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Departamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) Doctoral Programe Transportation SystemsDepartamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) - CITTA
EWGT201316th Meeting of the EURO Working Group on TransportationSession C3. Economic Appraisal
Linking managerial decisions and performance in urban public transport: the case of Porto
lvaroCosta,[email protected],[email protected],[email protected]
Departamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) Doctoral Programe Transportation SystemsDepartamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) - CITTA
PublicTransport,ManagementandDecisionMaking PublicTransportandProduction ResearchRational BenchmarkingMethods
STCP DEAResults DecisionAnalysisandPerformanceLink
Conclusion
Part1:Introduction
EWGT2013 -16th Meeting of the EURO Working Group on Transportation4 September 2013 Session C3. Economic Appraisal COSTA, EBERT, STANISLAU (2013): Linking managerial decisions and performance in urban public transport: the case of Porto
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Part2:CaseStudy
Departamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) Doctoral Programe Transportation SystemsDepartamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) - CITTA
Introduction
Departamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) Doctoral Programe Transportation SystemsDepartamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) - CITTA
PublicTransportshouldallowforhighlevelsofmobilityasameaningfulalternativetocostintense,congestionproneprivatetransport.TheadequatefunctioningofPublicTransportcontributesmainlytoacity'squalityoflife!
PublicTransportManagementfacessomerestrictions:growing/decreasingdemand,soaringenergycosts,environmentalrestrictions,financialshortagesinpublicsector,EUobligations,changingregulatoryenvironment,...
ManagerialChallengeHowtoactinnovativeandentrepreneuriallysoundinthiseconomicenvironment(whilefocusingontheproduct)?
Managersdrivingwheel:setofdecisions(decisiontoolbox)!
PublicTransportandManagement
EWGT2013 -16th Meeting of the EURO Working Group on Transportation4 September 2013 Session C3. Economic Appraisal COSTA, EBERT, STANISLAU (2013): Linking managerial decisions and performance in urban public transport: the case of Porto
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Departamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) Doctoral Programe Transportation SystemsDepartamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) - CITTA
Decisionshaveacertainimpactonthecompany'sperformance Performanceanalysisrequirestothinkproductionterms
DecisionToolBoxDecisionCategory Specification
Networkcreation,alterationoreliminationoflines//additionalservices//additionalmodes //mergersandlinkedtransportsystems//...
Financialchangesandadjustmentsinthepricingpolicy//fares//revenuesbyadvertisement//...
Personnel numberofstaff//useofsocialprograms//totalworkhours //training//Fleet numberandcomposition//technology//maintenance//...
Schedule alterationinthefrequencyofroutes//schedulingofroutes//...
Servicetechnical:newequipmentonvehiclesoperated//ontimeinformation//...operational:operationalandcommercialIT:provision,processingandanalysisofoperationalinformation
EWGT2013 -16th Meeting of the EURO Working Group on Transportation4 September 2013 Session C3. Economic Appraisal COSTA, EBERT, STANISLAU (2013): Linking managerial decisions and performance in urban public transport: the case of Porto
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Departamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) Doctoral Programe Transportation SystemsDepartamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) - CITTA
Relationbetweentheresourcesused andthequantities/qualityofserviceproduced Keyconcepts:Productivity,Efficiency,Effectiveness
ProductionProcessinPublicTransport
Figure 1 Simplified public transport process
EWGT2013 -16th Meeting of the EURO Working Group on Transportation4 September 2013 Session C3. Economic Appraisal COSTA, EBERT, STANISLAU (2013): Linking managerial decisions and performance in urban public transport: the case of Porto
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Departamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) Doctoral Programe Transportation SystemsDepartamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) - CITTA
Status quo: Lack of knowledge on the relation between management decisions andeconomic performance of urban public transport systems
Unknown: To which extend (quantitatively, temporally ) do management decisionsaffect performance over time? Decisions need time (timelag) to unfold, most studiesfocus on a rather short time frame!
