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¡¡¡¡¡¡AL ESCUCHAR!!!!!
PARTE II
I Al Escuchar listening activities
A. ACTIVIDADES PARTE II
PRELIMINARES
OBRAS
A LA PIZARRA
Y las TASACIONES - ASSESSMENTS
Speaking - Listening
AL HABLAR
B. Paquete de Capítulo 1A
Página 5 6 y 7
La pratica de escuchar y de contestar a las frases
C. Al escuchar actividades con el libro de
Escribir y escuchar
Writing -Audio Workbook
1. Track I Realidades 2 libro Vocabulario
Página 18 A Prima Vista
2. Track 2 Realidades 2 libro HAY QUE…
Página 19
3. Track 5 La Clase de Estaban VIDEOHISTORIA
a escuchar Página 20-Página 21
4. Track 6 Audio writing workbook Página 9
Actividad 5
5. Track 7 Writing Audio Workbook
Actividad 6
6. Track 9 Writing Audio Workbook Página 10
Actividad 7
7. Track 10 Writing Audio Workbook Página 11
Actividad 8
8. Track 11 Writing Audio Workbook Página 11
Actividad 9
II LOS VERBOS
REPASOS EN LOS PAQUETES DE LOS VERBOS
S P A N I S H E N G L I S H S P A N I S H E N G L I S H S P A N I S H E N G L I S H
01 abrir to open 35 encontrar to find 68 peinar to comb
02 aceptar to accept 36 enseñar to teach 69 pensar to think
03 apagar to turn off 37 entender to understand 70 perder to lose
04 aprender to learn 38 enviar to send 71 poder can / to be able to
05 bailar to dance 39 escribir to write 72 poner to put
06 beber to drink 40 escuchar to listen 73 ponerse de pie to stand up
07 buscar to look for 41 esperarto wait / to hope for / to expect
74 preguntar to ask (question)
08 caber to fit 42 estarto be (temporary condition)
75 preocuparse to worry
09 caerse to fall 43 estudiar to study 76 prestar to loan / to lend
10 cambiar to change 44 explicar to explain 77 quejarse to complain
11 caminar to walk 45 firmar to sign 78 querer to want / to desire
12 cancelar to cancel 46 fumar to smoke 79 reparar to repair
13 cantar to sing 47 gastar to spend 80 responder to respond
14 casarse to marry 48 gustar to like 81 romper to break
15 cerrar to close 49 hablar to speak 82 saber to know (to have knowledge of)
16 comenzarto commence / to begin
50 hacer to do / to make 83 salir to leave
17 comer to eat 51 herir to injure / to hurt 84 sentarse to sit
18 comprar to buy 52 intentar to try / to intend 85 sentir to feel
19 conducir to drive 53 ir to go 86 ser to be (characteristics)
20 conocerto know (be acquainted with)
54 jugar to play 87 tener to have
21 contar to count / to tell (story) 55 leer to read 88 terminar to finish
22 contestar to answer 56 limpiar to clean 89 tocar to touch / to play an instrument
23 correr to run 57 llenar to fill 90 tomar to take / to drink
24 cortar to cut 58 llover to rain 91 toser to cough
25 creer to believe 59 mirar to look at 92 trabajar to work
26 dañar to damage 60 nadar to swim 93 traducir to translate
27 dar to give 61 necesitar to need 94 traer to bring
28 decir to say / to tell 62 oir to hear 95 usar to utilize / to use
29 dejar to leave / to neglect 63 olvidar to forget 96 vender to sell
30 deletrear to spell 64 organizar to organize 97 ver to see
31 despertarse to awake 65 pagar to pay 98 viajar to travel
32 dibujar to draw 66 parar to stop 99 vivir to live
33 dormir to sleep 67 pedir to ask for 100 volar to fly
34 encender to turn on / to light Click on any verb to see the conjugation and definition.
