .~ltho#gh it =oL/ not mattL+ Qhich i/ Qhich2 in ca/L/

QhL+L onL va+ia7lL i/ #/L= to p+L=ict thL othL+2 W i/thL p+L=icto+ va+ia7lL &thL va+ia7lL :o#+L p+L=ictingr+om(.

+aQ aYL/ or L1#al lLngth ro+ :o#+ g+aph. LtL+minL thL +angL or val#L/ ro+ Lach va+ia7lL. PlacL

thL high val#L/ or W to thL +ight on thL ho+izontal aYi/an= thL high val#L/ or toQa+= thL top or thL vL+tical

aYi/. a7Ll convLniLnt point/ along Lach aYi/. Mo+ Lach pai+ or /co+L/2 rin= thL point or intL+/Lction ro+

thL W an= val#L/ an= in=icatL it Qith a =ot.

T)6ng 1#an PLa+/on


109/150

g 1

D Tnh h /J t)6ng 1#an &+( '8 chj +a m"c'I 1#an h t#:[n tnh t+ong m-#

DKi8m t+a thJng ! tnh c nghib cAa &+('8

YLm c mJi 1#an h t#:[n tnh gi,a cc7i[n t+ong t4p /J li# ha: hEng H /J t)6ng 1#an PLa+/on/ r gi= thi;t

r$ng c#


110/150

Ui8# =in mJi t)6ng 1#an hai 7i[n t+!n '

th `h4n Y{t chi# h)ng v m"c 'I t)6ng

1#an gi,a hai 7i[n

Scatt%pl*t) h%lp &ll()tat% th% %lat&*n)h&p) 8%tq%%n 4a&a8l%)

H /J t)6ng 1#an PLa+/on


111/150

Lrinitional ro+m#laB

Oomp#tational ro+m#laB

))()()((

))(()(

....

=

++n**n

+**+n)

r= COVXY

(sx)(sy) n

++**,-.*+

= ))((

separatel$var$and86"ic"tode%ree

t"ervar$ to%eand86"ic"tode%ree=)

N"c 'I t)6ng 1#an


112/150

N"c 'I t)6ng 1#an

Ui8# =in m"c 'I t)6ng 1#an th[ noPLa+/on/ r ( DV+V

%# &D hoqc |( chj +a chi# h)ng mJit)6ng 1#an

Gi t+ t#:t 'Ji + cng g$n V th\ m"c 'It)6ng 1#an cng ln

1 T 1Perfect Relationship No Relationship Perfect Relationship

H /J t)6ng 1#an


113/150

SpLa+man san Oo++Llation


114/150

i/ thL 7L/tDnoQn an= La/iL/t tLchni1#L +/i/ givLn 7: thL L1#ationB

QhL+L = i/ thL =irrL+LncL 7LtQLLn +aning/ in tQo

+aning mLtho=/

hLn ` V2 +/can 7L #/L= to calc#latL a tD/co+L Qith

thL L1#ation an= thL +L/#lting tD/co+L i/ #/L= in

a tQoDtailL= tL/t or /igniricancL

p

#$/N!N

d0

/#")1

1

N

"#is

KLn=all san Oo++Llation


115/150

OoLrriciLnt &(

No+L complicatL= than thL SpLa+man +an Sho#l= 7L #/L= QhLn th+LL o+ mo+L /Lt/ or

+aning/ a+L compa+L=

Oalc#latL= 7: thL p+opo+tion or conco+=ant pai+/min#/ thL p+opo+tion or =i/co+=ant pai+/~ ThL+L LYi/t tQo 7iva+iatL o7/L+vation/2 &Yi2:i( an= &Y2:(

Oonco+=ant pai+/ a+L QhLn &YiDY(&:iD:( a+L po/itivL

i/co+=ant pai+/ a+L QhLn &YiDY(&:iD:( i/ nLgativL

Sco+L/ +angL r+om DV to V

Goo=man an= K+#/al/ am7=a


116/150

&(

i/ #/L= QhLn nominal /calL/ a+L #/L=~ SpLa+man +an an= Qont Qo+ 7Lca#/L thL

o+=L+ing LlLmLnt i/ mi//ing Qith nominal

/calL/ can 7L calc#latL= 7: /tati/tical pacagL/

Pa+tial Oo++Llation/ &+P(


117/150

D To in=icatL thL =Lg+LL or tQo va+ia7lL/ a+L linLa+l:+LlatL= in a /amplL2 pa+tialling o#t thL LrrLct/ oronL o+ mo+L cont+ol va+ia7lL/.

D To intL+p+Lt pa+tial co++Llation 7LtQLLn tQova+ia7lL/ QL m#/t noQ thL 7iva+iatL co++Llation

7LtQLLn thL va+ia7lL/ ri+/t.D To con=#ct a pa+tial co++Llation2 thL+L m#/t 7L atlLa/t th+LL va+ia7lL/.

can 7L #/L= in thL rolloQing Qa:/

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Statistics for Analytical Chemistry- Vietnamese