Goal: extend/use the concepts of productivity, efficiency and effectiveness byincluding the decision framework (in economic, technical or legal terms ) of publictransport companies
Benefit: an economic preassessment/model/theory on the effects of strategiccompany choices would be helpful for decision makers (company level, political level)
ResearchRational
EWGT2013 -16th Meeting of the EURO Working Group on Transportation4 September 2013 Session C3. Economic Appraisal COSTA, EBERT, STANISLAU (2013): Linking managerial decisions and performance in urban public transport: the case of Porto
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Departamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) Doctoral Programe Transportation SystemsDepartamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) - CITTA
BenchmarkingMethods
Figure 2 Overview on benchmarking measures
EWGT2013 -16th Meeting of the EURO Working Group on Transportation4 September 2013 Session C3. Economic Appraisal COSTA, EBERT, STANISLAU (2013): Linking managerial decisions and performance in urban public transport: the case of Porto
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Departamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) Doctoral Programe Transportation SystemsDepartamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) - CITTA
CaseStudy
Departamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) Doctoral Programe Transportation SystemsDepartamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) - CITTA
Founded 1946; 83 routes (including 11 late nightonly routes; 4 tram routes);472 buses; 8 trams; daily ridership: 370.000
Extensive records of operational activity and organisational management datawas available for 1946 to 2004 Approach: 59 years timeseries; DEA (BCC,inputoriented), singlecity
Step 1: DEA1 (Performance Analysis)
Step 2: Decision Analysis
Step 3: DecisionPerformance Link
1input: staff, fleet; output: vehiclekm (efficiency) or number of passengers (effectiveness)
CaseStudy:SociedadedeTransportesColectivosdoPorto,S.A.(STCP)
LiteratureReview
EWGT2013 -16th Meeting of the EURO Working Group on Transportation4 September 2013 Session C3. Economic Appraisal COSTA, EBERT, STANISLAU (2013): Linking managerial decisions and performance in urban public transport: the case of Porto
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Departamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) Doctoral Programe Transportation SystemsDepartamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) - CITTA
STCP:DEA Results
LiteratureReview
Year Efficiency Effectiveness Year Efficiency Effectiveness Year Efficiency Effectiveness1946 1 1 1966 0.942591185 0.827696081 1986 0.718867 0.9288663571947 1 1 1967 0.779821362 0.655694603 1987 0.7518898 11948 0.923971448 0.910551658 1968 0.814996625 0.678896692 1988 0.7400359 0.9160464141949 0.932342844 0.889129277 1969 0.817450728 0.698055875 1989 0.7283213 0.9605130011950 0.920778131 0.883208584 1970 0.815804829 0.679568872 1990 0.7433105 0.9585790671951 0.93632465 0.878598932 1971 0.825052636 0.647463313 1991 0.7607714 0.9227026581952 0.968532954 0.900520453 1972 0.821495587 0.670191241 1992 0.7870174 0.9172865071953 0.959128148 0.882177624 1973 0.801422582 0.696953043 1993 0.8092022 0.9032640041954 0.958369884 0.88785922 1974 0.763198815 0.695076763 1994 0.8364091 0.8829206141955 0.94487776 0.890757227 1975 0.751625014 0.675469404 1995 0.9108853 0.9255921091956 1 0.908364894 1976 0.7150455 0.703747429 1996 0.9464738 0.9360195281957 0.963512247 0.879134788 1977 0.6076476 0.64909782 1997 0.9677963 0.9365489721958 1 0.915954158 1978 0.6323497 0.727308308 1998 1 0.9575272431959 1 0.868937242 1979 0.6703846 0.873649545 1999 0.9081547 0.9335862761960 0.991112227 0.842000714 1980 0.7028293 0.991169509 2000 0.8897139 0.9232575361961 0.999815536 0.8458549 1981 0.6977549 0.996433862 2001 1 0.9106436631962 0.989713751 0.835047681 1982 0.7131688 1 2002 0.9295056 0.9463321751963 1 0.8507314 1983 0.7453633 0.988262913 2003 0.9439455 0.9233272111964 0.979120951 0.834887066 1984 0.7209929 0.943667001 2004 1 11965 1 0.868144018 1985 0.7337879 0.973077436
EWGT2013 -16th Meeting of the EURO Working Group on Transportation4 September 2013 Session C3. Economic Appraisal COSTA, EBERT, STANISLAU (2013): Linking managerial decisions and performance in urban public transport: the case of Porto
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Departamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) Doctoral Programe Transportation SystemsDepartamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) - CITTA
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No.ofDecisionsp.a.(06) Efficiency Effectiveness Frontier PAXp.a. Vehiclesp.a.