List of Spanish Regular Verbsabrir (to open) descubrir (to discover) omitir (to omit)admitir (to admit) desear (to desire) pagar (to pay for)alquilar (to rent) discutir (to discuss) partir (to divide)amar (to love) enseñar (to teach) permitir (to permit)andar (to walk) entrar (en) (to enter (into)) poseer (to possess, to own)aprender (to learn) enviar (to send) practicar (to practice)asistir a (to attend) esconder (to hide) preguntar (to ask)ayudar (to help) escribir (to write) preparer (to prepare)bailar (to dance) escuchar (to listen to) prometer (to promise)beber (to drink) esperar (to hope, to wait for) recibir (to receive)buscar (to look for) estudiar (to study) regresar (to return)caminar (to walk) existir (to exist) romper (to break)cantar (to sing) firmar (to sign) saludar (to greet)cocinar (to cook) ganar (to win, earn) subir (to climb, to go up)comer (to eat) gastar (to spend money) sufrir (to suffer)comprar (to buy) hablar(to speak, to talk) temer (to fear)comprender (to understand) lavar (to wash) tocar (to touch, to play an instrument)contester (to answer) leer (to read) tomar (to take, to drink)correr (to run) llegar (to arrive) trabajar (to work)creer (to believe) llevar (to wear, to carry) unir (to unite)cubrir (to cover) mandar (to order) vender (to sell)deber (to have to, to owe) meter en (to put into) viajar (to travel)decidir (to decide) mirar (to watch, to look at) visitor (to visit )dejar (to allow, to leave) necesitar (to need) vivir (to live )describir (to describe) olvidar (to forget)
MORE VERBSList of Spanish Irregular Verbs
acentuar (to stress/ to accent) decir (to say) intervenir (to take part)abrazar (to embrace) decrecer (to decrease) invertir (to reverse/ to invert)abstenerse (to abstain) defender (to defend) ir (to go)acoger (to welcome/ take in) derruir (to demolish) justificar (to justify)acordar (hacer algo) (to agree to) desandar (to go back over) juzgar (to judge)acostarse (to go to bed) desaprobar (to disapprove of) lanzar (to throw/ hurl/ launch/ heave)actuar (to act) descender (to go down) lanzar (to throw/ to fling)adelgazar (to lose weight) descontar (to deduct) liar (to tie up/ to wrap/ to roll)agradecer (to thank) deshacer (to undo/ to unpack) llegar (to arrive)agregar (to add) despertar (to wake/ to arouse) llover (to rain)agriar (to turn sour) destituir (to dismiss) madrugar (to get up early)aguar (to water down) destruir (to destroy/ to wreck) maltraer (to maltreat)alcanzar (to reach) desvariar (to be delirious) marcar (to mark)alentar (to encourage) detener (to arrest/ to stop) mascar (to chew)alzar (to lift/ raise/ hoist) devenir en (to become/ to turn into) mascar (to chew)
amanecer (to dawn) devolver algo (give something back) memorizar (to memorize)amordazar (to gag/ muzzle) digerir (to digest/ to assimilate) mentar (to mention)analizar (to analyze) diluir (to dilute) mentir (to lie)andar (to walk) disminuir (to reduce/ to decrease) morder (to bite/ to eat into)apaciguar (to calm down) disolver (to dissolve/ to break up) morir (to die)criar (to breed) influir (to influence) utilizar (to use)cualificar (to qualify) insinuar (to insinuate) valer (to value)dar (to give) intensificar (to intensify)
Ejemplo:
Yo quiero cambiar mi horario escolástico. Necesito la clase de matemáticas que empieza a las once menos treinta todos los días de la semana. Quieo cambiart la clase mañana.
Gracias.
Actividades de clase:
Las Obras y eventos de la clase
1. A la pizarra2. Obras3. A hablar Tasaciones - Assessments
4. Realidades 2 Videohistoria
Página 20-Página 21
A. Estudiantes leen juntos en alta voz(students read aloud to each other and work together to understand what goes on in the story. They note the Vocabulary and verbs used.)
B. VIDEO LEEN EL VIDEO.
(students watch the video of the story)
C. ¿Comprendiste? Los estudiantes hacen la
actividad y contestan las preguntas.
(The students copy the sentences and
answer the questions of the activity .)
D. Hacemos las correcciones a la piazrra.
(Students correct their papers and the
correct responses are written on the
board.)
4. MANOS A LA OBRA Página 22 Actividad 4
Escribir y hablar ¿Qué tienen que hacer?
Para decir mas:
El álgebra
El Biología
La física
La geografía
La geometría
La historia
El literatura
La química
Opción
Página 23
Actividad 5 ¡Tantas Actividades!
Expresions
Hacer proyectos
Hacer preguntas
Aprernder de memoria
Dar discursos
Escribir informes
Trabajar en el laboratorio
Stem-Changing VerbsPoder
Querer
Empezar
Pedir
entender
pensar
preferir
servir
repetir
costar
dormir
Stem Changing Verbs:
BELOW: REVIEW
STEM-CHANGING VERBS: E:IE
Remember, there are three types of infinitives: -ar, -er, -ir. Infinitives are made up of two parts: the ending and the stem. In the following examples, the stem is underlined and the ending is in bold.hablarcomervivirWith regular verbs, the stem stays the same, and the ending changes as they are conjugated.
hablo como vivo
hablas comes vives
habla come vive
hablamos comemos vivimos
habláis coméis vivís
hablan comen viven
With some verbs, the stem also changes when you conjugate them. In the present tense, there are three groups of stem-changing verbs:o:ue u - ue jugare:iee:iWith the second group of stem-changing verbs, the letter e in the stem changes to ie in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros.
Cerrar
Cierro
cierras
cierra
cerramos
cerráis
cierran
Here’s another e:ie stem changing verb. Compare it to the regular verb comer. Notice that the endings are the same for regular verbs and stem-changing verbs.
entender (e:ie)
entiendo
entiendes
entiende
entendemos
entendéis
entienden
Here’s another e:ie stem-changing verb. Notice how the stem doesn’t change in the nosotros and vosotros forms.
mentir (e:ie)
miento
mientes
miente
mentimos
mentis
mienten
Here is a list of common e:ie stem-changing verbs.
encenderto light, kindle
advertirto advise, warn
entenderto understand
cerrarto close, shut
comenzarto begin
mentirto lie
consentirto consent
negarto deny
convertirto convert
pensar (en)to think about
defenderto defend
perderto lose
empezarto begin
preferirto prefer
STEM-CHANGING VERBS: O:UE
o:ue
With the first group of stem-changing verbs, the letter o in the stem changes to ue in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros.
Contar
Cuento
cuentas
cuenta
contamos
contáis
cuentan
Here’s another o:ue stem changing verb. Compare it to the regular verb comer. Notice that the endings are the same for regular verbs and stem-changing verbs.
mover (o:ue)
muevo
mueves
mueve
movemos
movéis
mueven
Here’s another o:ue stem-changing verb. Notice how the stem doesn’t change in the nosotros and vosotros forms.
dormir (o:ue)
duermoduermesduermedormimosdormísduermen
Here is a list of common o:ue stem-changing verbs.
almorzarto eat lunch
morirto die
mostrarto show
colgarto hang
moverto move (an object)contarto count, to tell
probarto prove, test, sample, taste
costarto costrecordarto remember
devolverto return (an object)
resolverto solve
volverto return (from someplace)
rogarto beg, pray
sonarto sound, ring
encontrarto find
soñar (con)to dream (about)
envolverto wrap
tostarto toast
morderto bite
volarto fly
STEM-CHANGING
VERBS: E:Io:uee:ie
e:iWith the third group of stem-changing verbs, the letter e in the stem changes to i in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros.
Repetir
repitorepitesrepiterepetimosrepetísrepiten
Here’s another e:i stem changing verb. Compare it to the regular verb vivir. Notice that the endings are the same for regular verbs and stem-changing verbs.
competir (e:i)
compito
compites
compite
competimos
competís
compiten
Here’s another e:i stem-changing verb. Notice how the stem doesn’t change in the nosotros and vosotros forms.
pedir (e:i)
pidopidespidepedimospedís
piden
Here is a list of common e:i stem-changing verbs.impedirto impede
competirto compete
medirto measure
conseguirto get, obtain
pedirto ask for, to order
corregirto correct
perseguirto pursue, to persecute
decir (*)to say, tell
reírto laugh
despedirto dismiss, fire
repetirto repeat
elegirto elect
seguirto follow, continue
freírto fry
servirto serve
sonreírto smile
* Note: The verb “decir” and its derivitive forms are irregular in the first person: yo digo, etc.Let’s add a flashcard for e:i stem-changers:
Mini Proyecto
Goal: LA META To write a Schedule for clases and to request a Schedule change using stem-changing verbs
including Poder, Empezar aand Pedir, querer…..
Ejemplo:
Yo quiero cambiar mi horario escolástico. Necesito la clase de matemáticas que empieza a las once menos treinta todos los días de la semana. Quieo cambiart la clase mañana.
Tarea ¡ a completer___fin de la lección__________________________
tarea
¡¡¡Estudien Uds.!!! Capítulo 1ALeccion Preliminar
LA META
Realidades 2 Página 14
Las clasesEl arteLas ciencias naturalesLa educacìon fisicaEl españolLas matemáticasLa tecnología
A VER SI RECUERDAS:
Question Words in Spanish
Interrogative Pronouns (Question Words)
Interrogative pronouns simply
mean question words.
Whether or not you realize it, a question word is actually a pronoun because it is used in place of the noun that would be the answer to the question.
Following is a complete list of question words. Notice that they all have accent marks.
Most of the question words have exact equivalents in Spanish and English. But there are a few issues you must understand in order to use the correct question word in context. There are three Spanish interrogative pronouns that can be translated to the English word what: qué, cuál, and cómo. Unfortunately, they are not just interchangeable, but there are some simple rules to govern their usage.
What rule 1: Always use qué to mean what directly in front of any noun.
¿Qué libro lee usted? What book do you read? ¿Qué comida comen ellos? What food do they eat?
What rule 2: Qué is used in front of any form of the verb ser when asking for a definition or an explanation. That is, when you're really asking “What does it mean?” or “What is it?”
What rule 3: Cuál is used in front of any form of
the verb ser when you're asking for a choice or
specific answer. For example, consider the difference between the following two answers to a question about your address. The sample questions that generate them use the es form, which means is, of the verb ser.
A: My address is the house number, the street name, city, state, and zip code where I live.
B: My address is 555 Kingston Lane, Carrollton, Ohio 44615.
Answer A is obviously the response to a question asking for a definition or explanation of the word “address.” This is the type of answer elicited from the following question:
¿Qué es dirección?
What is “your address?” (give me an explanation or definition of address)
Answer B is clearly the type of response to the question, “What is your address?” Any question asking for a specific response, as in the following example, requires the question word “ cuál.”
¿Cuál es tu dirección?
What is your address? (give me a specific place)
What rule 4: Cómo is often used as a
response when someone fails to hear a comment and would like it repeated. In English when someone says something you don't hear, you say, “What?” If this happens in Spanish, the one word response, “¿ Cómo?” is appropriate. That does not, however, mean that cómo can be used to mean “What?” in any other situation.
The importance of knowing how to ask a question is obvious, but a large number of people tend to mix up the question words or simply can't remember them.
Try to use mnemonic (memory) tricks to help you remember the question words. The following examples are silly, and therein lies their beauty. Although they won't elicit the exact question word, they will certainly jar your memory. You should try to think of your own mnemonic devices for the rest of the question words.
How did he get into a coma? Cómo = how Who dates Barbie? Ken! Quién = who What do they sell at K‐mart? Qué = what When can I buy a condo? Cuándo = when
Most questions that have a question word are created exactly like a yes or no question with the question word in front. Take the question “Does he speak Italian?” ¿Habla él italiano? There are several question words that could be placed in front of the question to elicit more information than a yes or no answer.
The following examples show how different question words can elicit different answers:
¿Cómo está tu familia? How is your family?
¿Dónde habla él italiano? Where does he speak Italian?
¿Cuándo habla él italiano? When does he speak Italian?
¿Por qué habla él italiano? Why does he speak Italian?
All of the sample questions can be created simply by switching the subject and the verb to create a yes or no question and then placing the specific question word in front.
HAY QUE… / TENER + QUE…..
TENER QUE, HAY QUE
Tener que + infinitive is one way to express obligation or necessity. This expression can be translated as “someone has to do something.” Tener is conjugated according to the subject of the sentence.
Tengo que comer las verduras.I have to eat the vegetables.
Ángel tiene que leer el periódico.Ángel has to read the newspaper.
Ellos tienen que comprar una revista.They have to buy a magazine.
Hay que + infinitive is used to express the idea of “one must do something” or, “it is necessary to do something.” It is a more general
expression and since there is no subject, the verb form hay is always used.
Hay que tomar un taxi.It is necessary to take a taxi.
Hay que estudiar mucho.One must study a lot.
These examples illustrate the contrasting uses of these two expressions:
María tiene un examen el lunes. Ella tiene que estudiar.María has a test on Monday. She has to study.
No es fácil aprender el español. Hay que practicar mucho.It isn’t easy to learn Spanish. It is necessary to practice a lot.
Stem-changing verbs in spanish
STEM-CHANGING VERBS: E:IE
Remember, there are three types of infinitives: -ar, -er, -ir. Infinitives are made up of two parts: the ending and the stem. In the following examples, the stem is underlined and the ending is in bold.hablarcomervivir
With regular verbs, the stem stays the same, and the ending changes as they are conjugated.
hablo como vivo
hablas comes vives
habla come vive
hablamos comemos vivimos
habláis coméis vivís
hablan comen viven
With some verbs, the stem also changes when you conjugate them. In the present tense, there are three groups of stem-changing verbs:
o:uee:iee:i
u-ue jugarWith the second group of stem-changing verbs, the letter e in the stem changes to ie in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros.
cerrarcierrocierrascierracerramoscerráiscierranHere’s an
other e:ie stem changing verb. Compare it to the regular verb comer. Notice that the endings are the same for regular verbs and stem-changing verbs.
entender (e:ie)
entiendo
entiendes
entiende
entendemos
entendéis
entienden
Here’s another e:ie stem-changing verb. Notice how the stem doesn’t change in the nosotros and vosotros forms.
mentir (e:ie)
miento
mientes
miente
mentimos
mentis
mienten
Here is a list of common e:ie stem-changing verbs.
acertarto guess, get right
encenderto light, kindle
advertirto advise, warnentenderto understand
cerrarto close, shut
fregarto scrub, wash dishes
comenzarto begin
hervirto boil
confesarto confess
mentirto lieconsentirto consent
negarto deny
convertirto convert
pensar (en)to think about
defenderto defend
perderto lose
empezarto begin
preferirto prefer
e:ie stem-changers (cerrar)
cierro
cierras
cierra
cerramos
cerráis
cierran
STEM-CHANGING VERBS: O:UE
Remember, there are three types of infinitives: -ar, -er, -ir. Infinitives are made up of two parts: the ending and the stem. In the following examples, the stem is underlined and the ending is in bold.hablarcomervivir
With regular verbs, the stem stays the same, and the ending changes as they are conjugated.
hablo como vivo
hablas comes vives
habla come vive
hablamos comemos vivimos
habláis coméis vivís
hablan comen viven
With some verbs, the stem also changes when you conjugate them. In the present tense, there are three groups of stem-changing verbs:o:uee:iee:i
With the first group of stem-changing verbs, the letter o in the stem changes to ue in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros.
Contar
Cuento
cuentas
cuenta
contamos
contáis
cuentan
Here’s another o:ue stem changing verb. Compare it to the regular verb comer. Notice that the endings are the same for regular verbs and stem-changing verbs.
mover (o:ue)
muevo
mueves
mueve
movemos
movéis
mueven
Here’s another o:ue stem-changing verb. Notice how the stem doesn’t change in the nosotros and vosotros forms.
dormir (o:ue)
duermo
duermes
duerme
dormimos
dormís
duermen
Here is a list of common o:ue stem-changing verbs.
almorzarto eat lunch
morirto die
aprobarto approve
mostrarto show
colgarto hang
moverto move (an object)
contarto count, to tell
probarto prove, test, sample, tastecostarto cost
recordarto remember
devolverto return (an object)
resolverto solve
volverto return (from someplace)
rogarto beg, pray
dormirto sleep
sonarto sound, ring
encontrarto find
soñar (con)to dream (about)
envolverto wrap
tostarto toast
morderto bite
volarto fly
STEM-CHANGING VERBS: E:IE
e:i
STEM CHANGING VERBS E:I
The main form of the verb is called the infinitive. The infinitive consists of two parts: the ending and the stem. The ending is the last two letters. There are only three different endings: -ar, -er, and -ir. The stem is everything else, except the ending.
hablar: ending = ar, stem = hablcomer: ending = er, stem = comvivir: ending = ir, stem =vivSome spanish verbs are called stem-changers because when they are conjugated, the stem changes in a predictable way. In one group of stem-changing verbs, the letter e in the stem changes to i in all but the nosotros and vosotros forms.
This particular type of stem-changing verb is found only in -ir verbs.
pedir
yo pido
tú pides
él, ella, Ud. Pide
nosotros/as pedimos
vosotros/as pedís
ellos, ellas, Uds. Piden
Here are some common e:i stem-changing verbs.competirto compete
concebirto conceive
despedirto fire
impedirto impede
medirto measure
pedirto ask for
reñirto scold, quarrel
repetirto repeatservirto serve
teñirto color, dye, stain
vestirto dress
Fin stem-changing verbs
¿Cómo eres tú?
Spanish Adjectives: Part I
Adjectives are frequently descriptive. That is, most often adjectives are used to describe a noun, or distinguish the noun from a group of
similar objects. For example, an adjective might describe the color of an object.the red penthe blue pen
In Spanish, most adjectives change form, depending upon whether the word they modify is masculine or feminine. Notice the difference between "the tall boy" and "the tall girl."el chico altola chica alta
Adjectives also change form depending upon whether the word they modify is singular or plural. Notice the difference between "the tall boy" and "the tall boys" ; "the tall girl" and "the tall girls."el chico altolos chicos altosla chica altalas chicas altas
Many common adjectives end in -o. These adjectives have four forms. The following words all mean "tall":altoaltaaltosaltas
The correct form of the adjective depends upon the noun it modifies. Is the noun masculine or feminine? Singular or plural?libro rojored bookpluma rojared penlibros rojosred booksplumas rojasred pens
Notice how the endings of the nouns and these adjectives are similar.libro rojopluma rojalibros rojosplumas rojas
Adjectives that end in -e also change form for singular or plural. To form the plural, simply add -s.la chica inteligentelas chicas inteligentes
Adjectives that end in -e do not, however, change form for masculine or feminine.la chica inteligenteel chico inteligentelas chicas inteligenteslos chicos inteligentes
Similarly, most adjectives that end in a consonant do change form for singular or plural, but do not change for masculine or feminine. To form the plural, add -es.la chica popularel chico popularlas chicas populareslos chicos populares
Let's review.1 Adjectives that end in -o have four forms:
alto, alta, altos, altas2 Adjectives that end in -e have two forms:
inteligente, inteligentes
Adjectives: Part II
Many adjectives of nationality end in -o. These adjectives follow the same rules as other adjectives ending in -o. That is, they have four forms.
el muchacho mexicanola muchacha mexicanalos muchachos mexicanos
las muchachas mexicanas
Many other adjectives of nationality end in a consonant. These adjectives do not follow the same rules as other adjectives ending in a consonant, rather, they have a distinct feminine form ending in -a.el muchacho españolla muchacha españolalos muchachos españoleslas muchachas españolas
There is another group of adjectives that does not follow the normal rules. Adjectives ending in -or, -án, -ón, or -ín also have a feminine form.el chico habladorla chica habladoralos chicos habladoreslas chicas habladorasel hombre trabajadorla mujer trabajadoralos hombres trabajadoreslas mujeres trabajadoras
Note: Adjectives ending in "-erior" do not have a feminine form.
Adjectives that are descriptive usually follow the noun they describe.
el chico altola chica altalos libros pequeñoslas plumas rojas
Adjectives of quantity almost always come before the noun. Such adjectives tell how much or how many.pocos librosmucha energíamucho trabajopocas casas
Sometimes, a descriptive adjective can precede the noun. If the adjective is descriptive, but speaks of a quality that is inherent and usually taken for granted, the adjective comes first.
la blanca nievethe white snow (snow is inherently white)los altos picosthe tall peaks (peaks are inherently tall)
Let's review the last two lessons.Adjectives that end in -o have four forms.altoaltaaltosaltas
Adjectives of nationality ending in -o are no different from other such adjectives.
guatemalteco
guatemaltecaguatemaltecosguatemaltecas
Adjectives that end in -e have two forms.inteligenteinteligentes
Most adjectives ending with a consonant have two forms.
popularpopulares
Adjectives of nationality ending in a consonant have four forms.
españolespañolaespañolesespañolas
Adjectives ending in -or, -án, -ón, or -ín have four forms.
habladorhabladorahabladoreshabladorasAdjectives that are descriptive usually follow the noun they describe.
casa blancachica alta
When an adjective speaks of a quality that is inherent and usually taken for granted, the adjective precedes the noun.
la blanca nievelos altos picos
Adjectives of quantity usually come before the noun.
pocos librosmuchos libros
Days of the WeekIn Spanish-speaking countries, the week begins on Monday.lunesMondaymartes
TuesdaymiércolesWednesdayjuevesThursdayviernesFridaysábadoSaturdaydomingoSundaySER
In Spanish, there are two verbs that can be translated as "to be." These two verbs are ser and estar. This lesson will not focus on their correct usage; rather, it is designed to give you lots of practice conjugating these two verbs. For detailed explanations
of when to use ser and when to use estar, see the following lessons:Ser and estar - the fundamentalsUses of serUses of estarContrasting uses
For these quizzes, you only need know how to conjugate ser and estar.
estar ser
estoyestásestáestamosestáisestán
soyeresessomossoisson
This list isn't complete, but it includes most Spanish- and English-speaking countries as well as countries you're most likely to see in Spanish-language news reports.Alemania (Germany) — alemánArgentina — argentinoAustralia — australianoAustria — austriaco, austríacoBélgica (Belgium) — belgaBolivia — bolivianoBrasil — brasileñoCanadá — canadienseChile — chilenoChina — chinoColombia — colombianoCorea del Norte (North Korea) —
nortecoreano, norcoreanoCorea del Sur (South Korea) — sudcoreanoCosta Rica — costarricense, costarriqueño (uncommon),Cuba — cubanoDinamarca (Denmark) — danésEcuador — ecuatorianoEgipto (Egypt) — egipcioEl Salvador — salvadoreñoEscocia (Scotland) — escocésEspaña (Spain) — españolEstados Unidos (United States) — estadounidenseFilipinas (Philippines) — filipinoFrancia — francésGales (Wales) — galésGran Bretaña (Great Britain) — británicoGrecia (Greece) — griegoGuatemala — guatemalteco
Haití — haitianoHonduras — hondureñola India — indio, hindúInglaterra (England) — inglésIrak, Iraq — irakí, iraquíIrán — iraníIrlanda — irlandésIsrael — israelíItalia (Italy) — italianoJapón — japonésMarruecos (Morocco) — marroquíMéxico, Méjico — mexicano, mejicanoNicaragua — nicaragüenseNoruega (Norway) — noruegoNueva Zelanda (New Zealand) — neozelandésPaíses Bajos (Netherlands) — holandésPalestina — palestinoPanamá — panameño
Paraguay — paraguayoPerú — peruanoPolonia (Poland) — polacoPortugual — portuguésPuerto Rico — puertorriqueñola República Dominicana (Dominican Republic) — dominicanoRusia — rusoSudáfrica (South Africa) — sudafricanoSuecia (Sweden) — suecoSuiza (Switzerland) — suizoTaiwan — taiwanésUruguay — uruguayoVenezuela — venezolano
Comjugation regular Spanish Verbs
Regular Spanish VerbsIn Spanish, there are three categories of verbs. The category is determined by the last two letters of the infinitive:
-ar verbs (like hablar)-er verbs (like comer)-ir verbs (like vivir)
The infinitive is the base form of the verb, such as to speak, to eat, to live,
etc. In Spanish, all
infinitives end in -ar, -er, or -ir.
-ar verb
hablar (to speak)
-er verbcomer (to eat)
-ir verbvivir (to live)
To conjugate a verb means to
manipulate the infinitive so that it agrees with the different possible subjects. Here is the present tense conjugation of the infinitive "to speak":to speak
I speakyou speakhe speaksshe speakswe speakyou-all speakALL OF YOU speakthey speak
The present tense in Spanish can mean three things.
The Spanish phrase "yo hablo" can mean:
yo habloI speak
yo habloI do speak
yo habloI am speaking
Many Spanish verbs are completely
regular, meaning that they follow a specific pattern of conjugation. In this lesson you will learn to conjugate regular -ar, -er, and -ir verbs (in the present tense). Before you can do that, you must memorize the following subject pronouns.yo (I)tú (you - informal) VOS= very politeél (he)ella (she)usted (you - formal)
nosotros/nosotras (we)vosotros/vosotras (you-all - informal)
ellos/ellas (they)ustedes (you-all formal)
Tú = you familiar
VOS= You but VERY polite Old Spanish but still used in Many countries - in Central and South America America
Such as- Uruguay , Argentina……
For a review of the subject pronouns, click here.
Spanish infinitives are divided into two parts: the ending and the stem. The ending is the last two letters. Remember, all infinitives end in -ar, -er, or -ir. The stem is everything that's left after you remove the ending.habl + ar = hablarcom + er = comerviv + ir = vivir
In this lesson, we will use three model verbs: hablar, comer, and vivir. In Spanish, you conjugate verbs by changing the ending. If the subject is I (yo), conjugate by dropping the ending and add -o.yo hablo (hablar - ar + o = hablo)I speak, I am speaking, I do speak
yo como (comer - er + o = como)I eat, I am eating, I do eat
yo vivo (vivir - ir + o = vivo)I live, I am living, I do live
If the subject is you - informal (tú), conjugate by dropping the ending and add -as (for -ar verbs) or -es (for -er and
-ir verbs).tú hablas (hablar - ar + as = hablas)you speak, you are speaking, you do speak
tú comes (comer - er + es = comes)you eat, you are eating, you do eat
tú vives (vivir - ir + es = vives)you live, you are living, you do live
If the subject is he (él), she (ella) or you - formal (usted), conjugate by dropping the ending and add -a (-ar verbs) or -e (-er and -ir verbs).él/ella/usted habla (hablar - ar + a = habla)he speaks, she is speaking, you (formal) do speak
él/ella/usted come (comer - er + e = come)he eats, she is eating, you (formal) do eat
él/ella/usted vive (vivir - ir + e = vive)he lives, she is living, you (formal) do live
If the subject is we (nosotros/nosotras), conjugate by dropping the ending and add -amos, -emos, or -imos, depending on whether the verb is -ar, -er or -ir.nosotros hablamos (hablar - ar + amos = hablamos)we speak, we are speaking, we do speak
nosotros comemos (comer - er + emos = comemos)we eat, we are eating, we do eat
nosotros vivimos (vivir - ir + imos = vivimos)we live, we are living, we do live
If the subject is you-all - informal (vosotros/vosotras), conjugate by dropping the ending and add -áis, -éis, or ís.vosotros habláis (hablar - ar + áis = habláis)you-all speak, you-all are speaking, you-all do speak
vosotros coméis (comer - er + éis = coméis)you-all eat, you-all are eating, you-all do
eat
vosotros vivís (vivir - ir + ís = vivís)you-all live, you-all are living, you-all do live
If the subject is they (ellos/ellas) or you-all - formal (ustedes), conjugate by dropping the ending and add -an (-ar verbs) or -en (-er and -ir verbs).ellos/ellas/ustedes hablan (hablar - ar + an = hablan)they speak, they are speaking, you-all (formal) do speak
ellos/ellas/ustedes comen (comer - er + en = comen)they eat, they are eating, you-all (formal) do eat
ellos/ellas/ustedes viven (vivir - ir + en = viven)they live, they are living, you-all (formal) do live
As you can see, to conjugate regular -ar verbs, simply drop the ending (-ar) and add one of the following:-o-as-a-amos-áis-an
To conjugate regular -er verbs, simply
drop the ending (-er) and add one of the following:
-o-es-e-emos-éis-enTo conjugate regular -ir verbs, simply drop the ending (-ir) and add one of the following:-o-es-e-imos-ís-en
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List of some regular- ar -er and -ir verbs
Here’s a list of some common regular -ar, -er, and -ir verbs: -ar verbs alquilar..................... amar ........................ andar ....................... ayudar ..................... bailar ....................... buscar ...................... caminar.................... cantar ...................... cocinar..................... comprar ................... dejar ........................ desear ......................
enseñar.................... entrar (en)................ enviar....................... escuchar .................. esperar..................... estudiar.................... firmar....................... ganar ....................... gastar ...................... hablar ...................... lavar......................... llegar ....................... llevar........................ mandar .................... mirar........................ necesitar .................. olvidar...................... pagar ....................... practicar...................
preguntar................. preparar ................... regresar ................... saludar..................... tocar ........................ tomar....................... trabajar .................... viajar........................ visitar ....................... to rentto loveto walkto helpto dance to look for to walk to singto cookto buy
to allow, to leave to desire to teachto enter (into)to sendto listen toto hope,to wait for to studyto signto win,
to earnto spend money
to speak, to talkto washto arriveto wear, to carryto orderto watch, to look at to needto forgetto pay forto practiceto askto prepareto returnto greetto touch,
to play an instrumentto take, to drinkto workto travelto visit -er verbs aprender .................. to learn beber ....................... to drink comer ...................... to eat comprender ............. to understand correr ....................... to run creer ........................ to believedeber ....................... to have to, to owe esconder .................. to hideleer .......................... to read
meter en .................. to put into poseer...................... to possess, to own prometer.................. to promise romper..................... to break temer....................... to fearvender ..................... to sell -ir verb abrir......................... to openadmitir ..................... to admitasistir a .................... to attendcubrir ....................... to cover decidir...................... to decide describir ................... to describe descubrir.................. to discover discutir..................... to discussescribir ..................... to writeexistir ....................... to exist omitir....................... to omit
partir........................ to divide permitir.................... to permitrecibir ...................... to receivesubir ........................ to climb, to go up sufrir ........................ to suffer unir.......................... to unite vivir.......................... to live
Present indicative[
Verbs Yo Tú Vos Él / Ella /
UstedNosotros / Nosotras
Vosotros / Vosotras
pensar
pienso
piensas
pensás piensa pensamos pensáis
contar
cuento
cuentas
contás cuenta contamos contáis
perder pierdo pierdes p
erdés pierde perdemos perdéis
moler muelo mueles m
olés muele molemos moléis
oler huelo hueles olés huele olemos oléis
sentir siento sientes sentís siente sentimos sentís
dormir
duermo
duermes
dormís duerme dormimos dormís
Present subjunctive[edit]
Verbs Yo Tú Vos (*) Él / Ella /
UstedNosotros / Nosotras
Vosotros / Vosotras
pensar
piense
pienses pienses / pensés piense pensemos penséis
contar
cuente
cuentes cuentes / contés cuente contemos contéis
perder pierda pierdas pierdas / perdás pierda perdamos perdáis
moler muela muelas muelas / molás muela molamos moláis
oler huela huelas huelas / olás huela olamos oláis
sentir sienta sientas sientas / sintás sienta sintamos sintáis
dormir
duerma
duermas
duermas / durmás duerma durmamos durmáis
(*) In Central America pensés, contés, etc. are used,[2] but Spanish Royal Academy prescribes pienses, cuentes, etc., according to Rioplatense Spanish.Imperative[edit]
Verbs Tú Vos Vosotros /
Vosotras Usted
pensar
piensa
pensá pensad (*) p
iense
contar
cuenta
contá contad (*) c
uente
perder pierde p
erdé perded (*) pierda
moler muele m
olé moled (*) muela
oler huele olé oled (*) huela
sentir siente sentí sentid (*) sienta
dormir
duerme
dormí dormid (*) d
uerma
AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS IN SPANISHPalabras Affirmativas y Negativas en EspañolIn these notes you will learn more about negative and affirmative words used in Spanish including indefinite pronouns to mean nobody, nothing, someone, something, and many more. Read the explanations and the example sentences carefully to be ready to complete the exercises below to practice and to test yourself.
Libros en la biblioteca
When we want to talk about an indefinite situation, we use an affirmative word.When we want to talk about a negative situation, we use a negative word.
PALABRASAFIRMATIVAS
PALABRAS NEGATIVAS
algo - something nada - nothing
alguien - someone nadie - nobody
alguno/a/as, algún - a, one, any, some
ningún, ninguno/a - none
siempre - always nunca, jamás - never
alguna vez - ever nunca, jamás - never
también - also tampoco - neither
o … o, either … or ni … ni - neither … nor
Alguno and ninguno must match the gender and number of the noun they replace or modify.