STCP:EfficiencyandEffectiveness
LiteratureReview
First half: more efficient than
effective
Second half: more effective than efficient
Last 15 years: convergence
1966 -76: massive drops in both values
EWGT2013 -16th Meeting of the EURO Working Group on Transportation4 September 2013 Session C3. Economic Appraisal COSTA, EBERT, STANISLAU (2013): Linking managerial decisions and performance in urban public transport: the case of Porto
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Figure 3 Performance STCP 11946-2004
Departamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) Doctoral Programe Transportation SystemsDepartamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) - CITTA
Efficiency/EffectivenessMatrixandDecisionAnalysis
LiteratureReview
Figure 5 Decision count and shares1946-2004Figure 4 Efficiency-Effectiveness Matrix 1946-2004
35
3028
25
13
22
18
10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Network FincancialPersonnel Fleet Schedule Service(tec)
Service(op)
Service(IT)
early stage = network decision:
product creation
later stage = service decision:
service creation
EWGT2013 -16th Meeting of the EURO Working Group on Transportation4 September 2013 Session C3. Economic Appraisal COSTA, EBERT, STANISLAU (2013): Linking managerial decisions and performance in urban public transport: the case of Porto
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Departamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) Doctoral Programe Transportation SystemsDepartamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) - CITTA
DecisionAnalysis
LiteratureReview
Category Observations,MajorDecisions&Comments
Network
focusondeveloping,constructingandimprovingthelinesandroutesduring19501965;Portoconcessions 1956:addingseveralperipheralzones;longbreakofalmost20years(1980 1998)waslatercompensatedbynetworkchanges(alteration,creationofnewlines,introductionofadditionalservices,e.g.touristbus,etc.)
STRATEGY: create,experiment,exploitandobserve,andthenalterorupdateaccordingtonewlyemergedrequirements
Fleetevenlydistributedoverobserved period,indirectindicatorofoperationsdevelopmentanddemandcapacitygrowthincreasingthenumberofoperatedvehiclesandfleetrenewal
STRATEGY: createefficientandwellmaintainedfleetinordertoprovideefficientservices
Schedule intenseinthebeginningofthecompanysoperations(years1946 1964);almostabsentinthesecondhalfoftheyearsinvestigated
Financial extensivelydevelopedinthesecondhalf(startingfrom1966),changesandrevisionsofthefaresystem(1981 1985),interrelatedwiththeexternaleconomic(social)context
Personnel evendistributionthroughouttheentireperiod;socialbenefits,training:1952,19601963;singleagentpolicy1970to1986;staffreduction1988;
Servicing 19501965:relatedtotransportinfrastructure;1989 2004:relatedtomodernizationoftechnicalinfrastructure;moreintenseinthelast1015years(duetoinnovativeapplications)
Context oilpricesincreaseandenergycrises,socialrevolution,subsidizingpolicy,organizationalchangesinthesector,competition(MetrodoPorto)
EWGT2013 -16th Meeting of the EURO Working Group on Transportation4 September 2013 Session C3. Economic Appraisal COSTA, EBERT, STANISLAU (2013): Linking managerial decisions and performance in urban public transport: the case of Porto
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Departamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) Doctoral Programe Transportation SystemsDepartamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) - CITTA
DecisionPerformanceLinkandTimeLags
LiteratureReview
19461950:STCPwasmanagedbythecitycouncil;mostlynetworkdecisions 10%effectiveness
19511965:reorganisationofnetworkforelectrictrams,revisionofthefaresystem +/ 2%efficiencychangesathighlevels,effectivenessdecreasing19681975:effectsfromgrowthsupportivedecisions(increaseofcapacity,changesinfaresystem,personnelbenefitsincrease)wereabsorbedbyexternalshocks(deficiencyfleet,completeredesigningofservices,oilpriceincreasefollowedbyanenergycrisis,andthesocialrevolutionof1974)
lowperformanceofbothindicators
1976:implementationofsocialfareseffectivenessincreasedupto100%,efficiencydecreased(timelagof4years)
1979:implementationofsingleagentpolicy(majordecision) efficiencyincreasedupto100%(timelagofupto10years)early80s:ceasingofelectrictramsoperationandextensionofthebusnetwork effectiveness+5%
90s:customerorienteddecisions(newtickets),recoveringofconcessions effectiveness+3%(timelag5years)
early00s:busleasingagreement efficiencyincreasedupto100%(timelag1year)
EWGT2013 -16th Meeting of the EURO Working Group on Transportation4 September 2013 Session C3. Economic Appraisal COSTA, EBERT, STANISLAU (2013): Linking managerial decisions and performance in urban public transport: the case of Porto
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Departamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) Doctoral Programe Transportation SystemsDepartamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) - CITTA
Dynamics: although the efficiency and effectiveness values display some differences, thescores do not move in opposing directions
Performance:major decisions (increase of social benefits and privileges, implementation of asingle agent policy, operational fleet leasing )and external factors (social revolution, oilcrisis) were identified
Timelags: on average medium term periods from 2 to 4 years (exceptionally up to 10 years)
Further research fields: empirical proof of timelags; Extension of case studies, Existence ofrules (e.g. decision A leads averagely to B % efficiency) in public transport management;Are the decision patterns comparable among public transport companies?; Identification ofperformance types among PT companies (e.g. rather efficiency oriented, effectivenessoriented); Costs of performance (link to investments); Disturbances by external factors as acause for weak performance?; Additional mode appears effects (Metro do Porto?)....
PreliminarConclusions
LiteratureReview
EWGT2013 -16th Meeting of the EURO Working Group on Transportation4 September 2013 Session C3. Economic Appraisal COSTA, EBERT, STANISLAU (2013): Linking managerial decisions and performance in urban public transport: the case of Porto
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Departamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) Doctoral Programe Transportation SystemsDepartamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) - CITTA
Futurecasestudies(planned)
ProposedMethodology
Country Portugal Spain Germany
City,mode Porto,STCP Lisbon,Metro Lisbon,Carris Madrid,Metro Madrid,EMT Barcelona,TMB Berlin,BVG Dresden,DVB
Porto,Metro competitors,citybasedcasestudysamemode,
Portuguese case study samemode,crosscity,Iberiancasestudy
partiallysamemodeIberiancasestudy
partiallysamemodeEuropeancasestudy
Porto,STCP x samemode,crosscityPortuguesecasestudy samemode,crosscityIberiancasestudy
partiallysamemodeIberiancasestudy
partiallysamemodeEuropeancasestudy
partiallysamemodeEuropeancasestudy
Lisbon,Metro x competitors,citybasedcasestudysamemode,crosscity,Iberiancasestudy
partiallysamemodeIberiancasestudy
partiallysamemodeEuropeancasestudy
Lisbon,Carris x samemode,crosscity,IberiancasestudypartiallysamemodeIberiancasestudy
partiallysamemodeEuropeancasestudy
partiallysamemodeEuropeancasestudy
Madrid,Metro x competitors,citybasedcasestudypartiallysamemodeIberiancasestudy
partiallysamemodeEuropeancasestudy
Madrid,EMT x partiallysamemodeIberiancasestudypartiallysamemodeEuropeancasestudy
partiallysamemodeEuropeancasestudy
Barcelona,TMB xsameoperationalform(oneentity)European
casestudy
sameoperationalform(oneentity)
Europeancasestudy
Berlin,BVG xsameoperationalform(oneentity)/citybasecasestudy
EWGT2013 -16th Meeting of the EURO Working Group on Transportation4 September 2013 Session C3. Economic Appraisal COSTA, EBERT, STANISLAU (2013): Linking managerial decisions and performance in urban public transport: the case of Porto
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Departamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) Doctoral Programe Transportation SystemsDepartamento de Engenharia Civil (DEC) - CITTA
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION !