Upload
betsy-a-ross
View
235
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 1/182
"# $%& '()*$ (+ ,--&,. (+ $%& /$,$& (+ ',."+(*#",
/&'(#0 ,--&..,$& 0"/$*"'$1 0"2"/"(# +()*
!"# %#&%'# &( !"# )!*!# &( 3
+*',(&-.,* 3
3 4567785
-9:;<=;>> :<? *@ABC<?@<=1 3
3 D.CA ,<E@9@A 'CF<=G
2AH 3 /FB@I;CI 'CFI=
3 ':A@ #CH 4,JK865JL
)!#%"*.,# '*/*-0)1 33
0@>@<?:<= :<? ,BB@99:<=H 3
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 3
(# ,--&,. +*(N $%& /)-&*"(* '()*$1
/$,$& (+ ',."+(*#",1 '()#$O (+ .(/ ,#P&.&/1
$%& %(#(*,4.& *(4&*$ -&**O1 -*&/"0"#P
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
*%%#''*.!2) &%#.,.3 4-,#( MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
0(#,.0 *H $"'Q.&
/=:=@ 4:I #CH 765RK7
-H(H 4CS 6TT
2C9U:<C1 ', RKVWRXT6TT
D5TRL 5RVX6KJV DYC;U@ Z >:UA;[;9@L
&X[:;9\ ?I=]YC9U:<CH<@=
,==CI<@G >CI 0@>@<?:<=X,BB@99:<=
/$&-%,#"& .,^,*)/
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 2/182
!!
!"#$% '( )'*!%*!+
#$%$&'&($ )* %++&%,%-.,.$/ 0
#$%$&'&($ )* $1& 2%#& 0
#$%$&'&($ )* *%2$# 3
.4 .56789:;6!854 3
..4 $<= +78>=;:6!85 2?>=4 @
%4 $<= 0ABC 18D!;!9= ?59 .5!6!?E .5F=>6!G?6!854 @
-4 $<= H=I)J=5=9 .5F=>6!G?6!85 !5 3KK@I3KKA4 B
24 %99!6!85?E *87=5>!; &F!9=5;=4 0@
04 *!5G=7J7!56 &F!9=5;=4 0@
34 L(% &F!9=5;=4 0M
N4 *87=5>!; 28DJ:6=7 #=?7;<=>4 0B
L4 *!7=?7D> &F!9=5;=4 0B
&4 27!D= #;=5= %5?EO>!>4 33
..4 $<= L=P=5>= 2?>=4 3@
%4 18D!;!9=Q -?;RG78:59Q ?59 *!7=?7D &F!9=5;=4 3@
-4 2<?7?;6=7 S!65=>>=>4 3T
%HUV'&($ 3B
.4 $<= $7!?E 28:76 &77=9 -O L=5O!5G %JJ=EE?56W> '86!85 $8 L!>D!>> $<=
2?>= -=;?:>= 3N /=?7> )P +7=I%;;:>?6!85 L=E?O X!8E?6=9 1=7 H!G<6
$8 L:= +78;=>> )P ,?Y4 3B
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 3/182
!!!
!"#$% '( )'*!%*!+
#$ %&'()*+,'!)&$ -.
/$ 01,'+12 #&* 3(),4*+(12 /1,56()+&*$ -7
8$ 9:4 /(!4;!&6 /42)<$ -7
-$ =41(!&6 1&* >+2!&6 ?@ ':4 9(!12 A)+('$ BB
A$ C'1&*1(* ); >4D!4<$ BE
F$ 9:4 9(!12 A)+(' G((4* %& 0!&*!&6 9:1' 9:4 9(+':H%&HGD!*4&,4
3()D!I!)& J; 9:4 A12!;)(&!1 A)&I'!'+'!)& %KL)I4* 04*4(12
C'1&*1(*I 0)( F!IK!II12$ BM
8$ !"#$%&'" 1&* >421'4* A1I4I$ BM
-$ N&*4( #('!,24 %O C4,'!)& -PO 9:4 F+4 3(),4II A21+I4 );
':4 A12!;)(&!1 A)&I'!'+'!)& Q+I' /4 R!D4& %&*4L4&*4&'
0)(,4 #&* G;;4,'$ PS
G$ 9:4 9(!12 A)+(' G((4* %& 0!&*!&6 T+I'!;!1?24 F421@ %& 9:!I A1I4
/1I4* J& ($#)*%$ PP
0$ 9:4 F421@ U1I 3(4V+*!,!12 9) 9:4 *4;4&I4$ P.
R$ A)&,2+I!)&$ W8
%%$ 9:4 9(!12 A)+(' G((4* /@ F4&@!&6 #LL4221&'XI Q)'!)& 9) Y+1I: 9:4
C41(,: U1((1&'I #&* 9) C+LL(4II GD!*4&,4$ W-
#$ %&'()*+,'!)&$ W-
/$ 01,'+12 #&* 3(),4*+(12 /1,56()+&*$ WB
8$ 9:4 C41(,: U1((1&'I #&* 3()L4('@ C4!Z4*$ WB
-$ %II+4I >1!I4* /42)<$ WE
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 4/182
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 5/182
!
!"#$% '( )'*!%*!+
#$ %&'()*+,'-)&$ ./
0$ 12,'+23 #&* 4(),5*+(23 02,67()+&*$ .8
9$ :!-*5&,5 4();;5(5* 2&* #(7+<5&'= >2*5 0? #@@5332&'
2&* AB5 4()=5,+'-)&$ .8
/$ AB5 '(-23 ,)+('C= (+3-&7$ .D
E$ #@@5332&' >2*5 # F+;;-,-5&' FB)G-&7 1)( # !"#$%& H52(-&7
#&* I-'B)+' AB5 132G= %& AB5 #;;-*2!-' AB5 4)3-,5 J2,65*
4()K2K35 E2+=5 A) F52(,B %& L+&5 /MMN$ .O
P$ AB5 A(-23 E)+(' :((5* %& 1-&*-&7 AB2' AB5 Q))* 12-'B:R,5@'-)& A) AB5 :R,3+=-)&2(? S+35 #@@3-5*$ ..
%T$ AB5 A(-23 E)+(' :((5* 0? #*<-''-&7 :!-*5&,5 U; #@@5332&'C=
%&'5(()72'-)& 05,2+=5 H5( F'2'5<5&'= I5(5 J57233? E)<@5335*$ .N
#$ %&'()*+,'-)&$ .N
0$ 4(),5*+(23 02,67()+&*$ NM
9$ 0(-5;-&7 053)G$ NM
/$ H52(-&7 2&* S+3-&7 K? 'B5 A(-23 E)+('$ N/
E$ AB5 F'2&*2(* ); S5!-5G$ N8
P$ 05,2+=5 #@@5332&' #= # 4)3-,5 U;;-,5( I2= E)<@5335* A)
#&=G5( V+5='-)&= #' 42-& U; 4+&-'-!5 #,'-)& FB5 I2= :&'-'35*
A) #+')<2'-, W=5 %<<+&-'? 1)( H5( F'2'5<5&'=$ ND
9$ E2=5 J2G FB)G= AB2' # 4)3-,5 U;;-,5( H2= # P+'? A)
#&=G5( V+5='-)&= :!5& AB)+7B AB5 #&=G5(= >2?
FB)G %&!)3!5<5&' %& E(-<-&23 #,'-!-'?$ NX
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 6/182
!"
!"#$% '( )'*!%*!+
$% & '()"*+ ,--"*+. &)/( 01/ & 231343(.5 6435 7( &8/9+.
:4+/3"(8/ ,. ;"/< '48"3"!+ &*3"(8% =>
?% &@@+))183 A1/ B(C@+))+D 7( &8/9+. :4+/3"(8/ ;+E1.D)+// ,-AF+3F+. G&'6 7((< &DC"8"/3.13"!+ &*3"(8% HIH
J% K+*14/+ ,- 7F+ G+E1) B(C@4)/"(8 7( &8/9+. :4+/3"(8/L
&@@+))183M/ K+)"+- 7F13 2F+ A1/ ;+N4".+D 7( 6( 2( A1/
,OP+*3"!+)5 ;+1/(81O)+ &8D 2F+ A1/ ?83"3)+D 7( Q/+
RCC48"35 J(. 0+. &8/9+./% HIS
T% 7F+ ?..(. R8 &DC"33"8E 7F+ ?!"D+8*+ ,- &@@+))183M/
R83+..(E13"(8 A1/ '.+P4D"*"1) 7( F+. 6+-+8/+% HIU
V% 7F+ 7."1) B(4.3 ?..+D K5 6+85"8E 7F+ 6+-+8/+ ;+N4+/3 7( 0()D &
W+))5XJ.5+ 0+1."8E &8D &DC"33"8E ?!"D+8*+ ,- G(9 B(@5 6Y&
7+/3"8E Q/"8E Z"8"J")+.[% HI>
&% R83.(D4*3"(8% HHI
K% 7F+ 7+*F8"*1) R//4+/ ;1"/+D K+)(9% HHI
B% 0+1."8E 18D ;4)"8E O5 3F+ 7."1) B(4.3% HHS
6% 7F+ Z"8"J")+.[ ?!"D+8*+ '.+/+83+D &3 7."1)% HH\
?% 2318D1.D (- ;+!"+9% HH]
J% &@@+))183 Z1D+ & 24--"*"+83 ,--+. ,- '.((- 7( 0()D & '.(8E
,8+ W+))5 0+1."8E &8D 7F+ 7."1) B(4.3 ?..+D R8 ;+)5"8E ,8
2+)+*3"!+ '4O)"*13"(8/ 7( 6+85 & 0+1."8E% HHU
T% 7F+ 7."1) B(4.3 ?..+D K5 ;+)5"8E ,8 !"## 7( 6+85 & '.(8E
,8+ 0+1."8E ,8 Z"8"J")+.[ 7+/3"8E ,- G(9 B(@5 6Y&% H$$
0% 7F+ 7."1) B(4.3 &)/( ?..+D K5 6+85"8E &@@+))183 & '.(8E
7F.++ W+))5 0+1."8E% H$]
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 7/182
!""
!"#$% '( )'*!%*!+
$% &'("))"*+ *, -./ 0"+"1"2/34 5/)- 6/)72-) 8"*29-/' &::/229+-;)
<7/ =3*>/)) 6"?.-)% @AB
@% C*?+"D9E"2"-F% @AG
A% 5./ 0/3"-)% @AH
I% &'("))"*+ J, 5./ 0"+","2/3 K!"'/+>/ L9) =3/M7'">"92 5*
&::/229+-;) </,/+)/% @NO
8$% 5./ 53"92 C*73- K33/' PF KQ>27'"+? K!"'/+>/ J, 5."3'R=93-F
C72:9E"2"-F% @NN
&% $+-3*'7>-"*+% @NN
P% 19>-792 9+' =3*>/'7392 P9>S?3*7+'% @NN
@% T"-"?9-"*+ 9- 53"92% @NN
A% J,,/3 *, =3**,% @NU
N% 5./ 53"92 C*73-;) 672"+?% @NB
C% V-9+'93' *, 6/!"/W% @NH
<% 5./ 53"92 C*73- K33/' $+ 672"+? 5.9- K!"'/+>/ C*'/ V/>-"*+
@@O@XEY V-9+'93') <"' Z*- &::2F 5* &'("))"*+ J, 5."3'R=93-F
C72:9E"2"-F K!"'/+>/% @[O
K% &::2"/' \/3/] K!"'/+>/ C*'/ V/>-"*+ @@O@ 6/^7"3/'
&'("))"*+ J, 5./ K!"'/+>/ J, 5./ J-./3 P73?293F &+'
&))972- L"-. & %NG C92"E/3 6/!*2!/3% @[A
1% 5./ \922 T"+/ J, C9)/) <"' Z*- =3/>27'/ &'("))"*+ J,
K!"'/+>/ 0//-"+? K!"'/+>/ C*'/ V/>-"*+ @@O@XEY V-9+'93')
1*3 =3**, J, $'/+-"-F% @[B
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 8/182
!"""
!"#$% '( )'*!%*!+
$% &'( )*+,-."/0 12 &'( )!"3(0+( 4"/,56(3 788(,,5069. :-(
;-035<(065, =">'6 &/ ?@(.(06 7 :(2(0.(% ABC
D% =(!(@.5, E. =(F-"@(3% ABG
4EE% &'( &@"5, H/-@6 4"/,56(3 I656( 703 ;(3(@5, J5K LM :(0M"0> 788(,,506
70 188/@6-0"6M &/ H@/..N)*5<"0( &'( ?@/.(+-6"/09. H@"<( I+(0(
705,M.6 7O/-6 16'(@ L-@>,5@M )!"3(0+(% APQ
7% L5+R>@/-03% APQ
L% &'( I65035@3 /2 =(!"(K% APS
H% )!"3(0+( H/3( I(+6"/0 TPS :"3 U/6 L5@ H@/..N)*5<"056"/0
7O/-6 16'(@ L-@>,5@"(.% APS
:% &'( =(.6@"+6"/0 10 H@/..N)*5<"056"/0 4"/,56(3 788(,,5069.
I656( 703 ;(3(@5, H/02@/0656"/0 =">'6.% APP
)% ?@(V-3"+( E. ?@(.(06 L(+5-.( &'( ?@/.(+-6"/0 H5,,(3 I525@"R &/
L,(.. E6. &'(/@M 12 &'( H5.(% APW
4EEE% :-( ?@/+(.. =(F-"@(. =(!(@.5, 12 &'( X-3><(06 L(+5-.( 12 &'(H-<-,56"!( )22(+6 12 &'( &@"5, )@@/@.% APC
H1UHJYIE1U APG
Z1=: H1YU& H)=&E;EH7&) AWQ
?=11; 1; I)=4EH) AWA
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 9/182
!"
!"#$% '( ")!*'+,!,%-
(./.012 314.45
!"# %& '"()*+,) $%&'() *+, -./. 0'......................................................................... %0%
!-./+0) %& 12(,.0)3# $%&&%) *&& -./. 1+& ................................................................ %%,
4)(3.,+-# 5.36 7#83& 9+:.)( 9#-%.:#; %& 4+2"0.<*3 $%&&,) *&2 -./. (*& .................... &'
4)-"#- %& =.0<+ $%&+1) *,+ -./. (%* .......................................................................... (,
4-23+0 %& >0.3#? 93)3#; $%&0') 2&% -./. %12 ............................................................. %22
42,8#- %& @+-3* 5)-+(.0) $%&0') 2&% -./. (*2 .......................................................... 01
5)(.A+-0.) %& B-+,C#33) $%&'*) *0+ -./. *+& .............................................................. *,
5*),C#-; %& D)-+0#6 $%&+,) 2&& -./. *1 .................................................................. +(
5*),C#-; %& D.;;.;;.88. $%&+2) *%, -./. 1'* ................................... %(13 %(23 %013 %02
5*)8,)0 %& 5)(.A+-0.) $%&0+) 2'0 -./. %' .......................................................... 8);;.,
5+0?# %& E#0-6 $&45 6!7. 1,,,) %&' 8.29 +2* .......................................................... %(2
5+6 %& F+G) $%&'') *'+ -./. %,%1 ............................................................................. %(&
5-)0# %& H#032:"6 $%&'0) *+0 -./. 0'2 .................................................................... %(1
7)%.; %& !();") $%&+*) *%( -./. 2,' ......................................................... %(&3 %0,3 %0%
7#()G)-# %& I)0 !-;?)(( $%&'0) *+( -./. 0+2 .................................................. %0,3 %0%
7+<<#33 %& >0.3#? 93)3#; $%&&1) (,( -./. 0*+ ....................................................... 2+3 (%
J-G.0 %& K-.:# $%%45 6!7.%&'() ++' 8.19 00' ............................................................ %,&
J;3#((# %& 9,.3* $%&'%) *(% -./. *(* ......................................................................... %21
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 10/182
!
!"#$% '( ")!*'+,!,%-
!"#$%& ( )*+#,#"* #$%&'( )*' +,-, $ ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, './ '0/ ''/ %$
!"-* (. /$01*2 31#1*& #1,2, 234, $%5*( 5%* 6, $7$* ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, $$$
4#"2$*" (. 5"62*"07%8 96+07* :6;;0&&06$*" #$%0'( *%5 +,-, 5&* ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, %&
4#""01- (. <*, =*"&*- #$%0&( *'. +,-, )%* ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >#&&0;
46?5#"1 @;>6"10$A :6. (. /.3. #$%*$( 5'5 +,-, *)) ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0$
@$ "* 4"#$2 =B"- 3BC>6*$#& )#1*2 )*7. DE8 DFGH #%89 234, $%%$( %50 6,5: ')& ,,,,,,, &$
4B+2*$ (. I7:6"%+* #.89 234, $%'5( 0'7 6,5: $7&7 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, $7%
J*&1*" (. :01- 6K I0++*2A*(0++* #$$89 234,$%'.( &&& 6,5: $)%5 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, $7%
JB>>*"1 (. :01- 6K 9011&CB"A #%89 234, 577%( .&) 6,*: 0%0 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, $7$/ $7'
@++0$60& (. 4#1*& #$%'*( )05 +,-, 5$*,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 05/ 0'/ &5
L-++6 (. /$01*2 31#1*& #577$( .** +,-, 5& ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 05
M*K%6,01N (. OB"+*-8 *1 #+. #$%&*( )$) +,-, &7 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, %'/ $75/ $75/ $7*/ $7.
I#>> (. PQ06 #$%0$( *0& +,-, 0)* ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0*/ &.
I#"-+#$2 (. 4#""0&6$ #$%'&( )'7 +,-, &% ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, &$
I7)#$0*+ (. 5"6,$ #57$7( ..' +,-, $57,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, '5
I7L0$$*- (. R**& #%89 234, $%%*( %%* 6,5: $*&' ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, $**
I0"#$2# (. S"0N6$# #$%0.( *') +,-, )*0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, %5
I6+0$# *T "*+. I6+0$# (. :66>*" #&89 234, 577*( *5. 6,*: %0* ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 05
<#1Q#$&6$ (. /$01*2 31#1*& #$%**( 5%7 +,-, )$ ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0%
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 11/182
!"
!"#$% '( ")!*'+,!,%-
!"#$% '( )$%*+,-. $%&''( )'' *+,+ --.+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ %/%
/0.*1% '( 2$3 415- $%&'0( ))1 *+,+ 1.2 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ /-
/0.*1% '( 611#305# $&34 5"6+ -002( 2)/ 7+28 %-0) +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ..9 %1)
789! '( :%;*$# 7*0*$< $%&2-( -'. *+,+ -0/++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ /29 .2
7=$5 '( :(7( >$?05*@$%* 1A B$*$50%< CAA0;5< $%:3 5"6+ -00.( )'' 7+28 )'& +++++++++++++++ %0'
7;@< '( 8$15D;0 $%&/.( 2'1 *+,+ 12' ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ )-
7*5;,-"0%# '( 60<=;%D*1% $%&')( )// *+,+ //' ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ %2-9 %229 %2)9 %1-
7+"";'0% '( E1+;<;0%0 $%&&2( 10' *+,+ -.1 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ %12
F0."15 '( )$%*+,-. $%&.'( )2/ *+,+ ).' ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ %/-
F$G0< '( H513% $%&'2( )/0 *+,+ .20 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ /'
F=1@0< '( I+JJ05# $&34 5"6+ -00%( -.2 7+28 %%/) +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ..9 %1)
:%;A15@$# 70%;*0*;1% K$% '( L1@@;<<;1%$5 1A 70%;*0*;1% $%&/'( 2&- *+,+ -'0 ++++++++ &'
:%;*$# 7*0*$< '( H0D"$. $%&'1( ).2 *+,+ //. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ %/0
:%;*$# 7*0*$< '( L=;<,=;"". $&34 5"6+ %&&)( 20 7+28 %%)) ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ '%
:%;*$# 7*0*$< '( L1"-"$. $)34 5"6+ %&&0( '&& 7+-8 -&. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ '&
:%;*$# 7*0*$< '( >0';< $;+ <8+ -00&( /0- 7+,=>>+-8 /1' +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ %%/
:%;*$# 7*0*$< '( 850%* $&34 5"6+ -0%-( /'- 7+28 '-. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ /29 /.
:%;*$# 7*0*$< '( I055;< $%&.%( )02 *+,+ 1.2 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ /)9 /&
:%;*$# 7*0*$< '( )13 $&34 5"6+ %&&1( 1' 7+28 )-2 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ .%
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 12/182
!""
!"#$% '( ")!*'+,!,%-
!"#$%& ($)$%* +, -%." $%&'() (*' +,-, '&. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, /)**#0
!"#$%& ($)$%* +, 1)2#." $%&.%) (/( +,-, 0/. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1/
!"#$%& ($)$%* +, 1#34%5 $&23 4"5, 6//0) 0' 7,08 &&1 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, %1(
!"#$%& ($)$%* +, 6)7$." $6//&) 1.0 7,08 '1& ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, .%
!"#$%& ($)$%* +, (8945$: $*23 4"5, %&&() %( 7,08 %/&0 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, *&
!"#$%& ($)$%* +, (0#$9 $123 4"5, %&.&) */6 7,68 *&( ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, %06
!"#$%& ($)$%* +, (0#$9;<)5$#$9%2 $&23 4"5, 6//1) (6( 7,08 &%0 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, %10
!"#$%& ($)$%* +, =9.0)* $&23 4"5, 6///) 6%% 7,08 %%'* ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, *&
!"#$%& ($)$%* +, >)5%":4%5);<%2")5 $%&'%) (1' +,-, '1' ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0&9 (/
!"#$%& ($)$%* +, ?)*9#"3$." $&23 4"5, %&'*) .&. 7,68 %(*% ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, .1
!"#$%& ($)$%* +, @)7)*;A#): $%:2 4"5,%&&*) &1 7,08 %/1 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, .0
!"#$%& ($)$%* +, @#00%20)" $058 4"5, 6//6) 6.. 7,08 (6* ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, *&
?)*9#"3$." +, =%B)* $%&*.) 0'' +,-, %( ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, %10
?9#$% +, C55#".#* $%&&6) 1/6 +,-, 0(*,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, %00
?."3 (4" +, !"#$%& ($)$%* $%&*0) 0.% +,-, (.% ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, .1
-./.0 1/2023
D5%B)"&%2 +, (4/%2#.2 E.42$ $%&.0) & 4;<,08 0'. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, *0
D4$.0.F#5% GH4#$7 ()5%*I C"8, +, (4/%2#.2 E.42$ $%&*6) 1. 4;<,68 (1/ ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (6
<%55#::# +, (4/%2#.2 E.42$ $%&.() %6 4;<,08 00 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (/
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 13/182
!"""
!"#$% '( ")!*'+,!,%-
!"#$%& () *+,$-."- /"+-0 12345$64 /"+%078 $%&&%' % ()*+,-. /0 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ,,
/9-.&043 () :"3.;$ /"55.&&."% "< /.07 4%6 /"+%07 "< *4% =-4%;.&;" $0 43)
$%&/&' // ()*+122+34 50, ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ &/6 &&6 %776 %78
/.07 "< >"& 2%?$3$& () *+,$-."- /"+-0 $%&&9' 59 ()*+122+,-. %570 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ %70
/"55"%#$4309 () >$#.& $37%3' 8% :);;+122+(-+ %%& ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ %57
@$34#4-$ () :$%%$33 $%&8&' 58, 1+34 5%/ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ,&
=.;9$-4 () *040$ :$-&"%%$3 !"4-6 $%&0/' 3%9 ()*+122+34 0%/ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ %77
="#3$- () *+,$-."- /"+-0 $%&8,' %03 ()*+122+/4 3%5 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ /,6 5%6 53
A$53$- () *+,$-."- /"+-0 $%&95' ,, ()*+122+/4 ,/7++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 0/
B"%$& () *+,$-."- /"+-0 $%&97' / ()*+/4 9/, ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 53
C4(4%4+?9 () D$&0 *"%"54 /"+%07 E%."% A.?9 *;9""3 @.&0-.;0 $377/' 3&
()*+,-. &%%++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ %,/
F% -$ >4%;$ D) $%&85' /9 ()*+/4 89/ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ,/
F% -$ *;"00 $377/' 3& ()*+,-. 98/ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ /86 %/%6%,/
>7G4-?$- () /.07 "< >"& 2%?$3$& $%&85' ,7 ()*+/4 833 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ %7%6 %736 %75
:4&46$%4 :"3.;$ H<<.;$-& () /.07 "< :4&46$%4 $%&&7' 5% ()*+/4 50, +++++++++ ,&6 %7/6 %75
:$%%$7 () *+,$-."- /"+-0 $%&93' 38 ()*+122+/4 &,% ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 5/
:$",3$ () 2G.3$I $3779' ,% ()*+,-. ,93++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ %,5
:$",3$ () 23;434 $%&&3' , ()*+,-. 9,3 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ %/8
:$",3$ () 23$J4%6$- $37%7' ,& ()*+,-. 8,0 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ /8
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 14/182
!"#
!"#$% '( ")!*'+,!,%-
!"#$%" '( )*+,"*- %&'()* + ,-./+0 1&2////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// +13 2+
!"#$%" '( )./0*1 %&'42* &(+ ,-./566/+0 +17 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// &+7
!"#$%" '( )2"%% %&''&* 7+2 ,-./566/+0 4+1/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// +23 2)
!"#$%" '( 34*5"1 %&''7* 4 ,-./566/89: ('4 ////////////////////////////////////////////// &7)3 &+)3 &+&
!"#$%" '( 34**6+7 %&'47* ++ ,-./+0 &&2 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// &2+
!"#$%" '( 3"48#5 %&'(4* 4 ,-./+0 172////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// &883 &82
!"#$%" '( 3"594865 %&'''* (( ,-./566/89: 718 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 44
!"#$%" '( 3#1."5 %7))(* &12 ,-./566/89: (1& ////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 883 2+
!"#$%" '( 3*4-:#*- %&''(* &2 ,-./89: &77' ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 44
!"#$%" '( ;4,6%% %&''+* 2 ,-./89: 8(4//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// &&)
!"#$%" '( ;484*"%%4 %&''&* 28 ,-./+0 2'7////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// (+
!"#$%" '( ;4**65<=#5 %7))'* 8( ,-./89: &82////////////////////////////////////////////// 173 123 113 ')
!"#$%" '( ;4=%65 %7))&* 71 ,-./89: 4&////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 823 813 2)
!"#$%" '( ;,45+" %7))4* 88 ,-./89: &&18 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// &2)
!"#$%" '( ;,4=845 %7))1* +4 ,-./89: +88 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// &2(
!"#$%" '( ;,4'"> %&'4)* 71 ,-./+0 ++8 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 8+
!"#$%" '( ;#%"845 %&'42* +4 ,-./+0 1' //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// &2(
!"#$%" '( ;#%%65. %&'41* 87 ,-./+0 +(4 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// &2+
!"#$%" '( ;##7 %&'(4* 77 ,-./+0 1( //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 12
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 15/182
!"
!"#$% '( ")!*'+,!,%-
!"#$%" '( )##$"* $%&&%' () *+,-). //% ------------------------------------------------------------- %0/1 %(2
!"#$%" ' )#+,- $03%3' (3 *456 43%1 4/3 --------------------------------------------------------- %)41 %)2
!"#$%" '( )*#."* $033%' 04 *+,-456 77& ----------------------------------------------------------- %)%1 %4)
!"#$%" '( /,'01 $%&&(' %3 *+,-456 42) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- %44
!"#$%" '( /##%0- $033&' 4( *+,-456 )&3 -------------------------------------------------------------------- %(7
!"#$%" '( /2--34#-5,%"5 $%&&2' 4/ *+,-899-456 7&&------------------------------------------------- )7
!"#$%" '( 67"%8,9:"* $%&7&' 4/ *+,-). &7) -------------------------------------------------------------- %)7
!"#$%" '( 6%%0#;; $03%0' () *+,-456 ()(---------------------------------------------------------------------- %(/
!"#$%" '( 6$$1 $%&72' %70 *+,-899-). %%30 --------------------------------------------------------------- 43
!"#$%" '( <,*."* $%&7&' 4/ *+,-). 777 ------------------------------------------------------------ %4(1 %(%
!"#$%" '( 4%,1"* $%&&(' %% *+,-456 )(4 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 2%
!"#$%" '( 4#-5,%"1 $03%%' (% *+,-456 7&4 ----------------------------------------------------------------- %(7
!"#$%" '( 4#-5,%"5 $%&&3' (% *+,-). %%/& ------------------------------------------------------------ 241 2(
!"#$%" '( 42"**, $0332' )/ *+,-456 %324 ------------------------------------------------------------------ %0%
!"#$%" '( =,%% $%&72' 4% *+,-). 702--------------------------------------------------------------------- $,110.
!"#$%" '( =,--#- $%&//' %& *+,-). (77 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 44
!"#$%" '( =,1;#- $%&27' 2& *+,-0. 0)) ----------------------------------------------------- %441 %4(1 %42
!"#$%" '( ="-7"*1#- $033)' %3/ *+,-899-456 /2& -------------------------------------------- %071 %0&
!"#$%" '( ="*-,-7"5 $%&&4' )3 *+,-899-456 &%& -------------------------------------------------------- /)
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 16/182
!"#
!"#$% '( ")!*'+,!,%-
!"#$%" '( )*%% %&''() *+ ,-./011/234 2* ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// $+,,*-
!"#$%" '( )*%% %(+*2) 56 ,-./57 2+( ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 5*8 9'
!"#$%" '( )*%% %(++*) (6 ,-./234 *'' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 9&8 (:&
!"#$%" '( )*.+/+ %&''+) (69 ,-./011/234 (2++ ///////////////////////////////////////// :58 :28 628 +'
!"#$%" '( )*/01 %(+62) (& ,-./57 :2( ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 2'
!"#$%" '( )#2,%"3 %(++&) : ,-./011/234 +26///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// (52
!"#$%" '( )2%%+45 %&''5) ((' ,-./011/234 (:2://///////////////////////////////////////////////// :58 62
!"#$%" '( 6+07,#4 %&''*) (:5 ,-./011/234 5(5 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ((5
!"#$%" '( 8"%%3 %(+6:) (6 ,-./57 &2 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// $+,,*-
!"#$%" '( 8**1#+ %(+:') 95 ,-./&7 62* //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 2'
!"#$%" '( 8*.7$+/.*07 %(+6&) 6 ,-./57 2*' ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 2'
!"#$%" '( 8.+9/ %&''') &5 ,-./234 +6* ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :(
!"#$%" '( :"+13 %(++2) * ,-./234 9*6 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// (&+
!"#$%" '( :"5",-+ %&'':) 5+ ,-./234 :2( ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// (9*
!"#$%" '( :"5",-+ %(+*6) 25 ,-./57 (6( ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// (5&
!"#$%" '( :#$"; %(+**) (+* ,-./011/57 (59 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 2(8 2&
!"#$%" '( :20+, %(++9) (& ,-./234 2(9 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 9&
!"#$%" '( :2//"4<".=". %(++') 9' ,-./57 ( ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// **
!"#$%" '( :3401 %&'(') 9' ,-./234 :+5 ////////////////////////////////////////////// (2:8 (268 (2*8 (9&
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 17/182
!"##
!"#$% '( ")!*'+,!,%-
!"#$%" '( )*"+,*+ %&'(() *+, -./0122034 &*+( 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 53
!"#$%" '( )*-,./"0 %*+++) ** -./0,67 58+ 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 359 3(
!"#$%" '( )12"-3#,, %*++*) *( -./0,67 ',: 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 &3&
!"#$%" '( )145#-,"- %*++') ,5 -./0,67 3&( 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 &,8
!"#$%" '( )"+* %&'58) &, -./034 ,:: 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 :,
!"#$%" '( ).%%"- %&''+) 8+ -./034 '8, 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 &,:
!"#$%" '( )./.6." %&'':) &3 -./0,67 &+88 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 &&&9 &3:
!"#$%" '( )./7*-"+ %&'5') *, -./034 ,&+ 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 58
!"#$%" '( ).-"/8* %*++') &5, -./01220,67 &3&3 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 8+9 83
!"#$%" '( )#-9*/,. %&'':) ,3 -./01220,67 :,3000000000000000000000000000000000 &&39 &*&9 &**9 &3&
!"#$%" '( :"%+#/ %*++() ,3 -./0,67 &*,* 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 $*++.3
!"#$%" '( !"*-+#/ %*+&3) 8: -./0,67 3'3 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 &8(
!"#$%" '( !"%%"9-./ %&'55) 5( -./0122034 '&3 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 :'
!"#$%" '( !./"8# %*++8) &*( -./01220,67 ':( 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 83
!"#$%" '( !.0*--# *+&3 -./0 1220 ;<=>? ,+* 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 &&*
!"#$%" '( !-"++"; %*++*) &+* -./01220,67 &&5( 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 :'
!"#$%" '( <*3.-"0 %*++:) 3' -./0,67 3'( 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 &,(9 &,'9 &8*
!"#$%" '( <*3#+ %&'(,) 35 -./034 &3: 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 ,39 &33
!"#$%" '( <""'"+ %*++&) '& -./01220,67 &,000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 &*'
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 18/182
!"###
!"#$% '( ")!*'+,!,%-
!"#$%" '( )#*%"+ %&'''( &) *+,-./0 123 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 45
!"#$%" '( )#,*-% %5332( 53 *+,-./0 .25 -------------------------------------------------------------------- 555
!"#$%" '( )./0%" %&''2( .) *+,-./0 14 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 5&5
!"#$%" '( 1-2 %5343( 15 *+,-&6 53. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 571
!"#$%" '( 134-0"5 %5343( 15 *+,-&6 145-------------------------------------------------------------------- 57&
!"#$%" '( 134"60 %5331( 54 *+,-./0 5 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- .&
!"#$%" '( 13#77 %&'55( 7& *+,-./0 .7&------------------------------------------------ 5.&8 5.)8 5.48 57&
!"#$%" '( 12674 %&''1( .' *+,-./0 .2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 34
!"#$%" '( 1#7# %5333( &5 *+,-./0 75& ---------------------------------------------------------------- 5&&8 5&)
!"#$%" '( 17-/%", %5337( 5' *+,-./0 14. -------------------------------------------------------------------- 571
!"#$%" '( 1756786/9"5 %532)( ). *+,-)6 7'7 -------------------------------------------------------- 5).8 573
!"#$%" '( :-;#,- %&''1( .& *+,-./0 5.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------- 5)&
!"#$%" '( <%%#- %&''&( 5'5 *+,-9::-./0 5'''------------------------------------------------------------- 15
!"#$%" '( =-%"/36- %533'( &52 *+,-9::-)6 2'2---------------------------------------------------- $-++62
!"#$%" '( ="/"9-+ %5332( 52 *+,-./0 .1 -------------------------------------------- 5538 5&18 5)'8 5))
!"#$%" '( >-60%- %&'''( && *+,-./0 43' -------------------------------------------------------------------- 5.7
!"#$%" '( >-%?"5 %&''4( 5)3 *+,-9::-./0 12& ---------------------------------------------------------- 5.)
!"#$%" '( >-%?"5 %5322( .1 *+,-)6 4'7 --------------------------------------------------------------------- 5.4
!"#$%" '( >-7+#/ %5374( .4 *+,-&6 252 --------------------------------------------------------------------- 5))
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 19/182
!"!
!"#$% '( ")!*'+,!,%-
!"#$%" '( )*%%*+,- $%&'() *+* ,-./011/*2 %3(///////////////////////////////////////////////////////// %+4
!"#$%" '( )*%%*- $*44*) *5 ,-./367 ** ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// &%
!"#$%" '( )##.- $*44') %3' ,-./011/367 %4' /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// %'*
/+'"0 '( 1"23,"4*+0 $%&&4) +* ,-./82 88' //////////////////////////////////////////////////// 389 339 3+
/*56+7.-#0 '( 82$"7*#7 9#27: $*445) 38 ,-./367 %434 ////////////////////////////////////// %839 %'4
/*'"7-*." 9#20:; 86"7*<<=- 1"$:( '( >*?,+0 $*445) %'& ,-./011/367 ('8 ///////// %4%9 %45
856"7%*0? '( 82$"7*#7 9#27: $%&(5) ** ,-./82 3&8 /////////////////////////////////////////////// 339 3+
8$*"%@+2"7 '( 9#20:; #< 8+0:+ 9%+7+ $*44&) 3+ ,-./367 (43 ///////////////////////////////////// %48
8:+:" '( A#.0"7 $*4%%) *'% :/82 &(& ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// %+4
8:+:" '( !"77; $*44&) %3' ;/</ *45 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// %+4
8:+:" '( )##.+%% $%&5&) %5* =/>-/ %+ ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 8+9 3&
8B,+5*+7B '( 8:+:" !"7-#0+% A#+7. $%&(5) (& ,-./011/82 &43 ///////////////////////////////// %44
C*:2- '( 9*'*% 8"7'( 9#,,*--*#0 $%&54) %84 ,-./011/82 8+( //////////////////////////////////// %44
)*%%*+,- '( 9*:; #< D#- E0?"%"- $%&55) 3( ,-./82 %&+ ////////////////////////////////////// %489 %4+
./01232423/015
,-./ ,?@A6/9 0B6/ C9 D ($-) /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// $+--*,
,-./ ,?@A6/9 0B6/ C9 D %+ ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// $+--*,
,-./ ,?@A6/9 0B6/ C9 D *3 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 3*
,-./ ,?@A6/9 0B6/ C9 D *5$E)$*)//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// *&9 839 8+9 8&9 &3
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 20/182
!!
!"#$% '( ")!*'+,!,%-
#$%$ &'()*$+ ,*-
./0(1$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ !"##$%
#$%$ &'()*$+ 2*-
./0(1$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ !"##$%
#$%$ &'()*$+ 34*-
./0(1$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ !"##$%
(./.012 -31343.5 6 +.7421389:5;
56 &$7$8$ 9 :$;5,<3= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 3:6
36 #$%$&$ 9 >==?@A?3A $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 2;
-313. -31343.5;
BCD1$ &'10+ 9 5,= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ !"##$%
BCD1$ &'10+ 9 5,4 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 3=:+ 3=3
BCD10(E0 &'10+ 9 4:= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 33=+ 336+ 35:
BCD1$ &'10+ 9 33:3$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 35;+ 35>
F'C$ &'10+ 9 55:: $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ !"##$%
F'C$ &'10+ 9 55:4 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 3:=
F'C$ &'10+ 9 55:; $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 3::
G0HI*- J %HK0*L &'10+ 9 335,3 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 5>
M0(HI &'10+ 9 36;?HA $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 3
M0(HI &'10+ 9 36> $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 3
M0(HI &'10+ 9 3=:==$,$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 3
M0(HI &'10+ 9 =>2 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ =
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 21/182
!!"
!"#$% '( ")!*'+,!,%-
'./01 "2./314.4056
$%&"'()*"% +,&-. (' $(,)/0 +,&- 12345 678 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 94:
;)"<=/0 !" $% 20 &!"!'()*$")+* +, "-! .$')$/%!0 1,,!2")*3 4)5!6 4)*)7)%!' &81
9'+,)%!0 6>(?-@7-) A5998 B 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 9A:
;,C(D&- !" $%:0 ;+< =+>? 8@(/!' AA =+*0)6!'$")+* $*6 =$@")+*0 E)(F2 9A/=
G*/-)*%/"(*%& HI@J(.",@ (* K,@%* GC-*/"'"F%/"(* 6A5598 2222222222222222222222222222222222 9A3
;,/&-)0 7+'!*0)2 &81 B?>)*3C D!2+*6 E6)")+*F G)+%+3?C B!2-*+%+3? $*6
H!*!")20 +, DBI 4$'J!'0 6LF%C-@"F E)-.. A55B8222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 9A3
M(-=&-)0 E''+' $*6 E5$33!'$")+* )* "-! 9'!0!*"$")+* +, &81 EK)6!*2! $" B')$%69NN38 3: O,)"@-/)"F. A9 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 19
I)2-$'6 ;!(>!'"C D+(! =$K!$"0 =+*2!'*)*3 &81 $0 =')()*$% L6!*"),)2$")+*
EK)6!*2!C 93 $%)C(P( Q2+-?2 3530 35BR54 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 19
S=(@J.(*0 T,-&&-)0 %*C M)%*-0 7+'!*0)2 &81 D"$")0")20F D")%% =+*"'+K!'0)$% L*
D+(! =$0!0 6A59A8 34 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 9A:
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 22/182
!
#$ %&' ()*+% ), -..'-/ ), %&' 0%-%' ), (-/#,)+$#-
0'()$1 -..'//-%' 1#0%+#(%2 1#3#0#)$ ,)*+
!"# %#&%'# &( !"# )!*!# &( 4
+*',(&-.,* 4
4 567!!86
.9:;<=;>> :<? +@ABC<?@<=2 4
4 D/CA -<E@9@A (CF<=G
3AH 4 0FB@I;CI (CFI=
4 (:A@ $CH 5-JK876JL
)!#%"*.,# '*/*-0)1 44 *%%#''*.!2) &%#.,.3
1@>@<?:<= :<? -BB@99:<=H 4 4-,#(
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 4
)!*!#5#.! &( *%%#*'*4,',!6
-BB@99:<= 0=@BN:<;@ /:O:IFA DP:BB@99:<=QL :BB@:9A >ICR =N@ SF?ER@<= C>
=N@ /CA -<E@9@A (CF<=G 0FB@I;CI (CFI=2 =N@ &C<CI:T9@ +CT@I= .@IIG BI@A;?;<EH
- SFIG UC<V;U=@? :BB@99:<= C> >;IA= ?@EI@@ RFI?@I W;=N B@IAC<:9 FA@ C> : N:<?EF<H
D.@<:9 (C?@2 XX !Y82 AFT?H D:L2 !YZ2 !6[66HK2 AFT?H D:L \AFTA@]F@<= I@>@I@<U@A =C
A=:=F=@A :I@ =C =N@ .@<:9 (C?@ F<9@AA <C=@? C=N@IW;A@4HL %N@ UCFI= ;RBCA@? :
A@<=@<U@ C> 68 G@:IA^=C^9;>@H
%N;A :BB@:9 ;A >ICR : >;<:9 SF?ER@<= =N:= >;<:99G ?;ABCA@A C> :99 C> =N@
;AAF@A T@=W@@< =N@ B:I=;@AH DXX !6JK2 !6J8HL
)!*!#5#.! &( !"# +*)#
)< 1@U@RT@I !Y2 6[[Z2 =N@ /CA -<E@9@A (CF<=G 1;A=I;U= -==CI<@G
UN:IE@? :BB@99:<= W;=N C<@ UCF<=2 =N@ W;99>F92 ?@9;T@I:=@ :<? BI@R@?;=:=@?
RFI?@I C> 0N@II; +:ARFAA@< C< CI :TCF= ,@TIF:IG 672 !ZY_H DX !Y82 AFT?H D:L
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 23/182
!
# $% &'()* %+, -./01234-0. /514+,1 366,7,8 4+34 399,663.4 9,1:0.366; 5:,8 3
/-1,312 -. 4+, <022-::-0. 0/ 4+, 0//,.:,) =>?!@!!)AB :5C8) =3*D # $% &'()*
E99,663.4 96,8 .04 75-64;) =# $% &#@D ? F% EG!)*
%+, 41-36 <0514 8,.-,8 399,663.4H: 204-0. 40 8-:2-:: 4+, <3:, 0. 85,
910<,:: 7105.8: C,<35:, 0/ 91,I58-<-36 91,41-36 8,63; 0/ !' ;,31:) =? $% !JG'@B
?J()*
K. L,C1531; !B !@?!B 4+, I51; M3: :M01. 3.8 -4 /05.8 399,663.4 75-64;
3: <+317,8 0. N31<+ (B !@?!) =J $% ?'A(B ?A#OB ?AA!GA')*
K. N3; ??B !@?!B 4+, <0514 :,.4,.<, 399,663.4 40 !A ;,31:G40G6-/, /01
/-1:4 8,71,, 2518,1B 965: 3. 388-4-0.36 ! ;,31: /01 4+, /-1,312 ,.+3.<,2,.4) =J
$% ?&?!)* %+, <0514 -290:, 3 1,:4-454-0. /-., 0/ P?@@ => ?!@!)#B :5C8) =C**B3.8 018,1,8 399,663.4 40 910Q-8, :3296,: /01 -8,.4-/-<34-0. =R,.36 $08,B >
!O&*) =J $% ?&??)* %+, <0514 8-8 .04 -290:, 3 93106, 1,Q0<34-0. /-., C,<35:,
4+, 1,6,Q3.4 :43454, => ?!@!)#A* M3: .04 -. ,//,<4 34 4+, 4-2, 0/ 4+, <1-2, -.
?O(&) =J $% ?&?!)*
K. N3; ??B !@?!B 399,663.4 /-6,8 3 .04-<, 0/ 399,36) =J $% ?&?@)*
!"#"$%$&" () )#*"!
+, +-./0123.40-,
S. ?O(!B 399,663.4 T4,9+3.-, U3V315: 7138534,8 /102 W$UE M-4+ 3
C3<+,601H: 8,71,, -. 906-4-<36 :<-,.<, 3.8 :0<-0607;) =J $% ?A(()* S.
T,94,2C,1 ?O('B :+, ,.4,1,8 4+, U0: E.7,6,: R06-<, X,93142,.4 =UERX*
E<38,2; 3.8 7138534,8 -. N31<+ ?O(#) =?@ F% ?&(O)* %+,1,3/4,1B 399,663.4
10:, 4+1057+ 4+, 13.Y: 3.8B C; ?OOJB 1,3<+,8 4+, 6,Q,6 0/ X,4,<4-Q, SSB 3
90:-4-0. 4+34 -.<658,8 :59,1Q-:-0. 0/ 04+,1 8,4,<4-Q,: M-4+-. UERX) =J $%
?A(O)* L102 Z3.531; !@@& 5.4-6 +,1 311,:4 0. Z5., AB !@@OB 399,663.4 M3:
3::-7.,8 40 4+, $022,1<-36 $1-2,: X-Q-:-0.B E14 %+,/4 X,43-6B 3.8 C,<32, 3.
,[9,14 -. 4+, 1,<0Q,1; 0/ :406,. /-., 314) =J $% ?A(O)*
X51-.7 +,1 !& ;,31: M-4+ 4+, UERXB 399,663.4 1,<,-Q,8 2564-96,
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 24/182
!
#$%%&'()*+$', -$. /&. 0$.12 ,3#/ ), %)1+'4 )' 5&'$.%$3, #$'*.+63*+$'7 *$
)' )'*+8(.34 9.$4.)% -$. ,#/$$: #/+:(.&'2 6&+'4 5) *.&%&'($3, ),,&*7 *$ /&.
*&)%2 )'( ,$%&$'& 0+*/ ,*.$'4 %$.): ;):3&,7 )'( 5/$'&,* 6$*/ +' /&.
#/).)#*&. )'( 0$.1<7 => ?@ ABCD<E F' ADDC2 )99&::)'* 0), ')%&( */&
5G3*,*)'(+'4 H&*&#*+;& $- */& I&).7 -$. */& J)' K3L, H+;+,+$' $- */& MNOH<
=> ?@ ABDP<E F' QPP!2 ,/& .&#&+;&( */& ,)%& )0).( -$. */& H&;$',/+.&
H+;+,+$'< = !"#$ <E
R&. MNOH O&.,$''&: S&#$.( #$'*)+'&( '$ )::&4)*+$', $- &T#&,,+;&
-$.#& $. +%9.$9&. #$'(3#* ), )' $--+#&.< = !"#$ <E N* *.+):2 0+*'&,,&, 0/$ /)(
1'$0' )99&::)'* -$. (&#)(&,2 +'#:3(+'4 -&::$0 $--+#&.,2 *&,*+-+&( */)* ,/& 0), )
'$'8;+$:&'* 9&.,$'< =AU S@ QUBC2 QU>Q2 A> S@ Q>DP2 QCPA8PQ<EJ&*&.)' (&*&#*+;&, +';&,*+4)*&( */& -)*): ,/$$*+'4 $- V/&.+ S),%3,,&'
$' W&6.3).L QX2 ADCU< =X S@ XBU8B><E @/&L #$'#:3(&( */)* ,/& 0), ,/$* )'(
1+::&( +' /&. .&,+(&'#& +' ) #$'($%+'+3% #$%9:&T )-*&. ,3.9.+,+'4 )'(
,*.344:+'4 0+*/ $'& $. %$.& 63.4:)., 0/$ &'*&.&( )' 3':$#1&( -.$'* ($$. )-*&.
/&. /3,6)'( :&-* -$. 0$.1 6L ) (+--&.&'* &T+*< =X S@ BU>8UC2 B>AY D S@ AX>A<E
@/+, #$'#:3,+$' 0), 6),&( $' &;+(&'#& */)* ,*&.&$ &Z3+9%&'* /)( 6&&' ,*)#1&(
.&)(L *$ 6& *)1&' )0)L 0/&.& */& &'#$3'*&. 0+*/ S),%3,,&' $##3..&(< =X S@
BPX8PU2 B>U2 B>C2 BCXY D S@ AXCA8CQ<E F* 0), ):,$ 6),&( $' &;+(&'#&2
&T#:3(&( )* *.+):2 */)* *0$ %&' #$%%+**&( ) 63.4:).L 0+*/ */& ,)%& %&$'(
&*+,-.$# )'( ,)%& #):+6&. /)'(43' )* ) '&).6L .&,+(&'*+): #$%9:&T */)* 0),
5):%$,* )' &T)#* .&9:+#)7 $- S),%3,,&'[, .&,+(&'#&< =AA\U\AQ V399:< ?@ D!<E
@/& +';&,*+4)*+$' 0&'* #$:( 3'*+: ])'3).L QPPB2 0/&' */& MNOH #.+%&
:)6 &T)%+'&( ) 9$,*8%$.*&% ,0)6 $- )' )99).&'* 6+*& %).1 *$ S),%3,,&'[,
+''&. :&-* ).%2 -$3'( &;+(&'#& $- -&%):& (&$TL.+6$'3#:&+# )#+( =HKNE */)* (+(
'$* 6&:$'4 *$ S),%3,,&'2 )'( .&$9&'&( */& +';&,*+4)*+$'< =U S@ APPUY > S@
AP!B8!U2 AP!D8XP<E
G' ^)L QC2 QPPD2 MNOH #$'#:3(&( */)* )99&::)'* #$'*.+63*&( */&
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 25/182
!
#$%&'() #&*+,& -./ 0$ 01& 2'0& *+%3 45+26 78 9: ;<=<>==6? @) AB)& CD E<<FD
01& G$,'H& +%%&40&I +)I H$**&)H&I 01& G%$4&HB0'$) $# +GG&,,+)0 #$% 01& *B%I&%
$# 9+4*B44&)6 7;; 9: ;JJEK ;E 9: ;F<8><J6?
!!" $%& '()*&+,-.)/ 01*&"
2" $%& 3456 7)8.+.9& 1/9 !/.-.1: !/;&*-.<1-.)/"
L) M&2%B+%N ;FJ=D O1&%' 9+4*B44&) +)I A$1) 9B&00&) 1+I 2&&) *+%%'&I
01%&& *$)0146 7! 9: P8F6? 9+4*B44&) 5+4 CQ;< +)I +2$B0 ;C< G$B)I4 +)I
R&%N #'0 +)I 40%$)( 2&H+B4& 41& 5$%3&I $B0 %&(B,+%,N6 7! 9: !<;><E6? :1&
H$BG,& ,'R&I ') + 0$5) 1$B4& 7S)'0 .$6 E<C? ') + H$)I$*')'B* H$*G,&T +0
8;<< U+,2$+ U$B,&R+%I ') V+) .BN46 7! 9: P==>=8D !;8>;JD !=;6? :1&'% B)'0
1+I +) +00+H1&I (+%+(& B)I&% 01& ,'R')( +%&+ +HH&44'2,& 2N + 4&0 $# 40+'%4 #%$*5'01') 01& #%$)0 &)0%N5+N $# 01& %&4'I&)H&6 7! 9: P8;D !=E>=P6?
/0 +2$B0 8WE< +6*6 $) 01& *$%)')( $# X$)I+ND M&2%B+%N E!D ;FJ=D
9B&00&) 5&)0 0$ 5$%3 +4 B4B+,D ,&+R')( 2N 01& I$$% 0$ 01& (+%+(&6 7F 9: ;!=;>
=ED ;!8;6? 9+4*B44&) 5+4 01& 1&+I )B%4& $# 01& H$%$)+%N H+%& B)'0 +0
Y,&)I+,& Z$4G'0+,6 7! 9: P8!6? Z$5&R&%D 41& I'I )$0 (&0 $B0 $# 2&I #$% 5$%3
01+0 *$%)')( +)I I&H'I&I 0$ 40+N 1$*& 2&H+B4& 41& 5+4)Q0 #&&,')( 5&,,6 7! 9:
PFEK F 9: ;!=!>=C6? 9B&00&) +)I 9+4*B44&)Q4 4'40&% 0%'&I 0$ H+,, 1&% 4&R&%+,
0'*&4 01%$B(1 01& I+N 2B0 01& H+,,4 5&%& G'H3&I BG 2N +) +)45&%')( *+H1')&6
7! 9: PF;>FEK F 9: ;!8E>8!6?
9B&00&) %&0B%)&I 1$*& +0 +%$B)I =W<< G6*6 7;< 9: ;CC!6? [1&) 1&
I%$R& BGD 01&'% (+%+(& I$$% 5+4 $G&)D 9+4*B44&)Q4 UX[ 5+4 ($)&D +)I 01&%&
5+4 2%$3&) (,+44 )&+% 01& (+%+(& &)0%+)H&6 7! 9: P8=K F 9: ;!8=>88D ;!J!6?
9B&00&) 5&)0 BG 01& 40+'%4 +)I #$B)I 01& I$$% #%$* 01& (+%+(& +\+% 01+0 1& 1+I
,$H3&I 51&) 1& , 7F 9: ;!88>8J6? L)4'I&D 40&%&$ &]B'G*&)0 5+4 40+H3&I 2N
01& I$$% 0$ 01& (+%+(& 01+0 1+I 2&&) 3&G0 ') +) &)0&%0+')*&)0 H&)0&% ') 01&
,'R')( %$$*6 7F 9: ;!J;>JE6?
9+4*B44&) ,+N $) 01& ,'R')( %$$* #,$$% ') 1&% 2+01%$2& +)I )'(10 41'%0D
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 26/182
!
#$%# &'() %**%'$+, -.+/0(, 1(.+#/ ,( 0$' 20$/,3 45 67 89:;<:5= 89;8<;8> 9
67 9?:3@ 6.$,,$+ 2%AA$# ,0$ *(AB2$3 45 67 89;C3@ D.A,B*A$ (&&B2$'/=
*%'%)$#B2/= %+# B+E$/,B-%,('/ &'() ,0$ FGHI %+# 2(.+,J 2('(+$' '$/*(+#$# ,(
B+E$/,B-%,$ %+# ,( 2(AA$2, $EB#$+2$3 49 67 9C?<C:= 9C5= 98:<KC= 9K:<K;= 9?!3@
G+ %.,(*/J ,1( #%J/ A%,$' #$,$')B+$# ,0%, 6%/).//$+ 0%# L$$+ /0(,
,0'$$ ,B)$/ B+ ,0$ 20$/,= $%20 /0(, % &%,%A 1(.+#3 4! 67 ?85= :?C= :?K3@ 70$
2('(+$' '$2(E$'$# ,0'$$ L.AA$,/ &'() 6%/).//$+= (+$ &'() .+#$' ,0$ /MB+ (&
0$' L%2M %+# ,1( &'() ,0$ 2A(,0B+- .+#$' 0$' L%2M3 49 67 9;?<;:> ! 67 :?K<
:?N= ::8= :5:3@ O+$ (& ,0$ -.+/0(,/ 1%/ % 2(+,%2, 1(.+# ,( ,0$ 20$/,3 4! 67
:?!<??3@
O+ ,0$ B++$'= A$&, &('$%')= ,0$'$ 1%/ %+ B+P.'J 1B,0 ,1( /$)B<2B'2.A%' *%,,$'+/ 2(+/B/,$+, 1B,0 % LB,$ )%'M3 4! 67 ::!= ::;= ;C;> ; 67 8K;C<;8=
8K5C= 8K593@ G 2('(+$'Q/ B+E$/,B-%,(' 0%# /1%LL$# ,0$ %**%'$+, LB,$ )%'M %,
,0$ 2'B)$ /2$+$3 4! 67 ?95<!C= ??!<?:= ?:C= ?;8<;N= :C?3@ R%,0J F%1= D3I3=
,0$ 20B$& &('$+/B2 #$+,B/, 1B,0 ,0$ F(/ G+-$A$/ R(.+,J R('(+$'= $S%)B+$# ,0$
*0(,(-'%*0/ (& ,0$ )%'M/ (+ ,0$ %')3 4; 67 8K::= 8K;C3@ 70$'$ 1$'$ +( ,$$,0
)%'M/ %+# I'3 F%1 2(.A# +(, /%J &(' /.'$ B, 1%/ % LB,$ )%'M3 4; 67 8K593@ 70$
2('(+$' 0%# )%#$ % 2%/, (& ,0$ )%'M/ (+ ,0$ %')3 4; 67 8K;N<;93@ T(1$E$'=
I'3 F%1 U1%/ 0%# *'$//$# ,( ,$AA 10%, ,0B/ 1%/ %+ B)*'$//B(+ (& 10$+ V &B'/,
/%1 B,3W 4; 67 8K;N3@
6%/).//$+ %A/( 0%# %L'%/B(+ B+P.'B$/ %'(.+# L(,0 1'B/,/ 2(+/B/,$+, 1B,0
,0$ *%,,$'+ &'() % '(*$ (' % 2('#3 4! 67 :;C<;83@ G 10B,$ 2('#X'(*$ 1B,0
%**%'$+, LA((# 1%/ &(.+# +$%' ,0$ /,$'$( $Y.B*)$+, LJ ,0$ #((' ,( ,0$ -%'%-$3
49 67 95:<553@
70$'$ 1$'$ 2(+,./B(+/ ,( ,0$ 'B-0, /B#$ (& ,0$ &%2$ %'(.+# ,0$ 'B-0, $J$=
'B-0, $%' %+# %#P%2$+, /2%A*= % A%2$'%,B(+ (+ ,0$ B+/B#$ (& ,0$ .**$' AB*= %+#
%L'%/B(+/ ,( ,0$ 20B+3 4! 67 :5K<59= :;;<5C3@ O+$ (& ,0$ )%'M/ %'(.+# ,0$
'B-0, /B#$ (& ,0$ &%2$ )%J 0%E$ L$$+ )%#$ LJ % LA(1 &'() ,0$ ).ZZA$ (& % 3N;
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 27/182
!
#$%&'() *+&,- . /(0012 314(% 56 )(71%7()8 9:; <= >;?5@ >;?!@ >;6A8B
C1D(7()@ $ 4(E&2&,( #12#%F0&12 #1F%4 21, '( 4)$D2 '(#$F0( ,-( $)($ 'G ,-( (G(
&0 #F)7(4 $24 $ '%1D &0 $ 4G2$+&# H)1#(00 1E +17(+(2,8 9:; <= >;6AI6:8B
=-( #1)12() #1F%4 21, 4(,()+&2( ,-( ,&+( 1E <$0+F00(2J0 4($,-
'(#$F0( ,-()( D()( ,11 +$2G 7$)&$'%(08 9; <= ?:K8B =-( H$),&(0 0,&HF%$,(4
,-$, $ #)&+&2$%&0, (L$+&2(4 $ 0(LF$% $00$F%, M&, D&,- (7&4(2#( 0$+H%(0 E)1+
<$0+F00(2 $24 E1F24 21 (7&4(2#( 1E $ 0(LF$% $00$F%,8 9; <= N6!8B
OPQR R(,(#,&7(0 OG%( 3$G() $24 *,(7(2 C11M0 -$24%(4 ,-( :6?!
-1+&#&4( &27(0,&S$,&128 95 <= 5;!I;N8B =-( <$0+F00(2I<F(,,(2 ,1D2 -1+(
-$4 $2 FHH() E%11) D&,- $ +$0,() '(4)11+@ $ SF(0, '(4)11+@ $ 0,F4G@ $24 ,D1
'$,-)11+08 95 <= ;>N8B =-()( D$0 21 0&S2 1E $ 0,)FSS%( FH0,$&)0 1) ,-$, H)1H(),G@ &2#%F4&2S $ T(D(%)G '1L $24 $44&,&12$% 0,()(1 (UF&H+(2,@ -$4 '((2
4&0,F)'(48 95 <= ;>NIKA8B
Q-G0&#$% (7&4(2#( E)1+ ,-( %1D() %(7(% &2#%F4(4 ,D1 'F%%(, -1%(0
,-)1FS- ,-( +&44%( 1E $ #%10(4 #F),$&2 $24 1F, $ 0%&4&2S S%$00 411) &2 ,-(
M&,#-(2V4&22&2S $)($ 1EE ,-( %&7&2S )11+8 95 <= ;>:I>K8B W($) <$0+F00(2J0
'14G &2 %&7&2S )11+@ H1%&#( E1F24 $ X02FSS&(Y ,GH( '%$2M(, 12 $ #-$&) D&,-
$HH$)(2, SF2 0-1, )(0&4F( 9Z*<B8 95 <= ;A!IAN@ ;A?@ ;A6@ ;KN@ ;K?8B
*1+( 0-(%7(0 &2 $2 (2,(),$&2+(2, #(2,() D()( #1%%$H0(4 $24 $ 0,()(1
0H($M() E)1+ ,-()( %$G 12 ,-( E%11) &2 E)12, 1E <$0+F00(2J0 -($48 95 <= ;::I
:>@ ;:;I:!8B =-( 4)$D() 1E $ %&7&2S )11+ ,$'%( -$4 '((2 HF%%(4 1F, $24 ,-(
#12,(2,0 4F+H(4 12,1 ,-( E%11)8 95 <= ;A?@ ;A6I:A8B P ')1M(2 H1)#(%$&2 7$0(
$24 $ D-&,( ,1D(% %$G ,1 ,-( %(E, 1E <$0+F00(2J0 '14G8 95 <= ;:K8B
[)1+ ,-( (2,)GD$G 'G ,-( E)12, 411)@ &27(0,&S$,1)0 #1%%(#,(4 0$+H%(0
E)1+ '%114 0H$,,() 12 ,-( E%11)@ ,-( D$%% 'G $2 (%(#,)&#$% 1F,%(, $'1F, $ E11, 1E
,-( E%11)@ $24 +&4D$G FH $ #%10(, 411)8 95 <= 56:@ 56KI65@ ;AAI;A5@ ;?AI?:@
;?>8B =-(G $%01 E1F24 ,D1 ')1M(2 E&2S()2$&%0 12 ,-( E%11)@ $24 +F%,&H%( %$,(2,
E&2S()H)&2,08 95 <= 56:@ 56KI65@ ;?5I?!@ ;??8B =-(G H-1,1S)$H-(4 $ '%114G
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 28/182
!
#$%&'()($%* +%, )+-. )($%* /% + 01 )-+2'( 3*+45', 6$*7 + 809 :2 *7' ,//( */
*7' &+(+&'; <= 9> ?@=A@BC ?!BC ?!DC ?D=;E >7'2 ('4/F'(', + #$%&'()($%* /% *7'
:+%$3*'( /# *7' 3*+$(3 */ *7' &+(+&' +%, + 3+.)-' /# +))+('%* :-//, /% *7' 6+--
$% *7' 3*+$( 6'--; <= 9> ?DDG HH 9> H!IJG HB 9> JBIH;E
K* +(/L%, MNI@ +;.; /% *7' ./(%$%& /# *7' $%4$,'%*C + %'$&7:/( 6'%* :2
9+3.L33'%O3 &+(+&' +%, 3+6 *7' ,//( /)'% +%, %/ 4+(3 $%3$,'; <= 9> ==JC
===C ==D;E K* +(/L%, =N=@ );.; *7+* +#*'(%//%C *6/ &+(,'%'(3 :(/L&7* *7'
3+.' %'$&7:/( + )L(3' *7'2 #/L%, /% *7' &(/L%,3 /# *7' 4/%,/.$%$L.
4/.)-'P; <= 9> ==?A=BC =?HA?J;E 9+3.L33'%O3 6+--'* +%, ,($F'(O3 -$4'%3'
6'(' $%3$,'; <= 9> ==B;E
Q-'F'% ,+23 -+*'( /% R+(47 !C HMDBC *7' )/-$4' #/L%, 9+3.L33'%O3SRT +:+%,/%', /% + 3*(''* $% 8+% UL23 +:/L* JV .$-'3 +6+2 #(/. 7'(
('3$,'%4'; <B 9> DI=G HH 9> HD!MAD@;E >7' 5'23 6'(' $% *7' $&%$*$/% +%, %/
)+(*3 6'(' 3*($))', #(/. *7' 4+(; <B 9> DHMAJHC DI=C DIDAIM;E WKX1
'F$,'%4' *'47%$4$+%3 4/--'4*', 3+.)-'3 /# +))+('%* :-//, #(/. +(/L%, *7'
$&%$*$/% +%, $%*'($/( ,($F'(O3 ,//( 7+%,-' +%, #$F' #$%&'()($%*3 #(/. *7' 3'+*
:'-* 4/%%'4*/( +%, *7' ,($F'(O3 +%, )+33'%&'(O3 6$%,/63; <B 9> DJBAJ!G HH
9> H!IBAI!G H= 9> JJDJ;E
>7' 9+3.L33'%A9L'**'% L%$* 7+, +% +-+(. 323*'.; <= 9> =MM;E
Y/6'F'(C *7'2 /%-2 +4*$F+*', $* + %$&7* 67'% *7'2 6'%* */ :',; <M 9> H=BB;E
>7' #(/%* ,//( 7+, *7('' -/453N +% $%*'($/( ,'+,:/-*C + 5'2 -/45 ,'+,:/-*C +%, +
3*+%,+(, ,//( 7+%,-' -/45; <= 9> =D!ADD;E >7'(' 6+3 %/ ,+.+&' */ *7' #(/%*
,//( -/453 /( ,//( $%,$4+*$%& + #/(4', '%*(2 /( *+.)'($%& 6$*7 *7' -/453 +)+(*
#(/. 3/.' 34(+*47'3 /% *7' ,//( Z+.:; <= 9> ??BA?!C =DDAMH;E T7'% 9L'**'%
6'%* */ 6/(5 F$+ *7' ,//( */ *7' &+(+&' /% *7' ,+2 /# *7' 7/.$4$,'C 7' ,$, %/*
47'45 +%, ,$, %/* 5%/6 67'*7'( *7' #(/%* ,//( 6+3 -/45', 67'% 7' -'#*; <M
9> H=!H;E
[% HMDBC 1'*'4*$F'3 R+2'( +%, Y//53 4/%4-L,', *7+* *7' 7/.$4$,' 6+3
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 29/182
!
#$%& '( $ )*%+,$%- +'./ $0%-1 23 45 67819 5:/ /;<=/.>/ <.=<>$&/= &:$&
#%')$),- &0' ?*?#/>&? /.&/%/= &:%'*+: $. *.,'>@/= (%'.& =''%1 23 45 67A19
4$?B*??/. ?*%#%<?/= &:/B 0:<,/ &:/- 0/%/ )*%+,$%<C<.+ &:/ >'.=' $.= $
;<',/.& ?&%*++,/ ';/% $ +*. /.?*/=1 2 !"#$ 1D 3 45 6AED F 45 E3!719 5:%// &'
('*% 0//@? ,$&/%G H/&/>&<;/ I$-/% &',= 4*/&&/. &:$& $##/,,$.& 0$? .'&
<.;',;/=1 2F 45 E3F8JFK19
!" $%& '&()*&+&, -+.&/0123014+ 1+ 5667(5668"
L' 0'%@ 0$? ='./ '. &:/ >$?/ $(&/% EF!7 *.&<, 8MM3 0:/. NOPH Q>',=
>$?/R #/%?'../, %/'#/./= &:/ <.;/?&<+$&<'.1 27 45 !F8JFKG FE6G EMEMD ! 45
E87!J7FD EA 45 8!KFJ3M19
S. H/>/B)/% 8MG 8MM3G NOPH >'.&$>&/= &:/ >'%'./%T? '((<>/ &' ,'>$&/&:/ )<&/ B$%@ ?0$) (%'B U/)%*$%- EF!71 27 45 7!KG EMEEJE819 O(&/% &0' =$-?
'( ?/$%>:<.+ B*,&<#,/ (%//C/%? <. &:/ /;<=/.>/ %''BG >'%'./%T? #/%?'../, ('*.=
$ &'%. /.;/,'#/ 0<&: $ ?0$) &*)/ #%'&%*=<.+ &:%'*+: $ :',/ <. $. /.;/,'#/
0<&: .'&$&<'.? )- $ >'%'./%T? <.;/?&<+$&'% (%'B U/)%*$%- 86G EF!71 26 45 766G
7!KJ!3G 7!FG 7FFJAMMD 7 45 !36J37G !3FG !67J6AG !AMJAEG !!AJ!!G !F319 S.
H/>/B)/% KMG 8MM3G &:/ >'%'./%T? '((<>/ %/,/$?/= &:/ )<&/ B$%@ ?0$) /;<=/.>/
&' &:/ NOPH1 27 45 !!MJ!8G !F6JF719
V. W$.*$%- 8MM6G W/..<(/% U%$.><?G $ >%<B<.$,<?& 0<&: &:/ NOPH HLO
X/%','+- ,$)G /Y$B<./= &:/ )<&/ B$%@ ?0$) 2Z;<=/.>/ V&/B L'1 KM9 *.=/% $
B<>%'?>'#/1 27 45 FF8G EMMFJEMEM19 X:/ ?$0 ?'B/ .*>,/$&/= /#<&:/,<$, >/,,?
0:<>: $%/ ('*.= <. ,$%+/ .*B)/%? <. B*>'*? B/B)%$./?G <.>,*=<.+ &:'?/ '(
&:/ B'*&:1 2A 45 EMK3JK619 U%$.><? &''@ $ >*&&<.+ (%'B &:/ )<&/ B$%@ ?0$)
('% HLO $.$,-?<?1 27 45 EMEEJE8D A 45 EM8KJ83D A 45 EMKEJKKG EMF819 X:/
*?/= P%'(<,/% P,*? $.= ['(<,/% &/?& @<&? &:$& &/?&/= $,,/,/? $& EK ,'>< '.
>:%'B'?'B/?G #,*? +/.=/%1 27 45 EMM719
5:/ HLO =/&/>&/= 0$? $ B<Y&*%/ >'.&$<.<.+ $ B$\'% $.= $ #$%&<$,G
B<.'% #%'(<,/1 2A 45 EMK6JK719 5:/ B<.'% #%'(<,/ Q0$? $& $ ;/%- ,'0 ,/;/,R
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 30/182
!
#$% &'(#)' *+,- ./ 01 2345-6 17' &89: #))')'; %'<'=<'% >':' =8$;?;<'$< >?<7
<7' ;#(' #))')'; ?$ &9)) @:8&?)' %'A')8@'% &:8( # ;#(@)' 8& 0#;(9;;'$B; C)88%-
./ 01 234!DE2F 5 01 22!!D2G33-6 17' (#H8: @:8&?)' >#; =8(@)'<' #$% #);8
&'(#)' C9< ?$=8$;?;<'$< >?<7 0#;(9;;'$- ./ 01 234!DE3-6 17':' >#; $8
'A?%'$=' 8& # ID=7:8(8;8(' :'&)'=<?$J (#)' *+,- .5 01 2G3K-6
L:#$=?; 9@)8#%'% <7' (#H8: *+, @:8&?)' ?$<8 <7' M8(C?$'% *+, N$%'O
PQ;<'( .MR*NP6 %#<# C#;' >7':' *+, @:8&?)'; #:' S'@< &8: #::';<''; #$%
=8$A?=<'% 8&&'$%':;- ./ 01 235!-6 T8>'A':U &:8( G33KDG335U V,W* %?% $8<
:'='?A' $8<?&?=#<?8$ 8& # X7?<Y <8 #$Q ;9;@'=<- ./ 01 235!D!3U 23!4D!E-6
Z#;'% 8$ 'A?%'$=' 8& &'(#)' *+,U <7' @8)?=' :'D?$<':A?'>'% 09'<<'$
>78 <';<?&?'% #< <:?#)- 09'<<'$ ('< #@@'))#$< #< [MV, ?$ <7' )#<' 2!/3B; >7'$<7'Q C8<7 )?A'% ?$ <7' ;#(' %8:(- .! 01 2E25DGG-6 *9:?$J =8))'J'U <7'Q >':'
:8(#$<?=#))Q ?$A8)A'% C9< $8< 'O=)9;?A')Q #$% $8< ?$<?(#<'- .! 01 2EG/U
2E4!-6 ,&<': 09'<<'$ J:#%9#<'% ?$ 2!52U 7' :'(#?$'% &:?'$%; >?<7 #@@'))#$<-
N$ 2!52D2!5EU <7'Q ;#> 8$' #$8<7': GD4 <?('; # (8$<7 #$% ;<#:<'% 7#A?$J ;'O
<8J'<7':- .! 01 2E42D44-6 09'<<'$ #);8 %#<'% 8<7': >8('$- .! 01 2E44D4E-6
T' (#%' ?< =)'#: <8 #@@'))#$< <7#< <7'?: :')#<?8$;7?@ >#; $8< J8?$J <8>#:%;
(#::?#J'- .! 01 2K22-6
N$ \9$' 2!5EU 09'<<'$ ('< 0#;(9;;'$ #< # @#:<Q #$% ;88$ ;<#:<'% %#<?$J
7': 'O=)9;?A')Q- .! 01 2E4!DE3-6 N$ ]#Q 2!5KU <7'Q C'=#(' '$J#J'%- .! 01
2EEEDEK-6 09'<<'$ <8)% ;8(' &:?'$%; >78 >':' #);8 &:?'$%; 8& #@@'))#$< <7#< 7'
#$% 0#;(9;;'$ >':' '$J#J'%- .! 01 2EE^-6
N$ \9$' 2!5KU 09'<<'$ :'='?A'% # =#)) &:8( #@@'))#$<- .! 01 2EE/-6 P7'
>#; A':Q 9@;'< #$% =:Q?$J )?S' 09'<<'$ 7#%$B< 7'#:% C'&8:'- .! 01 2EE5-6 T'
7#% $8< ;@8S'$ <8 7': ;?$=' 7' ;<#:<'% ;''?$J 0#;(9;;'$- .! 01 2EEG-6
,@@'))#$< #;S'% 09'<<'$ <8 =8(' 8A': <8 <#)S- .! 01 2EE5-6 T' >'$< <8
#@@'))#$<B; =8$%8 #$% &89$% 7': 9@;'< #$% =:Q?$J- .NC?%-6
L8: <7' &?:;< <?('U #@@'))#$< <8)% 09'<<'$ <7#< ;7' >#; ?$ )8A' >?<7 7?(-
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 31/182
!"
$% &' !((%)* +,- ./0 120-3 3,/3 &1-33-4 ./0 5-33645 7/886-9 /49 7:;645 :4)
$% &' !(<")* =22->>/43 /0?-9 &1-33-4 3: ,/;- 0-@ .63, ,-8 /49 &1-33-4 969 0:
A-B/10- ,- C->3 A/9 3,/3 0,- ./0 0: 120-3 /49 ,- 9694D3 ?4:. ,:. 3: B/>7 ,-8
9:.4) $% &' !(<!)* E:.-;-8F ,- 7/9- 63 B>-/8 3,/3 ,- ./0 5:645 3: 7/88G
&/07100-4) $% &' !(<!H<I)*
= .--? :8 0: /C3-8 A-645 .63, /22->>/43F &1-33-4 7:;-9 64 .63,
&/07100-4 64 ,-8 B:49: /3 J!"" K/>A:/) $% &' !((JF !(<IL !" &' !<MNHM()*
O4- -;-4645F &/07100-4 B/7- ,:7- C8:7 .:8? 120-3) $% &' !(<IH<N)* P6?-
E/858-/;-0F / C->>:. 2:>6B- :CC6B-8 /49 /22->>/43D0 8::77/3- /3 3,- 367-F 0/69
3,/3 /22->>/43 3:>9 ,67 0,- .-43 3: 3,- ,:0263/> 3: 0-- 3,- .:7-4 &1-33-4 ./0
5:645 3: 7/88G /49 3,-G ,/9 / B:4C8:43/36:4) $% &' !NM(HM<F !%N"HN!)*&1-33-4 3,-4 3:>9 &/07100-4 /A:13 ,60 >/03 7--3645 .63, /22->>/43
.,-4 0,- ./0 120-3 /49 3,-G ,/9 0-@) $% &' !(<N)* &/07100-4 />8-/9G ?4-.
/A:13 3,/3) $ !"#$ )* Q-;-83,->-00F /C3-8 3/>?645 3,-G 8-0:>;-9 3: 28:B--9 .63,
5-33645 7/886-9) $% &' !(<NH<()* =C3-8 3,-68 R14- !%S< 7--3645F &1-33-4 ,/9
4: C183,-8 B:43/B3 .63, /22->>/43) $% &' !(<(H<<)*
O4 R14- (F !%S<F /22->>/43 .8:3- 64 ,-8 T:184/>F UV 8-/>>G 9694D3 C--> >6?-
.:8?645) V C:149 :13 3,/3 R:,4 60 5-33645 7/886-9) V ./0 ;-8G 9-28-00-9) ',60
60 ;-8G A/9) PG B:4B-438/36:4 ./0 4-5/36;- !")W $!" &' !MISHI%)*! O4 R14-
!MF !%S< /22->>/43 03/3-9X UV 8-/>>G 9694D3 C--> >6?- .:8?645) ':: 038-00-9 :13
/A:13 R:,4) VD;- ,/9 / 8-/> ,/89 367- B:4B-438/3645 3,-0- 9/G0 /49 0: V B/>>-9
12 /49 0/69 V 9694D3 C--> .->> /49 B:1>9 V ,/;- / ')O) Y'67- OCCZ ',-G 5/;- 63
3: 7-)W $!" &' !MI%HN"F !MNI)*
V4 =15103 !%S<F /22->>/43 .8:3- &1-33-4D0 7:3,-8 3,/3 0,- ./0 U381>G 64
! =0 960B100-9 A->:. 64 =8517-43 +-B36:4 VV)F 3,- -;69-4B- C8:7 /22->>/43D0
T:184/>0 /49 9/6>G 2>/44-80 ./0 /97633-9 :;-8 ,-8 :AT-B36:40 3,/3 63 ./0 3,-
28:91B3 :C /4 14>/.C1> 0-/8B,)
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 32/182
!!
#$%& '()* +$*, -,. )*(/ 0-/) 1&-2 *-/ 2&-##1 )$2, 3& 405 6 '(/* () *-.,7)
&,.8&.9 )*& '-1 () .(. -,. 6 .$,7) )*(,: 67## &%&2 4,.&2/)-,. +$*,7/ .&;(/($,5<
=> ?@ !ABCDBE5F G, H&;&3I&2 !JK !>ELK -00&##-,) 2&;&(%&. - #&))&2 M2$3
?4&))&,7/ 3$)*&25 N00&##-,) '2$)& (, *&2 O$42,-# )*-) P8)9*(/ 3-.& 3& %&21K
%&21K %&21 /-.5< =!B ?@ !QRRDRA5F N00&##-,)7/ O$42,-# ;$,)(,4&. )$ )*& &,. $M
N4S4/) !>EQ5 =!B ?@ !QRL5F T$'&%&2K )*&2& '&2& ,$ M42)*&2 3&,)($,/ $M
?4&))&, -M)&2 H&;&3I&2 !>EL5 = !"#$ 5F
U$#(;& '$2: /*&&)/ /*$'&. )*-) -00&##-,) '-/ $MM .4)1 $, V$,.-1K
W&I24-21 JAK !>EQK )*& .-1 $M )*& *$3(;(.&K -,. $, )*& V$,.-1/ )*& '&&:
I&M$2& =W&I24-21 !CK !>EQF -,. )*& '&&: -M)&2 =V-2;* RK !>EQF5 =!B ?@ !QRCD
REK !QEC5F G, )*& .-1 $M )*& *$3(;(.& =W&I24-21 JAK !>EQF -00&##-,) '2$)&P.-1 $MM< (, *&2 .-(#1 0#-,,&2K 3&,)($,&. P+&-, U(&22&<K -,. 3-.& - ,$)& )$
;-## PV(:&5< =!B ?@ !QE!5F @*& 0$#(;& '&2& '-/ 4,-I#& )$ .&)&23(,& '*$
)*&/& 0&$0#& '&2&5 =!B ?@ !QE!DEJ5F
+-13& X&-%&2 '$2:&. )*& .-1 '-);* '()* -00&##-,) )*& .-1 -M)&2 )*&
*$3(;(.& =W&I24-21 JCK !>EQF -,. )*&1 4/&. )*& /-3& )$ #$;:&2 2$$3 )$
;*-,S& (,)$ )*&(2 4,(M$23/5 =!B ?@ !Q>>D!CB!K !CBJK !CBL5F N#)*$4S*
X&-%&2 .(. ,$) 2&3&3I&2 )*-) /0&;(M(; .-1 '*&, /*& )&/)(M(&. JQ 1&-2/ #-)&2K
X&-%&2 .(. ,$) 2&;-## /&&(,S -,1 (,O42(&/ )$ -00&##-,) $2 *&-2(,S *&2 ;$30#-(,
$M I&(,S (,O42&. $2 *42)5 =!B ?@ !CBRK !CBA5F @*& $,#1 )*(,S X&-%&2
2&3&3I&2&. -00&##-,) /-1(,S -I$4) P+$*,< '-/ )*-) *& *-. I&&, - ;$##&S&
I$1M2(&,. -,. )*&(2 2&#-)($,/*(0 .(.,7) '$2: $4)5 =!B ?@ !CBRDBA5F
N00&##-,) .(. ,$) ;$,)-;) ?4&))&, -M)&2 ?-/34//&, '-/ :(##&. $,
W&I24-21 JAK !>EQ5 =!B ?@ !LCJ5F NI$4) )*2&& 1&-2/ #-)&2 (, !>E>K ?4&))&,
;-##&. -00&##-,) '*&, *& #&-2,&. )*-) /*& -,. - 3-#& M2(&,. '&2& S$(,S )$ I& (,
T-'-(( -) )*& /-3& )(3& ?4&))&, 0#-,,&. )$ %(/() M2(&,./ (, T-'-((5 => ?@
!A>CD>E5F ?4&))&, -,. -00&##-,) S$) )$S&)*&25 T& )$#. *&2 )*-) (, !>EQ *&
S-%& *&2 ,-3& )$ )*& 0$#(;& I&;-4/& /*& *-. I&&, 40/&) $%&2 *(/ 2&#-)($,/*(0
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 33/182
!"
$%&' ()*+,**-. )./ 0%*%&-/ ()*+,**-. )& $1234 56 (7 !8694: ;<<-==).& /%/
.1& /-.> &'%* 12 %./%?)&- &')& *'- $)* @1&'-2-/ @> (,-&&-. A%0%.A &'-
%.B12+)&%1. &1 &'- <1=%?-4 5 !"#$ 4C !D (7 !EFGHF8:
(,-&&-. /%/ .1& @-=%-0- &')& )<<-==).& $)* %.01=0-/ %. 3%==%.A
()*+,**-.4 56 (7 !8694: ;B&-2 I)$)%%J '- *)$ )<<-==).& ) B-$ &%+-* 10-2 &'-
.-K& &'2-- >-)2* )./ &$%?- ')/ *-K $%&' '-24 56 (7 !8664: I1$-0-2J &'-> @1&'
+10-/ 1.4 5 !"#$ 4: L. M-@2,)2> 1B "DD6J N;OP Q%+ P-&-?&%0- R,&&)= ?)==-/
(,-&&-. )./ &1=/ '%+ &'-> ')/ 2-)?&%0)&-/ &'- '1+%?%/- %.0-*&%A)&%1.4 56 (7
!EDD4: P-&-?&%0- R,&&)= )*3-/ (,-&&-. $'-&'-2 '- 3.-$ 1B $1+-. $'1 $1,=/
$).& &1 ')2+ ()*+,**-.4 56 (7 !EDD4: I- A)0- )<<-==).&S* .)+- &1 &'-
/-&-?&%0-4 56 (7 !EDDHD!4:T. U)> "9J "DD6J ). N;OP *,20-%==).?- &-)+ *,22-<&%&%1,*=> B1==1$-/
)<<-==).& )./ '-2 ?'%=/ &1 ) V1*&?1 *&12-4 7'-> 2-?10-2-/ &$1 /2%.3 ?,<* $%&'
*&2)$* /%*?)2/-/ @> )<<-==).& %. ) &2)*' @%. )./ &113 &'-+ &1 &'- N;OP ?2%+-
=)@ B12 PR; ).)=>*%*4 56 (7 6W9HW6J WF"HFWJ 699H964: ; PR; ).)=>*%* 1B
1.- ?,< >%-=/-/ ) <)2&%)= <21B%=- &')& +)&?'-/ &'- +)X12 <21B%=- B21+ &'- @%&-
+)23 *$)@ )& !! 1B !G =1?%4 5F (7 !DWGHW8J !DWW4:
7'- <1=%?- %.&-221A)&-/ )./ )22-*&-/ )<<-==).& 1. Q,.- EJ "DD64 5!! (7
!99"C !" (7 !6D94: T0-2 )<<-==).&S* 1@X-?&%1.J &'- ?1,2& )/+%&&-/ %. -0%/-.?-
) 0%/-1 )./ &2).*?2%<& 1B &'- %.&-221A)&%1.4 5" (7 Y!H"J !WH!FC E V7 9G"C !!
(7 !998H9WC !" (7 !96EH6W4: ;* /%*?,**-/ B,2&'-2 @-=1$ %. ;2A,+-.&
Z-?&%1. L[4J )<<-==).& )/+%&&-/ 3.1$%.A (,-&&-. )./ ')0%.A +-& ()*+,**-.
@,& 2-B,*-/ &1 ).*$-2 )//%&%1.)= \,-*&%1.* $'-. *'- 2-)=%]-/ &')& &'-
/-&-?&%0-* $-2- )??,*%.A '-2 1B 3%==%.A ()*+,**-.4 5F V7 !866H!ED!4:
T. Q,.- EJ "DD6J )B&-2 )<<-==).&S* )22-*&J ) ?2%+%.)=%*& 1@&)%.-/ &$1
@,??)= *$)@* B21+ )<<-==).& B12 )//%&%1.)= PR; &-*&%.A4 5F (7 !D8EH89J
!D86HEDJ !DEDHE"4:
T. Q,.- WJ "DD6J Q-..%B-2 M2).?%* 1B &'- N;OP ?2%+- =)@ /-0-=1<-/ )
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 34/182
!"
$%& '()*+,- *(). / 0122+34 *(). )3- )* /''-,,/3256 7100/, 68/76 9:2-. %);
<!=; 9> ?@ !ABCD !!AA;= &,, !" ,)0+ )3 2E- 7+2- ./(F 68/7 ./20E-G 2E- 6/.-
!" ,)0+ *)13G )3 /''-,,/3256 7100/, 6/.',-; 9> ?@ !!A!HA";= @E- (/3G).
./20E '()7/7+,+2I 8/6 ! +3 JAK L1/G(+,,+)3; 9 !"#$ ;= @E/2 31.7-( 8/6 /7)12
!AA .+,,+)3 2+.-6 2E- -/(2E56 ')'1,/2+)3D /661.+34 / ')'1,/2+)3 )* > 7+,,+)3;
9> ?@ !!A"HAJ;= @E-(-*)(-D /3)2E-( '-(6)3 )3 -/(2E 8)1,G 3)2 7- -M'-02-G 2)
E/N- 2E- 6/.- '()*+,-; 9> ?@ !!AJ;=
O/2EI P/8D Q;$;D 2E- 0E+-* *)(-36+0 G-32+62 8+2E 2E- P)6 &34-,-6
O)132I O)()3-(D 0).'/(-G / 0/62 )* /''-,,/3256 2--2E 2) /12)'6I 'E)2)4(/'E6
)* 2E- /''/(-32 7+2- ./(F )3 ?/6.166-356 /(.; 9C ?@ !KCCHBA;= $(; P/8 /,6)
E/G 0)'+-6 )* /''-,,/3256 G-32/, (-0)(G6 *)( .)(- 2E/3 *+N- I-/(6; 9C ?@ !KCB;=R)8-N-(D 6E- *)13G 3) 0)((-,/2+)3; 9C ?@ !KCBHBA;=
@). S-G)(D / *)(-36+0 6-(),)4+62 8+2E 2E- T-(),)4+0/, ?-6-/(0E :362+212-
+3 ?+0E.)3GD O/,+*)(3+/ 9UTV?:W=D 0)3G102-G 2-626 )3 / '(-N+)16,I 132-62-G
7+2- ./(F 68/7; 9!K ?@ !BKK;= R- 012 2E- 71G )** 2E- 68/7D '12 +2 +3 /3G
/L1-)16 6),12+)3D /3G 6'13 +2 +3 / 0-32(+*14- 2) -M2(/02 2E- U61'-(3/2/32W /3G /
'-,,-2 )* 7+),)4+0/, ./22-(; 9!K ?@ !BKK;= S-G)( 2-62-G 2E- 61'-(3/2/32 /3G
*)13G / *)(. )* 2E- '()2-+3 /.I,/6- '(-6-32 +3 6/,+N/; 9!K ?@ !BKKD !BKJD
!BK<;=
X6+34 2E- :G-32+*+,-(Y 2-62 F+2 *)( !< ,)0+D ',16 4-3G-(D S-G)( *)13G /
.+M21(- )* $%& *(). /2 ,-/62 28) '-)',- +3 2E- '-,,-2 -M2(/02-G *(). 2E- 7+2-
./(F 68/7; 9!K ?@ !BKKD !BKZ;= @E- .+3)( '()*+,- 8/6 8-/F /3G /.7+41)16
+3 ',/0-6 8+2E )3,I B )* !< /,,-,-6 G-2-02-G; 9!K ?@ !BKK[ !" ?@ KA>AH>!;=
R)8-N-(D 3)3- )* /,,-,-6 G-2-02-G 8-(- *)(-+43 2) ?/6.166-356 (-*-(-30-
'()*+,-; 9!K ?@ !BKKD !B"JH"<;=
:3 U-N-(I (-6'-02 2E- ./\)( '()*+,- *(). 2E- 7+2- ./(F 68/7 E/6 2E-
6/.- 2-62 (-61,2 /6 T2-'E/3+- P/]/(165 (-*-(-30- 6/.',-;W 9!K ?@ !B"<;=
^/6-G )3 ')'1,/2+)3 61(N-I G/2/ '17,+6E-G 7I &'',+-G ^+)6I62-.6D 2E-
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 35/182
!"
$%&'(%)*'+,+ -( ./,&*0(01,+23 4,/-+ )%1)'1%*,/ 5*6%* *6, )6%&), % 7-$%&
'&+,1%*,/ *- 8*,96%&0, :%;%+'< 7-'1/ 6%=, *6, <%$, >?@ 9+-(01, %< *6, $%A-+
9-+*0-& -( *6, B0*, $%+C <7%B 0< %99+-D0$%*,1E ! 0& !FG <,D*0110-&FH I!J KL
!MNO3 JPPQRPSFT L6%* &'$B,+ 7%< %B-'* J"P *0$,< *6, 9-9'1%*0-& -( *6, ,%+*63
760)6 7%< G B0110-&F I!J KL !MNMFT L6,+, 7%< &- ,=0/,&), -( $%1, >?@
9+,<,&* 0& *6, B0*, $%+C <7%B -+ +,%<-& *- B,10,=, *6%* $-+, *6%& *7- 9,-91,
)-&*+0B'*,/ *- *6, >?@ -& *6, <7%BF I!N KL JPSORSMFT
U=,+ %99,11%&*V< -BA,)*0-& I !"" @+W'$,&* 8,)*0-& XF3 B,1-7T3 4,/-+
'<,/ *6, Y0&0401,+2 *,<* C0* (-+ O 1-)0 91'< W,&/,+ *- ,D%$0&, -&, -( *6,
B+-C,& (0&W,+&%01< I.*,$ ?-F !PT +,)-=,+,/ (+-$ *6, ,&*+E7%E *- K%<$'<<,&V<
+,<0/,&),F I!J KL !M"NR!M""Z " KL "M!RMNFT Y0&0401,+2 7%< (-+ '<,/ (-+<$%11 -+ /,W+%/,/ <%$91,< -( >?@ 76,+, -*6,+ *,<* C0*< W%=, 7,%C -+ &-
+,<'1*<F I!J KL !M"!FT
4+-$ *6, B+-C,& (0&W,+&%013 4,/-+ -B*%0&,/ -&1E 57,%C %&/ 0&)-$91,*,
+,<'1*< 0&/0)%*0&W % $0D*'+, (+-$ %* 1,%<* *6+,, 9,-91,FH I!J KL !M""FT
K%<$'<<,& 7%< 5% 9-<<0B1, )-&*+0B'*-+ *- *6, $0D*'+,3 %&/ %99+-D0$%*,1E !
7-$%& 0& SGP 7-'1/ B, <0$01%+1E )-&<0/,+,/FH I!J KL !M""FT @99,11%&* 7%<
5% 9-<<0B1, )-&*+0B'*-+ *- *6, $0D*'+,3 %&/ %99+-D0$%*,1E ! 7-$%& 0& JS3PPP
7-'1/ B, <0$01%+1E )-&<0/,+,/FH I $%&' FT ?- <*%*0<*0)< )-'1/ B, /-&, -& *6,
9+-(01, (-+ *6, *60+/ )-&*+0B'*-+ *- *6, (0&W,+&%01 B,)%'<, *6,+, 7%< &- -&, *-
)-$9%+, 0* *- %< % 9-<<0B1, <-'+),F I!J KL !M"OFT
!" $%%&'&()*+ ,(-.)/&0 12&%.)0."
3" ,&)4.-5-&)' 12&%.)0."
L6, 9-10), (-'&/ &- (0&W,+9+0&*< (+-$ %99,11%&* 0& K%<$'<<,&V<
+,<0/,&), -+ 6,+ +,)-=,+,/ [Y\F I!! KL !G!SR!GNGZ !N KL JJJ"3 !" KL
JJSMRMG3 JNSORSMFT @99,11%&*3 K',**,& %&/ K%<$'<<,& 7,+, ,D)1'/,/ %< *6,
<-'+), -( (0&W,+9+0&*< -& *6, C0*)6,& *,1,96-&,3 -& *6, B%&0<*,+ -( *6, <*%0+< *-
*6, W%+%W,3 %&/ *7- -& *6, ]> <*%)C,/ BE *6, /--+ *- *6, W%+%W,F I!! KL
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 36/182
!"
!$%&'%%( !$)*'"&( !$")+, -./01232./45 ./ 67889 8/ 4:1 ;< 37=>12 =/9 67889
8/ 4:1 ?=77 ./ 4:1 1/42>?=> ?121 /84 .91/[email protected]+ A!! BC !$"&'"%+,
!" $%& '()*+,-+"
C:1 DEF< AG1//.@12 -2=/H.5, =/9 IJBK AC8L -1982, 91M178319 <NE
[email protected] @28L 51M12=7 =99.4.8/=7 3.1H15 8@ 1M.91/H1 H8771H419 @28L 4:1 H2.L1
5H1/1 =/9 B=5LO551/P5 21H8M1219 QRS+
-2=/H.5 @8O/9 4:=4 =33=21/4 67889 @28L 4:1 .0/.4.8/ T1> 8@ 4:1 QRS
AK41L N8+ &U, >.17919 = 3=24.=7 [email protected] A* 8@ !% 78H.,( /8/1 8@ ?:.H: ?=5 @821.0/
48 B=5LO551/P5 [email protected]+ AV BC !UU&( !UU*( !U&!W$ BC !U*!+, E33177=/4 ?=5
1XH7O919 =5 = H8/42.6O482+ A$ BC !U*!+, E 219 54=./ @28L 4:1 9882 :=/971 8@
4:1 QRS AY BC !%)), ?=5 = L.X4O21 @28L =4 71=54 4:211 318371( ./H7O9./0 8/1L=71+ A!& BC !*"!( !*Y*+, C:1 L=Z82 [email protected] ?=5 @28L B=5LO551/+ A!! BC
!*"!+, E33177=/4 =/9 BO1441/ ?121 1XH7O919 @28L 4:1 L.X4O21+ A !"#$ +, C:1
4?8 84:12 H8/42.6O4825 ?121 /84 .91/[email protected]+ A!& BC !*Y*+,
-1982 =/=7>[19 5=L3715 @28L =33=21/4 67889 54=./5 8/ 4:1 ./5.91 8@ 4:1
@28/4 9882 AK41L N8+ !W ) BC "UU'"U!,,( 4:1 9882 71=9./0 48 4:1 0=2=01 AK41L
N8+ )W ) BC "U&,( 8/ 4:1 4.71 @7882 ./ 4:1 1/42> AK41L N8+ "W ) BC "U%,,( =/9 =
51H8/9 5?=4H: @28L 4:1 .0/.4.8/ T1> 8@ QRS AK41L N8+ &&W Y BC !%)),+ A!&
BC !*"U'"!+, E77 ?121 H8/5.541/4 ?.4: B=5LO551/ =/9 1XH7O919 =33177=/4 =/9
BO1441/ =5 H8/42.6O4825+ A!& BC !*"U'"!+,
<NE H8/5.541/4 ?.4: B=5LO551/ ?=5 @8O/9 ./ 4:1 =33=21/4 67889 8/
4:1 ?=77 /1=2 4:1 171H42.H=7 58HT14 ./ 4:1 1/42> AK41L N8+ %,( 8/ 4:1 4.71 @7882 ./
4:1 1/42> @7882 AK41L N8+ ",( =/9 4:1 9.5: 48?17 @8O/9 /1=2 :12 689> AK41L N8+
$,+ AV BC !UU!( !UUV !UU$'UYW ) BC "U%( "!%( "!)+, C:121 ?=5 /8 1M.91/H1
8@ @821.0/ <NE ./ =/> 8@ 4:851 1M.91/H1 .41L5+ AV BC !UUY+,
C:211 8@ @8O2 :=.25 @8O/9 8/ 4:1 5=L1 9.5: 48?17 :=9 <NE H8/5.541/4
?.4: B=5LO551/ =/9 8/1 0=M1 O/./4123214=671 215O745+ A!& BC &U%*')U+,
\8?1M12( 4:121 ?=5 =758 1M.91/H1 8@ 78? 71M17( O/.91/[email protected] L=71 <NE+
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 37/182
!"
$ !"#$ %& '(()**+,- .+/ )01*23)3 +/ + 14,-5672-45 48 -9) 9+65% $ !"#$ %& ',+*:/6/
48 +, +336-64,+* 9+65 +*/4 )01*23)3 +(()**+,-% $!; <= ;>?!%&
@)345 )0+A6,)3 -.4 12--6,B/ 854A -9) 7*+,C)- 842,3 ,)+5 <+/A2//),D/
743:% $!; <= !EFEG ? <= H>"I>F%& J4-9 12--6,B/ 14,-+6,)3 + KL' A60-25)
854A -95)) ()4(*)% $!; <= !EM!N !EMON ;>H"%& '(()**+,- .+/ )01*23)3 +/ +
14,-5672-45 -4 )6-9)5 12--6,B% $!; <= !EM;G !O <= ;>FH%& =9) A+P45 (5486*)
854A 74-9 12--6,B/ .+/ 14,/6/-),- .6-9 <+/A2//),D/ (5486*)% $!; <= !EM!%&
<2)--), .+/ + 14,-5672-45 -4 4,) 48 -9) 12--6,B/% $!; <= !EM"N ;>HON ;>HE%&
Q4.)R)5N -9)5) .+/ +*/4 )R63),1) 48 A+*) KL' 854A .9619 <2)--), .+/
)01*23)3% $!O <= !>F"IFFN ;>FFIFMN ;>M!%&
=9) (5486*)/ 854A 7*443 /+A(*)/ 4, -9) 54() 842,3 7: -9) /-)5)4)S26(A),- .)5) 14,/6/-),- .6-9 <+/A2//), +,3 )01*23)3 +(()**+,- +/ +
14,-5672-45% $? <= HFHIF"G F <= !!>?I>"G M <= !;H;IHO%&
=9) KL' 854A -9) 544- 48 + 9+65 842,3 4, -9) /()+C)5 .65) ,)+5 -9)
54() -)/-)3 (4/6-6R) 845 A+*) KL' -9+- 363 ,4- +(()+5 -4 14A) 854A <2)--),N
+*-942B9 9) .+/ + (4//67*) 14,-5672-45 .6-9 + 5+,34A A+-19 (547+76*6-: 48 ! 6,
;N>>>% $!; <= ;>!!I!?%& =9)5) .+/ ,4 8)A+*) KL' 6, -9) 9+65 /+A(*)% $!;
<= ;>!?%&
'(()**+,- +,3 <+/A2//), .)5) 74-9 )01*23)3 +/ 14,-5672-45/ -4 -9)
KL' 6, -9) 7*443 /+A(*) -+C), 854A -9) .+** 6, -9) /-+65.)** -4 -9) B+5+B)% $M
<= !;H?IH"%&
', )0-5+1- 854A 4,) 48 -9) 754C), 86,B)5,+6*/ 842,3 6, -9) ),-5:.+:
$T-)A L4% E& 14,-+6,)3 + KL' A60-25) .6-9 <+/A2//), +,3 +(()**+,- +/
(4//67*) 14,-5672-45/% $!; <= ;>?E%& =9) 5+,34A A+-19 (547+76*6-: 845
<+/A2//), .+/ ! 6, !>> +,3 845 +(()**+,- ! 6, EN>>>% $!; <= ;>?EG !O <=
;>MO%& J)1+2/) -9) (5486*)/ 3)-)1-)3 .)5) 6,14A(*)-) +,3 +- *4. *)R)*/N =4A
@)345 48 UV<T .42*3 ,4- 19+5+1-)56W) -9)A +/ 5)8*)1-6,B + A+-19% $!O <=
;>EO%&
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 38/182
!"
$%&'( %)*+,-%& .,/% .,-0%(-*,12 .('+ 34% (,043 4*-& *-& 34(%% .('+ 4%(
1%.3 4*-& 34*3 34% 5'('-%( 51,66%& .('+ 7*2+822%-92 4*-&2: ;!< 7= >?@!A <
7= B!":C =4(%% .,-0%(-*,12 4*& %/,&%-5% '. +*1% DEF: ;!< 7= >?@>:C
=G' &*+*0%& .,-0%(-*,12 .('+ 7*2+822%-92 (,043 4*-& 3%23%& 6'2,3,/%
.'( 34% 6(%28+63,/% 6(%2%-5% '. H1''&: ;!< 7= >?@@I >?@"J@K:C L-% &*+*0%&
.,-0%(-*,1 ;MN7O O3%+ E': KJPJ!C 5'-3*,-%& * +,)38(% '. DEF .('+ *3 1%*23
3G' 6%(2'-2: ;!< 7= >?@@J@":C 7*2+822%- G*2 * 6'22,H1% 5'-3(,H83'( G,34 *
(*-&'+ +*354 6('H*H,1,3Q '. ! ,- R H,11,'- G'+%-: ;!< 7= >?@":C F66%11*-3
G*2 S6'22,H1Q * +,-'( 5'-3(,H83'(T G,34 ! ,- !? G'+%- 2,+,1*(1Q 5'-2,&%(%&:
;!< 7= >?@":C
=4% 2%5'-& &*+*0%& .,-0%(-*,1 ;MN7O O3%+ E': KJPJ>C 0*/% G%*U *-&,-5'+61%3% (%28132 ,-&,5*3,-0 * +,)38(% '. *3 1%*23 34(%% 6%(2'-2: ;!< 7= >?@":C
7*2+822%- G*2 * 6'22,H1% 5'-3(,H83'( G,34 * (*-&'+ +*354 6('H*H,1,3Q '. ! ,-
VIK?? G'+%- 2,+,1*(1Q ,-518&%&: ;!< 7= >?@":C F66%11*-3 G*2 * 6'22,H1%
5'-3(,H83'( G,34 ! ,- R G'+%- 2,+,1*(1Q 5'-2,&%(%&: ;!< 7= >?@"I >?R@:C
L-% (,043 4*-& .,-0%(-*,1 24'G%& DEF .('+ *3 1%*23 3G' 6%(2'-2: ;!>
7= >??>:C 7*2+822%- G*2 6'22,H1% 34% +*W'( 5'-3(,H83'( G,34 * (*-&'+
+*354 6('H*H,1,3Q '. ! ,- >! 3(,11,'- *+'-023 G'+%-: ;!> 7= >??>:C =4%
+,-'( 6('.,1% G*2 3'' G%*U 3' ,-3%(6(%3 H83I ,- $%&'(92 '6,-,'-I 5'81& -'3 4*/%
5'+% .('+ *66%11*-3I 78%33%- '( 7*2+822%-: ;!> 7= >??>J?<:C
F-'34%( (,043 4*-& .,-0%(-*,1 24'G%& * +,)38(% .('+ *3 1%*23 3G'
6%(2'-2: ;!> 7= >??V:C 7*2+822%- G*2 6'22,H1Q 34% +*W'( 5'-3(,H83'( G,34 *
(*-&'+ +*354 6('H*H,1,3Q *+'-023 G'+%- '. ! ,- XKI???: ;!> 7= >??V:C =4%
+,-'( 6('.,1% G*2 3'' G%*U 3' ,-3%(6(%3: ;!> 7= >??V:C Y'G%/%(I ,- $%&'(92
'6,-,'-I ,3 5'81& -'3 4*/% 5'+% .('+ *66%11*-3I 78%33%- '( 7*2+822%-: ;OH,&:C
F-'34%( (,043 4*-& .,-0%(-*,1 24'G%& * +,)38(% .('+ *3 1%*23 3G'
6%(2'-2I *3 1%*23 '-% '. G4'+ G*2 +*1%: ;!> 7= >??":C =4% +*W'( 6('.,1% G*2
34% 2*+% *2 7*2+822%- G,34 * (*-&'+ +*354 6('H*H,1,3Q '. ! ,- VR? 3(,11,'-:
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 39/182
!"
$!% &' %(()*+ ',- ./0- 123 4/5 6-7-8 9:-6;9<9-:* $=>9:*+
?6- @< ;,- 0-<; ,/6: <96A-86/905 5,@4-: / .9B;C8- @< 123 <8@. /; 0-/5;
;4@ D-85@65E 96F0C:96A /; 0-/5; @6- ./0- >C; -BF0C:96A &C-;;-6* $!% &' !GG)H
G"*+ &/5.C55-6 4/5 ;,- ./I@8 F@6;89>C;@8 ;@ ;,- .9B;C8- 49;, / 8/6:@. ./;F,
D8@>/>909;J @< ! 96 !K( ;89009@6* $!% &' !GG"*+ 3DD-00/6; 4/5 -BF0C:-:*
$ !"#$ *+
36@;,-8 0-<; ,/6: <96A-86/90 A/7- 4-/L /6: [email protected];- 8-5C0;5
96:9F/;96A / .9B;C8- <8@. /; 0-/5; ;,8-- D-85@65E 96F0C:96A / ./0-* $!% &'
!GGG*+ &/5.C55-6E /DD-00/6; /6: &C-;;-6 4-8- /00 -BF0C:-:* $=>9:*+
!" $%&'()*+ ,%-./0'& 1'2&+3')"
M@6L-C6 N,@9E / [email protected];-8 -B/.96-8 49;, ;,- ?<<9F- @< ;,- 195;89F;3;;@86-JE C5-: <@8-659F 5@<;4/8- ;@ F@6:CF; 5-/8F,-5 @< 0/D;@D [email protected];-85
5-9O-: <8@. /DD-00/6;P5 8-59:-6F- /6: 4@8LD0/F- <@8 ;,- D-89@: <8@. !GG(
;,8@CA, %(()*% $!! &' !"!QH!"E !"RRHRS*+ N,@9P5 967-5;9A/;9@6 5,@4-: ;,/;
>-;4--6 3D890 !GG" /6: 1-F-.>-8 !GGG /DD-00/6; ./:- 5-7-8/0 @6H096-
5-/8F,-5 <@8 96<@8./;9@6 />@C; &C-;;-6* $!! &' !"!"H%Q*+ TH./90 5;/8;-: 96
;,- .9:H!G"(P5* $!! &' !"R(*+ N,@9 <@C6: 6@ -H./905 ;@ &C-;;-6E /0;,@CA, ,-
4/5 C596A <@8-659F 5@<;4/8- ;,/; 4@C0: ,/7- <@C6: ;,-.* $!! &' !"R(HR!*+
N,@9 /05@ :9: / L-J 4@8: 5-/8F, <@8 &/5.C55-6* $!! &' !"KG*+ U@4-7-8E ,-
A@; 6@ ,9;5* $ !"#$ *+
4" $*&'2&-) 56*7'(+'"
',- D8@5-FC;9@6 D8-5-6;-: [email protected]@C5 <98-/8.5 -79:-6F- 4,9F, 95
5C../89O-: $8-0/;97-0J+ >89-<0J ,-8-*
',- F@8@6-8 8-F@7-8-: ;,8-- >C00-;5 <8@. &/5.C55-6E @6- <8@. C6:-8
;,- 5L96 @< ,-8 >/FL /6: ;4@ <8@. ;,- F0@;,96A C6:-8 ,-8 >/FL* $R &' R"QH")V
% 35 :95FC55-: >-0@4 96 38AC.-6; W-F;9@6 ==*E ;,- -79:-6F- <8@. ;,- [email protected];-8
5-/8F,-5 4/5 /:.9;;-: @7-8 /DD-00/6;P5 X@C8;, 3.-6:.-6; @>I-F;9@65*
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 40/182
!"
$ %& '()*'(+, ''!, '"'-. &/0 1/200 3455016 20789020: 3; 1/0 7828<02 =020
78<6>610<1 =>1/ 0>1/02-+? 82 -+$' 7@5>302 @AA4<>1>8<- B!+ %& )!?), )!?C,
))D!E !C %& )C!(*!'-. FAA4<>1>8< 8G -+? @<: -+$' 7@5>302 /@6 1/0 6@A0
:>@A0102 @<: 7@< 30 58@:0: >< 0>1/02 7@5>302 /@<:H4<- B!+ %& )!?+-.
IFJK 20H45@1>8<6 H8902<0: 1/0 1;L06 8G @AA4<>1>8< 1/@1 @< 8GG>702
7845: 7@22; G82 /02 6029>70 @<: 3@7M4L G>20@2A6- B!! %& !?$?-. N< !"?(,
8GG>7026 =020 8<5; @558=0: 18 7@22; O0:02@5 -+?P J546*J @AA4<>1>8< G82 @ -+?
7@5>302 /@<:H4<- B!! %& !?$?*$", !?(!*(), !?')-. &/@1 A@M0 8G @AA4<>1>8<
/@: @ 78LL02 Q@7M010: =>1/ @ 68G1 50@: 1>L =0>H/><H !)$ H2@><6- B!+ %& )!!$-.
RG 1/0 1/200 09>:0<70 3455016 G28A 1/0 7828<02, 8<0 =@6 :0G82A0: 341 1/0 81/02
1=8 =0>H/0:, 206L071>905;, !!"- ) H2@><6 @<: !)C-' H2@><6- B!+ %& ))!C*!$-.S1090< %8:H026, @ L28:471 6029>70 20L2060<1@1>90 G82 O0:02@5
FAA4<>1>8<, 1061>G>0: @3841 -+? 7@5>302 @AA4<>1>8< A@:0 3; O0:02@5- B!! %&
!'?(, !'??-. F6 @ 20L2060<1@1>90 8G O0:02@5, %8:H026 @568 78AL@20: 3455016
643A>110: 18 />A 18 :0102A><0 =/01/02 82 <81 1/0; =020 O0:02@5 3455016- B!!
%& !'??*?"-. T@60: 8< 209>0= 8G 20782:6 @<: L/818H2@L/6 8G 1885 A@2M6,
%8:H026 78<754:0: 1/@1 @55 1/200 3455016 20789020: G28A %@6A4660< =020
O0:02@5 -+? 7@5>302 P J546*J 345501- B!! %& !?D!*D), !?D?-.
O0:02@5 A@<4G@71420: 1/@1 1;L0 8G @AA4<>1>8< G28A !"'? 18 !""! @<:
685: >1 18 1/0 H0<02@5 L435>7 @6 =055 @6 L85>70 :0L@21A0<16- B!! %& !?D), !?!!*
!)-. &/020 =@6 @ 1>A0 =/0< 1/0 L435>7 7845: <81 34; 1/@1 @AA4<>1>8<- B!! %&
!?D)-. U8=0902, %8:H026 :>: <81 M<8= =/0< 1/@1 =@6- B !"#$ -.
R< O0324@2; )", !"?C, @LL055@<1 L427/@60: G28A 1/0 I86 F<H0506
J85>70 %0985902 @<: F1/501>7 V543 @ -+? 7@5>302 SA>1/ W X0668< Y8:05 C"
20985902 =>1/ @ G>90 6/81 7@L@7>1; @<: @ ! 'Z? ><7/ 3@2205- B!D %& !(C(*C'E !!
%& !'$(, !'(!*(+-. &/>6 =@6 @< @41/82>[0: 3@7M4L G>20@2A G82 IFJK
8GG>7026- B!! %& !?$$-.
R< Y@27/ ", !"?(, @LL055@<1 =0<1 18 1/0 S@<1@ Y8<>7@ J85>70 18 20L821
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 41/182
!"
$%&$ %'( )*+$% , -'../0 1/2'3 45 ('6/36'( %&2 7''0 .$/3'0 8(/* $%' 93/6'
7/: /8 %'( ;&( <%+3' =&(>'2 +0 )&0$& 1/0+;&? @AA BC ADEFG ADDAG ADD4HDIG
AADDHD5G ADFI?J )/*'/0' %&2 $&*='('2 <+$% $%' 2(+6'(K. 2//( 3/;>? @AA BC
ADD!?J L=='33&0$K. 9M* 7&9 <&. &3./ $&>'0 <+$% *+.;'33&0'/N. ;3/$%+09G
;&..'$$'.G &02 */0'M? @AA BC ADDA?J
C%' =(&;$+;' /8 $%' </*&0 <%/ $//> $%' &N$/H$%'8$ ('=/($ @O3&+0' )'0&H
P(/<0J </N32 %&6' 7''0 </N32 %&6' 7''0 $/ 9/ /N$ $%' 6'%+;3' $/ 6'(+8M $%'
('=/($'2 2&*&9' $/ $%' 2//( 3/;>? @AA BC ADD5HF"G ADFA?J )%' 2+2 0/$
('*'*7'( <%'$%'( .%' 2+2 ./? @AA BC ADD!?J Q/<'6'(G P(/<0 </N32 %&6'
0/$'2 /0 %'( ('=/($ +8 .%' %&2 0/$ 2/0' ./? @AA BC ADF"?J
1+>' Q&(9('&6'.G & 8'33/< /88+;'( &02 8/(*'( (//**&$' /8 &=='33&0$G(';&33'2 &=='33&0$ $'33+09 %+* $%&$ .%' %&2 3/.$ %'( ('6/36'( +0 )&0$& 1/0+;&?
@5 BC AREDHEF?J )%' .&+2 $%&$ +$ %&2 7''0 +0.+2' & 7&9 /( & 8&00M =&;>? @5 BC
AREF?J C%'M 2+.;N..'2 *&>+09 & =/3+;' ('=/($ & ;/N=3' /8 2&M. &8$'( $%' 9N0
<&. 3/.$? @ !"#$ ?J L=='33&0$ 2+2 0/$ .&M $%&$ .%' 3/.$ $%' %&029N0 <%'0 %'( ;&(
<&. 7N(93&(+S'2 /( $%&$ %'( ;&( %&2 7''0 2&*&9'2? @5 BC ARE5?J Q&(9('&6'.
3&$'( (/2' +0 $%' ;&( &02 2+2 0/$ .'' &0M 2&*&9' $/ +$? @ !"#$ ?J
C%' )&0$& 1/0+;& T/3+;' U'=&($*'0$ ('=/($'2 $/ $%' V&3+8/(0+&
U'=&($*'0$ /8 WN.$+;' PN('&N. /8 X+('&(*.G &N$/*&$'2 8+('&(* ('=/($+09
.M.$'*G $%&$ &=='33&0$K. 1/2'3 45 ('6/36'( <&. ('=/($'2 .$/3'0 /0 1&(;% 5G
A5FE? @A4 BC !R"AH"!G !R"4H"I?J L. &0 /88+;'(G &=='33&0$ <&. ('YN+('2 $/
('=/($ $/ $%' ZLTU &(*/('( +8 & 8+('&(* ('9+.$'('2 $/ %'( %&2 7''0 .$/3'0? @AA
BC AFIDHIF?J Q/<'6'(G $%' ;&(2 >'=$ 7M $%' &(*/('( 8/( &=='33&0$K. 8+('&(*.
2+2 0/$ .%/< $%&$ .%' ('=/($'2 %'( ('6/36'( .$/3'0? @AA BC AFIF[ AR BC !A"IH
"E?J
\0 1&(;% A5G A5FEG &=='33&0$ =N(;%&.'2 &. &0 &==&('0$ ('=3&;'*'0$ &
?RF ;&3+7'( )*+$% , -'../0 1/2'3 E45 ('6/36'( <+$% & A D]F +0;% 7&(('3? @A"
BC AEI"[ AA BC ADERHE4G ADEI[ AR BC !A"D?J
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 42/182
!"
$%& '()*+ ()* ,-../&+ .0 1%& 2(--&' '&(/& 345-&++3.)+ .) ( 26''&1 7%&)
1%& ,6) 3+ 03-&*8 9": ;$ !"<=><?8@ A 8:< B('32&- C431% D E&++.) F.*&' =G
%(+ 03/& '()*+ ()* ,-../&+ 731% ( -3,%1 %()* 173+1 1%(1 7(+ B.)+3+1&)1 731% 1%&
5(11&-) .) 1%& 1%-&& &/3*&)B& 26''&1+8 9": ;$ !"<H8@ I.7&/&-J 1%.+& -30'3),
345-&++3.)+ 7&-& ('+. B.)+3+1&)1 731% %()*,6)+ 4(*& 2K L'(4J ;6,&-J $(6-6+J
M8N8AJ M-3+ O-2&(J ()* P(23'()*.8 9": ;$ !"<H><<J !!"G8@ A'' .0 1%.+& 1K5&+
.0 ,6)+ B.6'* %(/& 03-&* 1%& &/3*&)B& 26''&1+8 9": ;$ !"<Q><<8@
$%& 4(-R+ .) ('' 1%-&& 26''&1+ 7&-& +343'(- 3)*3B(13), 1%(1 1%&K %(* (''
2&&) 03-&* 0-.4 1%& +(4& ,6)8 9"= ;$ !:<=><Q8@ I.7&/&-J 1%& ,6) 6+&* B.6'*
).1 2& 3*&)1303&* 731%.61 %(/3), () &S&45'(- 03-&* 0-.4 1%& +(4& ,6)8 9"= ;$
!:<Q><<8@ $%& &/3*&)B& 26''&1+ B.6'* %(/& 2&&) 03-&* 0-.4 "T>"! 03-&(-4+4()60(B16-&* 3) 1%& "G<TU+ 3)B'6*3), 46'135'& 4.*&'+ .0 C431% D E&++.)
%()*,6)+8 9"= ;$ !=!T>!V "? ;$ !==H>=QJ !==G>?!J !=H=8@
N.)& .0 1%& 26''&1+ -&B./&-&* 0-.4 +&(-B%&+ .0 (55&''()1U+ 5-.5&-1K 3)
!TTG 7&-& B.)+3+1&)1 731% 1%& &/3*&)B& 26''&1+8 9"? ;$ !=H?8@
M) W&2-6(-K "G<HJ LAXY O003B&- P&.-,& L6BZKJ ( 03-&(-4+ +5&B3('3+1J
()* %3+ 5(-1)&- 7&)1 1. 1%& B-34& +B&)& (1 Q"TT [('2.(8 9": ;$ !""G8@ $%&K
0.6)* ( 26''&1 345(B1 3) 1%& '3/3), -..4 B(-5&1 2K 1%& 03-&5'(B& )&(- 7%&-&
;(+46++&) 7(+ 0.6)*8 9": ;$ !"!Q8@ I.7&/&-J 1%&K 0.6)* ). 26''&1 7%&)
1%&K 56''&* 65 1%& B(-5&18 9 !"#$ 8@ $%&K ('+. 4(*& ( 1-(\&B1.-K ()('K+3+ 0.- 1%&
17. 26''&1+ 1%(1 5(++&* 1%-.6,% 1%& B6-1(3) ./&- 1%& +'3*3), ,'(++ *..- .0 1%&
R31B%&) .) 1%& ).-1% +3*& .0 1%& B.)*.8 9": ;$ !""GJ !"!"8@ M) L6BZKU+
.53)3.)J 2.1% 26''&1+ %(* 2&&) 0-3&* 0-.4 1%& *3-&B13.) .0 1%& '3/3), -..4
7%&-& ;(+46++&) 7(+ 0.6)*8 9": ;$ !"!!>!=J !"!H8@ A +&B.)* 1-(\&B1.-K
()('K+3+ 2K .1%&- 3)/&+13,(1.-+ 3) !T"T -&(B%&* +343'(- B.)B'6+3.)+8 9"= ;$
!=TG>"TV "? ;$ !=?H>?<8@
L6BZK ('+. &S(43)&* PC; .) 1%& 46'13>B.'.-&* 2'()R&1 731% 0.6)* )&(-
;(+46++&)8 9": ;$ !"!<>!G8@ E%&) 03-&*J ( +%.-1 2(--&' -&/.'/&- '3R& ( C431%
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 43/182
!!
# $%&&'( )'*%+ ,- *.&/0123%& 2%+14.5%+6 +123% 17'8(4 '9 :;< 92'7 40% 31=
>0%2% 40% ?122%+ 7%%4& 40% 2'414.(3 /6+.(*%2 0'+*.(3 40% /1242.*3%& @2%9%22%* 4'
1& A?122%+ 31= *.&/0123%BCD @EF <G !EF!HF,DC I( 40% ?+1(J%4K 40%2% >%2% 4>'
+.(%& '9 :;<K /'22%&='(*.(3 4' 40% 4>' &.*%& '9 40% 2%5'+5%2 1(* 9'82 ?8++%4
0'+%& .( *.99%2%(4 =+1/%&D @EF <G !EFLH,!K !EMEK !ENFDC G0% *.&41(/% '9 40%
+.(% '9 :;< 4' 40% (%12%&4 ?8++%4 0'+% >1& 4>' .(/0%&D @EF <G !E,NDC
O8/P6 /'(/+8*%* 4014 4014 1 2%5'+5%2 >.40 1 4>' .(/0 ?122%+ +.J% 40%
;7.40 # $%&&'( )'*%+ ,- 71*% 40% ?8++%4 0'+% .( 40% ?+1(J%4D @EF <G !E,QH
,LK !EMRHMEDC S( 0.& '=.(.'(K 40% ?+1(J%4 01* ?%%( >21==%* 12'8(* 40%
2%5'+5%2 .( '2*%2 4' *17=%( 40% &'8(* '9 9.2.(3D @EF <G !E,-HMRDC T1&%* '(
40% 4>' ?8++%4 0'+%& .( 40% /8241.( .( 40% J.4/0%( 1(* 402%% 38(&0'4 >'8(*& 4'<1&78&&%(K O8/P6 /'(/+8*%* 4014 1 4'41+ '9 9.5% &0'4& >%2% 9.2%*K /'(&.&4%(4
>.40 40% 9.5% &0'4 /1=1/.46 ;7.40 # $%&&'( )'*%+ ,-D @EF <G !EQ,HQMK
!EQLHQ-DC
!" $%&'( )*(+( ,+-./0&0"
U94%2 !F 6%12& 1& 1( VDTDSD 13%(4K .(/+8*.(3 >'2J 1& 1 =2'9.+%2K )12J
;1912.J ?%/17% WX%/84.5% Y.2%/4'2 '9 V'2%(&./ T%015.'21+ ;%25./%&D @EM <G
!,N-HQRK !,QEHQ!DC Z.& 9.27 &=%/.1+.P%* .( ?%015.'21+ 1(1+6&.& '9 5.'+%(4
/2.7%& 4' %X=+1.( 0'> 40%6 01==%(%* 1(* >06D @E, <G !,QRDC ;1912.J
2%5.%>%* 40% ='+./% 2%='24&K =0'4'321=0& 1(* 1(1+6&.& '9 %5.*%(/% 92'7 40%
E-LN .(5%&4.314.'( '9 40% <1&78&&%( /2.7% &/%(%D @EM <G !,QMDC Z% 1+&'
5.&.4%* 40% +'/14.'( .( !RERD @E, <G !,QNHQQDC
S( ;1912.J[& '=.(.'(K 40% 0'7./.*% *.* ('4 '//82 *82.(3 1 ?823+126 '2 1(
.(4%228=4%* ?823+126 ?1&%* '( 1 &%2.%& '9 91/4'2&D @EM <G !,LEDC G0%
<1&78&&%( /'(*' >1& =124 '9 1 /'7=+%X 4014 ='&%* 1 0.30 2.&J 9'2 1 ?823+12
?%/18&% .4 01* 1 >1++ 1(* 1 9%(/% 12'8(* .4 1(* 1 +'/J%* 92'(4 314%D @EM <G
!,L!DC I40%2 1=1247%(4 /'7=+%X%& .( 40% 12%1 *.* ('4 015% &.7.+12 ?122.%2&D
@ !"#$ DC S( 1**.4.'(K <1&78&&%([& 8(.4 01* 1 /%(421+ +'/14.'( >.40.( 40%
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 44/182
!"
$%&'()*+ ,-$.)/0,-1 23) .,04 %5 6),-1 0))- 73)- )-2).,-1 /-8 ()/9,-1: ;<= >?
!@A!BA":C
?3).) 7/0 -% 0,1- %5 5%.$)8 )-2.D /-8 / 0,1- 03%7)8 23/2 23) E-,2 3/8
/- /(/.& 0D02)&: ;<= >? !@AFBAG:C ?3) )9,8)-$) ,-8,$/2)8 23/2 0%&)%-) ()52
23) 0$)-) ,- 23) 9,$2,&H0 IJK: ;<= >? !@AGBAA:C L- 3,0 %',-,%-+ / 6E.1(/.
7%E(8 E0) 3,0 %7- 9)3,$() 2% .)&%9) '.%').2D: ; !"#$ :C L- /88,2,%-+ 23) IJK
7/0 /6/-8%-)8 7,23 23) 4)D0 /-8 7,23%E2 /-D '.%').2D 6),-1 2/4)- 5.%& ,2:
;<= >? !@AA:C ?3) %-(D '.%').2D 2/4)- 5.%& 23) .)0,8)-$) 7/0 >/0&E00)-H0
'E.0): ;<= >? !@AA:C
?3) E'02/,.0 /.)/ %5 23) .)0,8)-$) 7/0 E-8,02E.6)8: ;<= >? !@AM:C L5
0%&)%-) 7/0 $%&&,22)8 2% 02)/(,-1 '.%').2D+ 23).) 7%E(8 6) )9,8)-$) %5 %23)./.)/0 0)/.$3)8: ;<= >? !@AMBMN+ !@M<+ !@M!:C O P)7)(.D 6%* ,- 23) &/02).
6)8.%%& 7/0 E-2%E$3)8: ;<= >? !@MN:C ?3) 8./7). 3/8 6))- 'E(()8 %E2 %5
23) $%55)) 2/6() ,- 23) (,9,-1 .%%& /-8 ()52 ()/-,-1 /1/,-02 ,2: ;<= >? !@MN:C L-
Q/5/.,4H0 %',-,%-+ / 6E.1(/. 7%E(8 -%2 (%%4 5%. 9/(E/6() ,- 23) 8./7). %5 /
$%55)) 2/6(): ; !"#$ :C
Q2/1,-1 7/0 / 6)3/9,%./( &/-,5)02/2,%- %60).9)8 /2 $.,&) 0$)-)0: ;<=
>? !@M=:C L2 .)5()$2)8 /- ,-2)-2,%-/( /22)&'2 6D 23) %55)-8). 2% $3/-1) 23)
'3D0,$/( )9,8)-$) 2% $.)/2) / -)7 &%2,9) 5%. 23) $.,&) /-8 .)8,.)$2 23) '%(,$)
,-9)02,1/2,%-: ;<= >? !@MFBMG:C RK3/2 L 0/7 7/0 /- /22)&'2 2% $.)/2) 23)
,((E0,%- 23/2 23) &%2,9) ,- 23,0 $.,&) 7/0 /- ,-2)..E'2)8 6E.1(/.DS:TU ;<= >?
!@MG:C
L- Q/5/.,4H0 %',-,%-+ 23).) 7/0 /- ,-,2,/( /22/$4 %- ,- 23) 6.)/45/02 -%%4:
;<= >? !=NA:C >/0&E00)- 6.%4) /7/D: ; !"#$ :C ?3) ').')2./2%. 'E.0E)8 /-8
.))-1/1)8 23) /22/$4 6D 23) )-2.D7/D 73).) 23).) 7/0 )9,8)-$) %5 6.%4)-
5,-1).-/,(0 /-8 6(%%8: ; !"#$ :C ?3)D &%9)8 2% 23) (,9,-1 .%%& 73).) 23)
').')2./2%. E0)8 23) 9/0) 2% 0&/03 >/0&E00)-H0 5/$): ; !"#$ :C ?3) ').')2./2%.
6.%4) $%-2/$2+ .)2.,)9)8 23) VE,(2+ 7./'')8 ,2 /.%E-8 23) 1E- 2% &E55() 23)
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 45/182
!"
$%&'() *'( +,-.( /0-.. $0%/$1 234 56 !4789371: 60. $/.-.% .;&,<=.'/ +%&'(
>? /0. .'/-? @*$ =%A.( *+/.- /0. $0%%/,'B >.C*&$. ,/ @%&D( 0*A. >..'
(,$/&->.( ,' /0. $/-&BBD. ,+ ,/ 0*( >..' /0.-. >.+%-.1 234 56 !4379331:
E*+*-,F C%&D( '%/ -.C%'$/-&C/ /0. .G*C/ $.;&.'C. %+ /0. .A.'/$ >.C*&$.
/0.-. @.-. /%% =*'? <%$$,>D. ,'/.-*C/,%'$ >./@..' /0. A,C/,= *'( /0.
<.-<./-*/%-1 234 56 !4"H9"I1:
!!" $%& '&(&)*& +,*&"
-" ./01213&4 5,2678/9)34 ,)3 :18&,80 ;<13&)2&"
J' K%'(*?) L.>-&*-? !") 38IM) NA*'B.D,'* LD%-.$ @%-F.( *$ *
0%&$.F..<.- ,' /0. &',/ '.G/ (%%- /% 5*$=&$$.'O$ &',/ ,' /0. C%'(%=,',&=
C%=<D.G1 23M 56 !MP"9P41: Q/ *-%&'( 3!RP7 <1=1) LD%-.$ 0.*-( * $%&'(C%=,'B /0-%&B0 /0. @*DD +-%= 5*$=&$$.'O$ -.$,(.'C.1 23M 56 !MP49PM) !M"39
"!) !M""1: S/ $%&'(.( D,F. /@% <.%<D. +,B0/,'B +%DD%@.( >? * $C-.*=) /@% D%&(
/0&($ %- >%%=$) *'( * (%%- $D*==,'B1 23M 56 !MPH) !M"49"M1: Q+/.- /0*/)
.A.-?/0,'B @*$ $,D.'/ &'/,D LD%-.$ 0.*-( * C*- (-,A. %++1 23M 56 !MPI) !M"M1:
Q'(-.* T,DD%') * D*/.'/ +,'B.-<-,'/ .G*=,'.- @,/0 /0. UQVT) 0*(
/.$/,+,.( *$ *' .G<.-/ %' +,'B.-<-,'/$ *'( +,'B.-<-,'/ C%=<*-,$%'$ *>%&/ P7
/,=.$1 23H 56 !87"97M) !87M1: T,DD%' *'*D?W.( /0. D*/.'/ +,'B.-<-,'/$
C%DD.C/.( +-%= 5*$=&$$.'O$ -.$,(.'C. *+/.- /0. 0%=,C,(.1 23H 56 !8789371:
E0. +%&'( =&D/,<D.) ,(.'/,+,*>D. +,'B.-<-,'/$ /0*/ C%&D( '%/ >. *//-,>&/.( /%
*<<.DD*'/) 5&.//.' %- 5*$=&$$.'1 23H 56 !833938) !8!39!H1: 60.? ,'CD&(.(
+,'B.-<-,'/$ %' /0. $/.-.% .;&,<=.'/ $/*CF.( >? /0. (%%- /% /0. B*-*B.1 23H 56
!88!98PX 3" 56 !II89871:
K,C0*.D QD.G*'(.- @*$ * -./,-.( UQVT %++,C.-1 23M 56 !MMM1: Y. *'(
*<<.DD*'/ @%-F.( <*/-%D /%B./0.- %&/ %+ T.A%'$0,-. T,A,$,%' >.B,'','B ,' 38I4
*'( %++ *'( %' %A.- * '&=>.- %+ ?.*-$1 23M 56 !MMM1: QD.G*'(.- *'(
*<<.DD*'/ @.-. *$$,B'.( /% * C*- /%B./0.- %' 6&.$(*?) L.>-&*-? !4) 38IM) *'(
60&-$(*?) L.>-&*-? !H) 38IM1 23M 56 !MMH9MI) !MH71: QD.G*'(.- (,( '%/
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 46/182
!"
$%&'(( )%%*+, '+- )*,+) ./ *+01$- 2. '33%(('+2 )1&4 ') ' 5('&6 %-% .$ )&$'2&4%)
'+7 '33%(('+2 7*7 +.2 &.83('*+ ./ '+- *+01$-9 :;< => !<<?@ !<A;9B
=.5%$2 C*$6 D') ' $%2*$%7 EFGH .//*&%$9 :;< => !<<IJ<;9B K+ 24%
;?LIM)@ 4% '+7 '33%(('+2 D%$% 5.24 '))*,+%7 2. H%N.+)4*$% O2'2*.+ '+7 '2 2*8%)
D.$6%7 ' 3'2$.( 1+*2 2.,%24%$9 :;< => !<<;9B C*$6 N*)*2%7 '33%(('+2 '2 4%$
$%)*7%+&% 71$*+, 24'2 2*8% 3%$*.7 '+7 4'7 7*++%$ 24%$%9 :;< => !<<;J<!9B P%
7*7 +.2 $%&'(( )%%*+, '+- 34.2.,$'34) ./ =1%22%+9 :;< => !<<!J<Q9B
R'$( S().+ D.$6%7 /.$ 24% O'+2' T.+*&' G.(*&% H%3'$28%+2 ') 24%*$
$%&.$7) 8'+',%$9 :;A => !AAU9B P% $%N*%D%7 $%&.$7) '+7 7%2%$8*+%7 24'2 .+
T'$&4 ?@ ;?L<@ 24%$% D%$% 2D. '77*2*.+'( '12. 51$,('$*%) /$.8 3'$6*+,
)2$1&21$%) *+ 24% )'8% D4%$% '33%(('+2 .+ 24% )'8% 7'- $%3.$2%7 24% 24%/2 ./ 24%$%N.(N%$ /$.8 4%$ &'$ '/2%$ 2'83%$*+, D*24 24% 7..$ (.&69 :;A => !AA<JA?V ;;
=> ;AAIJA;9B
K+ '33%(('+2M) 7'*(- 3('++%$ 24%$% D') ' +.2% .+ T'$&4 ;A@ ;?L< 2.
WX2Y'6% *+ &'$9Z :;A => !L??9B
S+ [1+% "@ !II?@ EFGH 4.8*&*7% 7%2%&2*N% H'+ T-%$) )%'$&4%7
'33%(('+2M) (.&6%$ '2 24% G'$6%$ R%+2%$9 :;A => !L"A9B P% /.1+7 ' O8*24 \
]%)).+ T.7%( <AJ; 9QL &'(*5%$ $%N.(N%$ '+7 81(2*3(% $.1+7) ./ 9QL &'(*5%$
O3%&*'( ̂ G '881+*2*.+ /$.8 ' N'$*%2- ./ 8'+1/'&21$%$)@ *+&(17*+, =%8*+,2.+
G%2%$)@ ]*+&4%)2%$@ ] _$'+7@ *+ '77*2*.+ 2. `%7%$'( 9 :;A => !L"LJ<U9B
G'2$*&*' ̀ '+2 D') ' /.$%+)*& /*$%'$8 %a'8*+%$ .+ 24% (*)2 ./ E.) F+,%(%)
R.1+2- O13%$*.$ R.1$2 /*$%'$8 %a3%$2)9 :;< => !AIU9B `'+2 4'7 3$%N*.1)(-
5%%+ ' E.) F+,%(%) R.1+2- H%312- O4%$*// /.$ !L -%'$)@ *+&(17*+, 24% (')2 )*a
-%'$) /$.8 ;??QJ;??? ') ' /*$%'$8) %a'8*+%$ /.$ 24% O4%$*//M) &$*8% ('59 :;<
=> !AIU9B O4% 4'7 2%)2*/*%7 ') ' /*$%'$8) %a3%$2 *+ .N%$ ;UI 7*//%$%+2 &')%)9
:;< => !AI<9B
SN%$ QA -%'$)@ O8*24 \ ]%)).+ 4'7 8'+1/'&21$%7 '5.12 <!Q@III
T.7%( U? $%N.(N%$)9 :;< => !AI?J;I9B >'1$1)@ ' _$'b*(*'+ /*$%'$8 8'6%$@
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 47/182
!"
$%&' % ()*+ ), -.' /)&'0 123 45" 67 !8593:
;%<- '=%$><'& -.' $?0->@()0)A'& B0%<C'- ,)?<& D>-. EF6 <'%A
6%G$?GG'<HG B)&+3 45" 67 !859@553: 7.' &>G-%<(' ,A)$ % B?00'- .)0' -) % 0><'
), B%AA'0 I%* &>G(.%AI'& D)?0& J%A+ &'*'<&><I )< .)D % ,%BA>( D%G ,)0&'&
D.'< % A'J)0J'A D%G ,>A'&3 45" 67 !81K3: L>-.)?- C<)D><I -.%- J%A>%B0'M -.'
B%AA'0 0'<I-. ), -.' I?< ?G'& ()?0& <)- B' $'%G?A'& D>-. ('A-%><-+3 4 !"#$ 3:
/?0->*0' )-.'A ,>A'%A$G .%& -.' G%$' -D) ><(. B%AA'0 %<& B%AA'0 (+0><&'A I%*3
4 !"#$ 3: 7.'A' D'A' ,)?A &>G-><(- %0-.)?I. ,%><- G.)' *A><-G )< -.' B0%<C'- ,)A
D.>(. -.'A' D%G <) %(()?<-3 45" 67 !85"@583:
7.' -D) B?00'-G ,A)$ 6%G$?GG'<HG %?-)*G+ D'A' '>-.'A 3NK G*'(>%0 )A
3NO8 $%I<?$ (%0>B'A B?00'-G3 45" 67 !8NK3: /?0->*0' $)&'0G ), ,>A'%A$G ><%&&>->)< -) % F$>-. P L'GG)< /)&'0 12 ()?0& .%J' ,>A'& -.)G' B?00'-G3 45"
67 !8O5@O!3: Q $>(A)G()*>( '=%$><%->)< ), -.' -D) B?00'-G G.)D'& -.'+ D'A'
,>A'& B+ -.' G%$' I?<3 45" 67 !8ON3:
;%<- ()?0& <)- G%+ -.%- -.' B?00'-G D'A' $%&' B+ ;'&'A%0 B'(%?G' >< -.'
52K9HG %$$?<>->)< $%<?,%(-?A'AG B)?I.- ()$*)<'<-G ,A)$ )-.'A
$%<?,%(-?A'AG3 45" 67 !8583: /)A')J'AM B?00'-G $%&' B+ )-.'AG .%& G>$>0%A
-))0 $%ACG ,)A (A>$*><I -.' B?00'- R%(C'- -) -.' B?00'-3 45" 67 !8583: 7.'A'
D%G <) D%+ -) -'00 ,A)$ -.' B?00'- %0)<' D.) $%<?,%(-?A'& >-3 45" 67 !8!93:
;'&'A%0 G)0& -.' G%$' ;'&'A%0 3NK F*'(>%0 S0?G@S %$$?<>->)< -) (>J>0>%<G %<&
0%D '<,)A('$'<-3 45" 67 !8!5@!!3:
;%<- .%& A'I?0%A0+ *'A,)A$'& B?00'- -A%R'(-)A+ %<%0+G'G %- (A>$' G('<'G3
45" 67 !8!13: T%G'& )< -.' %J%>0%B0' 'J>&'<('M ;%<- ()?0& <)- &'-'A$><' -.'
*)G>->)< ), -.' *'AG)< D.) ,>A'& -.' I?< $%C><I -.' .)0'G >< -.' C>-(.'<
(?A-%><3 45" 67 !8!83:
QG -) %**'00%<-HG 0)(C *>(C><I %B>0>-+M %< '<-A+ ,)A U?0+ !2M 52K" G-%-'&
-.%- %**'00%<- D'<- .)$' B?- ()?0&<H- I'- >< B'(%?G' G.' &>&<H- .%J' .'A C'+G3
458 67 !K2K3:
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 48/182
!"
!" $%&'&()*' +,)-*..*."
$%& '&(&)*& +,&*&)-&' *&.&,/0 1%/,/1-&, 23-)&**&*4 567/))& 8&)'97/
2/* /++&00/)-:* 196*3) /)' (,3&)' 2%9 %/' ;)92) /++&00/)- .3,-6/00< %&, &)-3,&
03(&4 =>? @$ !?ABC !?D!4E $%&< 2&,& +/,-3160/,0< 109*& /* 1%30',&) /)' /F/3)
3) -%&3, !G:* /(-&, -%&< F,/'6/-&' (,9H 1900&F& /)' I9-% 03.&' 3) J9* K)F&0&*4
=>? @$ !?D!4E $%&< 19)-3)6&' / 109*& ,&0/-39)*%3+ /(-&, -%&< I9-% H/,,3&'4
=>? @$ !?D!LDM4E 8&)'97/ %/' )&.&, *&&) /++&00/)- I& .390&)- -92/,'*
/)<I9'<4 =>? @$ !?DN4E
O%30& 29,;3)F /- P&.9)*%3,& P3.3*39) 23-% /++&00/)- 3) >BNDL>BN?C
831%/&0 K0&Q/)'&, 9I*&,.&' %&, /,,&*- +&9+0&4 =>? @$ !?">L"!4E R/*&' 9)
%3* &Q+&,3&)1& 29,;3)F 23-% /++&00/)-C %& '3' )9- 19)*3'&, %&, -9 I& / .390&)- +&,*9)4 =>? @$ !?"!4E
S3H P3--I&,) 2&)- -%,96F% / JKTP +,9F,/H 23-% /++&00/)- -9 +,&+/,&
29H&) -9 I&19H& +9031& 9((31&,* /* 2&00 /* -%& +9031& /1/'&H<4 =>" @$ !"NML
ND4E K- -%& /1/'&H<C -%&< 2&,& 3) -%& */H& 10/** -9F&-%&, &.&,< '/< (9, *3Q
H9)-%*4 =>" @$ !"NDLN?4E P3--I&,) 9I*&,.&' /++&00/)- 3)-&,/1- 23-% I9-% H&)
/)' 29H&)4 =>" @$ !"N?4E P3--I&,) '3' )9- 29,; 23-% /++&00/)- /(-&, -%&<
F,/'6/-&'C I6- -%&< *-/<&' 3) ,&F60/, 19)-/1-C &.&) /(-&, P3--I&,) 0&(- JKTP 3)
>BNB4 =>" @$ !"N"LNB4E P3--I&,) %/' 9I*&,.&' /++&00/)- 3) H/)< '3((&,&)-
*3-6/-39)* /)' )&.&, */2 /)< .390&)1& 23-% %&,4 =>" @$ !"BG4E
5%&,3 U6(( %/' ;)92) /++&00/)- (9, 9.&, MG <&/,* *3)1& H&&-3)F %&, /-
P<;*-,/ U/00 /- VWJK 3) >B"N4 =>" @$ !"B?4E $%&< %6)F 96- 23-% -%& */H&
+&9+0& /- VWJK4 =>" @$ !"B?LB"4E U6(( ;)&2 @6&--&) /)' /++&00/)- /*
(,3&)'* 3) 1900&F&C I6- )9- H9,& -%/) -%/-4 = !"#$ 4E @6&--&) %/' '/-&' 9)& 9(
U6((:* ,99HH/-&*4 =>" @$ !"B"4E U6(( '3' )9- *&& X&/096*< 9, /)F&, (,9H
/++&00/)- 2%&) @6&--&) '/-&' U6((:* ,99HH/-&4 = !"#$ 4E K(-&, /++&00/)- /)'
U6(( F,/'6/-&'C -%&< *-/<&' 3) ,&F60/, 19)-/1- -%,96F% -%& <&/,*4 =>" @$
!"B"L!NGG4E
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 49/182
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 50/182
!"
$%&'()*( +,-%&.&-) -/ 01( 234&/-,)&3 2-).0&050&-) ,(65&,(' 3++4&*30&-) -/
/('(,34 '5( +,-*(.. .03)'3,'. 7(*35.( 01( ,(4(%3)0 +,-%&.&-) -/ 01( 234&/-,)&3
2-).0&050&-) 89,0: ;:< = !>? @&%(. &)'(+()'()0 /-,*( 3)' (//(*0 0- 01( A5(
B,-*(.. 2435.( -/ 01( 234&/-,)&3 2-).0&050&-) 89,0:< ;< = CD?:
E-,(-%(,< 01( 234&/-,)&3 F5+,(G( 2-5,0 13. 1(4' 0130 (%() )(@4&@()0
'(43H ,(65&,(. '&.G&..34 I1() &0 +,(J5'&*(' 01( '(/().(: 8 !"#$%" '( )"%*#+
8!KKL? >M 234:>01 C!>!< C!DCND!< C!DD:? O1( !M H(3, '(43H &) 7,&)@&)@
*13,@(. &) 01&. *3.( &G+3&,(' 3++(443)0P. 37&4&0H 0- -703&) '(/().( (%&'()*( 3)'
0- *,-..N(Q3G&)( 01( +,-.(*50&-)P. I&0)(..(.: 9**-,'&)@4H< '5( +,-*(..
,(65&,(' '&.G&..34 -/ 01( G5,'(, *13,@(:
!" $%&'(%) *+, -./&0,(.%) !%&12./(+,"3" 450 !.6076+2 !0)/8"
RH 3 I,&00() G-0&-)< '(/().( *-5).(4 +,-%&'(' 3 '(*43,30&-) ,(%&(I&)@
01( *3.( 1&.0-,H 73.(' -) '&.*-%(,H +,-%&'(' 7H 01( +,-.(*50&-) 30 01( 0&G( -/
01( +,(4&G&)3,H 1(3,&)@: 8CCSTSC! 2O MNCK:?
O1(,( I(,( )- (H(I&0)(..(. 0- 01( U(7,53,H C"LT 1-G&*&'(: 8CCSTSC!
2O M:? O- &G+4&*30( 3++(443)0< 01( +,-.(*50&-) ,(4&(' -) +1H.&*34 (%&'()*(<
&)*45'&)@ 3 .I37 03V() -/ 3) 3++3,()0 7&0( G3,V -) W3.G5..()P. 3,G:
8CCSCTSC! 2O MN>:? X-I(%(,< 01( +-4&*( '&' )-0 7(@&) 0- 3)34HY( 01( +1H.&*34
(%&'()*( 5)0&4 [email protected] !KKM -, *-G+4(0( 3 AZ9 3)34H.&. -/ 01( 7&0( G3,V .I37
5)0&4 U(7,53,H !KKD: 8 ,-./ :? O1( AZ9 3)34H.&. .1-I(' 0130 01( G3J-, +,-/&4(
/,-G 01( 7&0( G3,V .I37 I3. /(G34( AZ9 3)' )-0 /,-G W3.G5..(): 8 ,-./ :? ;)
[5)( !KK"< &)%(.0&@30-,. 3,,(.0(' 3++(443)0 3/0(, *-)*45'(' 0130 .1( I3. 01(
.-5,*( -/ 01( G3J-, AZ9 +,-/&4(: 8CCSTSC! 2O >< CD:?
A&.*-%(,H .1-I(' 0130 01( +-4&*( 13' ,(3.-) 0- &)%(.0&@30( 3++(443)0
7(@&))&)@ U(7,53,H !D< C"LT< 01( '3H 3/0(, 01( 1-G&*&'(: 8CCSTSC! 2O D:? \)
0130 '3H< Z(4. W3.G5..() 801( /301(, -/ 01( %&*0&G F1(,& W3.G5..()? '&.*5..('
01( *3.( I&01 ]9BA A(0(*0&%( E3H(, 801( 4(3' &)%(.0&@30-,? &) 01( +,(.()*( -/
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 51/182
!"
$%&'()* %+*,-./ 01%. 2+&33&.4 5&6* -*7&/ 8&3&93(:& ;-<&' (= %& %-/ 9%&97&/
1+3 ->>&66-.3 -* - *+*>&93 ,&9-+*& *%& ?-* 2+&33&.)* =1'@&' A('6='(&./ -./ -.
BCD8 1==(9&'4 EFFGHGFI JK L4M C,1+3 3%'&& ?&&7* 6-3&'N 2+&33&. -A-(.
@&.3(1.&/ ->>&66-.3 ?%&. /&3&93(:&* 316/ %(@ -,1+3 3%& ,(3& @-'74 EFFGHGFI
JK O4M P. 51:&@,&' FQN FQRHN 2+&33&. 91.3-93&/ 3%& (.:&*3(A-31'* -./ -A-(.
91.=('@&/ 3%-3 ->>&66-.3 ?-* -. BCD8 1==(9&' -./ %(* =1'@&' A('6='(&./4
E !"#$ 4M
P. 1' ,&=1'& 8&9&@,&' QN FQRHN 5&6* 2-*@+**&. 316/ 8&3&93(:& ;-<&'
3%-3 $%&'( %-/ ,&&. 3%'&-3&.&/ ,< 2+&33&.)* =1'@&' A('6='(&./ ?%1 ?-* -
BCD8 1==(9&'4 EFFGHGFI JK L4M $%&'()* @13%&' -6*1 316/ /&3&93(:&* 3%-3 3%&<
*%1+6/ (.:&*3(A-3& 2+&33&.)* =1'@&' A('6='(&./4 E !"#$ 4M S1?&:&'N 3%& >16(9& /(/.13 (.:&*3(A-3& ->>&66-.3 +.3(6 I""Q4 EFFGHGFI JK !TO4M
K%& >16(9& -6*1 =-(6&/ +.3(6 ;-< UN I""Q 31 (.3&':(&? 2-*@+**&.)*
'11@@-3& ,&=1'& *%& 6(:&/ ?(3% 2+&33&.4 EFFGHGFI JK L4M K%& '11@@-3&
91.=('@&/ >'(1' (.=1'@-3(1. 3%-3 2-*@+**&. *-(/ 3%-3 (. 0+.& FQRL ->>&66-.3
9-@& 31 *&& %&' -3 ?1'7N @-/& 7.1?. %&' =&&6(.A* =1' 2+&33&. -./ V+&*3(1.&/
?%&3%&' 2-*@+**&. 91+6/ @-7& %(@ %->><4 E !"#$ 4M
W< 3%& /&96-'-3(1.N /&=&.*& 91+.*&6 -6*1 &X>6-(.&/ %1? 3%& /&6-<
>'&Y+/(9&/ %&' /&=&.*& ,< 61** 1= &:(/&.9& -./ =-/&/ @&@1'(&*4 EFFGHGFI JK
HTUN Q4M Z1' &X-@>6&N '&91'/* %-/ ,&&. 61*3 31 &.*+'& >'1>&' /19+@&.3-3(1.
-./ 9%-(. 1= 9+*31/< =1' >%<*(9-6 &:(/&.9& ='1@ Z&,'+-'< FQRH +.3(6 -.-6<*(*
(. I""L -./ I""Q4 E !"#$ 4M
$<6:(- 5(&6*1.N 2-*@+**&.)* *&9'&3-'< -3 3%& %1*>(3-6 ?(3.&**&/ 3%&
->>-'&.3 &.91+.3&' ,&3?&&. 2-*@+**&. -./ - ?1@-. -3 3%& %1*>(3-64 EFFGHGFI
JK U4M S1?&:&'N 5(&6*&. %-/ /(&/ (. $&>3&@,&' I"""4 E !"#$ 4M
K%& &:(/&.9& ='1@ 3%& 9'(@& *9&.& *%1?&/ 3%-3 3%&'& %-/ ,&&. -
>'161.A&/ -./ :(16&.3 *3'+AA6& ,&3?&&. 2-*@+**&. -./ %&' -**-(6-.34 EFFGHGFI
JK R4M K%& >16(9& .&:&' (.3&':(&?&/ *&:&'-6 ?1@&. ?%1 ?1'7&/ ?(3%
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 52/182
!"
$%%&''$() $(* +,$-&* $ ./00/( '/.1&- -//0 2( 3&4-5$-6 "789 $(* ),&6 ./5'*
(/ '/(:&- -&.$'' ;,&),&- $%%&''$() ,$* $(6 2(<5-2&+ 2( ),& *$6+ $=)&- ),&
,/02.2*&> ?""@9@"A BC 8>D
E$+05++&( +5==&-&* ),-&& :5(+,/) ;/5(*+> ?""@9@"A BC 8>D F
)-$<&.)/-6 $($'6+2+ +,/;&* ),$) );/ $**2)2/($' :5(+,/)+ ;&() ),-/5:, ),&
+'2*2(: :'$++ *//- 2( ),& *2(2(:G12).,&( $-&$> ?""@9@"A BC 8>D F) ),& )20& /=
),& ,/02.2*&H E$+05++&( ;$+ ),& -&:2+)&-&* /;(&- /= $ >AA .$'24&- $(* $ >IJ
.$'24&- =2-&$-0> ?""@9@"A BC 7>D K( "789H ),& %/'2.& ./''&.)&* :5( +,/) -&+2*5&
?LMED 12)+ =-/0 N+> E$+05++&(O+ ,$(*+ $(* =$.&> ? !"#$ >D P/;&Q&-H ),&
./-/(&- *&+)-/6&* ),/+& 12)+ /( R$(5$-6 "AH ASST> ?""@9@"A BC 8G7>D C,& '/++
/= ),$) 2(=/-0$)2/( *&%-2Q&* $%%&''$() /= $( /%%/-)5(2)6 )/ +,/; ),$) ),& .-20&/..5--&* 5(*&- *2==&-&() .2-.50+)$(.&+ ),$( .'$20&* 46 ),& %-/+&.5)2/(>
? !"#$ >D
F%%&''$() $'+/ +5402))&* $ *&.'$-$)2/( =-/0 *&=&(+& 2(Q&+)2:$)/-
F*$'4&-)/ R> U5%&-H $ =/-0&- UFVW -/44&-6G,/02.2*& *&)&.)2Q&> ?""@9@"A BC
""G"A>D U5%&- ,$* X5$'2=2&* $+ &Y%&-) 2( +)$)& ./5-) 2( ,/02.2*& 2(Q&+)2:$)2/(+
$(* %/'2.& %-$.)2.&+ $(* %-/.&*5-&+ -&'$)&* )/ /==2.&- 2(Q/'Q&* +,//)2(:+>
?""@9@"A BC "A>D
Z$+&* /( ,2+ -&Q2&; /= ),& 2(Q&+)2:$)2/(H U5%&- ./(.'5*&* ),$) ),&
%/'2.& 2(Q&+)2:$)/-+ 2( "789 ;&-& [$) '&$+) (&:'2:&()\ 2( =$2'2(: )/ ./(*5.) $(6
=/''/;G5% 2(Q&+)2:$)2/( /- 2()&-Q2&;+ $=)&- 05')2%'& %&-+/(+ 2*&()2=2&*
$%%&''$() $+ $ %/++24'& +5+%&.)> ?""@9@"A BC "AG"!>D C,& *&)&.)2Q&+ +,/5'*
,$Q& +,/;( $%%&''$()O+ %,/)/:-$%, )/ E$+05++&(O+ +&.-&)$-6H ;,/ ;2)(&++&*
),& 2(.2*&() $) ),& ,/+%2)$'> ?""@9@"A BC "!>D
C,& *&)&.)2Q&+ $'+/ +,/5'* ,$Q& 2()&-Q2&;&* $%%&''$()O+ ./G;/-1&-+ )/
*&)&-02(& ;,&),&- $%%&''$() ,$* 4&&( 2(<5-&* 4$+&* /( ),& &Q2*&(.& /= $
Q2/'&() +)-5::'& *5-2(: ),& ,/02.2*&> ? !"#$ >D F=)&- E5&))&( =$2'&* ,2+ 2(2)2$' '2&
*&)&.)/- )&+) 2( "789H 2(Q&+)2:$)/-+ =$2'&* )/ ./(*5.) $ +&./(* )&+) )/ /4)$2(
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 53/182
!"
$%&' ()*%&$+,(%) +-%., /.',,')01 &'2+,(%)13(4 5(,3 +44'22+),6 7889:98" ;<
8=6> ?%&'%@'&A .4%) 2'+&)()B %* 4%11(-2' %**(C'& ()@%2@'$'),A ,3' D','C,(@'1
13%.2D 3+@' C%),+C,'D ,3'(& 1.4'&@(1%& %& (),'&)+2 +**+(&1 ,% ()*%&$ ,3'$ %*
4%11(-2' %**(C'& ()@%2@'$'),6 7889:98" ;< 8!6>
EF + 5&(,,') %44%1(,(%)A ,3' 4&%1'C.,(%) +&B.'D ,3+, ,3' D'2+F 5+1
G.1,(*('D -'C+.1' *%&')1(C HIJ ,'C3)%2%BF 3+D )%, &'C'(@'D K1C('),(*(C
@'&(*(C+,(%)L +, ,3' ,($'6 7889:98" ;< =M6> N) O'4,'$-'& "MM!A ,3' C%2D C+1'
.)(, %* PJQH &%--'&FR3%$(C(D' &'S.'1,'D HIJ ,'1,()B () ,3(1 C+1'6 7889:98"
;< "T6> N) ,3' 4&%1'C.,(%)01 @('5A ,3' 1.-1'S.'), ()@'1,(B+,(%) 2'+D()B ,% ,3'
+&&'1, +)D C%$42+(), () U.)' "MMT 5+1 ,($'2F6 7889:98" ;< "TR!M6>
J1 ,% ,3' 2'B+2 1,+)D+&D *%& D(1$(11+2A ,3' 4&%1'C.,(%) +&B.'D ,3+, ,3'<&.,3R()RV@(D')C' 4&%@(1(%) %* ,3' ;+2(*%&)(+ ;%)1,(,.,(%) 7J&,6 NA W "XA 1.-D6
7*>7">> 2($(,'D &'$'D('1 *%& 4&'R+CC.1+,(%) D'2+F ,% ,3%1' &'S.(&'D -F *'D'&+2
2+56 7889:98" ;< !YR!:A C(,()B !"#$%" '( )*%"+,-* 78TTM> "8X ;+26J446!D
XMX6> Z'D'&+2 2+5 &'S.(&'D +44'22+), ,% 13%5 ,3+, ,3' 4&'R+CC.1+,(%) D'2+F 5+1
+) (),'),(%)+2 D'@(C' ,% B+() + ,+C,(C+2 +D@+),+B' %@'& D'*')1' +)D +44'22+),
3+D *+(2'D ,% D% 1%6 7889:98" ;< !=R!Y6>
J2,'&)+,(@'2FA ,3' 4&%1'C.,(%) +&B.'D ,3+, (* 1,+,' 2+5 +442('DA D(1$(11+2
5+1 )%, &'S.(&'D -'C+.1' +44'22+), 3+D *+(2'D ,% 13%5 +)F 4&'G.D(C' *&%$
D'2+F6 7889:98" ;< !XR!T6> <3' 1,+,.,' %* 2($(,+,(%)1 5+1 ,3' 4&($+&F
B.+&+),'' +B+()1, -&()B()B %@'&2F 1,+2' C3+&B'16 7889:98" ;< !"R!!6> J)F
D'2+F () +&&'1,()B +)D 4&%1'C.,()B +44'22+), 5+1 G.1,(*(+-2' ()@'1,(B+,%&F D'2+F6
7889:98" ;< =MR=86> V@') +11.$()B )'B2(B'), D'2+FA +)F *+D'D $'$%&('1 %&
2%11 %* '@(D')C' +442('D ,% -%,3 ,3' 4&%1'C.,(%) +)D D'*')1'6 7889:98" ;< ==R
=:6>
N) 3'& &'42F -&('*A +44'22+), +&B.'D ,3+, ,3' <&.,3R()RV@(D')C' 4&%@(1(%)
%* ,3' ;+2(*%&)(+ ;%)1,(,.,(%) B%@'&)()B +D$(11(%) %* '@(D')C' 7;+26 ;%)1,A
J&,6 NA W "XA 1.-D6 7*>7">> 5+1 (&&'2'@+), ,% ,3' S.'1,(%) %* D(1$(11+2 *%& 4&',&(+2
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 54/182
!!
#$%&'( )**+,+*- ./ 01200(3 45 67 89$:;#<=$> <6 ?&5 5;@@<=<$A6 67 5B7?
8%&;5<C%$ <D8&<9D$A6 7@ 6B$ &C<%<6' 67 #$@$A# &E&<A56 6B$ =B&9E$5( )**+,+*- ./
0,20F> =<6<AE !"#$%& () *+,%&-"& ."+&/ )*GH13 *,- .&%( 488( !# -*0> --I(3
488$%%&A6 B&# #7A$ 57 C' 5B7?<AE 6B$ %755 7@ $J<#$A=$> ?<6A$55$5 &A#
D$D79<$5> 6B$ &C<%<6' 67 <AJ$56<E&6$ &A# 89$5$A6 $J<#$A=$ 7@ 6B<9#28&96'
=;%8&C<%<6'> &A# 67 <D8$&=B 6B$ =B&<A 7@ =;567#' 7@ 8B'5<=&% $J<#$A=$(
)**+,+*- ./ 0,20G(3
!" $%&'()* &)+ ,-.()* /0 12% 3'(&. 45-'1"
K$@79$ C$E<AA<AE 6B$ 89$%<D<A&9' B$&9<AE> 6B$ =7;96 &##9$55$#
&88$%%&A6L5 D76<7A 67 #<5D<55 @79 89$69<&% #$%&'( )* ./ 0> ,(3
M$@$A5$ =7;A5$% =7A=$#$# 6B&6 6B$ 8975$=;6<7A B&# A76 <A6$A6<7A&%%'#$%&'$# 8975$=;6<7A 67 E&<A & 6&=6<=&% &#J&A6&E$( )* ./ F> H(3 N7?$J$9> B$
&9E;$# 6B&6 6B$ 87%<=$ B&# C$$A 9$=O%$55 79 P&6 %$&56Q A$E%<E$A6 <A 6B$ ?&' 6B$'
B&# <AJ$56<E&6$# 6B$ =&5$ 67 6B$ #$69<D$A6 7@ &88$%%&A6L5 &C<%<6' 67 89$5$A6 &
#$@$A5$( ) 01-2 (3
M$@$A5$ =7;A5$% &%57 &##9$55$# &##<6<7A&% #<5=7J$9' 9$=$A6%' 897J<#$#
C' 6B$ 8975$=;6<7A 5;88796<AE &88$%%&A6L5 =%&<D 7@ 89$:;#<=$( 4 87%<=$ 9$=79#
)D&9O$# &5 .7;96 RSB<C<6 .3 5B7?$# 6B&6 9$=79#5 ?$9$ A7 %7AE$9 &J&<%&C%$ 67
5B7? ?B$A T4UM =B&AE$# 67 ;5<AE 6B$ 6'8$ 7@ (!H =&%<C$9 ⅅA<6<7A 6B$
8975$=;6<7A =%&<D$# ?&5 ;5$# 67 5B776 V&5D;55$A( )* ./ H> G2*IW **+,+*- ./
,, X.7;96 RSB<C<6 .(Y(3 Z@ 6B$ 87%<=$ B&# 6<D$%' <AJ$56<E&6$# &88$%%&A6> 6B$'
=7;%# B&J$ 6$56 @<9$# B$9 (!H =&%<C$9 9$J7%J$9 @79 =7D8&9<57A 67 6B$ C;%%$65
9$=7J$9$# @97D V&5D;55$AL5 &;6785'( N7?$J$9> 6B&6 E;A ?&5 567%$A &C7;6
6?7 ?$$O5 &@6$9 6B$ B7D<=<#$( )* ./ *I2**(3
ZA &##<6<7A> &%% 9$=79#5 7@ G** =&%%5 &A# =7DD;A<=&6<7A5 C$6?$$A
7@@<=$95 9$587A#<AE 67 6B$ B7D<=<#$ B&# C$$A #$5697'$#( )* ./ *02*,(3 /B&6
$J<#$A=$ =7;%# B&J$ 897J<#$# &##<6<7A&% %$ 67 5;88796 & #$@$A5$ 7@ 6B<9#2
8&96' =;%8&C<%<6'( ) 01-2 (3 [9( T;8$9> 6B$ #$@$A5$ <AJ$56<E&679 &A# @79D$9
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 55/182
!"
$%&' ()**+(,-.)/0102+ 2+3+1304+5 678 9(+8+:3 0: 1);(3 7:2 9(+97(+2 3)
3+830<, 3.73 3.+ 0:4+830=730): 1):2;13+2 >! ,+7(8 ?73+( 1);?2 .74+ *++: 2):+ 0:
@ABCD E@ FG @HDI
G.+ 9()8+1;30): 1?70/+2 3.73 3.+ ;:7470?7*0?03, )< 'J% 3+1.:)?)=,
K;830<0+2 3.+ >! ,+7( 2+?7,D L)6+4+(5 <)(+:801 'J% 7:7?,808 .72 *++:
7470?7*?+ 7:2 (+1+04+2 =+:+(7? 810+:30<01 711+937:1+ 80:1+ 73 ?+783 @ABMD E@ FG
@BN@A5 1030:=5 !"#$% '(!') *#'#$ +, -../'(( E@ABAI @B> ODP7D @Q R37S0:= K;20107?
:)301+ )< 3.+ =+:+(7? 810+:30<01 711+937:1+ )< 'J% 7:7?,808 0: 7 178+ 0:4)?40:=
7 1(0/+ 1)//033+2 ): T7:;7(, >>5 @ABMUV 0$.1($ +, 23$(( E@AA@I >!Q
F7?D%99D!2 B!C R<0:20:= =+:+(7? 711+937:1+ )< <)(+:801 'J% 3,90:= <)(
/;(2+( 1)//033+2 ): W+*(;7(, >"5 @ABBUDIG.+ 1);(3 678 X97(301;?7(?, 1):1+(:+2Y 603. 3.+ 1.70: )< 1;83)2, <)(
3.+ @ABC 9.,8017? +402+:1+5 0:1?;20:= 3.+ *03+ /7(S 867*D E@ FG @"DI
L)6+4+(5 3.+ 9()8+1;30): 788+(3+2 3.73 +Z0830:= (+1)(28 8.)6+2 3.73 3.+ *03+
/7(S 867* .72 *++: *))S+2 0: +402+:1+ 603. 3.+ 1)():+( 0: @ABC 7:2
(+/70:+2 3.+(+ ;:30? 3.+ 'J% 7:7?,808 *, $%&' 0: >HHQD E@ FG @QDI
G.+ 1);(3 2+:0+2 3.+ /)30): 3) 208/088D E@ FG @CDI [78+2 ): 0$.1($ +,
4'($"5!') 671%') >@B F7?D%99D!2 BHB5 3.+ 1);(3 1):1?;2+2 3.73 3.+ G(;3.N0:N
\402+:1+ 9()4080): )< 3.+ F7?0<)(:07 F):8303;30): EF7?D F):83D5 %(3D ]5 ^ >B5
8;*2D E<IE>II (+_;0(+2 799?01730): )< <+2+(7? 2;+ 9()1+88 3) 7 /)30): 3) 208/088
<)( 9(+3(07? 2+?7,D E@ FG >MN>BDI X%:2 711)(20:= 3) 3.73 837:27(25 ] <0:2 3.73
3.+ /)30): 8.);?2 *+ 208/088+2 *+17;8+ ] 2) :)3 3.0:S 3.73 3.+ 2+<+:8+ .78
9+(8;72+2 3.+ 1);(3 3.73 3.+ 2+?7, 678 0:3+:30):7? 3) =70: 7247:37=+ )(
1):8303;3+2 (+1S?+88 208(+=7(2 78 3.+ <+2+(7? 178+8 .74+ <;(3.+( 2+<0:+2 (+1S?+88
208(+=7(2 )< 3.+ 2+<+:27:3`8 (0=.38DY E@ FG >MN>BDI
J+4+(3.+?+885 3.+ 722(+88+2 3.+ F7?0<)(:07 837:27(2 *+17;8+ 0$.1($ +,
8$(6." E>HHBI "! F7?D"3. @>"> EX 8$(6."YI .+?2 3.73 ;:2+( F7?0<)(:07 ?76
:+=?0=+:3 78 6+?? 78 9;(9)8+<;? 2+?7, 6.+: 711)/97:0+2 *, 9(+K;201+ 40)?73+8
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 56/182
!"
$%& '()*&++, -. /0 12,3 !"#$%& (&4&*5&$ 6 *7689 ): '(&4%$8*& :()9 6 1; <&6(
$&76< 8= 6 >*)7$ ?85@ ABC *6+&, 0?& *)%(5 :)%=$ 85 >&D5(&9&7< '&(+%6+8E&@ 6=$
(&78&$ >?&6E87< )= 85 8= 9< (%78=F 5)$6<,@ -. /0 1G,3
0?&(& H6+ =) >F&=&(67 (8F?5@ 5) 6 '()+&*%58)= +'&&$8&( 5?6= 768$ $)H=
I< 5?& +565%5& ): 78985658)=+, -. /0 1GJ *858=F ("%)#" *+ ,-./"-0 -.KLG3 !
/67,!$ ;."J ;!K,3 M&(&J 5?& $&76< H6+ 1! <&6(+, -. /0 1.,3 !"#$%& +565&$ 5?65
$&76< $)&+ =)5 *(&65& 6 '(&+%9'58)= ): '(&4%$8*& 5) 5?& $&:&=+&, - 1230 ,3 0?&
$&:&=$6=5 9%+5 $&9)=+5(65& +'&*8:8* '(&4%$8*&, - 1230 ,3 N: +)J 5?& '(&4%$8*& 8+
I676=*&$ 6F68=+5 5?& '()+&*%58)=O+ 4%+58:8*658)= :)( 5?& $&76<, - 1230 ,3
0?& *)%(5 :)%=$ 5?65 >')++8I7& '(&4%$8*&@ :()9 5?& 7)++ ): &E8$&=*& 6=$
:6$&$ 9&9)(8&+, 0?8+ 8=*7%$&$P 5?& $&65? ): Q6+9%++&=O+ +&*(&56(< H?)H85=&++&$ 5?& 6''6(&=5 &=*)%=5&( I&5H&&= 6''&776=5 6=$ Q6+9%++&= 8= R%=&
.K2"S 7)++ ): 9&9)(8&+ ): '&)'7& H?) H)(T&$ H85? 6''&776=5 6:5&( 5?&
?)98*8$& H?) *)%7$ =) 7)=F&( (&*677 H?&5?&( +?& +?)H&$ +8F=+ ): 8=4%(< 65 5?&
589&S &E8$&=*& 5?65 )5?&(+ 96< ?6E& I&&= 8=E)7E&$S 7)+5 UVQ &E8$&=*& 5?65
*)%7$ +?)H 6 $8::&(&=5 +*&=6(8) :)( 5?& *(89&S 7)++ ): (&*)($+ ): 5?& 5<'& ):
699%=858)= %+&$ I< 5?& ')78*& '(8)( 5) W&I(%6(< .K2;J 6=$ 5?& :687%(& 5) 5&+5
6''&776=5O+ F%= I&:)(& 85 H6+ +5)7&= 8= X6(*? .K2;, -. /0 1.Y1!J 1",3 C=<
'(&4%$8*& :()9 5?& 7)++ ): K.. 6=$ ')78*& *)99%=8*658)= 56'&+ +&&9&$ >E&(<
+'&*%7658E&,@ -. /0 1!Y1Z,3 C+ 5) F6'+ 8= 5?& *?68= ): *%+5)$< (&*)($+J 5?&
*)%(5 E8&H&$ 5?65 6+ 9)(& '(&4%$8*867 5) 5?& '()+&*%58)= 5?6= 5) 5?& $&:&=+&, -.
/0 1!,3
B&E&(5?&7&++J 5?& *)%(5 *)=*7%$&$ 5?65J 675?)%F? >:68(7< 98=8967J@
6''&776=5 96$& 6 +%::8*8&=5 +?)H8=F ): '(&4%$8*& 5) +?8:5 5?& I%($&= 5) 5?&
'()+&*%58)= 5) 4%+58:< 5?& $&76<, -. /0 1",3 0?& *)%(5 6**&'5&$ 6''&776=5O+
6(F%9&=5 5?65 ABC 8$&=58:8*658)= 5&*?=)7)F< ?6$ I&&= 6()%=$ 6 7)=F 589&J
>I%5 5?65 (&677< 8+=O5 5?& 8++%&,@ -. /0 1K,3 !"#$%& +565&$ 5?65 *)%(5+ +?)%7$
=)5 +&*)=$ F%&++ H?&= 5?& ')78*& F&5 6()%=$ 5) 5&+58=F ABC 6=$ :)%=$
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 57/182
!"
$%&'()(*+,- * ." /-*0 1-,*/ (2 345 '-&'(267 89 :; .<=!>7?
;@(& A*&- B*& CD-0/ A,E&-F 'E !"#$%&7 8 '()* 7? CG )(21 '@*' (' (&
*+%21*2',/ A,-*0 '@*' '@- 1-,*/ (2 +0(26(26 '@- A@*06-& *6*(2&' '@(& 1-)-21*2'
@*& A*%&-1 &EH- IE&&(+,- I0-$%1(A- 'E @-0 *+(,('/ 'E 1-)-21J7KF LEB-D-0M C'@-
&'0E26 $%&'()(A*'(E2 )E0 '@- 1-,*/ AEHI-,& '@- AE2A,%&(E2 '@*' '@-0- B*&
*+&E,%'-,/ 2E D(E,*'(E2 E) @-0 0(6@' 'E 1%- I0EA-&&7F 8 '()* 7? CG '@(2N '@(& (& *2
(2D-&'(6*'(D- 1-,*/ A*&- *21 '@- H*'A@ B*& 2E' H*1- %2'(, O*/ E) .>><7 PE
GQH 6E(26 'E 1-2/ '@- HE'(E2 'E 1(&H(&& )E0 D(E,*'(E2 E) 1%- I0EA-&&7F 89 :;
!>7?
!" $%&'(&)( *+ ,-./-0"
RE'@ '@- &'*'- *21 )-1-0*, 0(6@'& 'E 1%- I0EA-&& E) ,*B +*0 I0-$%1(A(*,1-,*/ (2 +0(26(26 '@- 1-)-21*2' 'E '0(*,7 8:*,7 :E2&'7M 50'7 GM SS TM &%+17 8*?M 9UV
W7P7 :E2&'7M U'@ X 9Y'@ 5H-21&7V +"%,#" ./ 0123)&"4 8.>>>? .. :*,7Y'@ TU>M
T"T JC3-)-21*2' (& AE00-A' '@*' '@- 0(6@' E) 1%- I0EA-&& I0E'-A'& * A0(H(2*,
1-)-21*2'Z& (2'-0-&' (2 )*(0 *1$%1(A*'(E2 +/ I0-D-2'(26 %2$%&'()(-1 1-,*/&J7KFKV
5%66"33 ./ 7&)3"* 8313"$ 89<<.? U>U W7P7 "YTM "UU )27 . J99. P7 :'7 ."["V 9.>
\7 ]17 .1 U.>K JC* 1-)-21*2' H*/ (2DEN- 1%- I0EA-&& 'E A@*,,-26- 1-,*/ +E'@
+-)E0- *21 *)'-0 E))(A(*, *AA%&*'(E2FK7?
CG) '@- *,,-6-1 1-,*/ EAA%0& I0(E0 'E '@- )(,(26 E) *2 (21(A'H-2' E0
(2)E0H*'(E2M '@-0- (& 2E I0-&%HI'(E2 *21 * '@0--=&'-I *2*,/&(& (& -HI,E/-1 'E
1-'-0H(2- B@-'@-0 '@- 1-)-21*2'Z& 0(6@'& @*D- +--2 D(E,*'-17 ^(0&'M '@-
1-)-21*2' H%&' &@EB @- @*& +--2 I0-$%1(A-1 +/ '@- 1-,*/7 P-AE21M '@- +%01-2
'@-2 &@()'& 'E '@- I0E&-A%'(E2 'E $%&'()/ '@- 1-,*/7 ;@(01M '@- AE%0' +*,*2A-& '@-
@*0H *6*(2&' '@- $%&'()(A*'(E27F 8 +"%,#" ./ 59&&:;%&41#"4 89<<"? YT
:*,75II7Y'@ [<<M <99V 1<<%2* +"%,#" ./ 0123)&"4= $9,21= .. :*,7Y'@ *' I7 T"T=
"[7?7?
_0-$%1(A- (& * C)*A'%*, ̀ %-&'(E2 )E0 '@- '0(*, AE%0'F '@*' C(& 0-D(-B-1 )E0
&%+&'*2'(*, -D(1-2A-7F 8 +"%,#" ./ >#"?1&*"2 8.>9>? Y< :*,7Y'@ [Y"M [TYM A('(26
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 58/182
!"
!"#$%" '( )*%% $%&'() !" *+,-!. (&%/ (&&-) 0123435/ 673 +88,9:+691; 1< 673
,+2 61 673 <+:6= 61 .3635>9;3 2736735 673 .3<3;.+;6?= .@3 851:3== 59A76= 2353
491,+63. 9= 5349323. 9;.383;.3;6,B- $ +, -" ./#00 $CDD!) C& *+,-(67 "'!/ '%C
EFGH;B :1;:,@=91;= 1< ,+2/ 15 1< >9I3. J@3=691;= 1< ,+2 +;. <+:6/ +53 =@KL3:6 61
9;.383;.3;6 534932-G E*96+691;-MFM-)
!" $%& $'()* +,-'. /''&0 12 3(20(24 $%). $%& $'-.%5125
/6(0&27& 8',6(9(,2 :; $%& +)*(;,'2() +,29.(.-.(,2 1<=,9&0
3&0&')* >.)20)'09 3,' !(9<(99)*"
*969;A !"#$%" '( 12%",/*23 45$-23 C%' *+,-H88-!. 'D'/ 673 659+, :1@56
:1;:,@.3. 67+6 673 N5@67O9;OP49.3;:3 85149=91; 1< 673 *+,9<15;9+ *1;=696@691;
$H56- Q/ R C'/ [email protected] $<)$C)S +T+ UV5181=9691; 'W) 53J@953. +88,9:+691; 1< <3.35+,
.@3 851:3== =6+;.+5. 61 +883,,+;6?= >1691; 61 .9=>9==- $% *N C"OC'-) Q6
:1;=65@3. 673 <3.35+, =6+;.+5. += 53J@959;A +883,,+;6 61 =712 673 851=3:@691;
9;63;691;+,,B 15 53:T,3==,B .3,+B3. 851=3:@691; 61 A+9; +; +.4+;6+A3 1435 673
.3<3;=3 +;. +883,,+;6 7+. <+9,3. 61 .1 =1- $ +6*7 -)
0123435/ 673 53,34+;6 85149=91; 1< 673 *+,9<15;9+ *1;=696@691; $H56- Q-/ R
C() A943= 9;.383;.3;6 <15:3 +;. 3<<3:6 61 673 X@3 V51:3== *,+@=3 1< 673
*+,9<15;9+ *1;=696@691; $H56-/ Q/ R %Y)- Z;.35 67+6 =6+;.+5./ U;3A,9A3;6/ += 23,,+= 8@581=3<@,/ .3,+B 9; K59;A9;A :7+5A3= >+B/ 273; +::1>8+;93. KB + =7129;A
1< [email protected]:3/ 491,+63 .@3 851:3==-W $ !"#$%" '( 8"%4#,3 45$-23 (! *+,-(67 +6 8-
%CYY-)
?" !"#$%&'" )20 @&*).&0 +)9&9"
N73 U[9A76 61 N5@67O9;OP49.3;:3W 85149=91; 1< 673 *+,9<15;9+
*1;=696@691; 9; 83569;3;6 8+56 =6+63=\ UPI:386 += 85149.3. KB =6+6@63 7353+<635
3;+:63. KB + 621O6795.= 4163 1< 673 >3>K35=798 9; 3+:7 71@=3 1< 673
]3A9=,+6@53/ 53,34+;6 349.3;:3 =7+,, ;16 K3 3I:,@.3. 9; +;B :59>9;+,
851:33.9;A/ 9;:,@.9;A 853659+, +;. 81=6 :1;49:691; >1691;= +;. 73+59;A=/ 15 9;
+;B 659+, 15 73+59;A 1< + L@43;9,3 <15 + :59>9;+, 1<<3;=3/ 2736735 73+5. 9;
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 59/182
!"
$%&'()*' +, -.%*/ 0+%,/1 2+/3)(4 )( /3)5 5'0/)+( 53-** -66'0/ -(7 '8)5/)(4
5/-/%/+,7 ,%*' +6 '&).'(0' ,'*-/)(4 /+ 9,)&)*'4' +, 3'-,5-7: +, ;&).'(0' <+.'
='0/)+(5 !>?: @"? +, AAB!1C D<-*1 <+(5/1: E,/1 F: G ?": 5%H.1 D6ID?I1I
!"#$%" '( )*%"+,-*. /0$1*. ?A" <-*1E991!. "B" D2)*%"+,-*CI .). (+/
,'&)'J - K+/)+( /+ .)5K)55 6+, 9,'L-00%5-/)+( .'*-7 %(.', /3' M%' N,+0'55
<*-%5' +6 /3' <-*)6+,()- <+(5/)/%/)+(1 D<-*1 <+(5/1: E,/1 F: G 5%H.1 A>1I
)*%"+,-* -..,'55'. OJ3'/3', 5/-/' +, 6'.',-* 5/-(.-,.5 +6 K-/',)-*)/7 -99*7 /+
/3' *+55 +6 /'5/)K+()-* '&).'(0' /3,+%43 -( -*)'( J)/('55P5 .'9+,/-/)+(1C
D)*%"+,-*. ?A" <-*1E991!. -/ 991 "ABLAA1I )*%"+,-* O0+(0*%.'Q.R /3-/ /3' 5/-/'
5/-(.-,. 5'/ 6+,/3 )( !"#$%" '( 3"4-* DAS@TI >@ <-*1E991!. >@U QDO 3"4-*CIR
J-5 -H,+4-/'. H7 N,+9+5)/)+( ": -(. /3' 6'.',-* 5/-(.-,. 0+(/-)('. )( 5+-6"786*6"/ '( )*%"+90"%*:;"1+*% DAS"AI U>" V1=1 ">" Q@! W1;.1?. AAS!: AB? =1</1
!UUBR 0+(/,+*51C D <7 1 -/ 91 "AA1I
E6/', 0+(.%0/)(4 - 5'-,03 -(. 6)(.)(4 X+5' Y-*'(0)- -(. Z'($-K)(
E*0-*-: - ['8)0-( (-/)+(-*: J)/3 0+0-)(' -(. - 4%(: /3'7 03-,4'. Y-*'(0)-
J)/3 5'&',-* 0,)K'5: )(0*%.)(4 9+55'55)+( +6 0+0-)(' 6+, 5-*' D\'-*/3 ] =-6'/7
<+.': G AA!>AI J)/3 - 6),'-,K '(3-(0'K'(/ DG A?B??: 5%H.1 D-II1 DF.1 -/ 91
"AA1I \+J'&',: E*0-*- OJ-5 .'9+,/'. /+ ['8)0+ +( X-(%-,7 U: AS"S: J)/3+%/
9,)+, (+/)0' /+ ,'59+(.'(/ QY-*'(0)-R +, 3)5 0+%(5'*1C D <7 1 -/ 91 "A?1I
Y-*'(0)- K+&'. /+ .)5K)55 /3' 03-,4'51 D <7 1 -/ 91 "A?1I \' -,4%'. /3-/
3"4-* ,'^%),'. .)5K)55-* H'0-%5' E*0-*- J-5 - K-/',)-* J)/('55 /+ /3' .,%4
03-,4' -(. 0+%*. 9,+&).' '80%*9-/+,7 '&).'(0' +( /3' 6),'-,K -**'4-/)+(1 D <7 1
-/ 991 "A?LA!1I _3' /,)-* 0+%,/ -4,''. H%/ /3' <+%,/ +6 E99'-* ,'&',5'. )( 9-,/:
3+*.)(4 /3-/ /3' O6'.',-* 5/-(.-,. /+ .'/',K)(' /3' 0+(5/)/%/)+(-* K-/',)-*)/7 +6
.'9+,/'. J)/('55'5C -99*)'.1 D <7 1 -/ 91 "A!1I D <=-7 1I
3"4-* ,'*)'. +( - 5',)'5 +6 <-*)6+,()- =%9,'K' <+%,/ 0-5'5 6,+K /3'
AS@B`5 -..,'55)(4 .%' 9,+0'55 5/-(.-,.5 6+, .)5K)55-* J3'( 5/-/' -0/)+( K-.'
- K-/',)-* J)/('55 %(-&-)*-H*'1 D 3"4-*. >@ <-*1E991!. -/ 991 >@SL"B: 0)/)(4
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 60/182
!"
!"#$%" '( )*+,$-.+*/, $%"&'( & )*+,!- ./01 ./21 0"%%*11* '( 23$"+*#+ 4#3+.
$%"&.( %' )*+,!- !!1 !21 *3- !"#$%" '( )**5#- $%"20( 4! )*+,'- &./,(
567898:1 ;<3=8 >?8 -8=<;<63 <3 6"7*-1 >?8 ?<@? =6A:> <3 89*.": 2.-."; '(
<-%"913"%-=0"+9-%> ;3$+-> .4/ B,C, /4/1 ;8> 387 ;>*3-*:-; D6: 7?83
-8E6:>*><63 6D *+<83 7<>38;;8; 9<6+*>8; >?8 =6FEA+;6:G E:6=8;; =+*A;8 6D >?8
C<H>? IF83-F83> 6: >?8 -A8 E:6=8;; =+*A;8 6D >?8 J<D>? IF83-F83>,
$<-%"9/*-> '%/ )*+,IEE,!- *> E, /%4,(
K3 *--<><631 *D>8: 6"7*-> >?8 )6A:> 6D IEE8*+ <3 !"#$%" '( ?$$; $%"/2(
%/' )*+,IEE,!- %%0' $L ?$$;M( *--:8;;8- *EE+<=*><63 6D N:6E6;<><63 / >6 >?8
:8F8-G D6: D*<+A:8 >6 E:8;8:98 89<-83=8, $<-%"9/*-> '%/ )*+,IEE,!- *> E, /%&,(
O?8 -8D83-*3> <3 ?$$; :8+<8- 63 >?8 ;>*>8 ;>*3-*:- <3 !"#$%" '( @*./5 $%"&.(%' )*+,!- 2.% >6 :8PA8;> -<;F<;;*+ 6D FA:-8: *3- 6>?8: =?*:@8; Q8=*A;8 6D >?8
-8;>:A=><63 6D Q+66- *3- *+=6?6+ 89<-83=8 >?*> =6A+- ?*98 ;?678- *3 <FE*<:8-
F83>*+ ;>*>8 *> >?8 ><F8 6D >?8 =:<F8;, $ ?$$;> %/' )*+,IEE,!- *> E, %%%0,(
O?8 >:<*+ =6A:> @:*3>8- >?8 F6><63, 567898:1 ?$$; :898:;8- Q8=*A;8 >?8
;AQ;8PA83> ?<@? =6A:> -8=<;<63 <3 4-%*A#+9*- '( B+#CD"..- $%"/.( .2& B,C, .&"
R/% S,T-,'- .%!U %0. C,)>, '4'/V $LB+#CD"..-M( =63>:6++8- -A8 E:6=8;;
;>*3-*:-; D6: -8;>:A=><63 6D 89<-83=8 :*>?8: >?*3 >?8 ;>*>8 ;>*3-*:- *:><=A+*>8-
QG !"#$%" '( @*./5> ;3$+-, $ ?$$;> %/' )*+,IEE,!- *> EE, %%%!W%4,(
LX?83898: >?8 +"C":E D6: >?8 9<6+*><63 6D * D8-8:*+ =63;><>A><63*+ :<@?>1
:8@*:-+8;; 6D 7?8>?8: <> <; ;8*:=? *3- ;8<YA:81 -A8 E:6=8;;1 :<@?> >6
=63D:63>*><631 "./,1 <; 36> =698:8- QG * )*+<D6:3<* ;>*>A>6:G ;=?8F8 ;A=? *;
E:<9<+8@81 *3- <396+98; >?8 "F/%3;*#9 6D 89<-83=81 N:6E6;<><63 / :8PA<:8; >?8
=6A:> >6 *EE+G D8-8:*+ ZA-<=<*+ ;>*3-*:-;,M $ G: , *> E, %%%!1 6:<@<3*+ <>*+<=;,(
LRKV> =*3 Q8 *:@A8- >?*> N:6E6;<><63 / -68; 36> *--:8;; >?<; *:8* 6D
=63;><>A><63*++G @A*:*3>88- *==8;; >6 89<-83=8 8H=8E> <3 >?6;8 =*;8; 7?8:8 >?8
=6A:>1 <3 D*;?<63<3@ * :8F8-G1 =63;<-8:; 8H=+A;<63 6D 89<-83=8, 58:8 >?8 =6A:>
7*; 3898: D*=8- 7<>? * :8PA8;> >6 8H=+A-8 89<-83=8 QA> 7*; *;[8- >6 -<;F<;;
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 61/182
!"
$%& '()& *+, -. $%& (/$&+.($-0&, $* 1-)2-)) (// )3&'-4-' -.$&.$ '+-2&)5 6)
3+&0-*7)/8 1-)'7))&1, $%& 9$+-::&+9 $* ;+*3*)-$-*. < *''7+) =%&. &>'/7)-*. *4
&0-1&.'& -) '*.)-1&+&1 () ( +&2&185 ?& 4-.1 $%($, 5 5 5 =%&+& $%& &0-1&.'&
(//&:&1/8 /*)$ *+ 1&)$+*8&1 -) 3*$&.$-(//8 &>'7/3($*+8, (.1 $%& 7)7(/ +&2&18 -)
&>'/7)-*. *4 &0-1&.'& 3*$&.$-(//8 -.'7/3($*+8, $%& 47.'$-*.(/ +&2&1-(/
&@7-0(/&.$ *4 &>'/7)-*. *4 &0-1&.'& -) 1-)2-))(/ *+ 1-)2-))(/ *4 )3&'-4-' -.$&.$
'+-2&)5A B !" 5 ($ 35 CCCD5E
#$%&'()$ '*.)$+7&1 $%-) /(.:7(:& -. +,,- $* 2&(. $%($ F$%& +&('% *4
;+*3*)-$-*. < -.'/71&) .*$ *./8 )733+&))-*. *4 &0-1&.'& '()&), G7$ -.)$(.'&)
=%&+& $%& H71-'-(//8 '+&($&1 +&2&18 -) 1-)2-))(/ *4 '%(+:&)5A B .&/,%& 01
#$%&'()$2 -3,4$2 IC< J(/56335K1 ($ 35 <C<5E#$%&'()$ .*$&1 B)5)" 5E $%($ $%& .&/,%& 01 6/,&7 BCL<<E CL< J(/56335K1
CKD %(1 +&/-&1 *. +,,- $* +&('% $%& )(2& '*.'/7)-*. -. (44-+2-.: $%& 1&.-(/ *4
( 2*$-*. $* 1-)2-)) ( +*GG&+8 '%(+:& 4*+ 1&3*+$($-*. *4 2($&+-(/ =-$.&))&)5
B !" 5 ($ 35 C!M NFNOP-.'& 1-)2-))(/) *. 8&9)$ :+*7.1) (+& &@7-0(/&.$ $* $%&
&>'/7)-*. *4 &0-1&.'&, (.1 )-.'& $%& 7.1-)37$&1 -23*+$ *4 NJ(/5 J*.)$5, 6+$5 Q,
R I<,P )7G1-0-)-*. B1E N'7++&.$ )7G1-0-)-*. B4EBIEP -) $* 3+&0&.$ $%& &>'/7)-*. *4
&0-1&.'& *. -.1&3&.1&.$ )$($& :+*7.1), -$ 4*//*=) $%($ -.1&3&.1&.$ )$($&
:+*7.1) .* /*.:&+ H7)$-48 $%& +&H&'$-*. *4 $%& 4&1&+(/ )$(.1(+1 *4 2($&+-(/-$8 -.
8&9)$ '()&)5A B !" 5 ($ 35 C!M5E
!" $%&'( )(*+,-' ./ 0',*+1% !2/ 34' 56' 7(1,'88 9-:68'
1; *4' 9:-+;1(%+: 91%8*+*6*+1% <68* =' >+?'%
.%&'@'%&'%* A1(,' )%& B;;',*"
S*+ 27/$-3/& +&()*.), $%& +,,-:6/,&7:#$%&'()$ /-.& *4 (7$%*+-$8 1*&)
.*$ 2(.1($& (33/-'($-*. *4 ;+*3*)-$-*. < $* ( 2*$-*. $* 1-)2-)) 4*+ 3+&T
(''7)($-*. 1&/(8 G()&1 *. $%& U7& ;+*'&)) J/(7)& *4 $%& J(/-4*+.-(
J*.)$-$7$-*.5 BJ(/5 J*.)$5, 6+$5 Q5, R CD5E
S-+)$, .*.& *4 $%*)& '()&) (11+&))&1 $%($ -))7&5 V%&+&4*+&, $%&8 %(0& .*
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 62/182
!"
$%%&'($)'*+ ,-.-/ 0 !"#$%" '( )*+",- 0"1123 "4 5$&/!), "6 "2 789:$+;<$;- <=->
'+ $+? *%'+'*+ '= *@ (*<.=- )* A- <+>-.=)**> '+ ),- &';,) *@ ),- @$()= $+> ),-
'==<- ),-+ A-@*.- ),- (*<.)6 $+> $+ *%'+'*+ '= +*) $<),*.')? @*. $ %.*%*=')'*+
+*) ),-.-'+ (*+='>-.->/ 75')$)'*+/B/CDB/3
E-(*+>6 @->-.$& &$F (*+).*&&-> ),- >-('='*+= '+ .$$/0 1#$"20 34-
53%"4*,3 A-($<=- ),*=- ($=-= $>>.-==-> @->-.$& (*+=)')<)'*+$& =)$+>$.>= @*.
>'=G'==$& $= $.)'(<&$)-> A? ),- ,';, (*<.) @*. >-%*.)$)'*+ *@ $ G$)-.'$& F')+-==
*. >-=).<()'*+ *@ -H'>-+(-/ 0),6/ '( 7"#89,3 0"1423 IJK L/E/ KIJ6 K!! 7"2 :/
M>/ N> K1I6 K1J6 J2 E/ 5)/ 4I1B 7O .<&'+; A? ),- L+')-> E)$)-= E<%.-G- 5*<.)
*+ $ P<-=)'*+ *@ @->-.$& (*+=)')<)'*+$& &$F '= 8$ (*+=)')<)'*+$& .<&- A'+>'+;
<%*+ ),- E)$)-=6 $+> <+>-. ),- E<%.-G$(? 5&$<=- *@ O.)'(&- QR *@ ),-5*+=)')<)'*+6 ') G<=) A- *A-?->/DB/3 S*F-H-.6 ),- 5$&'@*.+'$ E<%.-G- 5*<.)
(*+).*&= P<-=)'*+= .-&$)-> )* ),- =)$)- 5*+=)')<)'*+/ 0 :;<# .=;,<> )3%"/0 ?4*( '(
);$"8,#8 @#;8< 0"14N3 K2 5$&/N> !KT6 !KK/3
U,'.>6 ),- .-&-H$+) %.*H'='*+ *@ ),- 5$&'@*.+'$ 5*+=)')<)'*+ %.*H'>-=V
8W';,)= ;<$.$+)--> A? ),'= 5*+=)')<)'*+ $.- +*) >-%-+>-+) *+ ),*=- ;<$.$+)-->
A? ),- L+')-> E)$)-= 5*+=)')<)'*+/D 05$&/ 5*+=)/6 O.)/ R6 X N!6 ,-.-$@)-.
8=-()'*+ N!/D3
R+ ),- &-$> ($=- '+)-.%.-)'+; Y.*%*=')'*+ J6 ),- 5$&'@*.+'$ E<%.-G-
5*<.) ,-&> ),$) 8Y.*%*=')'*+ J >'> +*) .-%-$& -'),-. =-()'*+ "I 7=)$)-
%.*,'A')'*+ $;$'+=) <+.-$=*+$A&- =-$.(,-= $+> =-'Z<.-=B *. =-()'*+ N! 7.';,)=
;<$.$+)--> A? ),- =)$)- 5*+=)')<)'*+ $.- +*) >-%-+>-+) *+ ),*=- ;<$.$+)--> A?
),- @->-.$& 5*+=)')<)'*+B *@ $.)'(&- R/ U,- =<A=)$+)'H- =(*%- *@ A*), %.*H'='*+=
.-G$'+= <+$@@-()-> A? Y.*%*=')'*+ J/D 0 ?4 8" 134*" A( 0"1JK3 I2 5$&/I> J2I6
JJ4/3
[? Y.*%*=')'*+ ""K6 ),- 85.'G- Q'()'G= \<=)'(- W-@*.G O()D6 ),-
5$&'@*.+'$ -&-()*.$)- =<A=-P<-+)&? $))-G%)-> )* .-=).'() =-()'*+ N! A? $G-+>'+;
),- 5$&'@*.+'$ 5*+=)')<)'*+ )* =)$)- ),$) 87)B,'= 5*+=)')<)'*+ =,$&& +*) A-
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 63/182
!"
$%&'()*+, -. (/+ $%*)(' (% 011%), 2)+0(+) )32/(' (% $)343&05 ,+1+&,0&(' (/0&
(/%'+ 011%),+, -. (/+ 6%&'(3(*(3%& %1 (/+ 7&3(+, 8(0(+'9:;<= > !"#$% #'
($)*+$,-"% >?@@AB C" 605:D, DDEF DCA >G !"#$%=B:B !"#$% /+5, (/0( H0'
G3&I053, )+I3'3%& %1 (/+ 60531%)&30 6%&'(3(*(3%&= -+.%&, (/+ '$%J+ %1 (/+
3&3(30(3I+ J)%$+'' >-. : 0( J: DCCB -+$0*'+ 3( GH%*5, '*-'(0&(3055. 05(+) (/+
'*-'(0&$+ 0&, 3&(+2)3(. %1 (/+ '(0(+ 6%&'(3(*(3%& 0' 0 ,%$*4+&( %1 3&,+J+&,+&(
1%)$+ 0&, +11+$(:= > /. : 0( J: DC":B
!"#$% &%(+, (/0(F '3&$+ (/+ 0,%J(3%& %1 '+$(3%& "! 3& ?@K!F 3( /0,
G'+)I+, 0' (/+ -0'3' 1%) &*4+)%*' ,+$3'3%&' 3&(+)J)+(3&2 (/+ '(0(+ 6%&'(3(*(3%&
0' +L(+&,3&2 J)%(+$(3%& (% %*) $3(3M+&' -+.%&, (/+ 5343(' 34J%'+, -. (/+ /32/
$%*)( *&,+) (/+ 1+,+)05 6%&'(3(*(3%&: 963(0(3%&':;= > /. : 0( JJ: DCDNC!:B O&'*JJ%)( %1 (/3' '(0(+4+&( %1 (/+ 50HF !"#$% $3(+, $0'+' 23I3&2 3&,+J+&,+&(
1%)$+ 0&, +11+$( (% (/+ ,*+ J)%$+'' 0&, 'J++,. ()305 J)%I3'3%&' %1 P)(3$5+ OF
'+$(3%& ?CF %1 (/+ 60531%)&30 6%&'(3(*(3%&: > /. : 0( J: DC!F $3(3&2 0$123$ #'
!"+14 >?@Q!B DK 605:D, ?DEF ?C" 9GP' (/+ P((%)&+. R+&+)05 0$S&%H5+,2+'F
T,+1+&,0&(U' '(0(+ $%&'(3(*(3%&05 : : : 9,*+ J)%$+''; $5034 $0&&%( -+ )+'%5I+, -.
0 4+$/0&3$05 3&I%$0(3%& %1 $*))+&( 1+,+)05 J)+$+,+&(:<=;F V*%(3&2 0$123$ #'
56"#$7 >?@QAB "E 605:D, DD!F DC"W 0$123$ #' 8"%%1% >?@KKB ?@ 605:D, CQQF
EAENEAQ 9GP( (/+ '04+ (34+F (/+ 97&3(+, 8(0(+'; 8*J)+4+ 6%*)(U' ,+$3'3%&
3& 9":-1% ,3, &%(F 0&, 3&,++, $%*5, &%(F ,+(+)43&+ (/+ $%&'(3(*(3%&05
)+V*3)+4+&(' %1 (/+ )32/( (% 0 'J++,. ()305 2*0)0&(++, -. (/+ 0&05%2%*' J%)(3%&
%1 (/+ 60531%)&30 6%&'(3(*(3%&:;:B
8*-'+V*+&( (% !"#$%F (/+ 60531%)&30 8*J)+4+ 6%*)( G)+3(+)0(+9,; X (/0(
(/+ 60531%)&30 6%&'(3(*(3%& $%&(3&*+' (% 011%), $)343&05 ,+1+&,0&(' 0&
3&,+J+&,+&( '%*)$+ %1 J)%(+$(3%& 1)%4 3&1)3&2+4+&( %1 $+)(03& )32/('F 3&$5*,3&2
(/+ )32/(' %1 +V*05 J)%(+$(3%& 0&, ,*+ J)%$+'' %1 (/+ 50H:= > ;1<$%4 #'
=)2$:-1: 51):> ?@3"+$." 51)%>AB >?@@?B ? 605:!(/ DEF !CF 1&: !F $3(3&2 !"#$%C
4)2:"C C" 605:D, DDE:B O& J0)(3$*50) 0&, 0' ,3'$*''+, 1*)(/+) -+5%HF (/+
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 64/182
!"
$%&'()*+'% ,-.*/0/ $)-*1 2%3 4'5/+ '+6/./+6/+1 ()*7/ %+6 /((/71 1) 12/ 8-/
9*)7/33 $&%-3/ )( 12/ $%&'()*+'% $)+31'1-1')+ :2/+ */5'/:'+4 % 0)1')+ 1)
6'30'33 % .*)3/7-1')+ ()* .*/;%77-3%1')+ 6/&%<= > !"#$%" '( )"%*#+, *-$./, !"
$%&=!12 %1 .= ?@A? BC:/ 7%+ %+6 :'&& %..&< $%&'()*+'% &%:DE=F
G'+%&&<H 12/ 1*'%& 7)-*1 )5/*&))I/6 12/ */&/5%+1 .*/7/6/+1H 7'1/6 J<
%../&&%+1 J/&):= >??KLK?@ $M AA=F N+ !"#$%" '( 0#1*"+ >@OOPF ?LA
$%&=Q..=!12 PL?H %3 '+ 12'3 7%3/H 12/ 6'31*'71 %11)*+/< %*4-/6 12%1 9*).)3'1')+ R
()*/7&)3/6 6'30'33%& ()* .*/%77-3%1')+ 6/&%< J/7%-3/ C-+6/* 2#34 12/ (/6/*%&
%+6 31%1/ $)+31'1-1')+3 12/*/ '3 +) 6/+'%& )( 6-/ .*)7/33 -+&/33 12/ 6/&%< :%3
6/&'J/*%1/&< -+6/*1%I/+ J< 12/ .*)3/7-1')+ 1) 4%'+ 1%71'7%& %65%+1%4/ )5/* %
6/(/+6%+1=D > 56 = %1 .= PP@H )*'4'+%& /0.2%3'3=F M2/ $)-*1 )( Q../%& */S/71/612'3 %*4-0/+1=
CN1 '3 ('*0&< /31%J&'32/6 $%&'()*+'% &%: 12%1 % ('+6'+4 )( % 6/+'%& )( 6-/
.*)7/33 J%3/6 )+ .*/%77-3%1')+ 6/&%< '3 +)1 6/./+6/+1 )+ % ('+6'+4 12%1 12/
6/&%< :%3 -+6/*1%I/+ J< 12/ .*)3/7-1')+ 1) 6'3%65%+1%4/ 12/ 6/(/+6%+1=D >N6=
%1 ..= PP@;P"H 7'1'+4H 7+3". /%7/, 894".%7+: '( 8-$".7#. ;#-.3 >?TPRF @@ $%&="6
!T"H AOP BCU/ 6) +)1 '+1/+6 1) '0.&< 12%1 )+&< % 6/&'J/*%1/ 6/&%< J< 12/
.*)3/7-1')+ ()* 12/ .-*.)3/ )( .*/S-6'7'+4 12/ 6/(/+3/ 0%< S-31'(< % 7)+7&-3')+
12%1 % 6/(/+6%+1 2%3 J//+ 6/.*'5/6 )( 6-/ .*)7/33=DE=F
Q3 1) 9*).)3'1')+RH 12/ C&'1/*%& &%+4-%4/ )( $%&'()*+'% $)+31'1-1')+H
%*1'7&/H NH 3/71')+ @R %33-0/3 '13 %..&'7%1')+ 1) /5'6/+7/ '+1*)6-7/6 %1 %
7*'0'+%& .*)7//6'+4= V5'6/+7/ $)6/ 3/71')+ ?!O 6/('+/3 W/5'6/+7/X %3
W1/31'0)+<H :*'1'+43H 0%1/*'%& )JS/713H )* )12/* 12'+43 .*/3/+1/6 1) 12/ 3/+3/3
12%1 %*/ )((/*/6 1) .*)5/ 12/ /Y'31/+7/ )* +)+/Y'31/+7/ )( % (%71=X Z)12'+4 '+
12'3 6/('+'1')+ 3-44/313 W/5'6/+7/X '+7&-6/3 W6'30'33%&3=X Z)12'+4 '+ 3/71')+
@R>6F 3-44/313 9*).)3'1')+ R :%3 '+1/+6/6 1) */[-'*/ 12%1 (/6/*%& 6'30'33%&
*-&/3 %..&< '+ $%&'()*+'%=D > 56 = %1 .= PPAH (+= @=F
C\)*/)5/*H :/ +)1/ 12/ 3/71')+ :%3 /+%71/6 J< 9*).)3'1')+ RH %+
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 65/182
!!
#$#%#&%#'() *$#%#&%#'(+ ,&- &,($. /0% $1% 2('#+( %3( 41$+%#%0%#1$) 54&6) 41$+%)7
&2%) 89***): *; 4&6#;12$#& 41$+%#%0%#1$7 &2%#<6(7 *7 +(<%#1$ =>5.: #+ &+ /21&. &+ %3(
.#+%2#<% &%%12$(- +0??(+%+7 %3($ &$ &2?0,($% <&$ /( ,&.( %3&%7 ?#'($ #%+ /2(&.%3
&$. #%+ (;;(<% 1$ %3( @0.#<#&6 #$%(2A2(%&%#1$ 1; 102 +%&%( 41$+%#%0%#1$7 #% #+ &
2('#+#1$ &$. 0$<1$+%#%0%#1$&6)B 5 !" ) &% A) CCD7 ;$) =7 <#%#$? #$%&'( D= 4&6)E. &%
AA) E!FGEDD):
H12 &66 %3(+( 2(&+1$+7 %3( %2#&6 <102% (22(. #$ ;#$? %1 ?#'( #$.(A($.($%
;12<( &$. (;;(<% %1 %3( I0( J21<(++ 46&0+( 1; %3( 4&6#;12$#& 41$+%#%0%#1$)
!" $%& $'()* +,-'. !''&/ 01 2(1/(13 4-5.(6()7*& 8&*)9 01 $%(5
+)5& :)5&/ ;1 !"#$%&"
*$ *&+,-'7 %3( 4&6#;12$#& K0A2(,( 4102% $1%(. %3&% #% 3&. A2('#10+6-L+%&%(. %3&% MN&O <6&#, /&+(. 0A1$ %3( ;(.(2&6 41$+%#%0%#1$ &6+1 2(P0#2(+ &
+31Q#$? %3&% %3( .(6&- Q&+ 0$.(2%&R($ %1 ?&#$ & %&<%#<&6 &.'&$%&?( 1'(2 %3(
.(;($.&$%)SB 5 *&+,-'( !E 4&6)!%3 &% A) T=DT7 P01%#$? .&-/+& %0 1$2+3' 5=UUT:
=V 4&6)!%3 >T7 TUC): W1Q('(27 0A1$ ;02%3(2 2('#(Q 1; 3#?3 <102% A2(<(.($%
*&+,-' <1$<60.(. %3&% L%3( (X&<% +%&$.&2. 0$.(2 %3&% 41$+%#%0%#1$ #+ $1%
($%#2(6- +(%%6(.) *% #+ <6(&27 31Q('(27 %3&% %3( 6&Q 0$.(2 %3( 4&6#;12$#&
41$+%#%0%#1$ #+ &% 6(&+% &+ ;&'12&/6( ;12 .(;($.&$% #$ %3#+ 2(?&2. &+ %3( 6&Q
0$.(2 %3( Y$#%(. K%&%(+ 41$+%#%0%#1$) Z<<12.#$?6-7 Q( <&$ &$. Q#66 &AA6-
4&6#;12$#& 6&Q)B 5 !" ) &% A) T=DT):
LNYO$.(2 4&6#;12$#& 6&Q7 $(?6#?($%7 &+ Q(66 &+ A02A1+(;067 .(6&- #$
/2#$?#$? <3&2?(+ ,&-7 Q3($ &<<1,A&$#(. /- & +31Q#$? 1; A2(@0.#<(7 '#16&%(
.0( A21<(++) [3#+ .1(+ $1% ,(&$7 31Q('(27 %3&% Q3(%3(2 %3( .(6&- Q&+
A02A1+(;06 12 $(?6#?($% #+ #22(6('&$%)B 5 !" ) &% A) T=DD): LN\O3(%3(2 %3( .(6&-
Q&+ $(?6#?($% 12 A02A1+(;06 #+ 2(6('&$% %1 %3( /&6&$<#$? A21<(++) J02A1+(;06
.(6&- %1 ?&#$ &$ &.'&$%&?( #+ %1%&66- 0$@0+%#;#(.7 &$. & 2(6&%#'(6- Q(&R +31Q#$?
1; A2(@0.#<( Q106. +0;;#<( %1 %#A %3( +<&6(+ %1Q&2.+ ;#$.#$? & .0( A21<(++
'#16&%#1$) *; %3( .(6&- Q&+ ,(2(6- $(?6#?($%7 & ?2(&%(2 +31Q#$? 1; A2(@0.#<(
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 66/182
!"
$%&'( )* +*,&-+*( .% */.0)'-/1 0 (&* 2+%3*// 4-%'0.-%567 8 !" 6 0. 26 9:";6<
=*+*> .1* .+-0' 3%&+. ?%&5( 5*-.1*+ -5.*5.-%50' 5%+ +*3@'*// (*'0A )A .1*
2+%/*3&.-%5 .% (-/0(405.0B* .1* (*?*5/*6 89 CD E> :;> :F6< =%$*4*+> G-. -/
3'*0+ .10. .1*+* $0/ 5*B'-B*53*7 89 CD :H< 05( G0)&5(05.'A 3'*0+ .10. .1* (*'0A
-5 )+-5B-5B .1* 310+B*/ 0B0-5/. .1-/ (*?*5(05. 10/ 30&/*( /%I* 2%//-)'*
2+*J&(-3* .% 1*+ 0)-'-.A .% (*?*5(K6L7 89 CD MN6<
=%$*4*+> %5 )0'053*> .1* 3%&+. 4-*$*( .1* 2+*J&(-3* .% .1* (*?*5/* 0/
G?0-+'A I-5-I0'7 89 CD :"< 05( G/.+%5B J&/.-?-30.-%5 ?%+7 -54*/.-B0.-4* (*'0A 89
CD MN< )*30&/* G.1-/ 30/* $0/ 5%. /%'4*( &5.-' O0A %? :NNF $1*5 .1*
(*?*5(05.P/ QRS $0/ I0.31*( .% .1* )-%'%B-30' I0..*+ +*3%4*+*( ?+%I .1*
3+-I* /3*5*67 89 CD :F6< T5 .1* 3%&+.P/ 4-*$> .1-/ I0(* 022*''05.P/ 30/* G4*+A3'%/*7 .% .1* 3-+3&I/.053*/ %? #$%&'(> $1*+* .1* 3+-I* %33&++*( -5 9FE; 05(
QRS I0.31 $0/ 5%. ?%&5( &5.-' :NN:6 89 CD :FUMN6<
=%$*4*+> 022*''05.P/ 30/* (-??*+/ -5 /*4*+0' /-B5-?-305. $0A/ ?+%I
#$%&'(6 D1*+*> 0 +02*UI&+(*+ %33&++*( %5 V*)+&0+A :M> 9FE;6 8 #$%&'() !M
C0'6!.1 0. 226 9:!EU!H6< GW-.1-5 0 3%&2'* %? $**@/>7 0 $-.5*// +*2%+.*( .1*
'-3*5/* 2'0.* 5&I)*+ %? .1* (*?*5(05.P/ 30+ .% .1* 2%'-3* )*30&/* .1* 30+
022*0+*( /-I-'0+ .% .1* 30+ -5 .1* 0+*0 %? .1* 4-3.-IP/ 0)(&3.-%56 8 !" 6 0. 26
9:!H6< GT5 *0+'A O0+31 9FE;>7 /1*+-?? (*2&.-*/ -5.*+4-*$*( .1* (*?*5(05.> )&.
(-( 5%. 2&+/&* 1-I 0/ 0 /&/2*3. )*30&/* 1* 2+%4-(*( 05 0'-)- /&22%+.*( )A 1-/
I%.1*+U-5U'0$6 8 !+," 6< GQ*.*3.-4*/ -5.*+4-*$*( %4*+ 9HN 2%.*5.-0' $-.5*//*/
05( ?%''%$*( %.1*+ '*0(/6 =%$*4*+> .1*A $*+* &50)'* .% (*4*'%2 /&??-3-*5.
*4-(*53* .% ?%3&/ .1* -54*/.-B0.-%5 %5 0 /2*3-?-3 2*+/%56 X4*5.&0''A> .1* I0..*+
)*30I* 0 3%'( 30/*> .10. -/> &5/%'4*( )&. -503.-4*67 8 !" 6 0. 26 9:!H6<
GT5 Y3.%)*+ :NNN> .1* /.0.* 0''%30.*( ?&5(/ .% *50)'* '%30' '0$
*5?%+3*I*5. 0B*53-*/ .% &.-'-Z* QRS .% /%'4* /*[&0' 0//0&'. 30/*/ .10. '03@*(
/&/2*3./67 8 !" 6 0. 26 9:!H6< GT5 \&'A :NN9> ] K.L1* 30/* $0/ 2&. -5 '-5* ?%+
QRS 050'A/-/67 8 !" 6 0. 226 9:!HU!F6< D1* /.0.* Q*20+.I*5. %? \&/.-3* .1*5
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 67/182
!"
$%&'()* % +,- ./0123) 1/0$ % 4)$)5 4&%25 &0 &() *)1)5*%5&64 ./0123) 25 &()
4&%&) '0572'&)* 011)5*)/ *%&%8%59: ; !" : %& .: <=!>:? @5 =AA=B *)&)'&27)4 C2&( %
C%//%5& 08&%25)* 0/%3 4C%84 1/0$ *)1)5*%5&: ; !#$" :? D() +,- %5%3E424 01 %
4C%8 $%&'()* &() )72*)5') 4%$.3)4 %5* % ./04)'F&205 )54F)*: ; !#$" :?
G5*)/ &()4) '2/'F$4&%5')4B %&'()* 10F5* &(%& H&() IF4&212'%&205 10/ &()
*)3%E C%4 4&/05J: D() *)3%E C%4 257)4&2J%&27) *)3%EB 50&(25J )34): D() .032')
$%E (%7) (%* 40$) 8%424 &0 4F4.)'& *)1)5*%5& 01 &() '/2$) 4(0/&3E %1&)/ 2& C%4
'0$$2&&)* 25 <>K": LF& 3%C )510/')$)5& %J)5'2)4 *2* 50& 1F33E 4037) &(24 '%4)
F5&23 =AA=B C()5 % '0$.%/2405 01 *)1)5*%5&M4 +,- C2&( &() '/2$) 4')5)
)72*)5') /)4F3&)* 25 % $%&'(B 2:):B F5&23 &() '03* (2& 4(0C)* &(%& &() )72*)5')
'%$) 1/0$ *)1)5*%5&: N53E %& &(%& .025& *2* &() ./04)'F&205 8)32)7) 2& (%*4F112'2)5& )72*)5') &0 '(%/J) *)1)5*%5&: - '0F/& 4(0F3* 50& 4)'05*OJF)44 &()
./04)'F&205M4 *)'24205 /)J%/*25J C()&()/ 4F112'2)5& )72*)5') )P24&4 &0 C%//%5&
8/25J25J '(%/J)4:Q ; !" : %& .: <=R":?
D() *)1)5*%5& H%/JF)S*T &(%& &() +,- &)'(5030JE F4)* ()/) )P24&)*
E)%/4 8)10/) 3%C )510/')$)5& %J)5'2)4 $%*) &() '0$.%/2405 25 &(24 '%4) %5*
&(%&B &()/)10/)B &() '0$.%/2405 '0F3* (%7)B %5* 4(0F3* (%7)B 8))5 $%*) 4005)/
&(%5 2& %'&F%33E C%4: D(F4B () %/JF)4B &() 4&%&)M4 1%23F/) &0 $%9) &() '0$.%/2405
F5&23 =AA= C%4 5)J32J)5&: U) *24%J/)): - '0F/& $%E 50& 125* 5)J32J)5') 8E
4)'05*OJF)4425J (0C &() 4&%&) %330'%&)4 2&4 /)40F/')4 0/ (0C 3%C )510/')$)5&
%J)5'2)4 '0F3* (%7) 257)4&2J%&)* % J27)5 '%4): V @& 24 50& )50FJ( 10/ %
*)1)5*%5& &0 %/JF) &(%& 21 &() ./04)'F&0/2%3 %J)5'2)4 (%* $%*) (24 0/ ()/ '%4) %
(2J()/ ./20/2&E 0/ (%* *05) &(25J4 % 82& *211)/)5&3E &()E C0F3* (%7) 4037)* &()
'%4) 4005)/:Q ; !" : %& .: <=R":?
@5 &(24 '%4)B &() ./04)'F&205 25 &(24 '%4) (%* $0/) &(%5 H40$) 8%424Q &0
4F4.)'& %..)33%5& 4(0/&3E %1&)/ &() '/2$): ; !#$" :? N5 &() *%E %1&)/ &() '/2$)B
,)34 W%4$F44)5 ;&() 1%&()/ 01 &() 72'&2$ X()/2 W%4$F44)5? 2*)5&212)*
%..)33%5& %4 % 4F4.)'& %5* .032') 0112')/ %5* %49)* +)&)'&27) Y%E)/ 21 () (%*
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 68/182
!"
$%&$'&( %&) *+,- .//010/2 34 5-6 78*+, ,%)&& 9&&': ;<,&) <=( <><?= *=
@*A&B8&) /CD /CE1D F+&,,&= B&=,?*=&( <GG&;;<=, ,* G*;?$& ?=A&:,?><,*): <: %?:
H*)B&) >?);H)?&=( <=( G*;?$& *HH?$&) 9%&= ,%&I ,*;( %?B <8*+, ,%& 8?,& B<)' *=
F<:B+::&=- .//010/2 34 !-6 J= K&$&B8&) /CE1D F<:B+::&=L: B*,%&) <;:*
,*;( K&,&$,?A&: M<I&) <=( N?:' ,%<, ,%&I :%*+;( ?=A&:,?><,& F+&,,&=L: H*)B&)
>?);H)?&=(- .//010/2 34 5-6
J= :+BD ,%& ,%)&& G&*G;& $;*:&:, ,* O%&)? F<:B+::&= %<( ?(&=,?H?&(
<GG&;;<=, <: < :+:G&$, ?= /CE1- P*9&A&)D +=;?'& ,%& ?=A&:,?><,*): ?= !"#$%&'
,%& G*;?$& (?( =*, Q+&:,?*= <GG&;;<=, +=,?; 2RRC &A&= ,%*+>% :%& 9<: )&<(?;I
<A<?;<8;& ,* ,%&B <: < H&;;*9 G*;?$& *HH?$&)- 7: M)- S+G&)D ,%& (&H&=:&
?=A&:,?><,*) <=( H*)B&) S7TK %*B?$?(& (&,&$,?A&D &UG;<?=&(D ,%& G*;?$& ?=/CE1 $*+;( )&<(?;I %<A& *8,<?=&( H?=>&)G)?=,: *) 8?*;*>?$<; :<BG;&: ,* ?=$;+(&
*) &U$;+(& <GG&;;<=, <: < :+:G&$,D ?=,&)A?&9&( 9?,=&::&: ,* (&,&)B?=& 9%&,%&)
:%& %<( 8&&= ?=V+)&(D ,&:,&( %&) -WE $<;?8&) %<=(>+=D <=( :%*9= %&)
G%*,*>)<G% ,* ,%& 9?,=&:: <, ,%& %*:G?,<;- .//010/2 34 //X/W-6
7GG&;;<=,L: :,<,+: <: < G*;?$& *HH?$&) ?: <= ?BG*),<=, (?:,?=$,?*= 8&,9&&=
,%?: $<:& <=( !"#$%&- 4%& 3<;?H*)=?< O+G)&B& 3*+), %<: )&$*>=?Y&( <
%&?>%,&=&( :,<=(<)( *H (?;?>&=$& 9%&)& ,%&)& ?: &A?(&=$& *H *HH?$&)
?=A*;A&B&=, ?= < $)?B&- Z4* B<?=,<?= ,%& G+8;?$[: $*=H?(&=$& ?= ?,: G*;?$&
H*)$&D < ;<9 &=H*)$&B&=, <>&=$I B+:, G)*BG,;ID ,%*)*+>%;ID <=( H<?);I
?=A&:,?><,& <;;&><,?*=: *H *HH?$&) B?:$*=(+$,\ ?H 9<))<=,&(D ?, B+:, ?=:,?,+,&
(?:$?G;?=<)I G)*$&&(?=>:-] . )*$*+"&* )%#,-" .//,-"0$ 1$$&2 32 4,56 %/
)*$*+"&* ./CCR6 5/ 3<;- W( 51!D 5"2-6 7: M)- S+G&) &UG;<?=&(D 8&$<+:&
<GG&;;<=, 9<: < G*;?$& *HH?$&)D ,%& (&,&$,?A&: ?= /CE1 :%*+;( %<A& $*=,<$,&(
,%&?) :+G&)A?:*) *) ?=,&)=<; <HH<?): ,* ?=H*)B ,%&B *H G*::?8;& *HH?$&)
?=A*;A&B&=, ?= < $)?B&- .//010/2 34 /W-6
4%?: $<:& <;:* (?HH&): H)*B !"#$%& ?= ,%& G)*:&$+,?*=L: H<?;+)& H*) 2W
I&<): ,* +:& K@7 ,&$%=*;*>I- 4%& G)*:&$+,?*= (?( =*, $;<?B ,%<, ,%&I ;<$'&(
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 69/182
!"
$%&'( )* )+() ,--+..,&)/( 0123 4!"#" %&'()*+ !5 6,.3!)7 89!":!;3< 1*= '>' )7+
-=*(+?%)>*& 7,@+ )* A,>) >& .>&+ $*= , (),)+:A>'+ B,?C.*D *$ ?,(+( $*= 012
)+()>&D3 4 ,-./ 3< E7+ -*.>?+ 7,' )7+>= *A& ?=>F+ .,B3 E7+ +@>'+&?+ (,F-.+( ,&'
,--+..,&) A+=+ >FF+'>,)+.G ,@,>.,B.+3
2??*='>&D.GH 012 )+?7&*.*DG ,@,>.,B.+ (>&?+ )7+ 8;"I/( ?*%.' =+,'>.G
7,@+ B++& %(+' )* +@,.%,)+ ,--+..,&) ,( , (%(-+?)3 48 6E 8":8;H (&&+ &"0"+
1&##2&3(+ 4"1"+ &5 6'"+ JK&'>@>'%,.:L-+?>$>? MN>&D+=-=>&)(/ *$ O%F,& 012P
48;"Q< %6572& 58RS TR:T;U 8565& 9" :))/6''+ (7;26+ 8"9 V3W,3 ,) -3 99 X),C>&D
Y%'>?>,. &*)>?+ *$ )7+ D+&+=,. (?>+&)>$>? ,??+-),&?+ *$ 012 ,&,.G(>( $*= , ?=>F+
?*FF>))+' *& Z,&%,=G 99H 8;"T[U <&'6=62& 9" >&**&'' 48;";< Q"! 239' Q85H
Q8! XN>&'>&D D+&+=,. ,??+-),&?+ *$ 012 )+()>&D *$ +@>'+&?+ =+.,)+' )* J,(+=>+( *$ F%='+=( *$ G*%&D $+F,.+( '%=>&D 8;"T:""3P[U >&);'& 9" 4?&''+ (7;26+
95Q 6,.32--35' "5R X$>&'>&D D+&+=,. ,??+-),&?+ *$ $*=+&(>? 012 )G->&D $*=
F%='+= ?*FF>))+' *& N+B=%,=G 9!H 8;""[3<
N*= ,.. )7+(+ =+,(*&(H )7+ ?*%=) +==+' >& $>&'>&D )7,) )7+ -=*(+?%)>*&
Y%()>$>,B.G '+.,G+' 95 G+,=( )* >&)+=@>+A ,--+..,&) *= )+() )7+ +@>'+&?+ A7>.+
F+F*=>+( $,'+'H , C+G A>)&+(( '>+'H ,&' +@>'+&?+ *$ )7>=':-,=)G ?%.-,B>.>)G
A,( .*()3
!" $%& '&()* +), -.&/01232)( $4 $%& '&5&6,&"
JM\@+& , F>&>F,. (7*A>&D *$ -=+Y%'>?+ F,G =+]%>=+ '>(F>((,. >$ )7+
-=*$$+=+' Y%()>$>?,)>*& $*= '+.,G >( >&(%B(),&)>,.3/P 4 >&);'& 9" @.2&*/6 49II;<
8T! 6,.32--3!)7 8585H 859T:9"H ?>),)>*&( ,&' >&)+=&,. ]%*),)>*&( *F>))+'3<
J2F*&D *)7+= )7>&D(H MX-[=+Y%'>?+ X$*= '%+ -=*?+(( *= (-++'G )=>,. @>*.,)>*&
?.,>F([ F,G B+ (7*A& BG .*(( *$ F,)+=>,. A>)&+((+( '%+ )* .,-(+ *$ )>F+ *= .*((
*$ +@>'+&?+ B+?,%(+ *$ $,'>&D F+F*=G ,))=>B%),B.+ )* )7+ '+.,G3/P 4 ,/ 3 ,) -3
859"H ]%*)>&D >&);'& 9" !65'.*+ (7;26+ 9R 6,.3!)7 ,) -3 8ITU (&& 6'() A*.5&/
8565&( 9" @62.)* 48;T8< !I! ^3L3 5ITH 598:99 X;9 L3 6)3 !QQU 5I _3 \'3 9'
!R"[ XJ`,((,D+ *$ )>F+H A7+)7+= B+$*=+ *= ,$)+= ,==+()H F,G >F-,>= F+F*=>+(H
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 70/182
!"
$%&'( ()*+(,$( -. /( 0.'-1 +(23*)( -4( +(5(,+%,- .5 6*-,(''('1 %,+ .-4(36*'(
*,-(35(3( 6*-4 4*' %/*0*-7 -. +(5(,+ 4*8'(059:;9<
=3(>&+*$( *' %0'. 23('(,- 64(3( 0.'' .5 ()*+(,$( *82%*3' -4( +(5(,+%,-?'
%/*0*-7 -. $3.''@(A%8*,( -4( 23.'($&-*.,?' 6*-,(''('9 B !"#$%" '( )*%%+ ,-$./+ CD
E%09C+ %- 29 !"F9< G5 %00 5%$-.3'1 -4( H8.'- '(3*.&': *' H-4( 2.''*/*0*-7 -4%- -4(
+(5(,'( 6*00 /( *82%*3(+9: B 0/.1". '( 2*34# BI"DJ< !KD L9M9 NI!1 NCJ OCC
P9Q+9J+ IKI1 IKF1 "J M9E-9 JIFJ;1 5..-,.-( .8*--(+9< R4*' *' -4( 8.'- '(3*.&'
H/($%&'( -4( *,%/*0*-7 .5 % +(5(,+%,- %+(S&%-(07 -. 23(2%3( 4*' $%'( 'T(6' -4(
5%*3,('' .5 -4( (,-*3( '7'-(89 U5 6*-,(''(' +*( .3 +*'%22(%3 +&3*,V % +(0%71 -4(
23(>&+*$( *' ./)*.&'9 R4(3( *' %0'. 23(>&+*$( *5 +(5(,'( 6*-,(''(' %3( &,%/0( -.
3($%00 %$$&3%-(07 ()(,-' .5 -4( +*'-%,- 2%'-9 P.'' .5 8(8.371 4.6()(31 *' ,.-%06%7' 3(50($-(+ *, -4( 3($.3+ /($%&'( 64%- 4%' /((, 5.3V.--(, $%, 3%3(07 /(
'4.6,9: B 56*7 9W /88#.7 9#44"::+ ,-$./+ NKN L9M9 %- 29 XN!9<
Y(%'&3(+ %V%*,'- -4('( '-%,+%3+'1 -4( -3*%0 $.&3- (33(+ *, 5*,+*,V .,07
H8*,*8%0: 23(>&+*$( -. %22(00%,-?' %/*0*-7 -. 23(2%3( 4(3 +(5(,'(9 BI ER JN9<
R4(3( 6(3( ,. 6*-,(''(' -. -4( Z(/3&%37 J!1 I"FX 4.8*$*+(9 R4( $%'( %V%*,'-
%22(00%,- +(2(,+(+ (,-*3(07 ., $*3$&8'-%,-*%0 5.3(,'*$ %,+ 8.-*)( ()*+(,$(9
Q)(, /7 -4( -*8( .5 -4( 23(0*8*,%37 4(%3*,V1 -4(3( 6%' '&/'-%,-*%0
()*+(,$( .5 -4*3+@2%3-7 $&02%/*0*-79 G, Z(/3&%37 J!@JN1 I"FX1 *,)('-*V%-.3'
0*5-(+ JC 5*,V(323*,-' 53.8 -4( $3*8( '$(,(9 BII[X[IJ ER !9< M()(3%0 $%8(
53.8 \%'8&''(,1 \&(--(, %,+ .,( 53.8 % 5%8*07 53*(,+9 B 56*7 9< ].6()(31
'()(, *+(,-*5*%/0( 5*,V(323*,-' $.&0+ ,.- /( %--3*/&-(+ -. -4(81 *,$0&+*,V
5*,V(323*,-' ,(%3 /0..+ *, -4( (,-376%7 64(3( \%'8&''(, 5.&V4- 6*-4 4(3
%''%*0%,-9 B 56*7 9< ^_` -('-*,V *, JKK" '4.6(+ 5.3(*V, ^_` 8*A(+ 6*-4
\%'8&''(,?' ^_` /&- ,. '&'2($-' %)%*0%/0( 6*-4 64*$4 -. $.82%3( *-9 B;""
M-%-(8(,- .5 Z%$-'1 M($-*., UU9E9J9<
R4( 0.'' .5 %00 "II %,+ 2.0*$( $.88&,*$%-*., 5&3-4(3 *82%*3(+
%22(00%,-?' %/*0*-7 -. '4.6 -4%- -4(3( 6(3( .-4(3 '&'2($-' %- -4( -*8( .5 -4(
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 71/182
!"
$%&'(')*+ ,--./.-0 12 34 05+6 2$* 78'9: (%;87 <%;=) 9=> ?8*@;)'(* <8%& 7$'A
:%AA %< *B')*=(* C9A DB*8> A?*(;:97'B*E 9=) )') =%7 ?;7 &;($ C*'F$7 %= '7+ ,-
12 05G0H+6 I%C*B*84 !"#$%& () *+,%&-"& ."+&/ ,-J3H6 -/0 19:+ K??+ 5) 0-!
,D !"#$%& E6 A$%CA 7$97 7$* 78'9: (%;87 *88*)+
L= !"#$%& 4 7$* )*<*=)9=7 A'&':98:> 98F;*) 7$97 7$* :%AA %< 9 ?%:'(*
)'A?97($*8MA 79?* C9A ?8*@;)'('9: N*(9;A* '7 )*?8'B*) $'& %< 7$* 9N':'7> 7% A$%C
7$97 $* $9) N**= A*7 ;? N> 7$* ?%:'(* 7% 988*A7 $'& <%8 N;8F:98>+ , 01 + 97 ?+ 0-3+6
2$* 78'9: (%;87 8*@*(7*) 7$'A (:9'&4 D9??98*=7:> %< 7$* B'*C 7$97 $* <9':*) 7%
*A79N:'A$ 7$* 79?* C%;:) 8*B*9: 9 OA7'<<*)G'=M ?$%=* (9:: <8%& 9 P%A K=F*:*A
?%:'(*&9=4 N;7 7$97 (9==%7 N* 7$* 7*A7+ Q 2$* (%;87RA 8*9A%='=F 'A ('8(;:98S
2$* &%7'%= C9A )*='*) N*(9;A* 7$* )*<*=)9=7 (%;:) %=:> OA?*(;:97*M 7$97*B')*=(* :%A7 );8'=F 9= ;=*T?:9'=*) )*:9> '= 7$* ?8%(**)'=FA C%;:) $9B*
9AA'A7*) $'&4 C$*=4 %< (%;8A*4 7$97 C9A 7$* B*8> N9A'A <%8 7$* &%7'%= '= 7$* <'8A7
?:9(*+E , 01 + 97 ?+ 00"+6
2$'A 9)&%='7'%= 'A ?987'(;:98:> ?*87'=*=7 $*8* N*(9;A* %< <%8*=A'(
<'=F*8?8'=7 9=) UVK *B')*=(* %< 7$'8)G?987> (;:?9N':'7>+ ,*%% W797*&*=7 %<
X9(7A4 W*(7'%= LL+1+6 2$'A :%AA C9A (%&?%;=)*) N> 7$* <9)'=F %< &*&%8'*A %<
C'7=*AA 7% A$%C 7$97 A$* 9??*::9=7 $9) =% A'F= %< '=@;8> %= 7$* )9> 9<7*8 7$*
$%&'(')*4 (%=7898> 7% 7$* *B')*=(* 7$97 7$* ?*8?*7897%8 *=F9F*) '= 9 B'%:*=7
A78;FF:* C'7$ Y9A&;AA*=+ ,--./.-0 12 0"G0-+6 2$* 7$*<7 %< 9??*::9=7MA
$9=)F;= 7C% C**ZA 9<7*8 7$* $%&'(')* 9:A% )*?8'B*) $*8 %< 7$* 9N':'7> 7%
'&?*9($ 7$* ?8%A*(;7'%=MA (:9'& 7$97 '7 <'8*) 7$* <979: A$%7A+ ,- 12 -"G--+6
X'=9::>4 9??*::9=7 :%A7 *B')*=(* 7% '&?*9($ 7$* ($9'= %< (;A7%)> <%8 7$*
N'%:%F'(9: *B')*=(* ;A*) 7% '&?:'(97* $*84 '=(:;)'=F 7$* N'7* &98Z AC9N+ 2$*
78'9: (%;87 B'*C*) 7$'A 9A ?8%N9N:> &%8* ?8*@;)'('9: 7% 7$* ?8%A*(;7'%=+ ,- 12
05+6 I%C*B*84 7$97 C9A 78;* %=:> ;?%= 7$* ?8*A;&?7'%= 7$97 9??*::9=7 C9A
F;':7>+ I%C*B*84 D97 7$'A A79F* %< 7$* ?8%(**)'=FA 7$* (9A* $9A =%7 N**= 78'*)
9=) [A\$* &;A7 N* ?8*A;&*) 7% N* '==%(*=7[+\E , 2"3%4 () *+,%&-"& ."+&/
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 72/182
!"
$"%&'( ) *+,-). &)/0 &/"-(
1234563 347 +82,239 35 :45; +,37<+325= 2= 347 7>2.7=?7 5>7< 347 ?56<:7 5@
A) 97+<:0 B67:325=: +8563 347 ?4+2= 5@ ?6:35.9 ;7=3 35 347 ;72C43 <+347< 34+= 35
347 +.D2::282,239 5@ 347 7>2.7=?7- $ !"#$%" '( )*+,- $"%%!( "A *+,-/34 /"!0
///-( E=?7 347 7>2.7=?7 ;+: +.D2337.0 23 ;56,. 2=7>23+8,9 87?5D7 + 87,, 5@
F<7G6.2?7 34+3 ?56,. =53 87 6=H<6=C- $."" !"#$%" '( /0%% $"%%I( "& *+,-/34 I''0
I/!H/J KLMN56 ?+=O3 6=<2=C + 87,,-O K*23+325=-PQP-(
!" $%&'()*+%&"
R<5:7?635<: LM?+==53 :2DF,9 F,+?7 C+347<7. 7>2.7=?7 --- 5= 347 L8+?S
86<=7<Q 45F2=C 34+3 23 ;2,, :5D7 .+9 :2DD7< 2=35 :5D7342=C D5<7 F<5:7?63+8,7
----O K$ !"#$%" '( !"%%"1203# $"%&I( IJ *+,-TFF-). &&J0 &I"-(P U5< D+9 MK3P47<7B62<7D7=3 5@ + ,7C232D+37 <7+:5= @5< 347 F<5:7?635<2+, .7,+9 --- 87 D73 :2DF,9
89 :45;2=C += +8:7=?7 5@ .7,287<+370 F6<F5:7@6, 5< 5FF<7::2>7 F5,2?7 ?5=.6?3-
T ,7C232D+37 <7+:5= ,5C2?+,,9 <7B62<7: :5D7342=C D5<7 34+= 347 +8:7=?7 5@
C5>7<=D7=3+, 8+. @+234- U7C,2C7=?7 5= 347 F+<3 5@ F5,2?7 5@@2?7<: 2= C+347<2=C
7>2.7=?7 5< 2= F6332=C 347 ?+:7 35C7347< @5< F<7:7=3+325= 35 347 .2:3<2?3 +335<=790
5< 2=?5DF737=?9 5= 347 F+<3 5@ 347 .2:3<2?3 +335<=79 2= 7>+,6+32=C + ?+:7 @5<
F5::28,7 F<5:7?6325= ?+= 4+<.,9 87 ?5=:2.7<7. + >+,2. F5,2?7 F6<F5:7 G6:32@92=C
+ ,7=C349 .7,+9 ;42?4 <7:6,3: 2= 347 .7F<2>+325= 5@ + <2C43 35 + @+2< 3<2+,-OQ
$ !"#$%" '( 402"35,6 -*$2,6 "&/ *+,-TFF-/34 +3 FF- ")A%H)'0 B6532=C !"33"7 '(
.*$"20#2 8#*29 $"%&A( AI *+,-TFF-). %/"0 %!)-(
V47 3<2+, ?56<3 =537. =5 LC7=7<+, <2C43Q 35 + F<5:7?6325= :F77.27< 34+=
,+2. .5;= 89 347 :3+3637 5@ ,2D23+325=:- $" *V A'0 ?232=C !"#$%" '( :2+;"25
$"%&'( ) *+,-). J"!0 J)%-( LW3 2: ?7<3+2=,9 347 ?+:7 34+3 347<7 2: =5 :3+3637 5@
,2D23+325=: 5= D6<.7<- $R7=- *5.70 X &%%-( V42: +,5=70 45;7>7<0 4+: =5 7@@7?3
5= 347 2::67 5@ + .7=2+, 5@ .67 F<5?7:: +<2:2=C @<5D F<7G6.2?2+, .7,+9 2=
8<2=C2=C +??6:+325=:- V47 D6<.7<: 2= 342: ?+:7 5??6<<7. +,D5:3 + B6+<37< 5@ +
?7=36<9 87@5<7 Y K347 .7@7=.+=3P ;+: ?4+<C7. ;234 347D- V47 F+::+C7 5@ 32D7
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 73/182
!"
$%&'( )')*+,'(- (''( ./' &'%./ *$ ,)0*+.%1. 2,.1'(('( %1& *$.'1 +'(34.( ,1 ./'
4*(( *$ 0/5(,6%4 '7,&'16'8 944 *$ ./*(' *663++'& /'+'8: ; !"#$%" '( )#*+",
;"<<=> ?@! A%489008B./ =@?- ==C8>
D*+ %44 ./'(' +'%(*1(- ./' "E 5'%+( *$ 0+'F%663(%.,*1 &'4%5 2%(
,1(3$$,6,'1. .* *3.2',G/ ./' 0+'H3&,6' .* %00'44%1.I( &'$'1('8 966*+&,1G45- ./'
0+*('63.,*1 7,*4%.'& %00'44%1.I( +,G/. .* &3' 0+*6'(( %1& ./' H3&G)'1. (/*34&
J' +'7'+('&8 ; !"#$%" '( !-,".# ;"<<!> ?"C A%489008B./ K@C- K=B L9 M&,(),((%4
*1 &3' 0+*6'(( G+*31&( $*+ 0+'%663(%.,*1 &'4%5- 2/'+' 0+'H3&,6' .* ./'
&'$'1&%1. ,( &')*1(.+%.'&- J%+( $3+./'+ 6+,),1%4 0+*6''&,1G(8:N8>
!!"
$%& $'!() *+,'$ &''&- ./ -&0/!01 (22&))(0$34
5+$!+0 $+ 6,(4% $%& 4&('*% 7(''(0$4 (0- $+
4,22'&44 &8!-&0*&"
(" !9:;<=>?:@<9"
O'$*+' .+,%4- %00'44%1. )*7'& .* P3%(/ ./+'' ('%+6/ 2%++%1.( ,((3'& ,1
Q31' "<<K %1& .* (300+'(( %44 '7,&'16' *J.%,1'& ./'+'J5 *1 ./' G+*31& ./%. ./'
('%+6/'( %1& (',R3+'( *$ '7,&'16' 7,*4%.'& ./' D*3+./ %1& D*3+.''1./
9)'1&)'1.( .* ./' S1,.'& T.%.'( A*1(.,.3.,*18 ;B AU =<!- =E!8> 9(
&,(63(('& J'4*2 ,1 T'6.,*1 VVV- 900'44%1. %4(* )*7'& .* .+%7'+(' ./' Q31' B-
"<<K ('%+6/ 2%++%1. J'6%3(' ,.( %$$,&%7,. 0+*7,&'& ./' %44'G'& 0+*J%J4' 6%3('
$*+ %44 *$ ./' ('%+6/ 2%++%1.(8 ;B AU =E!FE@W " XU A=FC8>
V1 /'+ )*.,*1 .* P3%(/- %00'44%1. %+G3'& ./%. ./' ,1$*+)%.,*1 *$$'+'& .*
&')*1(.+%.' 0+*J%J4' 6%3(' .* ('%+6/ 2%( (.%4' %1& ,1(3$$,6,'1. .* H3(.,$5
('%+6/'( *$ /'+ +'(,&'16' %1& 0+*0'+.5 "E 5'%+( %$.'+ ./' D'J+3%+5 ?KC@
/*),6,&'8 ;B AU =?<F=?E8> U/' %$$,%1. &'.'6.,7'I( *0,1,*1 .* ./' 6*1.+%+5
2'+' $%6.3%445 31(300*+.'& %1& ,1(3$$,6,'1. .* '(.%J4,(/ 0+*J%J4' 6%3('8 ;B AU
=<KF?<8> U/' ('%+6/ 2%++%1.( 2'+' %4(* *7'+J+*%& ,1 (''Y,1G .* ('%+6/
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 74/182
!"
$%&'()*+, -./ *0*$)+%.1$ ,)%+-2* /*31$*, )4-) /1/.5) *61,) -) )1&*, +*0*3-.) )%
)4* $+1&*7 89 :; <=">=!7? ;4* 2%%/ @-1)4 *6$*')1%. )% )4* *6$0(,1%.-+A +(0*
$%(0/ .%) $%3*+ )4*,* @0-B, -''-+*.) %. )4* @-$* %@ )4* B-++-.), )4*&,*03*,7
89 :; <=!>=C7?
;4* )+1-0 $%(+) /*.1*/ -''*00-.)5, &%)1%. )% D(-,47 E) @%(./ )4-) )4*
2%%/ @-1)4 *6$*')1%. *,)-F01,4*/ FA !"#$%& ($)$%* +, -%." 8=GH9? 9CH I7J7 HG<
KHL M7 N/7 L/ C<<O =P9 J7 :)7 "9P!Q 8R -%."S? )+(&'*/ -.A @0-B, 1. )4* ,*-+$4
B-++-.),7 8L T; :>">9O G>=PO ==>=L7? ;4* )+1-0 $%(+) -0,% +*01*/ %. )4* 2%%/
@-1)4 *6$*')1%. )% /*.A -''*00-.)5, &%)1%. )% D(-,47 8L T; :=9U *%% J*$)1%.
EEE7O F*0%B7?
;4* )+1-0 $%(+) &1,+*-/ )4* 2%%/ @-1)4 *6$*')1%. )% 3-01/-)* )4* ,*-+$4-./ ,*1V(+* %@ )4* *31/*.$* F-,*/ %. ,)-0* 1.@%+&-)1%. -./ %3*+F+%-/ 1. ,$%'*7
W$$%+/1.20AO )4* 31%0-)1%. %@ -''*00-.)5, /(* '+%$*,, -./ X%(+)4 W&*./&*.)
+124), +*D(1+*/ ,(''+*,,1%. %@ )4* *31/*.$* ,*1V*/ -./ -/&1))*/ -) )+1-07
!" $%&'(%) *+, -./&0,(.%) !%&12./(+,"
3" 450 60%.&5 7%..%+'8 *+, -./90.': 60;<0,"
;4* M%, W.2*0*, :%(.)A J('*+1%+ :%(+) 1,,(*/ )4+** ,*-+$4 B-++-.),7
Y. Z(.* 9O LPPGO Z(/2* [1001-& \%(./*+, 1,,(*/ - ,*-+$4 B-++-.) @%+
-''*00-.)5, '*+,%.O 4*+ +*,1/*.$* 1. J1&1 ]-00*AO -./ '+%'*+)A -$$*,,1F0* )% 4*+
-) )4* MW\^O 1.$0(/1.2 $%&'()*+, -./ %)4*+ *0*$)+%.1$ ,)%+-2* /*31$*,7" 89
:; <PC>P<7? ;4* B-++-.) -()4%+1V*/ ,*-+$4 %@ -.A 1.@%+&-)1%. +*0-)1.2 )%
T-,&(,,*.O 4*+ 4(,F-./ Z%4. T(*))*.O -./ )4* X*F+(-+A L9O =GHC 4%&1$1/*O
1/*.)[email protected] '*+,%., B4% _.*B %@ T-,&(,,*.O T(*))*. %+ -''*00-.)O %+ %@
&*/1$-0 %+ /*.)-0 )+*-)&*.) %@ -''*00-.) @%+ 1.`(+1*, -@)*+ X*F+(-+A L9O =GHCO
-./ @1+*-+&, -$$*,,1F0* )% -''*00-.) F*@%+* )4-) /-)*7 89 :; <PHU Ca9aPG J*-+$4
[-++-.) -) '7 G7?
" ;4* ,*-+$4 B-++-.), -./ -@@1/-31), -) 1,,(* -+* -))-$4*/ -, *641F1), )%
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 75/182
!"
$% &'%( )!* +,,-* &'./( 01'%.(23 433'(. 5%167(2 3(5287 95225%6 :12 67(
81%6(%63 1: 5;;(<<5%6=3 8(<<'<52 ;71%(> ?" @A B,->C D19(E(2* %1 (E4.(%8(
:21F 5;;(<<5%6=3 8(<< ;71%( 953 ;2(3(%6(. 56 6245<> G8812.4%/<H* 67( &'%( )!67
3(5287 95225%6 43 %16 56 433'( 7(2(>
$% &'%( +-* +,,-* &'./( @752<54%( I> $<F(.1 433'(. 5 3(5287 95225%6
:12 (<(8621%485<<H 3612(. 4%:12F5641% :21F J81F;'6(23* 36125/( F(.45*
81F;'6(2 752.952( 5%. .4/465< (E4.(%8(K 3(4L(. :21F 5;;(<<5%6=3 2(34.(%8( 1%
&'%( !* +,,- M53(. 1% 67( &'%( "* +,,- 3(5287 95225%6> ?" @A B,-N OP+-P,-
Q(5287 R5225%6 56 ;> S>C A7( 5::4.5E46 4% 3';;126 1: ;21M5M<( 85'3( 3656(. 6756
67(3( .(E48(3 JF5HK 75E( 4%:12F5641% 2(<(E5%6 61 67( 71F484.( 4%E(364/5641%>
?" @A B,-N OP+-P,- Q(5287 R5225%6 56 ;> O>CG;;(<<5%6 .4. %16 .43;'6( 6756 67( ;1<48( 75. ;21M5M<( 85'3( 61 522(36
7(2> ?" @A B,->C D19(E(2* 6756 953 5 3(;5256( T'(3641% :21F 97(67(2 67(
5::4.5E463 (365M<437(. 5 %(U'3 M(69((% 67( I(M2'52H +"* )-VO 71F484.( 5%. 67(
<185641%3 61 M( 3(5287(. 4% &'%( +,,-> ? !"#$ >C A7( 6245< 81'26 5/2((. 6756 67(
5::4.5E46 :12 (587 3(5287 95225%6 4%812;1256(. 67( :586'5< 5<<(/5641%3 F5.( MH
W(6(864E( Q6(52%3 1: 67( XG0W 4% 3';;126 1: 67( :4236* &'%( "* +,,-* 3(5287
95225%6> ?+ YA @BZVN " @A B,VZ,->C
[H 5 JQ656(F(%6 1: \U;(2643(K* W(6(864E( Q6(52%3 3656(. 6756 7( 75.
M((% 5% XG0W 1::48(2 :12 )! H(523> ?OP"P,- Q(5287 R5225%6 56 ;> ),>C D43
6254%4%/ 5%. (U;(24(%8( 4% 71F484.( 4%E(364/5641%3 4%8<'.(. 67( XG0W
.(6(864E( 38711< 5%. 3(E(25< 824F4%5< 4%E(364/5641% 5%. 71F484.( 81'23(3>
? !"#$ >C D( 75. M((% 4%E1<E(. 4% 5;;21U4F56(<H )!, 71F484.( 4%E(364/5641%* ",
53 <(5. 4%E(364/5612> ? !"#$ >C
A7( 3656(F(%6 1: ;21M5M<( 85'3( 2(846(. M58]/21'%. 4%:12F5641% :21F
67( )-VO 4%E(364/5641% 1: 67( 71F484.(* 4%8<'.4%/ (E4.(%8( 1: 5 E41<(%6
5;;(<<5%6=3 ^5H +V* +,)S ^1641% 61 G'/F(%6 67( Y(812. 1% G;;(5<>
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 76/182
!!
#$%&''() *+$, -.#/&##)0 .01 23(()2$+30 34 $,) 5+$) /.%6 #*.57 8 !" 7 .$ 97 :;7<
=,) >)5%&.%? @AB :CDAB .&$39#? 1)$)%/+0)1 $,.$ -.#/&##)0 1+)1 4%3/ $,%))
'&0 #,3$# .01 %)23E)%)1 $*3 5&(()$# 4%3/ ,)% 531?7 8 !" 7 .$ 97 :A7< F0 G.%2,
HB :CDAB . 5.((+#$+2# .0.(?#+# 2302(&1)1 $,.$ $,) 5&(()$# *)%) 7;D 3% 7;!I 2.(+5)%
.01 J93##+5(?K 4+%)1 4%3/ . L/+$, M N)##30 ,.01'&0 5&$ .(#3 4%3/ 3$,)%
,.01'&0#7 8 !#$" 7< O($,3&', $,) 93(+2) )P./+0)1 0&/)%3&# #	)2$# +0 :CDAB
$,)? /.1) 03 .%%)#$# .01 $,) 2.#) %)/.+0)1 39)07 8 !" 7 .$ 97 :I7<
Q0 R)2)/5)% @SSHB . 23(1 2.#) +0E)#$+'.$+30 1)$)%/+0)1 $,.$ $,) /+03%
RTO 9%34+() 4%3/ $,) 5+$) /.%6 #*.5 2./) 4%3/ -.#/&##)0 .01 $,) /.U3%
9%34+() *.# .(#3 4)/.()7 8 !#$" 7< O4$)% )(+/+0.$+0' .03$,)% 4)/.() #	)2$B $,)
93(+2) 432&#)1 30 .99)((.0$7 8 !" 7 .$ 997 :DV:CB @:7< =,)? +0$)%E+)*)1 -&)$$)0B-.#/&##)0W# %33//.$) 5)43%) -&)$$)0B .01 -.#/&##)0 4.$,)% .01 1)E)(39)1
)E+1)02) $,.$ .99)((.0$ ,.1 E)%5.( .%'&/)0$# *+$, -.#/&##)0 .53&$ -&)$$)07
8 !#$" 7<
=,) 93(+2) .(#3 43&01 )E+1)02) $,.$ +0 :CDH .99)((.0$ ,.1 %)'+#$)%)1 .
7;D 2.(+5)% L/+$, M N)##30 G31)( HC %)E3(E)% .01 %)93%$)1 +$ #$3()0 30
G.%2, :SB :CDA7 8Q17 .$ 997 :CV@S7< F0 G.? @DB @SSCB $,) 93(+2)
#&%%)9$+$+3&#(? %)23E)%)1 . 1%+06+0' 2&9 1+#2.%1)1 5? .99)((.0$ +0 . $%.#, 2.0
.01 %.0 . RTO $)#$7 8 !" 7 .$ 97 @H7< O99)((.0$W# 9%34+() /.$2,)1 $,) /.U3%
9%34+() 4%3/ $,) 5+$) /.%6 #*.57 8 !#$" 7<
X.#)1 30 .(( $,) 43%)'3+0' +043%/.$+30B R)$)2$+E) L$).%0# #$.$)1 $,.$ +0
,+# 39+0+30 .99)((.0$ /&%1)%)1 -.#/&##)07 8 !" 7 .$ 97 @!7< =,) 1)$)2$+E)
344)%)1 $,) 43((3*+0' .E)%/)0$# 34 9%35.5() 2.&#) $3 #).%2, .99)((.0$
%)#+1)02)Y
=,) .44+.0$ J5)(+)E)# $,) *).930 Z&#)1 $3 23//+$ $,) :CDA
,3/+2+1)[ /.? #$+(( 5) +0 $,) 93##)##+30 34 \.].%K 8Q17 .$
97 @!^ H _= ISD7<
=,) .44+.0$ J5)(+)E)# $,.$ $,) (32.$+30# $3 5) #).%2,)1 /.?
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 77/182
!"
$%&'()& *+%'%,-(*+./ &(01./ (22-1..1. (&23%- )&4%-0(')%& '+('
5)66 )21&')47 $8--1&' (&2 4%-01- $%95%-:1-./ 4-)1&2. %-
(..%$)('1. 5+% 0(7 +(;1 :&%5612,1 %4 <1'1$');1 =(>(-8.?.
($');)')1. (&2 (**1(-(&$1 4-%0 '+1 *1-)%2 5+1& '+1 08-21-
%$$8--12 %- %'+1- 0('1-)(6 )&4%-0(')%& -161;(&' '% '+).
)&;1.'),(')%&@A B !"#$ @C
D' ). '+1 (44)(&'?. E%*)&)%& '+(' =(>(-8.?. -16(')%&.+)* 5)'+ F%+&
G81''1& 5(. .),&)4)$(&' '% +1- (&2 '+1 .+1 5(. 1H'-10167 8*.1'
(&2 21;(.'('12 5+1& G81''1& I1$(01 1&,(,12 '% (&2 86')0('167
0(--)12 G(.08..1&@A J+1-14%-1/ )& '+1 (44)(&'?. E%*)&)%&/A K.@
=(>(-8. E0(7 I1 )& *%..1..)%& %4 2)(-)1./ 2()67 L%8-&(6. %- %'+1-
5-)')&, 1H*-1..)&, +1- 4116)&,. '%5(-2. G81''1& (&2 G(.08..1&
(' '+1 ')01 61(2)&, 8* '% (&2 (4'1- '+1 08-21-@A B !$ @ (' **@ M!9
M"N O PJ QRS@C
T**166(&' (''($+12 '+1 *%6)$1 *-%*1-'7 -1*%-'. )21&')47)&, %;1- MRR
)'10. .1)>12 4-%0 (**166(&'?. -1.)21&$1 (&2 =TU< %44)$1 21.:/ 6%$:1-/ (&2
I($: *($:@ BO PJ QVW9QXO@C J+). )&$68212 086')*61 $%0*8'1-./ 161$'-%&)$
.'%-(,1 21;)$1./ 2)(-)1. (&2 $(61&2(-. 2)(-7 5)'+ (**166(&'?. &(01/ (&2 ( 2)(-7
-16('12 '% +1- $+)62?. 4)-.' 4);1 71(-.@ B !"#$ @C
!" $%%&'% ()*%'+ ,'-./"
Y7 +1- 5-)''1& 0%')%&/ (**166(&' (-,812 '+(' )&4%-0(')%& %441-12 '%1.'(I6).+ I1$(8.1 5(. .'(61 (&2 '+1 %*)&)%& %4 '+1 (44)(&' B<1'1$');1 Z'1(-&.C
2)2 &%' *-%;)21 *-%I(I61 '+(' 1;)21&$1 5%862 I1 4%8&2 (' '+1 6%$(')%&. MX
71(-. (4'1- '+1 $-)01@ BO PJ QRW9VX@C J+1 F8&1 V!/ MRRW (&2 F8&1 MW/ MRRW
.1(-$+ 5(--(&'. 51-1 (6.% %;1-I-%(2 )& .11:)&, '% .1(-$+ $%0*8'1-. (&2
161$'-%&)$ .'%-(,1 21;)$1. '+(' 2)2&?' 1H).' (' ')01. -161;(&' '% '+1 $-)01@ BO
PJ QVX9V!@C J+1 ,%%2 4()'+ 1H$1*')%& .1(-$+ 5(--(&'. 46(512 %& '+1)- 4($1@
BO PJ QV!9V"@C
Y7 ( 5-)''1& %**%.)')%&/ '+1 *-%.1$8')%& (-,812 '+(' '+1 .1(-$+ 5(--(&'
(44)2(;)' *-%;)212 *-%I(I61 $(8.1 %4 ( &1H8. I1'511& '+1 6%$(')%&. '% I1
.1(-$+12 (&2 '+1 $-)01@ BO PJ Q"V9"M@C J+1 *-%.1$8')%& &%'12 1;)21&$1 %4
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 78/182
!"
$%%&''$()*+ ,&$'-.+/ $(0 1&23$' 4-(52-()$)6-(+ 76)8 9$+:.++&( 3&5-2& 8&2
0&$)8; <= >? "@!A@@;B ?8& CDE $($'/+6+ 60&()656&0 $%%&''$() $+ $ +.+%&4); <=
>? "@F;B ?8$) &160&(4& 6( 4-:36($)6-( %2-160&0 %2-3$3'& 4$.+& )- +&$248
'-4$)6-(+ G4'-+&'/ 4-((&4)&0 )- )8& 0&5&(0$();H <= >? ""IA"J;B
E+ )- )8& +)$'&(&++ -5 )8& 6(5-2:$)6-(K )8& :$L6+)2$)& 4-.'0 2&'/ -( )8&
$556$() -5564&2*+ &M%&26&(4& $(0 )2$6(6(L )- 56(0 %2-3$3'& 4$.+&; <= >? ""I;B
N&2& '$%+& -5 )6:& 060 (-) 4-()2-' )8& O.&+)6-( -5 +)$'&(&++; <= >? ""P;B ?8&
:$L6+)2$)& 4-.'0 $'+- 4-(+60&2 )8& ($).2& -5 )8& +.+%&4)&0 426:6($' $4)616)/ $(0
%'$4&+ )- 3& +&$248&0; < !"#$ ;B E%%&''$() 8$0 (- 2&$+-( )- 06+4$20 :&:&()-+ -2
2&4-20+ 3&4$.+& +8& 060 (-) 3&4-:& $ +.+%&4) .()6' PIIF; <! >? ""=A"!;B ?8&
+&$248 7$22$()+ 7&2& (-) -1&232-$0 3&4$.+& )8&/ 5-4.+&0 -( $ %$2)64.'$2 426:&$(0 0&+4263&0 )8& &160&(4& +-.L8) 76)8 %$2)64.'$26)/; <= >? ""!A"@K "QJ;B
R6($''/K )8& L--0 5$6)8 &M4&%)6-( $%%'6&0 3&4$.+& $( -5564&2 7-.'0 8$1& (-
2&$+-( )- O.&+)6-( )8& 1$'606)/ -5 )8& +&$248 7$22$()+; <= >? "QPAQS;B
T/ $ 726))&( 2&%'/K $%%&''$() $2L.&0 )8$) %2-3$3'& 4$.+& 060 (-) &M6+)
3&4$.+& $%%&''$() 8$0 (- 4-((&4)6-( )- )8& 2&+60&(4& )- 3& +&$248&0 .()6' &6L8)
/&$2+ $5)&2 )8& 426:&; <! >? "F@AF";B ?8& CDE &160&(4& 060 (-) &+)$3'6+8 $
(&M.+ 3&)7&&( )8& JFQ@ 426:& $(0 )8& '-4$)6-(+ )- 3& +&$248&0 6( PIIF; <! >?
"F"AFQ;B
!" $%& $'()* +,-'./0 1-*(230"
U( V.'/ QK PIJPK $5)&2 2&16&76(L )8& +&$248 7$22$()+K )8& 4-.2) 3&5-2&
)26$' 0&(6&0 )8& :-)6-( )- O.$+8; <P 9? >JAP;B W5 2&$0 6( $ G)&48(64$'H 7$/K
)8& V.(& =K PIIF +&$248 7$22$() G:$/ 8$1& 3&&( -1&232-$0H 3&4$.+& )8&2& 7$+
(-) %2-3$3'& 4$.+& )- +&6X& $(/ 2&4-20+ 52-: JFQ@; < !"#$ ;B Y-7&1&2K )8&2&
7$+ $ G1&2/ +)2-(L %2&5&2&(4& 6( )8& '$7 5-2 +&$248 7$22$()+K )8$) )8&/ +8-.'0
(-) 3& 2&$0 6( $ 8/%&2)&48(64$' 7$/;H <P 9? >SK F;B
W( $006)6-(K )8& 4-.2) 5-.(0 G$:%'& &160&(4& -5 L--0 5$6)8H $(0 G-( )8$)
$'-(& )8&+& 7$22$()+ +8-.'0 3& .%8&'0;H <P 9? >S;B ?8& 0&)&4)61& 7&() G6(
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 79/182
!"
$%%& '()*+, (-& .%/*()-0& ( 1(22(-* '2%3, (- 04502)0-60& 78&$09 : &%-;* <-%1
1+= +0 6(-;* 20>= %- *+(* )' *+0 78&$0 ?()& )* 1(? %<(=9, @A BC DEFG9H C+0
6%82* +(& .?%30 6%-602- (/%8* *+0 6%358*02? IJ /8* : *+)-< *+(* 0K0- *+%?0
1020 6%K020& /= *+0 %2)$)-(> 1(22(-*, (-& .$%%& '()*+ )? 6>0(2>= &03%-?*2(*0&J
(-& : *+)-< 8-&02 *+0 >(1 *+(*;? (>> *+(* +(? *% /0 ?+%1-9, @ !"#$ 9H
C+0 6%82* 206%$-)L0& (- )??80 %' 1+0*+02 *+0 ('')&(K)* 1(? /(?0& %-
?*(>0 )-'%23(*)%-9 @A BC M9H :* ($200& *+(* *+020 1(? -% 0K)&0-60 %' (
6%-*)-8)-$ 62)309 @ !"#$ 9H C+020 1(? (>?% -% 0K)&0-60 *+(* *+0 6%358*02?
04)?*0& (* *+0 *)30 %' *+0 62)309 @A BC D"9H C+0 52%?068*)%- &)& -%* &)?58*0
*+(* (550>>(-* &)& -%* >)K0 (* *+0 20?)&0-60 *% /0 ?0(26+0& 8-*)> 0)$+* =0(2? ('*02
*+0 62)309 @ !"#$ 9H N0K02*+0>0??J *+0 6%82* .58* ( >%* %' 10)$+* %- *+0 $%%& '()*+
04605*)%-9, @A BC D"9H C+0 ('')&(K)* >()& %8* *+0 3%*)K0 '%2 *+0 <)>>)-$ /(?0&
%- (550>>(-*;? )-*020?* )- 6%-*)-8)-$ +02 20>(*)%-?+)5 1)*+ B80**0- (-& >(?*)-$
(''06*)%- '%2 +)39 @A BC DO9H .:* &%0?-;* 20(>>= 3(**02 *+0 5(??($0 %' *)309
:*;? 3%20 )- *+0 -(*820 %' 1+(* =%8;20 >%%<)-$ '%29, @A BC DPQ9H RK)&0-60 %'
382&02 3(= ?*)>> /0 520?0-* =0(2? ('*02 *+0 '(6*9 @A BC DPP9H C+020'%20J )* 1(?
20(?%-(/>0 '%2 *% 6%-6>8&0 *+(* 0K)&0-60 %' *+0 62)30 1%8>& /0 '%8-& (* *+0
>%6(*)%-? *% /0 ?0(26+0&9 @A BC DOJ PP9H
.S0 *28?* %82 6%82*? *% 52%502>= )??80 ?0(26+ 1(22(-*? (-& *% 52%502>=
&0-= 1(22(-*? *+(* (20 )352%502>= ?%8$+*T9U, @A BC DO9H C+0 $%%& '()*+
04605*)%- .*)5? *+0 ?6(>0 '%2 30 %- *+)?9, @ !"#$ 9H .V% :;3 $%)-$ *% &0-= *+0
3%*)%- *% W8(?+9 X= '00>)-$ )? *+(* *+0 $%%& '()*+ 04605*)%- $%K02-? (>> *+0?0
1(22(-*?9, @A BC DPPFPA9H C+0 6%82* 1(? .'2(-<>= 8-6%3'%2*(/>0, 1)*+ *+0
20W80?* '%2 *% ?0(26+ (550>>(-*;? 60>> 5+%-0 (-& 6%358*02? AE =0(2? >(*02
/06(8?0 *+020 1(? -% 20(?%- *% /0>)0K0 *+0= 04)?*0& (* %2 (2%8-& *+0 *)30 %' *+0
62)309 @A BC DPA9H .Y8* )' :;3 $%)-$ *% (6605* *+0 $%%& '()*+ 04605*)%-J *+0-
: *+)-< :;K0 $%* *% ?*(-& 1)*+ *+(*9, @ !"#$ 9H
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 80/182
!"
$%&%'(% )*+'(%, -(.%/ &*0 ),-01&1)-21*' *& 34%24%0 24% )*+02 &*+'/
50*6-6,% )-+(%7 89 :; <=>97? ;4% )*+02 0%(5*'/%/@ AB /*'C2 241'. B 4-D% 2*
E%2 50*6-6,% )-+(% *0 '*27 B 241'. 24-2 12C( -,, F &0-'.,G@ E**/ &-124 %H)%521*'
E*D%0'(7 B /* '*2 &1'/ 24-2 I$%2%)21D%J K2%-0'( 201%/ 2* 5+,, 24% 3**, *D%0 24%
L+/E%C( %G%( 3124 241( 3-00-'2@ -'/ (* B 241'. 24-2 4-D1'E &*+'/ 24% E**/ &-124
%H)%521*' 0%M+10%( N% 2* /%'G G*+0 N*21*'7 B /*'C2 241'. B %D%' 4-D% 2* E* 2*
24% *24%0 1((+%7O 89 :; <>9=>P7?
!" $%&'(&)( *+ ,-./-0"
A;4% (2-'/-0/ *& -55%,,-2% 0%D1%3 *& - 201-, )*+02Q( 0+,1'E *' - N*21*' 2*
(+550%(( 1( 3%,, %(2-6,1(4%/7 R% /%&%0 2* 24% 201-, )*+02Q( &-)2+-, &1'/1'E(@
%H50%(( *0 1N5,1%/@ 34%0% (+55*02%/ 6G (+6(2-'21-, %D1/%')%7 B' /%2%0N1'1'E34%24%0@ *' 24% &-)2( (* &*+'/@ 24% (%-0)4 *0 (%1S+0% 3-( 0%-(*'-6,% +'/%0 24%
T*+024 UN%'/N%'2@ 3% %H%0)1(% *+0 1'/%5%'/%'2 L+/EN%'27O 8 !"#$%" '(
)%*+", 8>""!? >> <-,7V24 P!V@ PW97? R4%24%0 - (%-0)4 3-00-'2 3-( *D%060*-/
1( -,(* A- M+%(21*' *& ,-3 (+6L%)2 2* 1'/%5%'/%'2 0%D1%3 6G 24% -55%,,-2%
)*+027O 8 !"#$%" '( -,*./ 89XXX? 9P <-,7V24 "YZ@ >XV>7?
1" 2*3)%4 56-'(6-'% $%&'(&)(7"
A['/%0 <-,1&*0'1- ,-3@ 1((+%( 0%,-21'E 2* 24% (+550%((1*' *& %D1/%')%
/%01D%/ &0*N 5*,1)% (%-0)4%( -'/ (%1S+0%( N+(2 6% 0%D1%3%/ +'/%0 &%/%0-,
)*'(212+21*'-, (2-'/-0/(7O 8 !"#$%" '( 0#1%"+ 89XXX? 9P <-,7 V24 YZ"@ Y"V7?
A;4% &10(2 ),-+(% *& 24% T*+024 UN%'/N%'2 /%),-0%(\ ];4% 01E42 *& 24%
5%*5,% 2* 6% (%)+0% 1' 24%10 5%0(*'(@ 4*+(%(@ 5-5%0(@ -'/ %&&%)2(@ -E-1'(2
+'0%-(*'-6,% (%-0)4%( -'/ (%1S+0%( (4-,, '*2 6% D1*,-2%/7C B2 1( E%'%0-, -'/
&*061/( %D%0G (%-0)4 24-2 1( +'0%-(*'-6,%^ 12 50*2%)2( -,,@ 24*(% (+(5%)2%/ *0
.'*3' 2* 6% *&&%'/%0( -( 3%,, -( 24% 1''*)%'2@ -'/ +'M+%(21*'-6,G %H2%'/( 2*
24% 50%N1(%( 34%0% 24% (%-0)4 3-( N-/% -'/ 24% 5-5%0( 2-.%'7O 8)#23*,/
45$#,/678 9#( '( :(;( 8>"P>? 9Z9 [7K7 PVV@ P!W=P!Y I!> K7 <27 >!P^ Y! _7 ̀ /7
PYVJ7?
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 81/182
!"
$%&' (')*+, )-./(' ,')-.0'(1 2.+, +* 3.00.+4( (&.-- 5((/'6 7/4 /8*+
80*7.7-' )./('6 (/88*04', 79 :.4& *0 .;;50<.45*+6 .+, 8.045)/-.0-9 ,'()0575+=
4&' 8-.)' 4* 7' ('.0)&',6 .+, 4&' 8'0(*+( *0 4&5+=( 4* 7' ('5>',?@ %&5( 80'A'+4(
4&' 5((/' *; B.00.+4( *+ -**('6 A.=/' *0 ,*/74;/- 7.('( *; ;.)4? C4 '<8&.(5>'(
4&' 8/08*(' 4* 80*4')4 .=.5+(4 .-- ='+'0.- ('.0)&'(? D5+)' 7';*0' 4&' )0'.45*+ *;
*/0 =*A'0+<'+46 (/)& ('.0)&'( &.A' 7''+ ,''<', *7+*E5*/( 4* ;/+,.<'+4.-
805+)58-'( *; -57'049?F G !"#$ ?H
$%&' 28&9(5).- '+409 *; 4&' &*<' 5( 4&' )&5'; 'A5- .=.5+(4 B&5)& 4&'
B*0,5+= *; 4&' I*/04& J<'+,<'+4 5( ,50')4',?@ KL54.45*+?MF G %&'()* ,- ./0
1)23 GNOP"H QQR S?D? RTU6 RPRVRP! K!U W? X,? Y, !UO6 N"" D? L4? NUTNMZ
&44)2$ 5'66) ,- 7*#(/$ 8(&(/9 GY""NH RUU S?D? YT6 Q! KNYN D?L4? Y"UPZ NR"W?X,?Y, OQM?H
$[0*7.7-' )./(' (/;;5)5'+4 ;*0 5((/.+)' *; . B.00.+4 0'\/50'( . (&*B5+=
4&.4 <.]'( 54 ^(/7(4.+45.--9 80*7.7-' 4&.4 4&'0' 5( (8')5;5) 80*8'049 -.B;/--9
(/7_')4 4* ('5>/0' 80'('+4-9 -*).4', 5+ 4&' 8.045)/-.0 8-.)' ;*0 B&5)& 4&'
B.00.+4 5( (*/=&4?^ %&.4 (&*B5+= </(4 .88'.0 5+ 4&' .;;5,.A54 *;;'0', 5+ (/88*04
*; 4&' B.00.+4?F G %/):6/ ,- ;&22#*<()* GY""OH QT L.-?Q4& NQR6 N!N6 )54.45*+(
.+, 5+4'0+.- \/*4.45*+( *<544',?H %&5( 5( 0';'00', 4* .( 4&' $+'E/( '-'<'+4?F
G !66#*)#9 ,- =&(/9 GNOPUH Q!Y S?D? YNU6 YUP KT! W? X,? Y, RYTZ N"U D? L4? YUNTM
K$J B.00.+4 .88-5).45*+ </(4 ,'<*+(40.4' 80*7.7-' )./(' 4* 7'-5'A' 4&.4 `
'+/<'0.4', 'A5,'+)' *; 4&' *;;'+(' B5-- 7' ;*/+, .4 4&' 8-.)' 4* 7' ('.0)&', VV
4&' (*V).--', ^+'E/(^ '-'<'+4?@FM?H
$2[0*7.7-' )./(' ,'8'+,( *+ 5+;*0<.45*+ ]+*B+ 4* 4&' 8*-5)' .4 4&'
45<'6 +*4 *+ &*B 4&5+=( 4/0+ */4?@ KL54.45*+?MF G >)6#*& /? 2/6- >)6#*& ,-
;)):/2 GT4& L50? Y""UH UYR I?U, O!U6 OTN?H $J+9 5,'. 4&.4 . ('.0)& ).+ 7'
_/(45;5', 79 B&.4 54 4/0+( /8 B.( -*+= .=* 0'_')4', 5+ */0 )*+(454/45*+.-
_/05(80/,'+)'? ̂J ('.0)& 80*(')/4', 5+ A5*-.45*+ *; 4&' L*+(454/45*+ 5( +*4 <.,'
-.B;/- 79 B&.4 54 705+=( 4* -5=&4?@F G @AB:/2 ,- .)2(C ;&2)6#*& GNO!PH UON
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 82/182
!"
$%&% '()* '(+* ,-% ". /++ &% 01% "2++3 4. 5% 67% 47 2829* :;1<1;=-> =?;11@7%A
B> < ?<11@C =, 7D@ EC=:@>> F$%&% 0=->1% "(1G
B?@-7%A* <HH @I;7@-:@
=J1<;-@7 ;- I;=H<1;=- =, 1G@ K=DC1G B?@-7?@-1 ?D>1 J@ @L:HD7@7 ,C=? <
>DJ>@MD@-1 :C;?;-<H EC=>@:D1;=-% F !"## %& '()* F"8!"A )!2 $%&% !()* !'' /+"
&%01% "!+(3 ! 5%67%47 ".+"9%A
!" $%& '()*+,-./*( '( $%& 0))/1-2/. 3-4 $** 5.-6& $* 7+*2/1&
7+*8-86& 9-:4& $* 5&-+;% 0<<&66-(.=4 >&4/1&(;& 0(1
7+*<&+.? @A B&-+4 0).&+ $%& 9+/,&"
N&1<H@ ;-,=C?<1;=- ;- < >@<C:G O<CC<-1 <,,;7<I;1 7=@> -=1 @>1<JH;>G
EC@>@-1 EC=J<JH@ :<D>@ ,=C < >@<C:G%P F +,*#-, %& .)/"0" F4..8A "2'
0<H%BEE%(1G "(88* "'.(%A NB> < Q@-@C<H CDH@* ;-,=C?<1;=- ;> >1<H@* <-7 G@-:@
D-O=C1GR =, O@;QG1 ;- 1G@ ?<Q;>1C<1@S> :=->;7@C<1;=- =, <- <,,;7<I;1* D-H@>> 1G@
;-,=C?<1;=- :=->;>1> =, T,<:1> >= :H=>@HR C@H<1@7 1= 1G@ 1;?@ =, 1G@ ;>>D@ =, 1G@
O<CC<-1 <> 1= UD>1;,R < ,;-7;-Q =, EC=J<JH@ :<D>@ <1 1G<1 1;?@%VP F 1-,2"34,/ %&
56#,/)*/ 7*6/0 F"82)A 8 0<H%)7 )+2* )8)* MD=1;-Q 589' %& :3)0,4 50"0,;
F"8)4A 4+2 $%&% 4.!* 4". /22 5% 67% 4!.* 4!)* ') &% 01% ")+93 "<<*/4 :3)0,4
50"0,; %& 8/"30 F81G
0;C% 4."4A !+4 K%)C7 +42* +)'* :;1<1;=-> <-7 ;-1@C-<H
MD=1<1;=-> =?;11@7%A %ANTBH1G=DQG 1G@C@ ;> -= JC;QG1 H;-@ CDH@ ;-7;:<1;-Q OG@- ;-,=C?<1;=-
J@:=?@> >1<H@ %%%* 7@H<R> =, ?=C@ 1G<- ,=DC O@@W> <C@ Q@-@C<HHR :=->;7@C@7
;->D,,;:;@-1 1= 7@?=->1C<1@ EC@>@-1 EC=J<JH@ :<D>@%VP F +,*#-, %& .)/"0"= ;6#/"=
"2' 0<H%BEE%(1G <1 E% "'.(* MD=1;-Q +,*#-, %& .6--"34 F4..)A "". 0<H%BEE%(1G
"!(!* "!'43 "<<*/4 .,>-,/ %& 56#,/)*/ 7*6/0 F"82'A (( 0<H%BEE%)7 ().* ()(
/NX- 1G@ <J>@-:@ =, =1G@C ;-7;:<1;=->* 7@H<R> @L:@@7;-Q ,=DC O@@W> <C@
D-;,=C?HR :=->;7@C@7 ;->D,,;:;@-1 1= >G=O EC@>@-1 EC=J<JH@ :<D>@ /0;1<1;=-9%PA
YGD>* N< 7@H<R =, )( 7<R> J@1O@@- < :=-1C=HH@7 ><H@ =, G@C=;- <-7 1G@
=,,;:@CS> <,,;7<I;1 ,=C 1G@ >@<C:G O<CC<-1 G<> J@@- G@H7 ;->D,,;:;@-1 1= @>1<JH;>G
EC@>@-1 EC=J<JH@ :<D>@%P F +,*#-, %& .6--"34= ;6#/"= "". 0<H%BEE%(1G <1 E%
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 83/182
!"
$!%"&' ()*)+,-+./ !"#$%" '( )*+,-,. /0$+,. 01+2 30,3 4301 ,55)2,6)3 )758-*,3)87
9,: :3,+1; 9017 301 <8+)=1 2)2 783 :11> , 9,--,73 ?73)+ @" 2,.: ,531- 301
215172,73 =8*<+1312 , 2-?A 3-,7:,=3)87& 4B87:1C?173+./ 301-1 9,: 78 =?--173
)758-*,3)87 38 1:3,D+):0 <-1:173 <-8D,D+1 =,?:1&; E !"#$%" '( )*+,-,. $F%
B,+&G<<&H30 ,3 <& $%IH&'
J758-*,3)87 *,. D1 3)*1+. 9017 301 <8+)=1 +,31- -1=1)61 -1+),D+1
)758-*,3)87 30,3 16)217=1 =873)7?1: 38 D1 +8=,312 ,3 301 <-1*):1:& E !"#$%" '(
1"/, E$KF%' $H B,+&L2 H!!/ HFI&' G A,< 85 398 911>: )7 301 16)217=1
=8771=3)7A , -1:)217=1 38 , =-)*1 *,. ,+:8 D1 ,==1<3,D+1& E23*-"4 5-,-"/ '(
),++*/ E$KF$' HIL M&(& %FL/ %FK N"K O&P2&"2 F"L/ FL$/ K$ (&B3& "IF%Q NR01
*,A):3-,31 -1,:87,D+. =87=+?212 30,3 ,7 )758-*,73S: :3,31*173 30,3 01 <?-=0,:12 )++)=)3 90):>1. TU9)30)7 301 <,:3 398 911>:UT :?<<8-312 ,7 )751-17=1
30,3 =873-,D,72 98?+2 :3)++ D1 <-1:173&Q&'
R01 3-),+ =8?-3 78312 16)217=1 30,3 ,<<1++,73 )7 $K@%V$K@! 9,: W1,+8?:
85 X,:*?::17 ,72 0,2 ,7 )731-1:3 )7 =873)7?)7A 01- -1+,3)87:0)< 9)30 X?13317&H
E" XR BK/ $$&' Y89161-/ 30,3 16)217=1 2)2 783 ,+31- 301 5,=3 30,3 ,<<1++,73 2)2
783 -1:)21 ,3 301 -1:)217=1 38 D1 :1,-=012 ?73)+ 1)A03 .1,-: ,531- 301 =-)*1/ 8-
30,3 301 =8*<?31-: ,72 8301- 1+1=3-87)= 216)=1: 2)2 783 1Z):3 ,-8?72 301 3)*1 85
301 =-)*1& E% BR FK!VK@[ " XR B@&'
G<<1++,73 2)2 783 30,3 301 \]G 16)217=1 <-86)212 <-8D,D+1 =,?:1 38
,--1:3 01- 58- 301 08*)=)21& EH BR FIK&' Y89161-/ 4N*Q1-1 16)217=1 85 ,
:?:<1=3U: A?)+3 <-86)21: 78 =,?:1 38 :1,-=0 0): -1:)217=1&; E !"#$%" '( 6#37,%"7
E$KKI' %$ B,+&L2 $$FK/ $"I!&' R01 458=?: 87 301 =8**)::)87 85 , =-)*1 8- 301
A?)+3 85 301 ,==?:12/ 90)+1 ,<<-8<-),31 ,: , :3,72,-2 58- <-8D,D+1 =,?:1 38 )::?1
,7 ,++"/- 9,--,73/ 215+1=3: 301 *,A):3-,31U: ,33173)87 5-8* 301 <-1=):1 C?1:3)87
01 *?:3 21=)21 )7 -?+)7A 87 ,7 ,<<+)=,3)87 58- , :1,-=0 9,--,73& ^8- 30,3
HG<<1++,73 2):<?312 301 +,331- )7 301 *83)87 38 3-,61-:1& E(11 (1=3)87 JJJ&/
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 84/182
!"
$%&$'() *+) ,'&) -$$&'$&.-*) (*-/0-&0 '1 $&'2-23) 4-%() .( 5+)*+)& *+)
-11.0-6.* (*-*)( 1-4*( *+-* ,-7) .* (%2(*-/*.-338 $&'2-23) *+-* *+)&) .( ($)4.1.4
$&'$)&*8 3-51%338 (%29)4* *' ().:%&) $&)()/*38 3'4-*)0 ./ *+) $-&*.4%3-& $3-4) 1'&
5+.4+ *+) 5-&&-/* .( ('%;+*< =>.*-*.'/(<?@ A !"#$%" '( )##* ABCDEF GG >-3<"0
!DH !IH 1/< !<F
JKL /%,2)& '1 >-3.1'&/.- 4-()( +-6) &)4';/.:)0 *+-* 1&', *+) /-*%&) '1
*+) 4&.,)( -/0 *+) .*),( ('%;+*H - ,-;.(*&-*) 4-/ &)-('/-238 4'/43%0) *+-* -
(%($)4*M( &)(.0)/4) .( - 3';.4-3 $3-4) *' 3''7 1'& ($)4.1.4 ./4&.,./-*./; .*),(<
=>.*-*.'/(<?N@ A !"#$%" '( +#,-.%"-/ 01$2./ OB >-3<"0 -* $< BGP!<F Q'5)6)&H
*+-* $&./4.$3) -$$3.)( 5+)&) *+)&) .( )6.0)/4) *+-* *+) (%($)4* 4'/*./%)0 *' %()
+.( &)(.0)/4) 1'& - 4&.,./-3 $%&$'()< A 3456 < =R+) $'3.4) 4'&&'2'&-*)0 -/./1'&,-/*N( (*-*),)/* *+-* *+) 0)1)/0-/* 4'/*)/0)0 *' ()33 +)&'./ JK 72#8 950
2"056",:" 5, ;. !1",<"<N AS*-3.4( -00)0<F@?<F Q)&)H *+) *&.-3 4'%&* $&'$)&38
&)4';/.:)0 *+-* *+)&) 5-( /' )6.0)/4) '1 4'/*./%./; 4&.,./-3 -4*.6.*8 ./
-$$)33-/*N( 4-()< AG TR >!<F
L3*)&/-*.6)38H - 3-$() '1 *.,) 2)*5))/ - 4&.,) -/0 - ()-&4+ .( /'*
0.($'(.*.6) J5+)/ *+)&) .( &)-('/ *' 2)3.)6) U *+-* )6.0)/4) '1 4&.,./-3.*8
&),-./( '/ *+) $&),.()(<@ A !"#$%" '( ).225,=<#,/ 01$2./ ID >-3<I*+ -* $< B!I
AJ).225,=<#,@<F Q'5)6)&H ).225,=<#, (+'5( 5+8 $&'2-23) 4-%() 5-( 3-47./;
./ *+.( 4-()<
S/ ).225,=<#,/ *+) -11.0-6.* $&'6.0)0 )6.0)/4) *+-* ./ V-/%-&8 BCCGH *+)
0)1)/0-/* +-0 (*'3)/ 4+)47( 1&', 5+)&) (+) 1'&,)&38 $&'6.0)0 9-/.*'&.-3
()&6.4)(H ./43%0./; JW3-47-&0 X)(.;/(@ -/0 JYXY Z/*)&$&.()(<@ A 36 < -* $$<
B!B[!G<F \/ ]-&4+ B!H BCCG *+) $'3.4) -&&)(*)0 -/ -44',$3.4) 5+' *+)/ ,-0)
- $&)*)^* 4-33 *' *+) 0)1)/0-/* J0%&./; 5+.4+ 0)1)/0-/* -0,.**)0 (+) +-0 (*'3)/
*+) W3-47-&0 X)(.;/( 4+)47< \/ ]-&4+ BCH BCCGH -/ '11.4)& ($'7) 5.*+
2)3'5<F
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 85/182
!"
$%&%'$(')*+ &,-.%- %./0,1%- 23, -%/,-)%$ )3()4 (+ /(-) ,& 3%- %./0,1.%')4
$%&%'$(') 3($ ( .(+)%- 5%1 ), 6 780(95(-$ :%+;<'+=4 ('$ ;) 2(+ /,++;>0% +3%
3($ $?/0;9()%$ )3() 5%1@ A+ ,& B(-93 CD4 EFFC4 )3% 93%95+ +),0%' &-,. G:G
H')%-/-;+%+ +);00 2%-% ,?)+)('$;'< ('$ ', ())%./) 3($ >%%' .($% ), 9(+3
)3%.@I J !" @ () /@ E!C4 &,,)',)% ,.;))%$@K
L'$%- )3%+% 9;-9?.+)('9%+4 M&(9)+ +)()%$ ;' )3% (&&;$(N;) %+)(>0;+3%$ (
&(;- /-,>(>;0;)1 )3() )3% /,0;9% 2,?0$ &;'$ %N;$%'9% &-,. )3% >?-<0(-;%+ ;'
$%&%'$(')*+ -%+;$%'9%@ 6 O3%' /-,/%-)1 3(+ >%%' +),0%' >1 ( $%&%'$(') ('$
3(+ ',) 1%) >%%' -%9,N%-%$4 ( &(;- /-,>(>;0;)1 %P;+)+ )3() )3% /-,/%-)1 2;00 >%
&,?'$ () )3% $%&%'$(')*+ 3,.%@ 7Q;)();,'+@=I J !" @ () /@ E!R@K
S%-%4 (//%00(') $;$ ',) 0;N% ;' )3% -%+;$%'9% ), >% +%(-93%$ ?');0 %;<3)1%(-+ (&)%- )3% 9-;.%@ JT QU VF!WFVX C YU QZ@K A//%00(') .($% ', ($.;++;,'+
+3,2;'< )3() +3% 2,?0$ +);00 3(N% %N;$%'9% ,& )3% 9-;.% () 3%- -%+;$%'9%@ G,
;'&,-.(') ,- ,)3%- 2;)'%++ 9,''%9)%$ 3%- 9?--%') -%+;$%'9% ,- %0%9)-,';9
$%N;9%+ ), )3% 9-;.%@
A+ ), )3% ;)%.+ +),0%'4 )3% /,0;9% -%9,N%-%$ Y(+.?++%'[+ 2(00%) ,'
\%>-?(-1 CT4 EFZ!@ J!]"]DF ^%(-93 O(--(') () /@ ET@K _' B(-93 V4 EFZ!4 )3%1
-%9,N%-%$ 3%- 8BO ;')(9) 2;)3 )3% 5%1 ;' ;)+ ;<';);,'@ J !" @ () /@ E!@K
A99,-$;'<014 )3%-% 2(+ ', &(9)?(0 >(+;+ ), ;'&%- )3() /-,/%-)1 )(5%' &-,. )3%
+9%'% 2,?0$ >% () (//%00(')[+ -%+;$%'9%@
U3% (&&;$(N;) (0+, /-%+%')%$ &;-%(-. %N;$%'9%@ `' B(-93 EFZ!4 (
>(00;+);9+ ('(01+;+ ,& )2, >?00%)+ -%9,N%-%$ &-,. Y(+.?++%' 9,'90?$%$ )3()
)3%1 2%-% %;)3%- @RZ ,- @RTV 9(0;>%- ('$ M/,++;>01I &;-%$ &-,. ( ^.;)3 a
O%++,' 3('$<?' >?) (0+, 9,?0$ 3(N% >%%' &;-%$ &-,. .?0);/0% ,)3%- 3('$<?'+@
J!]"]DF ^%(-93 O(--(') () /@ E!@K _' B(-93 ED4 EFZ!4 (>,?) )2, 2%%5+ (&)%-
)3% 3,.;9;$%4 (//%00(') -%/,-)%$ )3() 3%-@RZ 9(0;>%- ̂ .;)3 a O%++,' -%N,0N%-
3($ >%%' +),0%' &-,. 3%- N%3;90%@ J !" @ () //@ EFWCD@K U3() 3('$<?' 2(+ '%N%-
-%9,N%-%$@ J !" @ () /@ EF@K :%)%9);N% ^)%(-'+ ,/;'%$ )3() -%N,0N%- M.(1 +);00 >%
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 86/182
!"
$% &'( )*++(++$*% *, -./.01+23 4 !" 2 .& )2 5"26
7*8(9(0: .))(;;.%& )10<'.+(= . 0();.<(>(%& 2?@ <.;$A(0 B>$&' C
D(++*% 0(9*;9(0 *% E.0<' FG: FG@!2 4 !" 2 .& )2 5H26 E*0(*9(0: &'( =(&(<&$9(
$=(%&$,$(= %* ,.<&1.; <*%%(<&$*% A(&8((% &'( '.%=I1% 0()*0& +&*;(% $% E.0<'
FG@! .%= .))(;;.%&J+ 0(+$=(%<( $% K1%( 5HHG2 4 !#$" 26 L'( M$%&' N$0<1$&
0(<(%&;O .==0(++(= . A(;.&(= +(.0<' ,*0 . '.%=I1% .%= ,*1%= $& 1%;.8,1;2
P% %&$'(" *'+'(, -. /0+&' 4G&'
N$02 5HF56 !@5 Q2?0= @5R: =(&(<&$9(+ ;.&(
$% S1I1+& 5HHG *A&.$%(= . 8.00.%& &* +(.0<' =(,(%=.%& T0.%&U+ '*>( V&*
0(<*9(0: .>*%I *&'(0 (9$=(%<(: . ,$0(.0> 1+(= $% . '*>$<$=( &'.& '.= *<<100(=
%(.0;O %$%( >*%&'+ (.0;$(0 W*% K.%1.0O 5: 5HHGX23 4 !" 2 .& )2 @5@26 L'(
V+(.0<'$%I *,,$<(0+ &10%(= 1) %*&'$%I )(0&$%(%& &* &'( '*>$<$=(2 Y1&: &'(O =$=,$%= &8* ,$0(.0>+ .%= .>>1%$&$*% A(;*%I$%I &* T0.%&23 4 !#$" 26 L'(
I*9(0%>(%& &'(% <'.0I(= T0.%& 8$&' A($%I . ,(;*% $% )*++(++$*% *, ,$0(.0>+
.%= .>>1%$&$*% $% 9$*;.&$*% *, F@ Z2B2N2 [ G554I64F62 4 !#$" 26
T0.%& >*9(= &* +1))0(++ &'( ,$0(.0>+ (9$=(%<( .+ &'( ,01$& *, .% $;;(I.;
+(.0<': >.$%&.$%$%I &'.& &'(0( 8.+ %* )0*A.A;( <.1+( &* +(.0<' '$+ 0(+$=(%<(
,*0 &'( >10=(0 8(.)*%2 4 !#$" 26 L'( =$+&0$<& <*10& =(%$(= &'( >*&$*% A1& &'(
M$%&' N$0<1$& 0(9(0+(=2 L'( .,,$=.9$& )0*9$=(= (9$=(%<( <*%%(<&$%I T0.%&J+
&8* +*%+ 4\.9*%&( .%= K.>(+6 &* &'( >10=(0 .%= &0.<]$%I &'(> &* 8'(0( T0.%&
0(+$=(= $% S=(;.%&*: N.;$,*0%$.2 4 !" 2 .& )2 @?F26 7*8(9(0: V\.9*%&( 8.+
$%<.0<(0.&(= ,0*> ;.&( S)0$; W5HHGX &'0*1I' &'( &$>( *, &'( +(.0<' $% S1I1+&
W5HHGX23 4 !" 2 .& )2 @??26 K.>(+ ;.+& 9$+$&(= T0.%& $% K1%( 5HHG2 4PA$=26
VL'( +$^_>*%&' I.) A(&8((% &'( '*>$<$=( .%= K.>(+U+ 9$+$& &* T0.%&U+
'*1+( 1%=(0>$%(+ .%O $%,(0(%<( &'.& $, K.>(+ '.= A((% $%9*;9(= $% &'(
'*>$<$=(: '( >.$%&.$%(= )*++(++$*% *, &'( I1% =10$%I &'( (%&$0( )(0$*=
.,&(08.0= .%= 1;&$>.&(;O A0*1I'& $& &* T0.%&U+ 0(+$=(%<(2 B$>$;.0;O: ` W&X'(
&$>( ;.)+( A(&8((% \.9*%&(U+ $%<.0<(0.&$*% .%= K.>(+U+ 9$+$& &* S=(;.%&* .;+*
1%=(0>$%(+ .% $%,(0(%<( &'.& K.>(+ ]()& &'( I1% 1%&$; '$+ &0$) &* T0.%&U+ '*>(2
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 87/182
!!
#$% &''()(*+&, )-*.&+'.&.$&,/.0*+)$ 1&2 3%)-%%+ 4&0%565 7(5() &+' )$% 5%&89$
/:8)$%8 '(0(+(5$%5 )$% ,(;%,($**' )$&) )$% 1:+ -&5 5)(,, (+ )$% $*:5% -$%+ )$%
5%&89$ *99:88%'< %7%+ (/ () $&' 3%%+ )$%8% %&8,(%8=> ? !" = &) 2= &) @AB=C
D*8%*7%8< )$% &//('&7() 28*7('%' E+* %7('%+9% */ & F9*+)(+:(+1 2&))%8+G
*8 F*)$%8 1**' 8%&5*+5<G H#$%&'" )&*&'+ ,- .*/0 ?I)$ J(8= KIILC KKI M=A' LNO<
LN!P< )* 5:22*8) &+ (+/%8%+9% )$&) & 0:8'%8 -%&2*+ 38*:1$) (+)* Q8&+)65 $*0%
(+ %&8,R 4:+% -*:,' 8%0&(+ )$%8% :+)(, )$% %+' */ S:1:5)= T:9$ &+ (+/%8%+9% (5
%52%9(&,,R :+,(;%,R 1(7%+ )$% %&5% */ 1%))(+1 8(' */ & 1:+ 5*:1$) 3R )$% 2*,(9%
(+ & $*0(9('% (+7%5)(1&)(*+< &+' )$% 5)8*+1 (+9%+)(7% )* '* 5*..-$%)$%8 3R
)*55(+1 () (+)* & 8(7%8< )$8*-(+1 () (+)* & )8&5$ 9&+< *8 '(52*5(+1 */ () (+ *+% */ &
0(,,(*+ *)$%8 2,&9%5=> ? !" = &) 2= @AB=C EU+ 5:0< )$% &//('&7() '*%5 +*) %5)&3,(5$& F/&(8 28*3&3(,()RG )$&) )$% 1:+ *8 &00:+()(*+ /8*0 )$% $*0(9('% -*:,' 3% (+
Q8&+)65 $*0% +%&8,R +(+% 0*+)$5 &/)%8 )$% 0:8'%8=> ? !" = &) 2= @AB< 9()&)(*+
*0())%'=C
#$%8% (5 %7%+ ,%55 8%&5*+ )* 3%,(%7% )$&) & $&+'1:+ &22%,,&+) 8%2*8)%'
5)*,%+ (+ D&89$ KI@! -*:,' 3% /*:+' (+ &22%,,&+)G5 8%5('%+9% (+ 4:+% OVVI=
M*8 &,, )$%5% 8%&5*+5< )$% /&9):&, &7%80%+)5 (+ )$% &//('&7() /&(,%' )* %5)&3,(5$
)$% E+%W:5 %,%0%+)> +%9%55&8R )* :2$*,' )$% 5%&89$= ? !11%$2%+ ,- 3*&'+4 +567*4
N!O X=T= &) 2= OA@=C
!" $%&%'&()% *&%+,-. /0(-(1- 21345 61& *37.&(&3&% !1, &8%
97.%-'% /: !+'&. 21--%'&(-; 900%44+-&<. 23,,%-&
=%.(5%-'% 9-5 >4%'&,1-(' $%)('%. ?1 ?8% @ABC 2,(D%"
Y&5%' *+ $(5 %W2%8(%+9% &+' )8&(+(+1< Z%)%9)(7% T)%&8+5 *//%8%' $(5
*2(+(*+ )$&) (+ 4:+% OVVI &22%,,&+)G5 8%5('%+9% &+' 28*2%8)R E0&R> 9*+)&(+
%7('%+9% */ )$% 98(0%= ?![N[VI T%&89$ \&88&+) &) 22= OB.O!] N J# LV@=C S+
*//(9%865 )8&(+(+1 &+' %W2%8(%+9% 0&R 3% 9*+5('%8%' (+ '%)%80(+(+1 28*3&3,%
9&:5%= ?8'9*+ ,- :72;$ ?KI@AC N!V X=T= LAV< LNO.NA HLB ̂ = _'= O' BVO] KVA T=
J)= KBABP=C
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 88/182
!"
$%&'(')* +,- ./00%- 1231-,-2-' 4%) -5' 6/.7 %4 '(,8'0-,/)9 0':21 ,0 -5,1
./1'* ;),%) -% -5' 1'/).5* 3'-&''0 -5'< ;6/.' -% 3' 1'/).5'8 +/08 /09 .),=,0/6
/.-,(,-9> ? @% 4,08 %-5')&,1' &%268 3' -% ,0(,-' A'0')/6 &/))/0-1 /2-5%),B,0A
1'/).5'1 %4 !"# ;)%;')-9 %&0'8* )'0-'8* %) %-5')&,1' 21'8 39 / .),=,0/6
121;'.- CC D21- -5' -9;' %4 3)%/8 &/))/0- -5' $%&'() +,-".,-"( &/1 8'1,A0'8
-% 4%)'.6%1'>< E/"0(-. 1(!(-2 34 15)&6(7 E!-5 F,)> GHHIJ GI K>L8 GMHL* GMH"CHN>J
+@5' =/A,1-)/-' =21- 3' ;)'1'0-'8 4/.-1 /08 0%- .%0.621%)9 1-/-'='0-1 ,4 5' ,1
-% ;')4%)= 5,1 8'-/.5'8 420.-,%0 /08 0%- 3'.%=' / )233') 1-/=; 4%) -5'
;%6,.'>< E 8-%96- 34 8-66-:'0" EGH""J "N F/6>O;;>L8 HGL* HG!>J
O..%)8,0A69* / +.%0.621%)9 1-/-'='0-< -5/- '(,8'0.' &,66 3' 4%208 /- /
6%./-,%0 +,1 ,01244,.,'0- -% '1-/36,15 -5' 1244,.,'0- 0':21 3'-&''0 -5' ? P-5''(,8'0.' 1%2A5-Q /08 -5' 8'4'08/0-R1 )'1,8'0.'>< E/"0(-. 1(!(-2 34
;0,,-',!" EL)8 F,)> SMMSJ S"" K>L8 IS!* ILS>J +T')' /44,)=/0.' %4 3'6,'4 %)
121;,.,%0 ,1 0%- '0%2A5>< E <!()!"2%" 34 /"0(-. 1(!(-2 EGHLLJ SHM U>V> IG* I"
P"N W>X8> GYHZ YI V>F-> GGQZ !55%'. /"0(-. 1(!(-2 34 =!''02> 2&9'!> IML U>V> /-
;> Y"NZ /"0(-. 1(!(-2 34 ?)%,!2 EH-5
F,)> SMMMJ SGG K>L8 GGN!* GGHS P+O 520.5
? ,1 0%- / 1231-,-2-' 4%) -5' 0'.'11/)9 1;'.,4,.* /)-,.26/36' 4/.-1 )'[2,)'8 -%
D21-,49 / K%2)-5 O='08='0- ,0-)21,%0><Q>J
F/6,4%)0,/ .%2)-1 5/(' )'/.5'8 -5' 1/=' .%0.621,%0> K%) ':/=;6'* ,0
8-%96- 34 8'-22-# ESMMSJ GMS F/6>O;;>I-5 GG"N* %44,.')1 ;266'8 -5' 8'4'08/0-
%(') &5'0 -5'9 1/& 5,= 8),(,0A '))/-,./669> @5'9 4%208 ='-5/=;5'-/=,0' %0
5,1 ;')1%0 /08 / =/),D2/0/ .,A/)'--' ,0 -5' ./)\1 /15-)/9> E @. > /- ;> GGNG>J
@&% 5%2)1 6/-')* -5'9 %3-/,0'8 +/ &/))/0- -% 1'/).5 /;;'66/0-\1
)'1,8'0.' 4%) ='-5/=;5'-/=,0'* =/),D2/0/* /08 ;)%;')-9 /11%.,/-'8 &,-5 -5',)
21'> P]44,.')Q F/=;/A0/ ,08,./-'8 ,0 5,1 /44,8/(,- -5/- 5' 5/8 3''0 / ;%6,.'
%44,.') 4%) 4,(' 9'/)1* /08 5/8 &%)7'8 -5' 6/1- -&% /08 %0'C5/64 9'/)1 /1 /0
208').%(') 0/).%-,.1 /A'0-> $' 8'1.),3'8 5,1 8)2A '04%).'='0- -)/,0,0A /08
':;'),'0.'* /08 1-/-'8^ ? _`- 5/1 3''0 =9 -)/,0,0A /08 ':;'),'0.' -5/- 21')1 %4
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 89/182
!"
$%&'(%))*+ ,-.,'/&$*, /&+ &/($%'0$, 10)) 2**3 /++0'0%&/) 4-/&'0'0*, %5
$%&'(%))*+ ,-.,'/&$*, /&+ &/($%'0$, /' '6*0( (*,0+*&$* 0& /++0'0%& '% 16/' '6*7
$/((7 %& '6*0( 3*(,%&8, 9 !"#: 160)* /1/7 5(%; '6*0( (*,0+*&$*<=> ? $% < /' 33<
@@"@A"B<C D ,*/($6 $%&+-$'*+ '6* ,/;* +/7 70*)+*+ E;*'6/;36*'/;0&* /&+
;/(0F-/&/ /&+ G/(0%-, 0'*;, %5 +(-H 3/(/36*(&/)0/<> ? $% < /' 3< @@"B<C
I6* J-3*(0%( K%-(' (*F*$'*+ '6* +*5*&+/&'=, /(H-;*&' '6/' E'6/' '6*
1/((/&' /550+/G0' +0+ &%' *,'/.)0,6 3(%./.)* $/-,*> ?"% < /' 3< @@"BC .-' '6*
K%-(' %5 D33*/) (*G*(,*+L E1* $%&$)-+* '6/' 3(%./.)* $/-,* '% ,*/($6 '6*
(*,0+*&$* %5 ,%;*%&* ,-,3*$'*+ %5 -,0&H 0))*H/) +(-H, (*4-0(*, ;%(* '6/& /&
%30&0%& %( 0&5*(*&$*M /G/0)/.)* 0& *G*(7 $/,*M '6/' +(-H, /(* )02*)7 '% .*
3(*,*&'<> ? $% < /' 3< @@NO<CP%( '6* ,/;* (*/,%&,M Q*'*$'0G* J'*/(&,= %30&0%& ./,*+ %& 60, '(/0&0&H
/&+ *R3*(0*&$* '6/' *G0+*&$* %5 ;-(+*( 1%-)+ .* 5%-&+ /' /33*))/&'=,
(*,0+*&$* .*$/-,* ,6* 1/, / ,-,3*$' $%-)+ &%' ,-.,'0'-'* 5%( '6* /.,*&$* %5
,3*$050$ /&+ /('0$-)/.)* 5/$', $%&&*$'0&H 6*( (*,0+*&$*M $%;3-'*(,M &'#<M '% '6*
$(0;* $%;;0''*+ BS 7*/(, .*5%(*<
!" $%& '&()*% +())(,- +(. /0.1 23&)4)1(5 6, '&&78,9 $1
'&()*% /00 2: /;;&00(,-<. =1>;?-&). +8-%1?- @385&,*&$%(- $%&A @B8.-&5 /- $8>&. C&0&3(,- $1 $%& =)8>&"
EI6* T/((/&' K)/-,* %5 '6* P%-('6 D;*&+;*&' $/'*H%(0$/))7 3(%60.0',
'6* 0,,-/&$* %5 /&7 1/((/&' *R$*3' %&* U3/('0$-)/()7 +*,$(0.0&H '6* 3)/$* '% .*
,*/($6*+ /&+ '6* 3*(,%&, %( '60&H, '% .* ,*0V*+<= I6* ;/&05*,' 3-(3%,* %5 '60,
3/('0$-)/(0'7 (*4-0(*;*&' 1/, '% 3(*G*&' H*&*(/) ,*/($6*,< W7 )0;0'0&H '6*
/-'6%(0V/'0%& '% ,*/($6 '% '6* ,3*$050$ /(*/, /&+ '60&H, 5%( 160$6 '6*(* 0,
3(%./.)* $/-,* '% ,*/($6M '6* (*4-0(*;*&' *&,-(*, '6/' '6* ,*/($6 10)) .*
$/(*5-))7 '/0)%(*+ '% 0', F-,'050$/'0%&,M /&+ 10)) &%' '/2* %& '6* $6/(/$'*( %5 '6*
10+*A(/&H0&H *R3)%(/'%(7 ,*/($6*, '6* P(/;*(, 0&'*&+*+ '% 3(%60.0'<>
? ()*+,)-% /0 1)**"!2- ?@N"XC Y"O Z<J< XNM "Y 9@OX J<K'< @O@S[ NY \<]+<B+
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 90/182
!"
$%&'(
)*+ ,-./0 1234+ 5/6 7289:;<:-,/=0+> 5.,* ,*+ -+?2+6, ,: 6+/-9*
/@@+00/8,A6 9:;@2,+-6 /83 :,*+- +0+9,-:8.9 6,:-/4+ 3+B.9+6 5.,*:2, +B.3+89+
,*/, ,*+C +D.6,+3 /, :- /-:283 ,*+ ,.;+ :< ,*+ 9-.;+' E% F) GH%'( I:5+B+-J .,
9:89023+3 ,*/, 7.< KA; 4:.84 ,: /99+@, ,*+ 4::3 </.,* +D9+@,.:8J ,*+8 K ,*.8L
KAB+ 4:, ,: 6,/83 5.,* ,*/,'> E !"#$ '( M6 +D@0/.8+3 =+0:5J / 6+/-9* =/6+3 :8 /
</9./00C :B+-=-:/3 6+/-9* 5/--/8, .6 8:, 6/B+3 =C ,*+ 4::3 </.,* +D9+@,.:8 ,:
,*+ +D9026.:8/-C -20+'
I+-+J /@@+00/8, +;@*/6.N+6 ,*/, ,: 6/,.6<C ,*+ @/-,.920/-.,C -+?2.-+;+8,
<:- / 9:;@2,+-J ,*+-+ ;26, =+ @-:=/=0+ 9/26+ ,: 9:89023+ ,*/, ., 9:8,/.86
+B.3+89+ :< / 9-.;+' E %&'()& +, -))'. E%OO%( HOH G/0'M@@'P,* HOOOJ HOOPQHOOR S7TU-+/3,* 3+/06 5.,* ,*+ -+?2.-+;+8, ,*/, ,*+ 69:@+ :< ,*+ 5/--/8, =+
0.;.,+3 =C ,*+ @-:=/=0+ 9/26+ :8 5*.9* ,*+ 5/--/8, .6 =/6+3'A>&J ?2:,.84 !/ 0&
10./$ 2304 53"('&/.6 7.8&$ 7&9, :;< :=>? E",* G.-' H""H( "%! V'%3 WP$J
WR!QR$'(
)*+-+<:-+J / 9:;@2,+- 6+/-9* B.:0/,+6 ,*+ V:2-,* M;+83;+8, 5*+-+
,*+-+ .6 78: X +B.3+89+ @:.8,.84 ,: ,*+ 9:;@2,+- /6 / -+@:6.,:-C <:- ,*+
+B.3+89+ 6:24*, .8 ,*+ 6+/-9*'> E-/#8&$ 58.8&6 +, %.48'/ E%OO"( R$Y V'Y3 WR"J
W!PZ 6&& .)6' -/#8&$ 58.8&6 +, @'A E",*
G.-' H""R( RW V'Y3 P%YJ P%$ S[+/-9*
5/--/8, <:- =26.8+66 -+9:-36 :B+-=-:/3 5*+-+ ,*+ 4:B+-8;+8, 8+.,*+-
70.;.,S+3& ,*+ 69:@+ :< ,*+ 6+.N2-+ ,: / ,.;+ <-/;+ 5.,*.8 5*.9* ,*+ 626@+9,+3
9-.;.8/0 /9,.B.,C ,::L @0/9+> 8:- 76244+6,+3 *:5 ,*+C -+0/,+3 ,: 6@+9.<.9
9-.;.8/0 /9,.B.,C'>&'(
I+-+J ,*+ /<<.3/B., @-:B.3+3 8: 62=6,/8,./0 +B.3+89+ ,*/, ,*+ +0+9,-:8.9
6,:-/4+ 3+B.9+6 +D.6,+3 /, /8C ,.;+ -+0+B/8, ,: ,*+ 9-.;+ :- ,*/, /@@+00/8, L+@,
+B.3+89+ :< ,*+ 9-.;+ :8 ,*+;' M99:-3.840CJ ,*+ 6+.N2-+ /83 6+/-9* :<
/@@+00/8,A6 9:;@2,+-6 /83 :,*+- +0+9,-:8.9 6,:-/4+ 3+B.9+6 5/6 280/5<20 <:-
,*.6 /33.,.:8/0 -+/6:8'
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 91/182
!"
!" $%& $'()* +,-'. /''&0 12 3(20(24 $%). 5,,0 3)(.% 6)7&0 8
6&)'9% :(.%,-. ;',<)<*& +)-=& 820 >7&'<',)0"
$%& '()*+ ,-.(' ,-/,+.0&0 '%*' '%& 1--0 2*)'% &3,&4')-/ '- '%&
&3,+.5)-/*(6 (.+& ,-7&(&0 */6 2+*85 )/ 4(-9*9+& ,*.5&: 5'*+&/&55: -(
-7&(9(&*0'%; <= >$ ?@A BC-/ '%*' *+-/& '%&5& 8*((*/'5 5%-.+0 9& .4%&+0DEF !""
$%!& = >$ ?@G: !@H: I: J=;K $%& 0&'&,')7& 8&/' C)/ 1--0 2*)'%D */0 C-9'*)/&0 *
8*((*/' 2(-LD */ &34&()&/,&0 M.01&; N 0-/O' P/-8 8%6 %& ,*/O' (&+6 -/ '%*' )2
'%& M.01& 5*)0 )' 8*5 -P*6;D <= >$ ?A@G;K
N/ '()*"+ ,*$*"! -. /"&(0 !123$0 GQH R;S; HI! <C /"&(DK: '%& %)1% ,-.('
L-0)2)&0 '%& &3,+.5)-/*(6 (.+& TU'- 4&(L)' '%& )/'(-0.,')-/ -2 &7)0&/,&
-9'*)/&0 )/ '%& (&*5-/*9+& 1--0@2*)'% 9&+)&2 '%*' * 5&*(,% -( 5&)V.(& 8*5 )/*,,-(0 8)'% '%& W-.('% XL&/0L&/';UT < /"&(0 GQH R;S; *' 4; I"I: Y.-')/1
4%%)(&)! -. 5$*"!0 !123$0 GQ= R;S; *' 4; =ZZ: [%)'&: \;: ,-/,.(()/1 )/ M.01L&/';K
]/ (&7)&8: '%& C1--0@2*)'% )/Y.)(6 )5 ,-/2)/&0 '- '%& -9M&,')7&+6
*5,&('*)/*9+& Y.&5')-/ 8%&'%&( * (&*5-/*9+6 8&++ '(*)/&0 -22),&( 8-.+0 %*7&
P/-8/ '%*' '%& 5&*(,% 8*5 )++&1*+ 0&54)'& '%& L*1)5'(*'&U5 *.'%-()V*')-/; N/
L*P)/1 '%)5 0&'&(L)/*')-/: *++ -2 '%& ,)(,.L5'*/,&5 ^ L*6 9& ,-/5)0&(&0;D
< 4+ ; *' 4; I==: 2/; =A;K $%& 1-7&(/L&/' %*5 '%& 9.(0&/ -2 4(--2 '- &5'*9+)5%
-9M&,')7&+6 (&*5-/*9+& (&+)*/,&; < 4+ ; *' 4; I=G;K
$- ,*((6 )'5 9.(0&/: '%& 1-7&(/L&/' L*6 /-' (&+6 -/ '%& 2*,' '%*' '%&
L*1)5'(*'& )55.&0 '%& 8*((*/'_ C-9M&,')7& (&*5-/*9+&/&55 L.5' 9& M.01&0 *5 -2
'%& ')L& '%& 8*((*/' )5 5-.1%' */0 8)'%-.' ,-/5)0&(*')-/ -2 '%& 2*,' '%*' '%&
L*1)5'(*'& *,,&4'&0 '%& *22)0*7)';D < 6"&2%" -. 7$"!*$! <JIHHK ="G ?*+;X44;A0
J="H: J=JG;K C`6 0&2)/)')-/: )/ "-"38 ,*5& )/ 8%),% '%& 4(-5&,.')-/ 5&&P5 '%&
9&/&2)' -2 /"&(: * L*1)5'(*'& %*5 )55.&0 * 8*((*/'F )55.*/,& -2 '%& 8*((*/'
0&2)/&5 '%& ,+*55 -2 ,*5&5 &+)1)9+& 2-( /-/&3,+.5)-/ ./0&( '%& /"&( (.+&;
`&,*.5& )55.*/,& -2 * 8*((*/' )5 * ,-/5'*/' 2*,'-( )/ '%&5& ,*5&5: )' ,*//-'
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 92/182
!"
$%&'()$$* +,-., /% 0'+/'1&2'+3 )4%1& /3,456 7 !"#$%" '( )*+*,"%%* 7"88"9 :;
<)$5=0 :8>? @A:59
B((%-0'1&$*? /3, /-')$ (%2-/ ,--,0 '1 C'10'1& /3)/ /3, '++2)1(, %C /3,
D)--)1/ '/+,$C E2+/'C',0 )FF$'()/'%1 %C /3, &%%0 C)'/3 ,G(,F/'%15 7-"" > HI <J=J
;? !JK? 8? ">59
I3, /-')$ (%2-/ )$+% ,--,0 '1 (%1($20'1& /3)/ /3, &%%0 C)'/3 ,G(,F/'%1
/-24F,0 '1+2CC'(',1/ F-%L)L$, ()2+, )10 %.,-L-,)0/35 I3, M1)4, N ."#/N '+ 1%/
) 4,-, /)$'+4)1 '1 D3%+, F-,+,1(, /3, ,G($2+'%1)-* -2$, '1,G%-)L$* C)0,+
)D)* )10 0'+)FF,)-+5M 7 !"#$%" '( 0",/*/1"2 7"88;9 =A <)$5BFF5;/3 8"8?
8>"59
I3, ."#/ OP&%%0 C)'/3Q )1)$*+'+ C210)4,1/)$$* 0,F,10+ 2F%1 /3,PF-%L)L$, ()2+,Q (%1(,F/ '/+,$C5 R I3, P(%44'++'%1Q )10 P1,G2+Q ,$,4,1/+ '1
/3, PF-%L)L$, ()2+,Q )1)$*+'+ ,)(3 '1($20, ) /,4F%-)$ (%4F%1,1/5 I3, '++2'1&
4)&'+/-)/, 42+/ 1%/ %1$* (%1+'0,- /3, )((2-)(* )10 -,$')L'$'/* %C /3, 3'+/%-'()$
C)(/+ -,$)/,0 '1 /3, )CC'0).'/+? L2/ 42+/ 0,/,-4'1,? 3/4", *%3*? D3,/3,- /3,
/%/)$'/* %C /3, ('-(24+/)1(,+ -,)+%1)L$* '1C,-)L$, C-%4 /3, )CC'0).'/+
0,4%1+/-)/,+ ) PC)'- F-%L)L'$'/*Q /3)/ ,.'0,1(, 4)/,-')$ /% /3, P(%44'++'%1Q %C
/3, F-%L)L$, (-'4, D'$$ L, 0'+($%+,0 )/ /3, +,)-(3 F-,4'+,+ )/ )L%2/ /3, /'4,
/3, +,)-(3 D)--)1/ D%2$0 '++2,? -)/3,- /3)1 )/ +%4, -,4%/, /'4,56 75/34"1
-4*4"6 '( 7*8*69:3*S 7"+/ <'-5"88@9 8: T5=0 "A:? """? ('/'1&? 3/4", *%3*? -;,# '(
5/34"1 -4*4"6< 6=$,*< >K! U5V5 )/ F5 >"A WO'/ '+ 4)1'C,+/ /3)/ /3, F-%%C 42+/ L,
%C C)(/+ +% ($%+,$* -,$)/,0 /% /3, /'4, %C /3, '++2)1(, %C /3, D)--)1/ )+ /% E2+/'C*
) C'10'1& %C F-%L)L$, ()2+, )/ /3)/ /'4,6X59
B+ ,GF$)'1,0 )L%.,? /3, '1C%-4)/'%1 F-,+,1/,0 '1 /3, )CC'0).'/ C)'$,0 /%
,+/)L$'+3 ) 1,G2+ L,/D,,1 /3, T,L-2)-* "8K@ 3%4'('0, )10 /3, $%()/'%1+ /% L,
+,)-(3,0 '1 Y21, >AA85
<%--,+F%10'1&$*? <)$'C%-1') (%2-/+ 3)., 3,$0 /3)/ /3, &%%0 C)'/3
,G(,F/'%1 0%,+ 1%/ )FF$* /% ) +,)-(3 D)--)1/ /3)/ %1 '/+ C)(, '+ L)+,0 %1 +/)$,
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 93/182
!"
$%&'()*+$'%, -'( ./*)01. !"#$%" '( )*+,-,2 ./$+,2 3!4 5*1,600,7+8 37992
8.1: ;$+ $< %'+ '=>[email protected] (.*<'%*=1. &'( '&&$?.(< +' =.1$.@. +8*+ * <.*(?8 $<
1.B*1 C8.(.D * <.*(?8 C*((*%+ $<<E.: =*<.: '% $%&'()*+$'% )'(. +8*% +C'
)'%+8< '1:, F 01 , *+ 0, 34GHI ,22#+1 !"#$%" '( )/%%,31 2 ./$+,4 33G 5*1,600,7+8
*+ 0, 3J44 KB'': &*$+8 :$: %'+ <*@. * <.*(?8 =*<.: '% $%&'()*+$'% L7 :*A< '1:M,N
6< )*+,-, ./01*$%.:O ;6 (.*<'%*=1A C.11P+(*$%.: '&&$?.( C'E1: 8*@.
(.?'B%$Q.: +8*+ 0('=*=1. ?*E<. $% +8$< ?*<. 8*: B('C% <+*1. =A +8. +$). +8.
C*((*%+ C*< <'EB8+ *%: ./.?E+.:, R' 0(.@.%+ +8. ./?.0+$'% &(') <C*11'C$%B
+8. (E1.2 *001$?*+$'% '& +8. B'': &*$+8 ./?.0+$'% )E<+ =. 1$)$+.: $% +8$< ?'%+./+
+' +8'<. ?*<.< $% C8$?8 +8. <+*1.%.<< :.+.()$%*+$'% $< * ?1'<. '%., R8$< $< %'+
<E?8 * ?*<.,D F !"#$%" '( )*+,-,4 ./$+,4 3!4 5*1,600,7+8 *+ 0, 34GH,NS.(.2 +8. ?($). *%: 0('&&.(.: )'+$@. .@$:.%?. (.1*+.: +' .@.%+<
'??E(($%B )'(. +8*% "L A.*(< =.&'(. +8. <.*(?8, 6??'(:$%B1A2 +8. 0'1$?. 8*:
.@.% 1.<< >E<+$&$?*+$'% +' =.1$.@. +8*+ 0('=*=1. ?*E<. <+$11 ./$<+.: *+ +8. +$). '&
+8. <.*(?8,
-$%*11A2 +8. +($*1 ?'E(+ .((.: $% &$%:$%B +8*+ +8. B'': &*$+8 ./?.0+$'%
<*@.: *% '@.(=('*: <.*(?8 '& ?')0E+.(< *%: '+8.( .1.?+('%$? <+'(*B. :.@$?.<
+8*+ :$: %'+ ./$<+ $% 39HJ *%: C$+8'E+ .@$:.%?. +8*+ *00.11*%+ <+'(. .@$:.%?. '&
+8. ?($). '% +8.),
5"#3 $+<.1& 8.1: +8*+ <E00(.<<$'% ;(.)*$%< *% *00('0($*+. (.).:AD
C8.(. * <.*(?8 C*((*%+ '% $+< &*?. @$'1*+.< +8. 0*(+$?E1*($+A ?1*E<. '& +8.
-'E(+8 6).%:).%+, F 5"#34 7JH T,U, *+ 0, 9"L KUE00(.<<$'% *00('0($*+. C8.(.
* C*((*%+ $< V&*?$*11A :.&$?$.%+P*("(2 $% &*$1$%B +' 0*(+$?E1*($Q. +8. 01*?. +' =.
<.*(?8.: '( +8. +8$%B< +' =. <.$Q.:P+8*+ +8. ./.?E+$%B '&&$?.(< ?*%%'+
(.*<'%*=1A 0(.<E). $+ +' =. @*1$:,VM,N 6??'(:$%B1A2 +8. 0'1$?. ?'E1: %'+
(.*<'%*=1A (.1A '% +8. &*?$*11A '@.(=('*: <.*(?8 C*((*%+< $% +8$< ?*<., F 06*1 ,I
."" ,%.# 73*-"1 8-,-". '( 9,.:*3;-#3 F9+8 5$(, 39HJN !9! -,": 37J32 37!L
K;./.?E+$%B '&&$?.(< ?'E1: %'+ (.*<'%*=1A 0(.<E). &*?$*11A '@.(=('*: C*((*%+
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 94/182
!"
$% &' ()*+,-./-0
!" $%&'((')* +, -./ 01'%/*2/ 34)& -./ 5*678,96 :/742./(
;7( <4/=9%'2'76 -) $>>/667*?@( A/,/*(/"
1'2)34' $5' 4')625'4 (+%*)$', $5' 7%36$5 89':,9':$; )** '(+,':2'
,'6+(', <6%9 $5'9 =)4 +:),9+44+&*' )>)+:4$ )??'**):$ )$ $6+)*- @ !"## %& '()*+
,-#."+ "A! B-C- )$ ?- ADDE /*01 2-0 %& 30)456 24"45, @FGA"0 "!F B-C- H!F; HID
JI" C-K$- HL!E G M-N,-O, HHF/ JP5' 'Q2*34+%:)6R 63*' &)64 <6%9 $6+)* ?5R4+2)*
):, %&4'6()$+%: '(+,':2' S%&$)+:', '+$5'6 ,36+:> %6 )4 ) ,+6'2$ 6'43*$ %< ):
3:*)=<3* +:()4+%:-./-0
T'('64)* +4 6'U3+6', 3:*'44 6'4?%:,':$ ,'9%:4$6)$'4 $5)$ ),9+44+%: %<
$5' '(+,':2' =)4 S5)69*'44 &'R%:, ) 6')4%:)&*' ,%3&$-. @7("895., %& !".*05: @FG!L0 "GG B-C- HO; D" JGL C-K$- FG!DE OA M-N,-O, HFG/; 2+$+:>
7("#8"0 %& 7";)<*.0)" @FGA!0 "IA B-C- FI; O"VOH JI! C-K$- IOHE F! M-N,-O,
!LD/E "==*.6 >5*#;5 %& !)0?".5, @FG!G0 OH K)*-", HFL; HOH-0 P5' 6'2%6,
45%=4 $5)$ $5' ?6%4'23$+%: 6'*+', %: $5' '(+,':2' $% '4$)&*+45 +$4 9%$+(' $5'%6R
%< ) W')*%34 %&4'44+%: =+$5 T3'$$':-
X'$'2$+(' C$')6:4 $'4$+<+', )$ *':>$5 )&%3$ $5' '(+,':2' 2%**'2$', ,36+:>
$5' 4')625 %< )??'**):$Y4 6'4+,':2'- @FL TP FAFA; <%**-0 P5+4 +:2*3,', ?'64%:)*
W%36:)*4 ):, ?5%$%>6)?54 %< )??'**):$ =+$5 T3'$$':- @FL TP FAF!E FA TP
O"AO-0 P5' $6+)* 2%36$ ),9+$$', $5'4' 9)$'6+)*4 )4 'Q5+&+$4 <%6 W36R
2%:4+,'6)$+%:- @F! TP OGAO-0
X'$'2$+(' C$')6:4 )*4% 6'), %3$ *%3, ) 4'6+'4 %< W%36:)* ':$6+'4 <6%9
Z%('9&'6 FGIH $56%3>5 X'2'9&'6 FGID 6'<'66+:> $% T3'$$':- 7%6 'Q)9?*';
): ':$6R ,)$', Z%('9&'6 FH; FGIH ,+42344', ): )<$'6V=%6[ '(':$ =5'6'
)??'**):$ =6%$' $5)$ S4%9' %< $5' >3R4 =%3*, >+(' 9' ) ,%**)6 $% [+44 $5'9- \$
=)4 )** +: <3:- \$ ['?$ 9R 9+:, %<< ]%5: <%6 ) =5+*'-. @FL TP FAOD-0
8: ':$6R ,)$', 8?6+* FI; OLLD; 45%=', $5)$ )??'**):$ =)+$', %3$4+,' )
6'4$)36):$ )$ *3:25$+9' =5': 45' 4)= T3'$$':Y4 2)6 ):, $5': *'<$ ) :%$' %: 5+4
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 95/182
!"
$%& '()* () +,+ *-. %//)%&0 123 45 2678976 :;<=.)& >?*$( @ '%A >)%B,*C .()
>-. %*+ @ A%' D-(*EA $%&0 D?A. FG >?$H0 @ /?. % *-.) -* ,. %*+ '%.$()+ .() $%&
=-& -*) (%>= (-?& %*+ $()$H)+ ?/ -* ,. % =)' .,F)A0IJ0K L* M%G 23N 2OP8N
%//)>>%*. ')*. .- ;B,A,. D-(* 4?)..)*N Q?. (,A C,&>=&,)*+ '%A -B)&0I 123 45
267697P0K
<* )*.&G =-& D?*) "N 2OP8 A.%.)+N ;@ &)%>>G +,+*E. =))> >,H) '-&H,*C0 @
=-?*+ -?. .(%. D-(* ,A C)..,*C F%&&,)+0 @ '%A B)&G +)/&)AA)+0 5(,A ,A B)&G Q%+0
MG $-*$)*.&%.,-* '%A *)C%.,B) 230I 123 45 267P97O0K <*-.()& -* D?*) 26N
2OP8 A.%.)+N ;@ &)%>>G +,+*E. =))> >,H) '-&H,*C0 5-- A.&)AA)+ -?. %Q-?. D-(*0
@EB) (%+ % &)%> (%&+ .,F) $-*$)*.&%.,*C .()A) +%GA %*+ A- @ $%>>)+ ?/ %*+ A%,+ @
+,+*E. =))> ')>> %*+ $-?>+ @ (%B) % 50L0 :.,F) -==J 5()G C%B) ,. .- F)0I 123 45267O9R3N 26R70K S()* %//)>>%*. '%A &)F,*+)+ -= 4?)..)* %=.)& &)$),B,*C %
>)..)& =&-F (,A F-.()& -* T)$)FQ)& 27N 2OP8N %//)>>%*. '&-.) .(%. ,. ;F%+) F)
B)&GN B)&GN B)&G A%+0I 123 45 26RR9R"0K <* )*.&G -* T)$)FQ)& 73N 2OP8
A(-')+ .(%. %//)>>%*. A?QF,..)+ % /)&A-*%> %++ >--H,*C =-& % F%* A,F,>%& .-
4?)..)*EA +)A$&,/.,-*0 123 45 26R"9R80K
S-*H)?* U(-,N % $-F/?.)& )V%F,*)& ',.( .() L==,$) -= .() T,A.&,$.
<..-&*)GN ?A)+ =-&)*A,$ A-=.'%&) .- $-*+?$. A)%&$()A -= >%/.-/ $-F/?.)&A
A),W)+ =&-F %//)>>%*.EA &)A,+)*$) %*+ '-&H/>%$)0 122 45 2P2692P0K U(-,EA
,*B)A.,C%.,-* A(-')+ .(%. Q).'))* </&,> 2OOP %*+ T)$)FQ)& 2OOO %//)>>%*.
F%+) A)B)&%> -*9>,*) A)%&$()A =-& ,*=-&F%.,-* %Q-?. 4?)..)*0 122 45 2P2P9
760K
X%A)+ -* .() =-&)C-,*CN .() /&-A)$?.-& %&C?)+ .(%. .() Y?&-&A H*)' .(%.
%//)>>%*.EA >-B) =-& D-(* '%A +))/ %*+ )*+?&,*C Q)$%?A) A() H)/. A- F%*G
F)F)*.-A -= D-(* ,* ()& (-F) ,* /,$.?&)A %*+ Y-?&*%> )*.&,)A0 12P 45 7OOP9
OO0K <//)>>%*.EA Y-?&*%> A(-')+ .(%. %A 4?)..)* Q)$%F) $>-A)& .- 4%AF?AA)*N
A() A.%&.)+ .- A.%>H (,F0 12O 45 R2!30K Z() (%+ '%,.)+ QG (,A $%& -?.A,+) %
&)A.%?&%*. %*+ /?. % *-.) -* ,.0 1 !"#$ 0K Z() ')*. QG D-(*EA %/%&.F)*. Q?.
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 96/182
!"
$%&'(&&)* +%& ,-).)/ 0 !"#$ /1 23,). $(),,)* 4)5%') )*6%6)7 ,8 $%&'(&&)*9
%::);;%*, +%& &8 &,.)&&)7 8(, ,-%, &-) 58(;7*<, +8.=/ 0 !"#$ /1 >-) )*,.?)&
')*,?8*?*6 8,-). ')* +).) *8, ,-) &%')/ 0@A $> B@!CD!@/1
>-) :.8&)5(,?8*<& %.6(')*, &-8+& ,-%, ,-) (*;%+3(;;E &)?F)7 )G?7)*5)
+%& 5.?,?5%; ,8 ,-) :.8&)5(,?8*<& '8,?G) ,-)8.E/ HIG?7)*5) 83 '8,?G)9 ?3
4);?)G)79 58':;),)& ,-) :.8&)5(,?8*J& ,-)8.E 83 ,-) 5%&) 4E )K:;%?*?*6 ,-)
:(.:8&) 83 %*7 .)%&8* 38. ,-) 7)3)*7%*,J& %5,?8*&/ L)5%(&) '8,?G) :.8G?7)&
,-) M(.E +?,- % 3.%')+8.= +?,-?* +-?5- ,8 %*%;EF) ,-) 7)3)*7%*,J& :(.:8.,)7
%5,?8*&9 ?, ?& )K,.)');E 7?33?5(;, ,8 ?6*8.) 8. 7?&.)6%.7 )G?7)*5) 83 '8,?G) 8*5)
?, ?& :.)&)*,)7/H 0%&'()* ,- ./"")0$ 0A,-
N?./ OCC@1 O!B P/B7 @@QR9 @@!B9
8G)..(;)7 8* %*8,-). :8?*, 4E 1)23'4 ,- 5''$6)0$ 0A
,-
N?./ OCCB1 074 ")481BRQ P/B7 @OCR9 @O@S9 3*/ @S/1
2& *)K, )K:;%?*)79 ,-) 8,-). )G?7)*5) &-8+)7 ,-%, ,-) :.8&)5(,?8*<&
'8,?G) ,-)8.E +%& 3;%+)7 %*7 :.8G?7)7 .)%&8* ,8 78(4, ,-%, %::);;%*,
58''?,,)7 ,-) '(.7)./
!" $%&'( )*+,'-.' /&012 3&4% 3&' 5(02'.6%+0-72
80%+*' 3&'0(9 :42 ;<41',"
T8 +?,*)&& 5;%?')7 ,8 -%G) &))* %::);;%*, %, 8. %.8(*7 ,-)
58*78'?*?(' 58':;)K +-).) $%&'(&&)* %*7 $(),,)* ;?G)7/ $(),,)* ,)&,?3?)7
,-%, $%&'(&&)* -%7 :;%**)7 ,8 68 ,8 +8.= 8* ,-) '8.*?*6 8* P)4.(%.E OR9
@ASQ9 4)5%(&) &-) -%7 ,8 6?G) % ;)5,(.)/ 0A $> @RQB/1 U8+)G).9 &-)
(*)K:)5,)7;E &,%E)7 -8') &?5=/ 0R $> BAO9 RCCDC@V A $> @RQRDQ"/1 >-)
:.8&)5(,?8* :.)&)*,)7 *8 )G?7)*5) ,8 &-8+ -8+ %::);;%*, +8(;7 -%G) =*8+*
,-%, $%&'(&&)* +8(;7 4) -8') ,-%, 7%E/
W8.)8G).9 ,-) :.8&)5(,?8* :.)&)*,)7 *8 )G?7)*5) ,-%, %::);;%*, -%7 %*E
58*,%5, +?,- $(),,)* 8. $%&'(&&)* %3,). X(*) @AS"/ >-) 8,-). )G?7)*5)
&-8+)7 ,-%,9 7)&:?,) 4)?*6 (:&), %48(, ,-) )*7 83 -). .);%,?8*&-?:9 %::);;%*,
'8G)7 8* +?,- -). ;?3)/ 2::);;%*,<& .88''%,) %*7 3);;8+ 833?5). W?=)
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 97/182
!"
$%&'&(%)(* *%+, -.%- %//(00%1- 2&+(, %1, 3%* 4/*(- %5-(& 67.1 8&79( 755 -.(+&
&(0%-+71*.+/ 8(2%4*( .( 3%* :%&&;+1' <%*:4**(1= >? <@ AB"BC"D=E $73()(&F
.(& (:7-+71%0 &(*/71*( 3%*1G- %1;-.+1' +1%//&7/&+%-(= >? <@ ABHICHA=E
J//(00%1-G* 27C37&9(& +1 A?HKCA?H!F 6%;:( L(%)(& *%+, -.%- %//(00%1-
:(1-+71(, <4(--(1 84- 17- 8(;71, *%;+1' -.%- .( .%, 8((1 % 2700('( 87;5&+(1,
%1, -.(+& &(0%-+71*.+/ ,+,1G- 37&9 74-= >AI <@ A!IBCID=E M7&(7)(&F L(%)(&
2.%1'(, 207-.(* 3+-. %//(00%1- +1 -.( 37:(1G* 0729(& &77: -.( ,%; %5-(& -.(
.7:+2+,( %1, .%, 17 &(2700(2-+71 75 %1; +1N4&+(* -7 %//(00%1-= >O8+,=E P55+2(&
J0(Q%1,(& 3%* %//(00%1-G* /%&-1(& -.%- ,%; >R(8&4%&; SKF A?H"E %1, %0*7
&(2%00(, 17 +1N4&+(* -7 .(&= @.( %8*(12( 75 +1N4&+(* +* +1271*+*-(1- 3+-. -.(
()+,(12( -.%- <%*:4**(1 %1, .(& %**%+0%1- (1'%'(, +1 % 8077,; 5+'.-= >T((T-%-(:(1- 75 R%2-*F T(2-+71 OO=J=E
<4(--(1 -(*-+5+(, -.%- .( &%-.(& -.%1 %//(00%1- &(1(3(, -.(+& &(0%-+71*.+/=
O1 A?H?F <4(--(1 271-%2-(, %//(00%1- %1, %&&%1'(, -7 *(( .(& +1 $%3%++ 3.(1
.( 0(%&1(, -.%- -.(; 3740, 87-. 8( )+*+-+1' $%3%++ %- -.( *%:( -+:(= >? <@
AD?!=E @.(&(%5-(&F -.(; /(&+7,+2%00; '7- -7'(-.(& 57& %874- -.&(( ;(%&* 41-+0
%//(00%1- 8('%1 .(& &(0%-+71*.+/ 3+-. .(& 24&&(1- .4*8%1,= >? <@ AD??F AB"?=E
@.(*( ,()(07/:(1-* 3(&( 410+9(0; +5 <4(--(1 .%, %1; &(%*71 -7 8(0+()( -.%-
%//(00%1- 9+00(, <%*:4**(1 7& %//(00%1- 3%* 78*(**(, 3+-. <4(--(1=
!" $% &' &() *+$ ,-./)01)2 &() 34'%)156.'0
,44'0)'5%78 ,95:6)/ ;:0/'< =:61( 34'>:>.7.68
?.6( @'541) $664.>56.'0"
@.( /&7*(24-+71 /&755(&(, 8%00+*-+2* %1, UT< ()+,(12( -.%- -.( 5%-%0
'41*.7-* :%; .%)( 8((1 5+&(, 5&7: % =BH 2%0+8(& &()70)(& 3+-. % -37 +12.
8%&&(0 4*+1' R(,(&%0 8&%1, %::41+-+71= >AB <@ SABHCDSF SAD"F SAKAF SA"B=E
J//(00%1- .%, *42. % &()70)(& 8(57&( -.( .7:+2+,(= >AI <@ A"D"CD!V AA <@
A!K"F A!"AC"B=E $73()(&F -.%- -;/( 75 .%1,'41 3%* 27::71 %1, :40-+/0(
:%145%2-4&(* :%,( *+:+0%& 5+&(%&:* 3+-. -37 +12. 8%&&(0* -.%- 2740, 5+&( -.(
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 98/182
!!
#$%& $%%'()*)+(, -./ 01 2.345336 22.78 -.9 01 292:528 .; 01 299459!6
29975;26 2949,<
1=& >?+#&@'*)+( @A$)%&B *=$* *=& &C)B&(@& D'AA&*# E?+% $ #>&@)E)@ *F>&
+E ,/3 @$A)D&? -G HA'#5H $%%'()*)+( %$B& DF I&B&?$A, -.. 01 .3:.5:26 .3:3,<
J+K&C&?6 +*=&? &C)B&(@& #=+K&B *=$* *=& D'AA&*# K&?& &)*=&? ,/3 +? ,/;!
@$A)D&?, -./ 01 2.326 2.396 22:.8 .9 01 29.45.!,< L+?&+C&?6 I&B&?$A #+AB
%)AA)+(# +E ?+'(B# +E *=& #$%& *F>& +E ,/3 @$A)D&? $%%'()*)+( *+ @)C)A)$(# $#
K&AA $# >+A)@& B&>$?*%&(*#, -.. 01 .3:26 .3..5.2,< 1='# *=& D$AA)#*)@
&C)B&(@& K$# )(#'EE)@)&(* *+ @+((&@* $>>&AA$(* *+ *=& @?)%&,
1=& >?+#&@'*)+(M# @$#& ?&B'@&B *+ *=& NOP &C)B&(@& E?+% *=& #K$D +E
*=& $>>$?&(* D)*& %$?Q +( 0$#%'##&(M# A&E* )((&? E+?&$?% -R*&% O+, /:< $(B+(& D?+Q&( E)(S&?($)A E+'(B +( *=& EA++? +E *=& &(*?FK$F +E *=& ?&#)B&(@& -R*&%
O+, .:<, J+K&C&?6 *=& >?+#&@'*)+(M# ?&A)$(@& +( *=)# &C)B&(@& @+(E'#&B
?$(B+% %$*@= >?+D$D)A)*F K)*= #+'?@& $**?)D'*)+( )( @A$)%)(S *=$* *=)# K$#
B)#>+#)*)C& &C)B&(@&,
T#)(S H?+E)A&?UV+E)A&? *&#* Q)*#6 WPHN $($AF#* G&(()E&? I?$(@)# *&#*)E)&B
*=$* *=& ./ A+@) $(B S&(B&? +E *=& %$X+? >?+E)A& +( $ @'**)(S E?+% *=& D)*& %$?Q
#K$D Y%$*@=&BZ *=& @+??&#>+(B)(S S&(&*)@ %$?Q&?# )( $ ?&E&?&(@& #$%>A& E?+%
$>>&AA$(*, -! 01 ..:/,< T#)(S $( I,[,R, >+>'A$*)+( B$*$ D$#&6 I?$(@)#
@$A@'A$*&B *=$* Y@+%D)($*)+( +E S&(&*)@ %$?Q&?# E?+% *=$* *=& %$X+? >?+E)A&
E?+% R*&% /: \*=& D)*& %$?Q #K$D] )# &^>&@*&B *+ D& E+'(B )( . )( &C&?F 9:2
_'$B?)AA)+( '(?&A$*&B )(B)C)B'$A#,Z - !"#$ ,< 1=$* K$# &_')C$A&(* *+ .:: %)AA)+(
+E *=& &$?*=M# >+>'A$*)+(6 $##'%)(S $ >+>'A$*)+( +E ! D)AA)+(, -! 01 ..:/5:9,<
1=&?&E+?&6 I?$(@)# #*$*&B *=$* +( &$?*= $A+(& #=& K+'AB (+* &^>&@* *+ E)(B $
>&?#+( +*=&? *=$( $>>&AA$(* K)*= *=& #$%& >?+E)A& $# +( *=& D)*& %$?Q #K$D, -!
01 ..:9,<
1+% I&B+? +E ̀ a0R $A#+ *&#*&B $(+*=&? D)*& %$?Q #K$D @'**)(S '#)(S *=&
RB&(*)E)A&? *&#* Q)* E+? .; A+@)6 >A'# S&(B&?, -.2 01 .724,< J& E+'(B )( Y&C&?F
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 99/182
!"
$%&'%() )*% +,-.$ '$./01% /$.+ )*% 20)% +,$3 &4,2 *,& )*% &,+% )%&) $%&51) ,&
6)%'*,70% 8,9,$5&: $%/%$%7(% &,+'1%;< =>? @A >BCD;E F,&%G .7 '.'51,)0.7
&5$H%I G,), '5210&*%G 2I )*% +,75/,()5$%$ JG%7)0/01%$ =K''10%G F0.&I&)%+&EL
M%G.$ (,1(51,)%G N)*,) )*% (*,7(% , 4.+,7 57$%1,)%G ). 6)%'*,70% 8,9,$5&
4.51G *,H% )*% &,+% OPK '$./01% ,& )*% +,-.$ '.$)0.7 ./ )*% 20)% +,$3 &4,2
0& ,''$.Q0+,)%1I > 07 >;! &%Q)0110.7;< =>? @A >BC"L ?RRDSRT;E A*,) 75+2%$
4,& ,2.5) ?UR )0+%& )*% '.'51,)0.7 ./ )*% %,$)*L 4*0(* 4,& ! 20110.7; =>? @A
>BCB;E
M%G.$ 5&%G )*% V070M01%$ )%&) 30) /.$ " 1.(0 '15& W%7G%$ ). %Q,+07% ,
2$.3%7 /07W%$7,01 /.57G 07 )*% %7)$I4,I ./ @,&+5&&%7:& $%&0G%7(%; =>? @A
>BUCS>BUU;E A*,) %H0G%7(% 4,& 07,G+0&&021% /.$ )*% $%,&.7& %Q'1,07%G 076%()0.7 X;; Y.4%H%$L %H%7 ,&&5+07W )*% (.7)$,$IL M%G.$ .2),07%G .71I N4%,3
,7G 07(.+'1%)% $%&51)& 07G0(,)07W , +0Q)5$% /$.+ ,) 1%,&) )*$%% '%.'1%;< =>?
@A >BUU;E @,&+5&&%7 4,& N, '.&&021% (.7)$025).$ ). )*% +0Q)5$%L ,7G
,''$.Q0+,)%1I > 4.+,7 07 T!R 4.51G 2% &0+01,$1I (.7&0G%$%G;< =>? @A >BUU;E
K''%11,7) 4,& N, '.&&021% (.7)$025).$ ). )*% +0Q)5$%L ,7G ,''$.Q0+,)%1I >
4.+,7 07 ?TLRRR 4.51G 2% &0+01,$1I (.7&0G%$%G;< = !"#$ ;E
NZ0)* $%W,$G ). OPK %H0G%7(%L )*%$% ,$% )4. W%7%$,1 )%7G%7(0%& )*,)
&*.51G 2% W5,$G%G ,W,07&)[ =>E )*,) )*% -5$I 4011 ,((%') )*% OPK %H0G%7(% ,& ,
&),)%+%7) ./ &.5$(% '$.2,2010)I =#%&%L )*% 103%10*..G )*,) )*% G%/%7G,7) 0& )*%
&.5$(% ./ )*% %H0G%7)0,$I &,+'1%E\ ,7G =?E )*,) .7(% )*% -5$I &%))1%& .7 , &.5$(%
'$.2,2010)IL %H%7 0/ (.$$%()1IL 0) 4011 %]5,)% &.5$(% 40)* W501)L 0W7.$07W )*%
'.&&02010)I ./ 7.7S($0+07,1 $%,&.7& /.$ )*% %H0G%7)0,$I 1073 2%)4%%7 )*%
G%/%7G,7) ,7G )*% H0()0+;< ='(#)&$ +),)&- .% /0#-10#223 =B)* ̂ 0$; >BBUE CR M;CG
>>UUL >>DTL /..)7.)% .+0))%G;E
K& ). )*% /0$&) (.7(%$7L )*% &),)0&)0(& '$%&%7)%G 2I )*% '$.&%(5)0.7:&
%Q'%$)& G. N7.) $%'$%&%7) &.5$(% '$.2,2010)I; @,)*%$L )*% )%&) $%&51)& $%/1%() )*%
&),)0&)0(,1 '$.2,2010)I )*,) , +,)(* 4.51G .((5$ 2%)4%%7 , $,7G.+1I &%1%()%G
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 100/182
!"
$%$&%' () *+% ,-*-&-.% /'(01 20.%, *( 3-4304-*% *+% .*-*5.*536 -7, %5*+%' *+%
%85,%7*5-'9 .-$14% (' *+% ,%)%7,-7*: ;( 5440.*'-*%< .011(.% *+% = %85,%73%
%.*-&45.+%. *+-* *+%'% 5. - (7% 57 >?<??? 3+-73% () - '-7,($ $-*3+: ;+% @0'9
$5/+* %A0-*% *+5. 45B%45+((, C5*+ .(0'3% 1'(&-&545*9 &9 &%45%857/ *+-* *+%'% 5. -
(7% 57 >?<??? 3+-73% *+-* *+% %85,%7*5-'9 .-$14% ,5, 7(* 3($% )'($ *+%
,%)%7,-7*: ;+5. %A0-*5(7 () '-7,($ $-*3+ 1'(&-&545*9 C5*+ .(0'3% 1'(&-&545*9
5. B7(C7 -. *+% 1'(.%30*('D. )-44-39:E F !" : -* 1: >>G!< )((*7(*% ($5**%,:HG
I*-*%, .5$149< J*+% *C( 57-330'-35%.E 3(7.5.* 57 J%A0-*57/ '-7,($
$-*3+ 1'(&-&545*9 C5*+ .(0'3% 1'(&-&545*9< -7, -7 07,%'%.*5$-*% () *+%
45B%45+((, *+-* = 2.($%(7% %4.%6 C(04, -4.( $-*3+ *+% KLM 4%)* -* *+% .3%7%:E
F #$%&'()* ,- ./01' FN?>?H GGO P:I: >N?< >N"QR? 2>R? I: S*: TTGU >!G V: W,:N, GON6:H ;+0.< 5* 5. 7(* *+% 3-.%< -. *+% 1'(.%30*5(7 34-5$%,< *+-* 5* C-.
5$1(..5&4% )(' -7(*+%' 1%'.(7 (7 %-'*+ *( &% *+% .(0'3% () *+% KLM 1'()54%.
,%*%3*%, &9 *+% X'-735. -7, X%,('<
M. *( *+% .%3(7, 3(73%'7 5,%7*5)5%, &9 2'(3)" 43&3)5 ,- 67(5$7(**89
5:;/&9 -11%44-7* 5. 7(* 34-5$57/ *+-* *+% B54457/ () Y-.$0..%7 C-. - 7(7Q
3'5$57-4 -3*: Z(C%8%'< -. 7%[* %[14-57%,< *+%'% C-. .0&.*-7*5-4 %85,%73% *+-*
.($%(7% %4.% 3($$5**%, *+% 3'5$57-4 -3*:
G I%% -4.( Y53+-', V%$1%'*< 40<) 6&,)&35 60'$)/'('= %>? &5 6/(<('&*
!")'3(@($&3(0' A,(")'$)9 >R S-',(\( V: Y%8: R?R< R?GQ?T F>"">H
2]07)('*07-*%49< *+% 3-'%4%.. 1'%.%7*-*5(7 () %85,%73% ::: $-9 $-B% 5* 4((B -. 5)
*+% A0%.*5(7 () *+% '-'%7%.. () *+% %85,%73% KLM 1'()54% -7, *+% 1'(&-&545*9
*+-* *+% ,%)%7,-7*D. $-*3+57/ KLM 5. *+% .(0'3% () *+% %85,%73% 1'()54% -'%5,%7*53-4]6U ^(%+4%'< A//0/ &'" AB&==)/&3(0' (' 37) C/)5)'3&3(0' 0@ %>?
A,(")'$) &3 D/(&*9 R_ ̀ 0'5$%*'53. N>< N! F>""RH 2,(30$%7*57/ 57.*-73%. C+%'%
3(0'*.< 3($$%7*-*('. -7, %[1%'* C5*7%..%. +-8% 3($$5**%, .(0'3% 1'(&-&545*9
%''('.6:H
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 101/182
!"
!" $%&'& ()* +,-*.)/.0)1 2304&/5& $%). $%& 6'07&
()* 68770..&4 (%&/ 9)*7,**&/ +,':'0*&4
;&'*8/<*= >,'?1)'0@0/? A&' A87&"
$%&' ()&**&' +&'* *, +,-. ,' *%& /,-'0'1 ,2 3&4-)5-6 789 :;!<9 %&
=&2* >05 *%& ?,,- *, *%& 15-51& 5'? =,@.&? 0*A B; (C :8DDED!AF G,+&>&-9 %& ?0?
',* @%&@. ,- .',+ +%&*%&- *%&0- 2-,'* ?,,- +5H =,@.&?A B; (C :8D:AF I2*&-
/,'*%H ,2 0'>&H*015*0,' 0' :;!<9 J&*&@*0>&H K56&- 5'? G,,.H @,'@=)?&? *%5*
,'& ,- *+, 4)-1=5-H &'*&-&? *%-,)1% 5' )'=,@.&? ?,,-A< B8 (C B8 (C L<DE<!9
LD:M ; (C :8D:AF C%&6 H*5-*&? *, 4)-1=5-0N& *%& @,'?, +%&' (5H/)HH&'
H)-O-0H&? *%&/ 5'? 5 >0,=&'* H*-)11=& &'H)&? ?)-0'1 +%0@% (5H/)HH&' +5H
H%,*A B !"#$ AF
C%0H *%&,-6 +5H H)OO,-*&? 46 &>0?&'@& ,2 *%& 4=,,? 0' *%& &'*-6+569
,>&-*)-'&? 2)-'0*)-& 5'? 5 4-,.&' >5H& 0' *%& =0>0'1 -,,/9 5'? *+, 1)'H%,*H
*%-,)1% *%& H=0?0'1 1=5HH ?,,- 0' *%& .0*@%&' 5-&5A B8 (C L"8E"<9 LD<9 LD!9
L!8M ; (C :8!:E!7AF IH ',*&?9 *%&-& +5H ', &>0?&'@& ,2 5'6 0'P)-0&H *,
5OO&==5'* H%,+0'1 *%5* H%& %5? 4&&' 0'>,=>&? 0' H)@% 5 >0,=&'* H*-)11=&A B< (C
7<<;9 7<D:M :" (C :D"QE"8AF
R5H&? ,' *%& *&H*0/,'6 ,2 S525-0.9 *%& O-,H&@)*0,' @=50/&? *%5*5OO&==5'* %5? TH*51&?U *%& @-0/& H@&'& *, /0H=&5? 0'>&H*015*,-H 0'*, *%0'.0'1
*%5* *%& %,/0@0?& ,@@)--&? ?)-0'1 5 4)-1=5-6A B:L (C 78;LE;DM %&& S*5*&/&'*
,2 35@*H S&@*0,' VVAWAF G,+&>&-9 W>5'1&=0'5 3=,-&H +%0=& '&X* ?,,- %&5-?
@,//,*0,' 5'? H,)'?H @,'H0H*&'* +0*% 201%*0'1 5'? *%&' 1)'H%,*H 2,==,+&? 46
5 ?,,- H=5//0'1 5'? *%& H,)'? ,2 5 @5- ?-0>0'1 ,22A B:< (C 7<QL9 7<QDEQ!9
< IH ?0H@)HH&? 4&=,+ 0' S&@*0,' YVA9 *%& *-05= @,)-* &X@=)?&? &>0?&'@& *%5* ,'IO-0= :"9 :;!<9 *+, 4)-1=5-H @,//0**&? 5 4)-1=5-6 +0*% *%& H5/& '($)%
(+&,-.$# 5'? 5 AQ! @5=04&- -&>,=>&- 5* 5 '&5-46 @,'?,/0'0)/ @,/O=&X *%5* +5H
T5=/,H* 5' &X5@* -&O=0@5U ,2 (5H/)HH&'ZH @,'?,/0'0)/A B::[<[:7 S)OO=A \C
;QAF
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 102/182
!"
$%&'(&%)* +,-. /-01 2345.1 67. -8238.-./18/ 6-/, /,1 /-01 811919 /3 :7;1 7
<45=>75? 7. /,1 @53.124/-38 2>7-019)
+,151 67. 7>.3 :3518.-2 1A-91821 /,7/ .301381 1>.1 2300-//19 /,1
25-01.) +,1 @3>-21 :3489 >7/18/ :-8=15@5-8/. 8175 B7.04..18C. <>339 ./7-8. 38
/,1 >3615 @75/ 3: /,1 2>3.1/ 9335 789 67>> -8 /,1 18/5?67?D EF @>7?15D 789
27..1//1 912; ./72;19 8175<?) G361A15D 8381 3: /,10 07/2,19 7@@1>>78/D
B7.04..18 35 B41//18) H"" B+ "IJ$(JJD "I&K('$D "I'$('&L "& B+ $!!K(KML
"I B+ $KK$(KJ)*
+,151 6151 <>339 ./7-8. 38 /,1 53@1 :3489 6-/, /,1 .@17;15 6-51
7@@7518/>? 4.19 /3 <-89 B7.04..18C. 65-./.) B7.04..18C. FNO 67. @51.18/
<4/ 7@@1>>78/ 67. 1P2>4919) HI B+ ""M&(M')* Q7>1 FNO 67. :3489 38 /,1.@17;15 6-51 8175 /,1 53@1 /,7/ 9-9 83/ 7@@175 /3 2301 :530 B41//18) H"$ B+
$M""("&)*
+,151 67. 7>.3 48-918/-:-19 07>1 FNO 38 /,1 <>78;1/ 6-/, RSB :3489
8175 B7.04..18C. <39? 789 7@@7518/>? 4.19 /3 04::>1 =48.,3/.) H"J B+ "MI%(
IID $MII(I!D $M!")* O@@1>>78/ 67. 1P2>4919 7. 7 238/5-<4/35) H"$ B+ "K!$L
"J B+ $MI')* +,151 6151 :345D 48722348/19 :35 :33/@5-8/. 38 /,1 .701
<>78;1/) H"% B+ $I"%("I)* T8-918/-:-19 07>1 FNO 67. :3489 38 7 ,7-5 38 /,1
9-., /361> 8175 B7.04..18C. <39?) H"$ B+ $MJK(&")*
B7.04..18C. UQV 67. 0-..-8= :530 /,1 =757=1) HK B+ "&I%(IID
"&!&)* +,1 @3>-21 5123A1519 7 :-8=15 789 @7>0 @5-8/ 38 /,1 <78-./15 3: /,1
-8815 ./7-5. >179-8= :530 /,1 >-A-8= 7517 /3 /,1 =757=1) H& B+ '!!L "" B+ "IJ$(
JJ)* O@@1>>78/D B41//18 789 B7.04..18 6151 1P2>4919 7. 238/5-<4/35.) H""
B+ "IJ$(JJD "I&K('$D "I'&)* +,1 @3>-21 7>.3 :3489 7 <>339 ./7-8 38 /,1 67>>
>179-8= 9368 -8/3 /,1 =757=1) H& B+ '!!L "" B+ "IJ$L "% B+ $%J")* +,1
FNO /1./ 3: /,1 <>339 1P2>4919 7@@1>>78/ 789 B7.04..18) H! B+ "$'&('%)*
+,1.1 51.4>/. -89-27/1 /,7/ /,1 <>339 789 :-8=15@5-8/ -8 /,1 ./7-567? /3
/,1 =757=1 2701 :530 .301381 6,3 ,79 ./54==>19 6-/, B7.04..18 789 :>19 -8
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 103/182
!"
$%& '()* +&,- .$% '() /.0%123 .$% 4,1/5% 16.%& &%5,7%&%8 2/9:%&4&/9.0 698
06-41%0 ,2 ;1,,8 0.6/90* <,=%7%&3 644%1169. =60 %>51?8%8 60 6 5,9.&/;?.,& .,
69@ ,2 .$% %7/8%95% 2&,- .$% '()* AB CD EFGEH AEE CD EBEIJEBKBH EK CD
"""L3 EL CD ""IGJGB3 "KI!JIG*M (61% NOP .$6. 8/8 9,. 5,-% 2&,- C?%..%9
=60 2,?98 /9 6 ;1,,8 06-41%8 2&,- .$% 8,,& $6981%* AE" CD EGQE3 EG!G*M
D$% 8%6.$ ,2 R$%&/ C60-?00%9 =60 .%&&/;1% 1,00 ., $%& 26-/1@ 698
$?0;698* <,=%7%&3 .$/0 0$,?18 9,. ,;05?&% .$% -?1./41% 216=0 /9 .$% 0%%S/9:
644%1169.T0 5,97/5./,9 "K @%6&0 16.%& ;60%8 ,9 6 216=%8 -,./7% .$%,&@ 5&62.%8
2&,- ?916=2?11@ 0%/U%8 %7/8%95%* '?. 2,& .$6. %7/8%95%3 6 &%60,96;1% 5,?18
$67% 2,?98 .$6. 6 ;?&:16& ,& ;?&:16&0 6..65S%8 C60-?00%9 =$%9 0?&4&/0%8 .$%-
698 0$% =60 0$,. 60 6 =/.9%00* P55,&8/9:1@3 .$% 4&,0%5?./,9 ?0% ,2 .$%?916=2?11@ 0%/U%8 %7/8%95% =60 9,. $6&-1%00 ;%@,98 6 &%60,96;1% 8,?;.*
!!!"
$%& $'!() *+,'$ &''&- ./ -&0/!01 (22&))(0$34
5+$!+0 $+ $'(6&'4& $%& 4&('*% 7(''(0$4(0- $+
%+)- ( 8'(094 %&('!01"
(" !:;<=>?@;A=:"
)/.$ $%& -,./,9 ., V?60$3 644%1169. 610, -,7%8 ., .&67%&0% .$% W?9% L3
"FFG 0%6&5$ =6&&69.3 ;%56?0% .$% 622/867/. 2,& .$6. =6&&69. 4&,7/8%8 .$%
0.6.%-%9. ,2 4&,;6;1% 56?0% 2,& 611 ,2 .$% 0%6&5$ =6&&69.0* AL XD BKQJKIH " CD
XBJ!*M
Y?&0?69. ., !"#$%& ( )*+#,#"* AEGB!M LK! Z*R* E QL [QB \*]8*"8 IIB3
G! R*X.* "IBL^ A_ !"#$%&`M3 644%1169. 60S%8 .$% 5,?&. ., $,18 6 $%6&/9: 0, 0$%
5,?18 5&,00J%>6-/9% N%.%5./7% R.%6&903 .$% 6?.$,& ,2 .$% 622/867/.* AL XD BKQJ
KI*M P44%1169. 610, &%V?%0.%8 69 ,44,&.?9/.@ ., 4&%0%9. %7/8%95% ., 5,9.&,7%&.
.$% 265.?61 611%:6./,90 /9 .$% 622/867/. 698 ., 0$,= .$6. 265.0 $68 ;%%9
/9.%9./,9611@ ,& &%5S1%001@ ,-/..%8* A -./0 *M P44%1169. 6&:?%8 .$6. ;%56?0% ,2
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 104/182
!"
$%& '()*&+*&)&,$-$(.,) -,/ .'())(.,)0 $%& )&(12*& .3 &4(/&,5& 6-)&/ ., $%&
)$-$&'&,$ .3 +*.6-67& 5-2)& (, $%& 82,& 90 :;;< -33(/-4($ 4(.7-$&/ %&* =.2*$%
-,/ =.2*$&&,$% >'&,/'&,$ *(?%$) -,/ )%.27/ 6& )2++*&))&/@ A9 BC D"E@F
C%& $*(-7 5.2*$ /&,(&/ $%& '.$(., $. $*-4&*)&@ G$ 3.2,/ -,H
'()*&+*&)&,$-$(.,) .* .'())(.,) (,)(?,(3(5-,$ 6&5-2)& $%& .33(5&*) -5$&/ (,
?../ 3-($% *&7(-,5& ., )&-*5% I-**-,$) -2$%.*(1&/ 6H - '-?()$*-$&@ A: JC BK"L
K9@F
!" $%&'(%) *+, -./&0,(.%) !%&12./(+,"
3" 456,0+&0 -./770.0, %+, *.2(80+'9 :%,0 !;
*<<0))%+' %+, =>0 -./90&('6/+"
>) &M+7-(,&/ -6.4& (, N&5$(., GG@O@0 $%& 82,& 90 :;;< )&-*5% I-**-,$ (, +&*$(,&,$ +-*$ *&P2&)$&/ -2$%.*(1-$(., $. )&-*5% .3 -++&77-,$Q) 52**&,$
*&)(/&,5&0 5.'+2$&*) -,/ &7&5$*.,(5 )$.*-?& /&4(5&) 3.* -,H &4(/&,5& *&7-$&/ $.
$%& =&6*2-*H K<!E %.'(5(/&@ A9 BC D"DR !"" $%!& 9 BC D;DL;<@F S&$&5$(4&
N$&-*,) )$-$&/ $%-$ &4(/&,5& .3 $%& K<!E 5*('& I.27/ 6& -$ $%& 7.5-$(.,) (,
:;;< 6&5-2)& TU-1-*2)Q) *&7-$(.,)%(+ I($% 8.%, J2&$$&, AV)@ J-)'2))&,Q)
$%&, %2)6-,/F I-) )(?,(3(5-,$ $. %&* -,/ $%& )%& I-) &M$*&'&7H 2+)&$ -,/
/&4-)$-$&/ I%&, J2&$$&, 6&5-'& &,?-?&/ $. -,/ 27$('-$&7H '-**(&/
J-)'2))&,@W AEX9X;< N&-*5% Y-**-,$ >33(/-4($ -$ ++@ :ZL:E@F
C. $*-4&*)& $%& -33(/-4($0 /&3&,)& 5.2,)&7 )26'($$&/ - /&57-*-$(.,
(/&,$(3H(,? $%& 3-5$2-7 &**.*) -,/ .'())(.,) 6-)&/ ., %() *&4(&I .3 /()5.4&*H
+*.4(/&/ 6H $%& +*.)&52$(.,@ A9 BC D9K@F C%&)& /.52'&,$) )%.I&/ $%-$0 3*.'
$%& $('& J2&$$&, '&$ J-)'2))&, (, 82,& K<!9 2,$(7 $%& =&6*2-*H :90 K<!E
%.'(5(/&0 %& %-/ .,7H .,& 5.,$-5$ I($% -++&77-,$@ A9 BC D9KL9:@F C%-$ .,&
5.,$-5$ .552**&/ ,. 7-$&* $%-, >2?2)$ K<!Z I%&, J2&$$&, I&,$ $. )&& -++&77-,$
-$ %&* $.I,%.2)& -3$&* )%& 5-77&/ %('@ A9 BC D9:@F >$ $%-$ $('&0 -++&77-,$ $.7/
J2&$$&, $%-$ $%&(* '&&$(,? I-) %&* 7-)$ .++.*$2,($H $. $&77 %(' %.I )%& 3&7$
-6.2$ %('@ A '()* @F C%&*&-3$&*0 -++&77-,$ /(/ ,.$ (,($(-$& 5.,$-5$ I($% .* +2*)2&
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 105/182
!"
$%&''&( )( *(+ ,*+- . !"#$ -/
0&123& 4&&5)(6 '7& 8%(& "9 :;;< 4&*3=7 ,*33*('9 '7& >2?)=& 2@'*)(&A
B&('%3* C2%('+ 3&*? &4'*'& 3&=23A4- ." CD E":-/ D7& 3&=23A4 472,&A '7*'
*>>&??*(' A)A (2' @&=2F& *442=)*'&A ,)'7 '7& 3&4)A&(=& '2 @& 4&*3=7&A %(')?
G&>'&F@&3 H<<I- . !"#$ -/ J3)23 '2 4&&5)(6 '7& ,*33*('9 '7& >2?)=& 5(&, '7*'
*>>&??*(' 7*A A*'&A 7&3 =%33&(' 7%4@*(A 4)(=& H<<:9 '7*' F*33)&A *@2%' HK
+&*34 >3)23 '2 8%(& :;;<9 *(A '7*' '7&+ 7*A * +2%(6 =7)?A '26&'7&3- . !"#$ -/
J%34%*(' '2 %&'()*+ "K! L-G- HI"9 '7)4 >3211&3 4%>>23'&A *( 2>>23'%()'+ '2
=3244M&N*F)(& O&'&=')P& G'&*3(4 *(A '2 >3&4&(' &P)A&(=& '2 '3*P&34& '7& 4&*3=7
,*33*('- ." CD EK<M";-/
0+ * ,3)''&( 2>>24)')2(9 '7& >324&=%')2( *36%&A '7*' '7& A&'&=')P&2F)''&A (2 F*'&3)*? 1*='4 132F '7& *11)A*P)' *(A F*A& (2 F)43&>3&4&('*')2(49
&)'7&3 A&?)@&3*'&?+ 23 )( 3&=5?&44 A)43&6*3A 123 '7& '3%'7- ." CD E!E9 E<;M<H-/
Q( >*3')=%?*39 '7& A&'&=')P& A)A (2' F)44'*'& ,7*' 2==%33&A *' '7& ?*4' F&&')(6
@&',&&( *>>&??*(' *(A $%&''&( @&123& 7& F*33)&A $*4F%44&(- ." $D E<H-/
D7& >324&=%')2( A)A (2' A)4>%'& '7*' *>>&??*('R4 F*A& (2 &1123' '2
>%34%& $%&''&( *1'&3 '7&)3 ?*4' F&&')(69 '7*' 7&3 3&?*')2(47)> ,)'7 7&3 7%4@*(A
@&6)(()(6 )( H<<:9 23 '7*' 47& F2P&A '2 '7& 3&4)A&(=& '2 @& 4&*3=7&A S)(
H<<"-T ." CD E<:-/ U2,&P&39 '7& >324&=%'23 *36%&A '7*' '724& 1*='4 ,&3& S(2'
F*'&3)*?T *(A '7&3&123&9 =2%?A (2' *11&=' '7& A&'&3F)(*')2( 21 >32@*@?& =*%4&-
." CD E<:M<"-/
Q( * ,3)''&( 3&>?+9 A&1&(4& =2%(4&? *36%&A '7*' '7& A)4=2P&3+ 4%>>23'&A
7)4 P)&, 21 '7& 1*='4 *(A V%4')1)&A * %&'()* 7&*3)(6- .I CD !H;MHH-/
!" $%& '()*+ ,-.('/0 (.+)12"
D7& '3)*? =2%3' A&()&A '7& F2')2( '2 '3*P&34& )FF&A)*'&?+ *1'&3 A&(+)(6
'7& F2')2( '2 W%*47 '7& 4&*3=7 ,*33*('4- .: $D CHK-/ D7& =2%3' =2(=?%A&A
'7*' 2F)44)2( 21 '7& 1*=' '7*' *>>&??*(' ?)P&A )( * (&, 3&4)A&(=& ,*4 )FF*'&3)*?
@&=*%4& O&'&=')P& G'&*3(4 A)A (2' 4'*'& '7*' )' ,*4 '7& 4*F& 3&4)A&(=& *4 *' '7&
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 106/182
!"
$%&' () $*' +,%&'- . !"#$ -/ 01 2%234$ $*%35 $*6$ $*' &%7,'8,'7'3$6$%(379 67 :(;
+6<< $*'&9 '='3 %) 1 6++'8$ $*'& 67 2'<%>',6$' &%7,'8,'7'3$6$%(379 ?','
7%@3%)%+63$ %3 <%@*$ () &: ,;<%3@ (3 @((2 )6%$*9 ),635<:9 %) )(, 3( ($*', ,'67(3-A
. !"#$ -/
B*' +(;,$ ,'+(@3%C'2 $*6$ 2')'37' +(;37'< *62 %2'3$%)%'2 '=%2'3+' $*6$
0$*' 2')'3263$ *62 &6,,%'29 7*' *62 &(='2 (3 ?%$* *', <%)'9 632 $*6$ &6: 3($
*6=' >''3 +<'6, %3 $*' ?6,,63$9 >;$ %$ ?67 3($ ,'8,'7'3$'2 $( $*' +(3$,6,:- D'
EF'$'+$%=' G$'6,37H 2%234$ 76: $*6$9 :(; 53(?9 7*'47 3($ &6,,%'2 632 %7 8%33%3@
I )(, J;'$$'3- K32 $*' )6+$ $*6$ $*',' ?67 3( +(3$6+$ ?%$* J;'$$'3 6)$', $*'
5%<<%3@ %7 7(&'$*%3@ () %3$','7$9 632 14& 7;,' &6: >' () %3$','7$ $( $*' L;,:9 >;$
1 2(34$ )%32 $*6$ $( >' 7(&'$*%3@ $( $,6=',7' $*' ?6,,63$ (=', (, @( 2(?3 $*6$,(62-A .M JB NOP-/
B*' +(;,$ +(3+<;2'2Q 01 $*%35 $*' <6? *67 76%2 $*6$ ?' ?63$ ?6,,63$7 $(
>' ;7'29 ?' ?63$ ())%+',7 $( @'$ $*' ?6,,63$79 632 $*6$ ?' $,;7$ (;, +(;,$
7:7$'& $( 8,(8',<: 7;8',=%7' ?6,,63$7 I- K32 7(9 $*6$47 ?*',' 1 +(&' (;$-A
.M JB NOR-/ B*' +(;,$ 2%2 3($ 7'' $*6$ F'$'+$%=' G$'6,37 02%2 63:$*%3@
%&8,(8', *',' (, &62' 7%@3%)%+63$ &%7,'8,'7'3$6$%(37- D' &6: 3($ *6=' 8;$
'=',:$*%3@ *' 53'? 6$ $*' $%&' %3 $*' 6))%26=%$9 >;$ 1 2(34$ $*%35 $*6$ I
63:$*%3@ $*6$ ?67 ?%$**'<2 I ?(;<2 8',7;62' &' $*6$ $*' &6@%7$,6$' ?(;<2
3($ *6=' %77;' $*' ?6,,63$- G( $*' &($%(3 $( $,6=',7' %7 6<7( 2'3%'2-A . !"#$ -/
!" $%%&''()* +(,& $ -.//010&)* -2340)5 637 $!"#$%&8&(70)5
$), 90*23.* :2& 6'(4; <) :2& $//0,(=0* :2& >3'01& ?(1@&,
>73A(A'& !(.;& :3 -&(712 <) B.)& CDDE"
0SB*' $,%6< +(;,$47 2'3%6< () 6 %&'()* *'6,%3@ %7 ,'=%'?'2 2' 3(=( (3
688'6<-4 EN%$6$%(3-HA . +,-./, 12 3,(4'5#( .OTTT/ UU N6<-K88-R$* MVR9 MUO-/
%&'()*6 RP! W-G- O"R9 *'<2 $*6$ 6 2')'3263$ &6: +*6<<'3@' $*' =',6+%$: ()
7$6$'&'3$7 +(3$6%3'2 %3 63 6))%26=%$ () 8,(>6><' +6;7' %3 7;88(,$ () $*'
%77;63+' () 6 7'6,+* ?6,,63$-
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 107/182
!"
$%&'( )*'+'(,'- ./,& +01& 2 1&233'(4'5 ,&' 36.'* 160*,+ 70+, 16(-01,
2( '8/-'(,/2*9 &'2*/(4 /: 2 -':'(-2(, 72;'+ 2 +0<+,2(,/23 +&6./(4 ,&2,= >?@ ,&'
2::/-28/, 16(,2/(+ +,2,'7'(,+ ,&2, 2*' -'3/<'*2,'39 :23+' 6* .'*' 72-' /(
*'1;3'++ -/+*'42*- 6: ,&' ,*0,& 2(- >A@ ,&' 2::/-28/,B+ *'72/(/(4 16(,'(,+5 2:,'*
,&' :23+' +,2,'7'(,+ 2*' 'C1/+'-5 2*' /(+0::/1/'(, ,6 D0+,/:9 2 :/(-/(4 6: )*6<2<3'
120+'E F, ,&' '8/-'(,/2*9 &'2*/(45 /: ,&' +,2,'7'(,+ 2*' )*68'- <9 2
)*')6(-'*2(1' 6: ,&' '8/-'(1' ,6 <' :23+' 6* *'1;3'++5 ,&'9 70+, <' 16(+/-'*'-
'C1/+'-E G: ,&' *'72/(/(4 16(,'(,+ 6: ,&' 2::/-28/, 2*' /(+0::/1/'(, ,6 '+,2<3/+&
)*6<2<3' 120+'5 ,&' .2**2(, 70+, <' 86/-'- 2(- 2(9 '8/-'(1' +'/H'- )0*+02(,
,6 ,&2, .2**2(, 70+, <' +0))*'++'-EI > !"#$%" '( )*+,-#*, >?JJK@ ?L M23E N,&
?AAJ5 ?AJK5 1/,/(4 .*+/012 NO! PEQE 2, ))E ?LLRL"E@S&' +27' +,2(-2*-+ 2))39 ,6 67/++/6(+ 6: 72,'*/23 /(:6*72,/6( :*67 2(
2::/-28/,E > 345, ET !"#$%" '( 6788"/4"*9"* >?JJU@ LU M23E O- ?5 ?NR?L V :(E NE@
S&0+5 2 .*+/01 &'2*/(4 /+ 2))*6)*/2,' .&'( 2( 2::/2(, $67/,+ 72,'*/23 :21,+
./,& ,&' /(,'(, ,6 72;'5 6* /( *'1;3'++ -/+*'42*- 6: .&',&'* ,&'9 ,&'*'<9 72-'5
,&' 2::/-28/, 7/+3'2-/(4EI >:/58", ;8+8"1 '( <#%0%"= >N,&
M/*E ?JJU@ !JJ WEA-
AJK5 OUUE@ X2,'*/23/,9 /+ *'8/'.'- 0(-'* ,&' ,'+, '+,2<3/+&'- <9 ,&' P(/,'-
Q,2,'+ Q0)*'7' M60*, /( 3%%5/#51 '( >+8"15 17$*+E > !"#$%" '( )*+,-#*, 5 17$*+5
?L M23EN,& 2, )E ?AJKE@ S&' 160*, 366;+ ,6 ,&' ,6,23/,9 6: 1/*107+,2(1'+ ,6
-','*7/(' /: ,&' 2::/-28/,5 ./,&60, ,&' 67/,,'- 72,'*/235 '+,2<3/+&'+ )*6<2<3'
120+'E > 345, E@
G( ,&/+ 12+'5 2))'332(, 72-' 2 +0<+,2(,/23 )*'3/7/(2*9 +&6./(4 6:
7/+*')*'+'(,2,/6(+ 2(- 67/++/6( ,&2, .'*' 72,'*/23 ,6 ,&' -','*7/(2,/6( 6:
)*6<2<3' 120+' ,6 +'2*1& /( Y0(' AUUJE F+ *'164(/H'- <9 ,&' ,*/23 160*, /(
*03/(4 6( ,&' 76,/6( ,6 Z02+&5 ,&' ,&'6*9 6: )*6<2<3' 120+' )*'+'(,'- /( ,&'
2::/-28/, .2+ 2 1*/7' 76,/82,'- <9 D'2360+9E >A [S MJE@ S&' )*6+'10,/6(
16(1'-'- ,&/+ /( /,+ 6))6+/,/6( ,6 ,&' 76,/6( ,6 Z02+&5 +,2,/(4 ,&2, ,&' ;/33/(4 6:
[2+70++'( .2+ 2 1*/7' 76,/82,'- <9 $/(,'(+'39 )2*,/1032*/H'- 2(,/)2,&9 2(-
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 108/182
!"
$%&'()*+ ,-'.%/012 3*4-( )5- (')/$- %6 )5*0 +$*&- *) 7'0 $-'0%('8.- 6%$ )5-
&'9*0)$')- )% *(6-$ )5') -4*:-(+- %6 )5- +$*&- *(+./:*(9 -4*:-(+- 05%7*(9 )5-
$-.')*%(05*;0 8-)7--( <-6-(:'()= >/-))-( '(: >'0&/00-( 7%/.: 8- *( )5-
;%00-00*%( %6 )5- <-6-(:'() ') )5- )*&- %6 )5- 0-'$+52? @A BC ""DE !"" $%!& A
BC ""A= ""!2F
G%7-4-$= <-)-+)*4- H)-'$(0 &*0+5'$'+)-$*I-: )5- -4*:-(+- %6 )5- .'0)
&--)*(9 8-)7--( ';;-..'() '(: >/-))-( '(: %&*))-: &/.)*;.- 6'+)0 05%7*(9
)5') )5- ;/)')*4- ,-'.%/01 )5-%$1 :*: (%) ;$%4*:- ;$%8'8.- +'/0- )% 0-'$+5 *(
J/(- KLLM2 C5- '66*:'4*) 0)')-: )5') *( J/(- DM!N= '6)-$ .-'$(*(9 %6 )5-
>/-))-(O0 -(9'9-&-() )% >'0&/00-(= ';;-..'() '$$'(9-: ' &'9*0)$')- 7*)5
>/-))-( P'(: -Q;$-00-: )% J%5( )5') 05- 7*05-: )% ;/$0/- ' +%&&*))-:$-.')*%(05*; 7*)5 5*&2 R H)-;5'(*- 7'0 /;0-) '(: 7'()-: )% )'S- )5-*$
$-.')*%(05*; )% )5- (-Q) .-4-.2? @TUAULM H-'$+5 V'$$'() W66*:'4*) ') ;2 DMXMY
DD2F
G%7-4-$= )5- ;%.*+- *()-$4*-7 %6 >/-))-( 8-6%$- )5- '66*:'4*) 7'0
;$-;'$-: 05%7-: )5') ';;-..'() )%.: >/-))-( ') )5-*$ .'0) &--)*(9 )5') )5-*$
&--)*(9 7'0 5-$ .'0) %;;%$)/(*)1 )% )-.. 5*& 5%7 05- 6-.) '8%/) 5*&2 @A BC
"AK2F C5*0 05%7-: 6*('.*)1 )% )5- &--)*(9 '80-() 6$%& )5- ;%$)$'1'. *( )5-
'66*:'4*)2 Z4-( *6 (%) ' &*0$-;$-0-()')*%(= *) 7'0 '( %&*00*%( %80+/$*(9 )5-
)$/- (')/$- %6 )5-*$ .'0) &--)*(9 '(: &*0.-':*(9 )5- &'9*0)$')-2
W(1 :%/8) %6 )5*0 *0 -.*&*(')-: 81 %&*00*%( %6 &/.)*;.- '::*)*%('. 6'+)0=
)5- '++/$'+1 %6 75*+5 )5- ;$%0-+/)*%( +%(+-:-:2 @A BC "MKYM[2F C5-
:-)-+)*4- %&*))-: )% )-.. )5- &'9*0)$')- )5') )5') ';;-..'() (-4-$ *(*)*')-:
+%()'+) 7*)52 >/-))-( '6)-$ )5- \-8$/'$1 KA 5%&*+*:-= )5') 05- 5': 8--( :')*(9
5-$ ;$-0-() 5/08'(: 0*(+- DMMK= )5') '0 %6 J/(- KLLM )5-1 5': 8--( 5';;*.1
&'$$*-: 6%$ '8%/) D[ 1-'$0= '(: )5') ';;-..'() '(: 5-$ ;$-0-() 5/08'(: :*: (%)
&%4- *()% )5- $-0*:-(+- )% 8- 0-'$+5-: /()*. ]'1DMMA2 @N BC !DDE A BC "MKY
M[2F
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 109/182
!!
#$ %&'()*+%, )-./% *+ 0%12*.+ 334546 '7.-)-(% 1)8$% 97%:8*7%$ )
$;.<*+= 2;)2 >)?%$ *2 @$8-$2)+2*)((A '7.-)-(% 2;)2 2;%7% *$ $'%1*B*1 '7.'%72A
()<B8((A $8-C%12 2. $%*D87% '7%$%+2(A (.1)2%, *+ 2;% ')72*18()7 '()1% B.7 <;*1;
2;% <)77)+2 *$ $.8=;24EF G !"#$%" '( )*++,-./#-0 12$+*0 HI J)(4H2; )2 '4 KLK6
1*2)2*.+$ )+, *+2%7+)( :8.2)2*.+$ .>*22%,4M 902)(% *+B.7>)2*.+ *+ ) $%)71;
<)77)+2 )BB*,)/*2 ,.%$ +.2 %$2)-(*$; '7%$%+2 '7.-)-(% 1)8$% B.7 ) $%)71;4F
G !"#$%" '( 3,+*/*0 12$+*0 KIN J)(4#''4H2; )2 '4 KNOH4M
#(( .B 2;% %/*,%+1% .>*22%, -A 5%2%12*/% 02%)7+$ $;.<$ 2;)2 2;% '.(*1%
()1?%, '7.-)-(% 1)8$% *+ POOQ 2. $%)71; )''%(()+2E$ 7%$*,%+1%6 1.>'82%7$6 )+,
%(%127.+*1 $2.7)=% ,%/*1%$4 R%1)8$% 2;% 97%>)*+*+= 1.+2%+2$ .B 2;% )BB*,)/*2
)7% *+$8BB*1*%+2 2. %$2)-(*$; '7.-)-(% 1)8$%6 2;% <)77)+2 >8$2 -% /.*,%, )+,)+A %/*,%+1% $%*D%, '87$8)+2 2. 2;)2 <)77)+2 >8$2 -% $8''7%$$%,4F G !"#$%" '(
4+*56#+50 12$+*0 KN J)(4 H2; )2 '4 KPQI6 7+*-810 HS! T404 )2 ''4 KNNUNL4M
!" $%& $'()* +,-'. /''&0 12 3(20(24 $%). $%& 5,,0 3)(.%
/67&8.(,2 $, $%& /67*-9(,2)': ;-*& <88*(&0"
V;% 7*=;2 2. 27)/%7$% ) $%)71; <)77)+2 *$ -)$%, .+ 2;% '7*+1*'(% 2;)2
8+,%7 2;% W.872; #>%+,>%+2 9*2 *$ 2;% >)=*$27)2% <;. >8$2 ,%2%7>*+%
*+,%'%+,%+2(A <;%2;%7 2;%7% *$ '7.-)-(% 1)8$%6 *2 <.8(, -% )+ 8+2;*+?)-(%
*>'.$*2*.+ 8'.+ ;*$ )82;.7*2A *B ) <)77)+2 )BB*,)/*26 7%/%)(%, )B2%7 2;% B)12 2.
1.+2)*+ ) ,%(*-%7)2%(A .7 7%1?(%$$(A B)($% $2)2%>%+2X4YF G 7+*-810 HS! T404 )2 '4
KLN4M V;% 27*)( 1.872 -%(*%/%, 2;)2 2;%$% 1.+1%7+$ <%7% ./%71.>% -A 2;% =..,
B)*2; %&1%'2*.+ 2. 2;% %&1(8$*.+)7A 78(%4 GP ZV JKSUKH X#+A %77.7$ <%7% +.2
9$*=+*B*1)+2 *+ (*=;2 .B >A 78(*+= .+ =.., B)*2;6 B7)+?(A6 *B B.7 +. .2;%7
7%)$.+4FY4M
[.<%/%76 92;% =.., B)*2; %&1%'2*.+ ,.%$ +.2 )''(A <;%7% ()<
%+B.71%>%+2 *$ 1.((%12*/%(A )2 B)8(2 B.7 )+ *+)1187)2% 7%1.7, 2;)2 7%$8(2$ *+ )+
8+1.+$2*282*.+)( $%)71;4F G !"#$%" '( 9,%%,1 GPOOPM P! J)(4H2; PP6 HQ4M
908''7%$$*.+ 2;%7%B.7% 7%>)*+$ )+ )''7.'7*)2% 7%>%,A *B 2;% >)=*$27)2% .7
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 110/182
!"
$%&'( )* )++%)*' , -,..,*/ -,+ 0)+1(& 23 )*45.0,/)5* )* ,* ,44)&,6)/ /7,/ /7(
,44),*/ 8*(- -,+ 4,1+( 5. -5%1& 7,6( 8*5-* -,+ 4,1+( (9:(;/ 45. 7)+ .(:81(++
&)+.(',.& 54 /7( /.%/7<= > !"#$? @A! B<C< ,/ ;< "DE<F
G::5.&)*'13? /7( &(*),1 54 /7( 05/)5* /5 /.,6(.+( ;.56)&(+ ,* ,&&)/)5*,1
'.5%*& /5 :5*:1%&( /7,/ /7( ,&0)++)5* 54 /7( (6)&(*:( 4.50 /7( .(+)&(*:( ,*&
:50;%/(. +(,.:7(+ 6)51,/(& ,;;(11,*/H+ &%( ;.5:(++ >B<C< I5*+/<? J/7 K L@/7
G0(*&+<F ,*& M5%./7 G0(*&0(*/ .)'7/+< N7( (..5. -,+ ;.($%&):),1 45. /7(
.(,+5*+ (9;1,)*(& ,256( )* C(:/)5* OO<O<
!"#
%&' %(!)* +,-(% '(('. /0 ).1!%%!23 '"!.'2+' ,4
)55'**)2%67 !2%'((,3)%!,2 /'+)-7' &'(
7%)%'1'2%7 8'(' *'3)**0 +,15'**'.#
)# !9:;<=>?:@<9#
P(45.( /.),1? /7( :5%./ 56(. ,;;(11,*/H+ 52$(:/)5*+ '.,*/(& /7(
;.5+(:%/)5* 05/)5* /5 ,&0)/ (6)&(*:( 54 +/,/(0(*/+ 0,&( 23 7(. 5* Q%*( J?
DRR" &%.)*' , 6)&(5/,;(& )*/(..5',/)5* ,25%/ /7( S,+0%++(* 750):)&(< >J IN
!L!? !!@T D SN ULVD? LAVLW<F N7( ;.5+(:%/)5* ,/ /.),1 /7(* ;.(+(*/(& /7( 6)&(5
,*& /.,*+:.);/ 54 /7( )*/(..5',/)5* &%.)*' )/+ :,+(V)*V:7)(4 ,*& ,.'%(& /7,/
,;;(11,*/ 0,&( 4,1+( ,*& 0)+1(,&)*' +/,/(0(*/+< >LL SN LL!@V!AT W IN L@LW
X/.,*+:.);/ 54 )*/(..5',/)5*YT +(( C(:/)5* Z<? 2(15-<F
N7( /.),1 :5%./ (..(&< P3 +/,/%/( ,*& :,+( 1,-? ,;;(11,*/ -,+ 1(',113
:50;(11(& ,;;(11,*/ /5 ,*+-(. [%(+/)5*+ ,/ .)+8 54 ,&6(.+( (0;1530(*/ ,:/)5*
23 /7( \G]^< G::5.&)*'13? ,;;(11,*/H+ &%( ;.5:(++ ;.5/(:/)5* ,',)*+/
,&0)++)5* 54 )*651%*/,.3 +/,/(0(*/+ ,*& ;.)6)1('( ,',)*+/ +(14V)*:.)0)*,/)5*
2,..(& ,&0)++)5* 54 7(. Q%*( J? DRR" +/,/(0(*/+ )* :.)0)*,1 ;.5:((&)*'+
,',)*+/ 7(.< >B<C< I5*+/<? J/7
K L@/7
G0(*&+<F
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 111/182
!"
!" $%&'()*%+, !+'-.%&*/)"
0" !%1(21/. !(,&3"
$% & '()**+, -.*).,/ *0+ 1(.2+34*)., (+54+2*+6 &6-)22)., .7 &11+88&,*92
2*&*+-+,*2 ), )*2 3&2+:),:30)+7; <= >? @AB;C ?0+ 1(.2+34*)., &(D4+6 *0&*
&11+88&,* '&2 ,.* ), 342*.6% &* *0+ *)-+ .7 ),*+((.D&*)., 2. *0&* *0+ E)7*0
F-+,6-+,* 1(.*+3*).,2 +2*&G8)20+6 G% !"#$%&$ () *#"+,%$ <A!B=C H@I J;K;
IHB <L !"#$%&$MC 6)6 ,.* &118%; <= >? @N":N=;C ?0+ 1(.*+3*).,2 &D&),2* 42+ .7
2*&*+-+,*2 G% 1.8)3+ .77)3+(2 +2*&G8)20+6 G% *0+ O4G8)3 K&7+*% P77)3+(2
O(.3+64(&8 $)88 .7 Q)D0*2 <LOP$QMC 6)6 ,.* &118% G+3&42+ *0+ ),*+((.D&*).,
'&2 6)(+3*+6 L2.8+8%M &* 3()-),&8 &3*)R)*)+2; <S.R; >.6+/ T HH"H/ 24G6; <)CU =
>? @N=;C$% & '()**+, .11.2)*).,/ &11+88&,* .GV+3*+6 *0&* *0+ )224+ '&2 ,.*
'0+*0+( *0+(+ '&2 & !"#$%&$ R).8&*).,; <= >? @HN:HH;C >&8)7.(,)& 8&' 0&6
8.,D (+54)(+6 )-1.2+6 & 64*% ., 1.8)3+ .77)3+(2 *. &,2'+( 54+2*).,2 &G.4* &,%
3()-+ &,6 0+86 *0&* *0+% -&% G+ 6)23)18),+ 7.( 7&)8),D *. &,2'+(; <= >? @HH/
3)*),D/ "%-.# $/"$/ 01#"2-$/ () 3,/"4. 0,55"22",% ,6 0"-7 $%& 0,8%-7 ,6 9$%
:#$%4"24, .- $/ ; <A!H!C HH >&8;F11;N6 =BI/ =BW:=B@;C
OP$Q &82. (+54)(+6 &11+88&,* *. &,2'+( 54+2*).,2 &* 1&), .7 &, &6R+(2+
+-18.%-+,* &3*).,; <XG)6;U S.R; >.6+/ T HH"H;C ?0+ 6+*+3*)R+92 54+2*).,),D
'&2 ,.* 2.8+8% 3.,3+(,+6 ')*0 & 3()-),&8 ),R+2*)D&*).,; <= >? @HB;C F11+88&,*
G% 6+38&(&*)., 2*&*+6 *0&* '0+, 6+*+3*)R+2 ),*+(R)+'+6 0+( ., Y4,+ =/ N""!/ 20+
L'&2 &'&(+ &* *0&* *)-+ *0&* )7 X 6)6 ,.* &,2'+( 54+2*).,2/ X 3.486 G+ 24GV+3* *.
6)23)18),+ G% *0+ Z.2 F,D+8+2 O.8)3+ [+1&(*-+,*;M <= >? @IA;C L?0)2
6)23)18),+ '.486 3.,2)2* .7 & ')6+ (&,D+ .7 1+,&8*)+2 ),3846),D 2421+,2)., .(
*+(-),&*)., .7 +-18.%-+,*;M < ;<"& ;C F11+88&,* &82. 1(.R)6+6 3.1)+2 .7
6.34-+,*2 7(.- ZFO[ 20.'),D *0&* &7*+( 0+( ),*+((.D&*)., ZFO[ G+D&,
&6-),)2*(&*)R+ 1(.3++6),D2 8+&6),D *. 0+( *+(-),&*)., &2 & 1.8)3+ .77)3+(; <=
>? @IH:@IW;C
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 112/182
!"
$%&'( )*'+' ,%-,./+)0(,'+1 )*' 2%(' 34 ,0+'+ 5'6%((%(6 7%)* !"##$%& ()
*+, -+#.+& 8"!9:; <=> ?@A@ B!< C=: A@ D)@ 9"9E ": F@ GH@ IH >9IJ 8K!"##$%&L;
+*37'H )*0) 0MM'220() *0H 0.)3/0)%, .+' %//.(%)N 43- *'- O.(' >1 IPP!
+)0)'/'()+ 0+ 0 /0))'- 34 H.' M-3,'++ 0(H *'- Q%4)* R/'(H/'() M-%&%2'6'
060%(+) +'24S%(,-%/%(0)%3(@ 8> DT =<<S<9@;
UN 0 7-%))'( -'M2N1 )*' M-3+',.)%3( 0-6.'H )*0) !"##$%& H%H (3) 0MM2N
5',0.+' )*' H')',)%&'+ H%H (3) 'VM2%,%)2N 3-H'- 0MM'220() )3 0(+7'- 3( M0%( 34
)'-/%(0)%3( 34 '/M23N/'()@ 8> DT =9=S9!@; T*'-'43-'1 0MM'220()W+ 5'2%'4 )*0)
+*' 70+ ,3/M'22'H )3 0(+7'- X.'+)%3(+ 70+ (3) 35Y',)%&'2N -'0+3(052'@ 8 /0$1 @;
R+ )3 )*' Z[U\1 )*' M-3+',.)%3( 0-6.'H )*0) %) H%H (3) 0MM2N 5',0.+'
)*' M32%,' H%H (3) %(%)%0)' 0H/%(%+)-0)%&' M-3,''H%(6+ 060%(+) 0MM'220() .()%2 +%V7'']+ 04)'- %()'--360)%3(@ 8> DT =9!@; T*'-'43-'1 )*' %()'--360)%3( 70+
H%-',)'H +32'2N 0) 0 ,-%/%(02 %(&'+)%60)%3( 0(H )*' Z[U\ H%H (3) 0MM2N@ 8$3&@
D3H'1 ^ <<P<1 +.5H@ 8%;@;
_( +.MM3-) 34 %)+ M3+%)%3(1 )*' M-3+',.)%3( +.5/%))'H 0 H',20-0)%3( 4-3/
`0-] \@ Z'-'a1 )*' b'M.)N D*%'41 D3//0(H%(6 [44%,'-1 Z-34'++%3(02
A)0(H0-H+ U.-'0.1 34 )*' FRZb@ 8> DT =:=@; b'M.)N D*%'4 Z'-'a +)0)'H )*0)
0( 0H/%(%+)-0)%&' %(&'+)%60)%3( %+ %(%)%0)'H 5N 0 43-/02 ,3/M20%() 7*'-'5N 0(
%(&'+)%60)3- +')+ .M 0 )%/' 0(H M20,' 43- %()'--360)%3(@ 8 /0$1 @;
FRZb H%H (3) ,3(H.,) 0( 0H/%(%+)-0)%&' %()'--360)%3( 7%)*3.) )'22%(6
)*' 344%,'- )*0) +*' 70+ 5'%(6 %(&'+)%60)'H 43- 022'6'H /%+,3(H.,)@ 8> DT =:=@;
_4 0( 344%,'- H',2%('H )3 0(+7'- X.'+)%3(+ &32.()0-%2N1 )*' 344%,'- 73.2H 5'
3-H'-'H )3 0(+7'- 3( M0%( 34 0H/%(%+)-0)%&' H%+,%M2%('1 %(,2.H%(6 )'-/%(0)%3(1
43- -'4.+%(6 )3 H3 +3@ 8> DT =:=S:!@; T*' M32%,' H%H (3) M-'M0-' 0(
0H/%(%+)-0)%&' ,3/M20%() 060%(+) 0MM'220() .()%2 O.2N II1 IPP!@ 8> DT =:!@;
T*'-'43-'1 %( [44%,'- Z'-'aW+ 3M%(%3(1 )*' H')',)%&'+ H%H (3) 0H/%(%+)-0)%&'2N
%()'--360)' 0MM'220() 3( O.(' >1 IPP!@ 8 /0$1 @;
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 113/182
!"
!" $%&'()* &)+ ,-.()* /0 12% 3'(&. 45-'1"
$% &'()*+), -!. "/-/. 01) 2'3,0 1)45 6 1)6,7%8 '% 01) 65*7997+7470: ';
6<<)446%0=9 9060)*)%09> ?@ AB CCDE " FB G-H". -IH-J>K
L);)%9) 2'3%9)4 2'%2)5)5 0160 3%5), 01) B,301HM%HG(75)%2) <,'(797'%
'; 01) A647;',%76 A'%9070307'% ?A64> A'%90>. N,0> M. O "C. 93+5> ?;K?"KK P$QFN
575 %'0 <,'(75) 6 906030',: +6979 0' )R2435) 6<<)446%0=9 9060)*)%09 ;,'*
)(75)%2)> ?" FB G@HI>K S'T)(),. 70 91'T)5 0160 6<<)446%0 T69 2'*<)44)5 0'
6%9T), ', ;62) <3%707() 6207'%> ? !"#$ >K U%5), %&''#() 0160 T69 93;;727)%0 ;',
630'*6072 39) 7**3%70: 7% 2,7*7%64 <,'2))57%89> ?" FB GJH!>K
B1) <,'9)2307'% ,)9<'%5)5 0160 %)701), 01) 5)0)207()9 V3)907'%7%8 %',
6<<)446%0=9 6207'%9 6%5 9060)*)%09 53,7%8 7%0),,'8607'% 91'T)5 0160 91)6203644: ', ,)69'%6+4: +)47)()5 91) T69 2'*<)44)5 0' 6%9T), V3)907'%9> ?" FB
G-/H-">K
B1) 2'3,0 2'%2435)5 0160 01) 5);)%9) <'9707'% T69 W'(),+,'65 7% 01)
)R0,)*)X 7% 699),07%8 6% W7*<47)5 7**3%70:X )R790)5 ;', 9060)*)%09 +: 6 <'472)
';;72), 0160 T'345 %'0 6<<4:. ;', )R6*<4). 0' 6 +39 5,7(),> ?" FB G-Y>K B1)
,)2',5 91'T)5 0160 5)0)207()9 ;,'* ,'++),:Z1'*7275) W6<<,'621)5 [9>
\6]6,39 60 T',^> U97%8 6 ,39). 01): 79'460)5 1), 7% 6% 7%0),(7)T ,''* 6%5
69^)5 1), V3)907'%9 6+'30 1), ^%'T4)58) '; 01) ^7447%8 0160 79 01) 93+_)20 ';
0179 269)> `1) T69 %'0 65(79)5 '; 1), ,78109. %', T69 91) 0'45 0160 91) 165 0'
064^ 0' 01) 5)0)207()9> ?" FB GH-@>K
WM0=9 24)6, 0' 01) 2'3,0 0160 01) 5)0)207()9 T),) 2'%53207%8 6 2,7*7%64
7%()9078607'%> M *)6%. M=() ,)65 01) 7%0),(7)T> M=() 4790)%)5 0' <',07'%9 '; 01)
06<)> M% *: (7)T 0179 T69 24)6,4: )R)*<0)5 ;,'* P>$>Q>F> M0 79 699),0)5 +:
[9> \6]6,39 0160 91) T69 6T6,) 0160 7; 91) 575 %'0 6%9T), 01)7, V3)907'%9. 91)
2'345 +) 0),*7%60)5> `1) %)(), 53,7%8 01) 7%0),(7)T 69^)5 7; 91) 165 0'
6%9T), 01) V3)907'%9. %', 575 91) ,679) 01) 7993) '; T1)01), 01)7, 7%()9078607'%
T69 6% 65*7%790,607() 7%()9078607'%> S), 699),07'% 0160 91) ;)40 2'*<)44)5 0'
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 114/182
!"
$%&'() *% +$,% *- .*&,%/ 0() 1*2 ,& %*34 ,% 30( 5*6)37& 8,('4 *21(53,8(.9
)($&*%$2.( 2$&(: *% 30( 3)$%&5),+3 30$3 ; 0$8( )($:<= >? @A BCDECF<G
A0( :(-(%&( 0$: $)/6(: 30$3 30( H6(&3,*%,%/ '$& %*3 &*.(.9 :,)(53(: $3
$..(/(: 5),I,%$. $53,8,3,(& 2(5$6&( JKLM 30()($-3() 5*II(%5(: $:I,%,&3)$3,8(
+)*5((:,%/& .($:,%/ 3* 0() 3()I,%$3,*% *% N(2)6$)9 ?4 ?OCO< >? @A BCF<G
PA0( 5*6)3 )(1(53& 30,& $)/6I(%3< A0$3 $53,*% *556))(: (,/03 I*%30& $-3() 30(
,%3()8,(' 2$&(: *% 30( -$53 30$3 &0( 0$: %*3 )(+*)3(: -*) :639 &,%5( 0() $))(&3
*% Q6%( D30
?OO!R<S= >? @A BCF<G
A0( 5*6)3 P+.$5(R:S .,33.( '(,/03 *% 30( -$53 30$3 30( J*& K%/(.(& L*.,5(
M(+$)3I(%3 0$& :($.3 ',30 0() ,% $% $:I,%,&3)$3,8( -$&0,*% $-3() 0() $))(&3< T
; -,%: 30$3 ,3 ,& 5.($) 30$3 30,& '$& $ 5),I,%$. ,%8(&3,/$3,*% $%: ,& (U(I+3 -)*IL<V<W<@< $%: ; $.&* 5*%5.6:(4 $.30*6/0 ,37& %*3 $++$)(%3.94 5*%3(&3(: 30$3 X&<
J$Y$)6&7 &3$3(I(%3& '()( 8*.6%3$),.9 6+ 6%3,. &0( '$& $:8,&(: *- 0() !"#$%&$
),/03& $%: ,%8*Z(: 30(I *% +$/( !" R*- 30( ,%3())*/$3,*% 3)$%&5),+3S4 $%: 30$3
30(&( &3$3(I(%3& $)( 30()(-*)( $:I,&&,2.( ,% 30( L(*+.(7& 5$&( ,% 50,(- &0*6.:
30(9 ,%3(%: 3* *--() 30(I<= >? @A BCFEC[<G K& :,&56&&(: -6)30() 2(.*' ,%
\(53,*% ]<4 30( +)*&(563,*% $3 3),$. +)(&(%3(: 30( 8,:(* $%: 3)$%&5),+3 *- 30(
,%3())*/$3,*% $& &6II$),Y(: $2*8(< >CC @A CC^_E^F` [ aA C_C[ R3)$%&5),+3 *-
,%3())*/$3,*%S<G
!" $%& '()*+),+ -. /&01&2"
;% $::)(&&,%/ 5.$,I& *- 5*%&3,363,*%$. ())*) ,% $:I,33,%/ $ :(-(%:$%37&
&3$3(I(%3&4 $ )(8,(',%/ 5*6)3 $55(+3& 30( 3),$. 5*6)3b& )(&*.63,*% *- :,&+63(:
-$53& $%: ,%-()(%5(& $& '(.. $& ,3& (8$.6$3,*%& *- 5)(:,2,.,39 ,- &62&3$%3,$..9
&6++*)3(: 29 30( (8,:(%5(< > '()*+( -. /0"12 >?OO[G _O a$.<_30 _^"4 DO?<G
c*'(8()4 ,3 P,%:(+(%:(%3.9 :(3()I,%(R&S -)*I 6%:,&+63(: -$53& $%: -$53& -*6%:
29 30( 3),$. 5*6)3 '0(30() 30( 50$..(%/(: &3$3(I(%3 '$& .(/$..9 *23$,%(:<=
> 34"& <G
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 115/182
!"
!" $%&'()% *++%,,'-. *) * /0,1&% 2331&%4 5') 607+%,,%8 90
*-):%4 ;(%).10-) *. /'1- 23 /(-1.1<% *&.10- =>% 5')
?-.1.,%8 90 *(.07'.1& @)% A77(-1.B C04 D%4 =.'.%7%-.)"
$% & '()*(' +, -&'(' .(/*%%*%/ 0*12 !"##$%& 34 '() +(#,(&5 '67)&5 89:
;4<4 "!8 =>!"##$%&?@5 12( 2*/2 -+6)1 2&' 2(AB 12&1 A(/&A -+C76A'*+% 1+ &%'0()
D6('1*+%' &1 )*'E +, (C7A+FC(%1 '&%-1*+%' *' -+()-*3( &%B )(%B()' & '1&1(C(%1
C&B( *%3+A6%1&)F &%B *%&BC*''*.A( &' & C&11() +, B6( 7)+-('' &%B 12( 7)*3*A(/(
&/&*%'1 '(A,G*%-)*C*%&1*+%4 =;4<4 H+%'145 :12 I J"12 KC(%B'4@
$% !"##$%&- 12( L(0 M()'(F K11+)%(F N(%()&A *%3('1*/&1*%/ &AA(/&1*+%'
+, 1*-E(1 ,*O*%/ '6CC+%(B '(3()&A 7+A*-( +,,*-()' .(,+)( & /)&%B P6)F4 =89:
;4<4 &1 74 "!"4@ Q2( +,,*-()' &%'0()(B D6('1*+%' &,1() 0&)%*%/' 12&1 *, 12(F B*B
%+1 &%'0() 12(F 0+6AB .( )(C+3(B ,)+C +,,*-( &%B 12&1 &%F12*%/ 12(F '&*B
C*/21 .( 6'(B &/&*%'1 12(C *% &%F -)*C*%&A 7)+-((B*%/4 = ./$0 4@ L+ *CC6%*1F
+, &%F E*%B 0&' +,,()(B +) &3&*A&.A( 6%B() '1&1( A&04 = ./$0 4@ R3() 12(*) S*,12
KC(%BC(%1 +.P(-1*+%'5 12(*) &%'0()' 0()( 6'(B 1+ -+%3*-1 12(C ,+)
-+%'7*)&-F )(A&1(B 1+ 12( 1*-E(1 ,*O*%/4 = .0 4 &1 74 "!:4@
!"##$%& 2(AB 12&1 >12( 7)+1(-1*+% +, 12( *%B*3*B6&A 6%B() 12( S+6)1((%12
KC(%BC(%1 &/&*%'1 -+()-(B '1&1(C(%1' 7)+2*.*1' 6'( *% '6.'(D6(%1 -)*C*%&A 7)+-((B*%/' +, '1&1(C(%1' +.1&*%(B 6%B() 12)(&1 +, )(C+3&A ,)+C +,,*-(5 &%B
12&1 *1 (O1(%B' 1+ &AA5 02(12() 12(F &)( 7+A*-(C(% +) +12() C(C.()' +, +6) .+BF
7+A*1*-4? = .0 4 &1 74 :TT4@ !"##$%& &A'+ 2(AB 12&15 *% 12( -+%1(O1 +, 12)(&1' +,
)(C+3&A ,)+C +,,*-(5 12( &-1 +, )('7+%B*%/ 1+ *%1())+/&1*+% 0&' *%3+A6%1&)F
&%B %+1 & 0&*3() +, 12( 7)*3*A(/( &/&*%'1 '(A,G*%-)*C*%&1*+%4 = .0 4 &1 74 "!!4@
$% !"#01(# 23 4#50(#$67- 859$6( :5;;$,,$51(# =J!U9@ 8!V ;4<4 VW8 X99
<4 H14 J!J8Y VT Z4 [B4 VB JT9V \ =>!"#01(# ?@5 12( 2*/2 -+6)1 )(&-2(B 12( '&C(
-+%-A6'*+% +% 12( .&'*' +, 12( S*,12 KC(%BC(%1 7)*3*A(/( &/&*%'1 '(A,G
*%-)*C*%&1*+%4 Q2( ]*'1)*-1 K11+)%(F +, L(0 ^+)E H*1F '6CC+%(B R,,*-()
N&)B%() 1+ & /)&%B P6)F ,+) D6('1*+%*%/ &.+61 &AA(/(B .)*.()F &%B -+))671*+% +,
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 116/182
!"
$%&'() %**'()+, '- (%--)(.'%- /'.0 1-&2/*1& 3245&'-3 %$)+2.'%-,6 7 !" 6 2. $$6
89:;9"6< = $+%>','%- %* .0) ?)/ @%+A B'.C B02+.)+ 21.0%+'D)E E',4',,2& %* 2
$%&'() %**'()+ /0% +)*1,)E .% 2-,/)+ F1),.'%-, /0)- ,144%-)E *%+
F1),.'%-'-36 7 !#$" 6<
G0) H.),.'4%-C /2, E)42-E)E 5)*%+) .0) 3+2-E I1+C '- $2+. ,% .02. '.
4'30. 5) 1,)E .% $+%,)(1.) 0'4J 2-E -%. ,%&)&C *%+ .0) $1+$%,) %* ,)(1+'-3 2-
2((%1-.'-3 %* 0', $)+*%+42-() %* 0', $15&'( .+1,.6K 7 !" 6 2. $6 89!6< %&'"()'
0)&E .02. H.0) 42-E2.) %* .0) 3+)2. $+'>'&)3) 232'-,. ,)&*;'-(+'4'-2.'%- E%), -%.
.%&)+2.) .0) 2..)4$.J +)32+E&),, %* '., 1&.'42.) )**)(.'>)-),,J .% (%)+() 2 /2'>)+
%* .0) '441-'.C '. (%-*)+, %- $)-2&.C %* .0) &%,, %* )4$&%C4)-.6 7 !" 6 2. $6
89!6<L- .0) (%4$2-'%- (2,) %* +($,-'.)" /&($0&0$-( 1)( 23 4-..$55$-()'
-, /&($0&0$-( 7M!NO< P!8 Q6R6 8OS TOO R6 B.6 M!M9U 8S V6 WE6 8E MSO!XJ .0)
(%1+. 2EE+),,)E .0) 2-2&%3%1, ',,1) 2, '. +)&2.)E .% ?)/ @%+A B'.C ,2-'.2.'%-
/%+A)+, ,144%-)E .% 2-,/)+ F1),.'%-, 25%1. 2&&)32.'%-, %* '&&)32&&C E'>)+.'-3
*)), .% .0)4,)&>),6 7 !" 6 2. $$J 8OM;O86< G0) 0'30 (%1+. 232'- 0)&E .02. 4)-Y,
,.2.)4)-., /)+) '->%&1-.2+C /0)- .0) &2/ H$+),)-.T)EX .0)4 /'.0 2 (0%'()
5)./))- ,1++)-E)+'-3 .0)'+ (%-,.'.1.'%-2& +'30., %+ .0)'+ I%5,6K 7 !" 6 2. $6 8O:6<
G0) 0'30 (%1+. 02, 2E0)+)E .% .0', >')/6 7/))6 )3736 8&90$.-') 4$0:
;)<03 -, /-=$&9 /)'2$=)5 23 8->?($7@0 7M!!S< :!P Q6R6 ":!J "NM;N8 TMMS R6 B.6
!SSU MS9 V6 WE6 8E !!8X T.0) HR.2.)Z, +)31&2.%+C +)F1'+)4)-. '- .0) 1,12& (2,)
42C -)'.0)+ (%4$)& '-(+'4'-2.'-3 .),.'4%-C -%+ 2'E 2 (+'4'-2& $+%,)(1.'%-KXU
A),?-B$0C 23 D>'9):6 )0 &93 7M!9P< :M: Q6R6 9SJ 9! T!: R6 B.6 PMNU PO V6 WE6 8E
89:X TH)4$&%C)), %* .0) R.2.) E% -%. *%+*)'. .0)'+ (%-,.'.1.'%-2& $+'>'&)3) 2-E
.02. .0)C 42C 5) (%4$)&&)E .% +),$%-E .% F1),.'%-, 25%1. .0) $)+*%+42-() %*
.0)'+ E1.'), 51. %-&C '* .0)'+ 2-,/)+, (2--%. 5) 1,)E 232'-,. .0)4 '- ,15,)F1)-.
(+'4'-2& $+%,)(1.'%-,KX6<
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 117/182
!"
!" $%&' (%) *+,)& -+%. / 0,123' 45523'6 7%& / 89.:
-, /;&)'6 <9'&.2,;& =>'; -+,9?+ -+' /;&)'6&
@%: *+,) A;>,1>'B';. A; $62B2;%1 /3.2>2.:"
$%& '()*+ ,-.(' (&/&,'&0 *11&++*2'34 ,+*)5 '%*' %&( 4'*'.4 *4 * 1-+),&
-66),&( *66&,'&0 7%&'%&( 4%& 7*4 &2')'+&0 '- )55.2)'8 *9*)24' .4& -6 %&(
4'*'&5&2'4 )2 ,()5)2*+ 1(-,&&0)294 .20&( '%& !"##$%& +)2& -6 *.'%-()'8: ;< =$
>?@:A B-7&C&(D ,*4& +*7 *20 4'*'.'& 4.11-(' *11&++*2'34 1-4)')-2:
E2 ()#$*%"+ ,- ./+$01 (/22$**$/3 /4 ($%& "35 (/63%& /4 7"3 8#"30$*0/
1% "+9 *6:#"9 @@ F*+:G11:<0 H"I ;;()#$*%"+ JAD 4&C&(*+ K*2 L(*2,)4,- 1-+),&
-66),&(4 7&(& 4.M1-&2*&0 '- '&4')68 M&6-(& * 9(*20 /.(8 *M-.' 6&+-28
*++&9*')-24 -6 *,,&1')29 M()M&4 6(-5 1&(4-24 &29*9&0 )2 9*5M+)29D 1(-4')'.')-2
*20 -'%&( .2+*76.+ *,')C)')&4: ; <5 : *' 1: H"HN"":A O%&2 '%& -66),&(4 *44&('&0
'%&)( 1()C)+&9& *9*)24' 4&+6N)2,()5)2*')-2 *20 (&6.4&0 '- *247&( P.&4')-24D '%&
Q-+),& F-55)44)-2 0)45)44&0 '%&5 *20 '%& -66),&(4 1&')')-2&0 6-(
(&)24'*'&5&2':
()#$*%"+ %&+0 '%*' '%& -66),&(4 ,-.+0 2-' *C-)0 0)45)44*+ M8 (&6.4)29 '-
*247&( P.&4')-24R
O%&2 1-+),& -66),&(4 *,P.)(& S2-7+&09& -6 6*,'4 7%),% 7)++ '&20'- )2,()5)2*'& *28 1&(4-2D )' )4 '%&)( 0.'8 '- 0)4,+-4& 4.,% 6*,'4
'- '%&)( 4.1&()-(4 *20 '- '&4')68 6(&&+8 ,-2,&(2)29 4.,% 6*,'4
7%&2 ,*++&0 .1-2 '- 0- 4- M&6-(& *28 0.+8 ,-24')'.'&0 ,-.(' -(
9(*20 /.(8: E' )4 6-( '%& 1&(6-(5*2,& -6 '%&4& 0.')&4 '%*' 1-+),&
-66),&(4 *(& ,-55)44)-2&0 *20 1*)0 M8 '%& ,-55.2)'8D *20 )' )4
* C)-+*')-2 -6 4*)0 0.')&4 6-( *28 1-+),& -66),&( '- (&6.4& '-
0)4,+-4& 1&(')2&2' 6*,'4 7)'%)2 %)4 S2-7+&09& &C&2 '%-.9% 4.,%
0)4,+-4.(& 5*8 4%-7D -( '&20 '- 4%-7D '%*' %& %)54&+6 %*4
&29*9&0 )2 ,()5)2*+ *,')C)')&4: ;E0: *' 11: H"TN"U:A
$%& F-.(' -6 G11&*+ (&,-92)V&0 '%*' '%& 1()C)+&9& *9*)24' 4&+6N
)2,()5)2*')-2 W5*8 M& &X&(,)4&0 M8 *++ 1&(4-24D )2,+.0)29 1-+),& -66),&(4D )2
*28 1(-,&&0)29D ,)C)+ -( ,()5)2*+:J ; <5 : *' 1: H"U:A Y&C&('%&+&44D WZ0[.'8
(&P.)(&0 '%&5 '- *247&(:J ; <=$5 :A $%& -66),&(4 W%*0 * ,-24')'.')-2*+ ()9%' '-
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 118/182
!"
$%&'(% )* +,(-%$ ',.%$ )/% 01$0'2()+,0%(3 4') 1) 1( 0%$)+1, )/+) )/%5 /+. ,*
0*,()1)')1*,+6 $17/) )* $%2+1, 8*610% *&&10%$( 1, )/% &+0% *& )/%1$ 06%+$ 91*6+)1*,
*& )/% .')5 128*(%. '8*, )/%2:; < !"#$ :=
>?% +$% *& )/% *81,1*, )/+) ('0/ + 91*6+)1*, *& .')5 -*'6. 0*,()1)')%
0+'(% &*$ .1(21((+6 %9%, 1, )/% +4(%,0% *& +,5 (8%01&10 $'6% $%@'1$1,7 ('0/
*&&10%$( )* 719% )%()12*,5 4%&*$% )/% 7$+,. A'$53 *$ *& +,5 (8%01&10 $'6% $%6+)1,7
)* B0*,.'0) ',4%0*21,7 +, *&&10%$C: D/+) ('0/ 0*,.'0) 0*,()1)')%. B0*,.'0)
',4%0*21,7 +, *&&10%$C3 )/%$% 0+, 4% ,* .*'4):; < !"#$ :3 %28/+(1( +..%.:=
%&'#()*+ 0*,06'.%.E >D/%$% 1( ,*)/1,7 ()+$)61,7 1, )/% 0*,0%8)1*, )/+) + 8'4610
(%$9+,)F( $17/) )* $%)+1, /1( *&&10% *$ %286*52%,) (/*'6. .%8%,. '8*, /1(
-1661,7,%(( )* &*$%7* /1( 0*,()1)')1*,+6 $17/)( +,. 8$1916%7%( )* )/% %G)%,) )/+))/% %G%$01(% *& ('0/ $17/)( +,. 8$1916%7%( 2+5 4% 1,0*,(1()%,) -1)/ )/%
8%$&*$2+,0% *& )/% .')1%( *& /1( *&&10% *$ %286*52%,):; < !$ : +) 8: HI!:=
D/% 8$*(%0')1*, 0*,)%,.%. )/+) %&'#()*+ -+( ,* 6*,7%$ 7**. 6+-: <J
KD LMN:= O*-%9%$3 ()+)% +,. &%.%$+6 0*'$)( /+9% 0*,)1,'%. )* $%0*7,1P%
%&'#()*+ +( + 0*$$%0) ()+)%2%,) *& )/% 6+- 7*9%$,1,7 6+- %,&*$0%2%,) *&&10%$(
1, Q+61&*$,1+:
R*$ %G+286%3 -#).( /0 %#/#+ 12'/0 %34456 <M!SN= MTN Q+6: U88: T. TH"3
$%0*7,1P%. )/+) %&'#()*+ >%,',01+)%. )/% $*6% *& + 6+- %,&*$0%2%,) *&&10%$;
+,.3 )/%$%&*$%3 + .%8')5 (/%$1&& 0*'6. 4% ('(8%,.%. &*$ $%&'(1,7 )* .1(06*(%
>1,&*$2+)1*, ,%0%((+$5 )* + 0$121,+6 1,9%()17+)1*,:; < !$ : +) 8: TIVW *773'$
184*7#*'8 /0 1)*)2 92'(0 :$0 <M!"S= "! Q+6: U88: T. !NV3 !MH XY'$('+,) )*
%&'#()*+; + 0*$$%0)1*,+6 *&&10%$ 2+5 4% ('(8%,.%. &*$ &19% 2*,)/( -1)/*') 8+5
&*$ $%&'(1,7 )* +,(-%$ @'%()1*,( +4*') +66%7+)1*,( )/+) /% 4$*'7/) 2+$1A'+,+
1,)* 8$1(*,:ZW <#7&2'* /0 1)*)2 92'(3662+ :3*'$ <M!IT= JM" Q+6:U88:J. IMT3
IJN[JM X>)/% .1()1,0)1*, 4%)-%%, )/% 0*,()1)')1*,+6 $17/) *& + 8$19+)% 8%$(*, )*
$%&'(% )* 1,0$121,+)% /12(%6& +,. )/% (8%01+6 8$1916%7% *& /*6.1,7 + 6+-
%,&*$0%2%,) *&&10%3 6+1. .*-, 1, %&'#()*+ ; 2%+,) )/+) + 8*610% *&&10%$ 0*'6. 4%
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 119/182
!"
$%&'%&&($ )*+ +(),&%-. /* /01( 0 2*34.+025 /(&/6789
:*+( +(;(-/34< /5( ;*,+/& 50=( +(;*.-%>($ /50/ ,-$(+ !"#$%&'( 0-4 $*,?/
0?*,/ @0 30A (-)*+;('(-/ *))%;(+B& $,/4 /* +(2*+/ ;+%'%-03 0;/%=%/4 /* 5%& *+ 5(+
('23*4(+ C ',&/ ?( +(&*3=($ %- )0=*+ *) /5( *))%;(+B& $,/%(& 0-$ 3*403/%(& /*
/5( 30A (-)*+;('(-/ 0.(-;47D E *$+,#%$-, !./0&1 2",#$334% 5,64& +7 8$9:'0
EFGG"8 HI! J037 K227 L/5 9IM< 9I"< ;%/%-. !"#$%&'(; %/6#'; MM J037K227F$ 0/ 27
NI!O %,, '(%. </66,#& +7 !$&1 .3 =$&&%>/#9 E!/5
J%+7 FGG!8 N9L P7M+$ I!I< 9G9
Q!"#$%&'( @0+/%;,30/($ /5( $,/%(& *) 0 2*3%;( *))%;(+ A%/5%- /5( &/0/(D /* $%&;3*&(
)0;/& A%/5%- *))%;(+R& 1-*A3($.( 0?*,/ 0 ;+%'(7678
K;;*+$%-.34< /5( 3%-( *) ;0&(& ?(.%--%-. A%/5 !"#$%&'( &5*A& /50/
022(330-/ 0& 0 2*3%;( A0& +(S,%+($ /* 0-&A(+ S,(&/%*-& *+ )0;( 0$=(+&(('23*4'(-/ 0;/%*-7
!" $ %&'()* +,,()*- $'.& /0. $ 120232&-4 5324 6&
$7.8*- 93*.2(&7. +- :(.; %37(2(<* $)2(&7"
T%-;( H!9I< J03%)*+-%0 50& 03&* %'2*&($ 0 &/0/,/*+4 $,/4 ,2*- 0 2*3%;(
*))%;(+ /* 0-&A(+ S,(&/%*-& *+ +%&1 @2,-%/%=( 0;/%*-7D EU*=7 J*$(< V MMGM<
0$$($ ?4 T/0/& H!9I< J57 LIN< V H78 K @2,?3%; &0)(/4 *))%;(+ ,-$(+
%-/(++*.0/%*- C +(),&%-. /* +(&2*-$ /* S,(&/%*-& *+ &,?'%/ /* %-/(++*.0/%*-&
&5033 ?( %-)*+'($ /50/ )0%3,+( /* 0-&A(+ S,(&/%*-& $%+(;/34 +(30/($ /* /5(
%-=(&/%.0/%*- *+ %-/(++*.0/%*- '04 +(&,3/ %- 2,-%/%=( 0;/%*-7D EU*=7 J*$(< V
MMGM< &,?$7 E(878 @P*+ /5( 2,+2*&( *) /5%& ;502/(+< 2,-%/%=( 0;/%*- '(0-& 0-4
0;/%*- /50/ '04 3(0$ /* $%&'%&&03< $('*/%*-< &,&2(-&%*-< +($,;/%*- %- &030+4<
A+%//(- +(2+%'0-$< *+ /+0-&)(+ )*+ 2,+2*&(& *) 2,-%&5'(-/7D EU*=7 J*$(< V
MMGM78
W- ?1>'#9,# +7 !$&1 .3 ?.% @09,(,% EH!"N8 LG J037M$ "FF E@ ?1>'#9,# D8<
/5( J03%)*+-%0 T,2+('( J*,+/ 0$$+(&&($ /5(&( 2+*=%&%*-& 0-$ +(;*.-%>($ /50/
9 W- H!9I< /5( 3(.%&30/,+( ;+(0/($ 0- (X2+(&& (X('2/%*- )+*' $%&;%23%-0+4
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 120/182
!!
#$%& '(%)#% *%+)* ',-./*01,2 #, )203%( 4/%0#1,205 6$%(%7,(%8 #$% 917#$
:-%2;-%2# <)(0 /0% ,7 0#)#%-%2#0 ,<#)12%; 12 0/<0%4/%2# '(1-12)*
.(,'%%;12+05
=2 !"#$%&'% 8 #$% >:?@ 121#1)#%; )2 12#%(2)* )77)1(0 12A%0#1+)#1,2 ,7
.,001<*% '(1-12)* -10',2;/'# <& 0%A%()* ,771'%(08 B12'*/;12+ '$)(+%0 ,7 7)*0%
)((%0#8 7)*0% 1-.(10,2-%2#8 7)*0171')#1,2 ,7 (%',(;08 )''%.#)2'% ,7 ) <(1<% )2;
',20.1()'& #, ',--1# #$%0% ,77%20%05C D () 5 )# .5 EFG5H I$%2 0/--,2%; 7,(
4/%0#1,212+8 J771'%( >&<)(+%( )..%)(%; 31#$ )2 )##,(2%& )2; (%7/0%; #, )203%(
4/%0#1,20 /.,2 );A1'% ,7 ',/20%*8 %A%2 #$,/+$ $% 3)0 127,(-%; #$)# B$10
(%7/0)* 3,/*; (%0/*# 12 ) '$)(+% ,7 120/<,(;12)#1,25C D () 5 )# .5 EFG5H : .,*1'%
<,)(; *)#%( (%-,A%; >&<)(+%( 7(,- $10 .,01#1,2 7,( 120/<,(;12)#1,25 D () 5 )# .5EFK5H
6$% L)*17,(21) M/.(%-% L,/(# (%A%(0%; $10 (%-,A)* B<%')/0% )..%**)2#
3)0 2%A%( );A10%; #$)# )2& 0#)#%-%2#0 $% -);% ',/*; 2,# <% /0%; )+)120# $1-
12 ) 0/<0%4/%2# *%+,+-$. .(,'%%;12+5C D () 5 )# .5 EFG5H N,3%A%(8 #$% ',/(#
(%O%'#%; #$% ,771'%(P0 )(+/-%2# #$)# )2,#$%( .(,A101,2 ,7 #$% ?JQR: DS,A5
L,;%8 T UUVW8 0/<;5 D)HH8 B120/*)#%; $1- 7(,- );-1210#()#1A% ;10'1.*12%
1-.,0%; 0,*%*& <& (%)0,2 ,7 $10 %X%('10% ,7 #$% (1+$# #, (%-)12 01*%2#5C D () 5 )#
.5 EFY5H 6$)# .(,A101,2 B.(,A1;%0 12 .%(#12%2# .)(# #$)# Z[, ./<*1' 0)7%#&
,771'%( 0$)** <% 0/<O%'#%; #, ./21#1A% )'#1,2 555 <%')/0% ,7 #$% *)37/* %X%('10% ,7
#$% (1+$#0 +()2#%; /2;%( #$10 '$).#%( \3$1'$ 12'*/;%0 0%'#1,2 UUVU]8 ,( #$%
%X%('10% ,7 )2& %X10#12+ );-1210#()#1A% +(1%A)2'% .(,'%;/(%5PC D (#+) 58 4/,#12+
S,A5 L,;%8 T UUVW8 0/<;5 D)H5H
6$% L)*17,(21) M/.(%-% L,/(# (%O%'#%; #$10 )(+/-%2# <%')/0% #$%
,771'%( B$); 2%1#$%( ) ',20#1#/#1,2)* 2,( ) 0#)#/#,(& (1+$# #, (%-)12 01*%2# /%'' 1/
$),+-+23%$3+4' 2$-*3+1-5 :0 ) -)##%( ,7 ',20#1#/#1,2)* *)38 1# 10 3%**
)'#1,2 7,( (%7/012+ #, #)^% ) .,*&+().$ #%0#5 DS,A5 L,;%8 T UUVY5H
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 121/182
!""
$%&'()*%+$, &+'& ' -.()*/ $0-)12$$ +'% 31 '(%1).&$ 4*5+& &1 4$6.%$ &1 '3%7$4
-1&$3&*'))2 *3/4*0*3'&*35 8.$%&*13% -1%$, (2 +*% $0-)12$49 :3%&$',; +*% %$)6<
*3/4*0*3'&*13 4*5+&% '4$ ,$$0$, ',$8.'&$)2 -41&$/&$, (2 -4$/).,*35 '32 .%$ 16
+*% %&'&$0$3&% '& ' %.(%$8.$3& /4*0*3') -41/$$,*359= > !" 9 '& -9 ?@A; 14*5*3')
*&')*/%; /*&*35 #$%%&'() B?C D9E9 '& -9 C""; '3, +,-./0&'1 23 45%6,() 758%$) F!F
D9E9 '& --9 AA<AG9H
IE*0*)'4)2; '--$))'3& +', 31 %&'&.&142 4*5+& &1 4$0'*3 %*)$3&9 E$/&*13
BB"B; %.(,*J*%*13 >$H; $K-4$%%)2 -41J*,$% &+'& '3 166*/$4 7+1 4$6.%$% &1
4$%-13, &1 8.$%&*13% 14 %.(0*& &1 *3&$4415'&*13 *% %.(L$/& &1 -.3*&*J$ '/&*13 (2
+*% $0-)12$49 M14$1J$4; /13&4'42 &1 '--$))'3&N% '3')2%*%; %.(,*J*%*13 >'H 16
%$/&*13 BB"F ,1$% 31& -41&$/& &+$ 166*/$4 6410 -.3*&*J$ '/&*13 ('%$, 13 +*%4$6.%') &1 /11-$4'&$ *3 '3 *3J$%&*5'&*13; %*3/$ %./+ 4$6.%') *% 31& 13$ 16 &+$
O4*5+&% 54'3&$, .3,$4P &+$ '/&9= > !" 9 '& -9 ?@A9H
Q+$ R')*6143*' E.-4$0$ R1.4& +'% /13&*3.$, &1 4$/153*S$ &+'&
T1J$430$3& R1,$ %$/&*13 BB"" 4$8.*4$% '3 166*/$4 &1 '3%7$4 8.$%&*13% (.& +$4
4$%-13%$% 0'2 31& ($ .%$, I*3 '*, 16 ' /4*0*3') -41%$/.&*139= >98&,6:$5,% 23
;/5<'( /- 9$<'$ ;6$%$ >@""GH FC R')9F&+ A"F; A@FU $==/%" >$7$",<$ >/6&=,
?--&=,%7 @77<3 23 ;&'( /- >$7$",<$ >!GG"H C! R')9B, CVF; CA? WIX% 7$
1(%$4J$, *3 +(:$%A,%) 758%$) '& -'5$ ?@A; ' -$'/$ 166*/$4 +'% 31 '(%1).&$ 4*5+&
.3,$4 &+$ R13%&*&.&*13 &1 4$6.%$ &1 '3%7$4 -1&$3&*'))2 *3/4*0*3'&*35 8.$%&*13%
'%Y$, (2 +*% 14 +$4 $0-)12$4U *3%&$',; &+$ 166*/$4 $0-)12$$N% 4*5+& '5'*3%& %$)6<
*3/4*0*3'&*13 *% ,$$0$, ',$8.'&$)2 -41&$/&$, (2 -4$/).,*35 '32 .%$ 16 +*% 14
+$4 %&'&$0$3&% '& ' %.(%$8.$3& /4*0*3') -41/$$,*35 %+1.), %./+ /+'45$% ($
6*)$,9=ZU B&66&$C7 23 ;&'( /- +/7 @<A,6,7 >!G??H FA R')9B, !GC; !GG<@""
W%'0$Z9H
X//14,*35)2; T1J$430$3& R1,$ %$/&*13 BB"" ')%1 /4$'&$, )$5')
/10-.)%*13 &1 '3%7$4 8.$%&*13%9 X% $K-)'*3$, ($)17; &+$ /10-.)%*13 &1
'3%7$4 /4$'&$, '.&10'&*/ .%$ *00.3*&2 614 +$4 [.3$ C&+
%&'&$0$3&% *3 /4*0*3')
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 122/182
!"!
$%&'(()*+,-.
!" $%%&''()* +(, -./%&''&0 1. $),2&3 45&,*6.), 7&8(30'&,,
9: +;&*;&3 <$=> 1..? $0/6)6,*3(*6@& $A*6.)"
/0( 1%*23 '&4%1 '&+'34)() 1021 5&6(%+7(+1 8&)( -('1*&+ 99"" )*) +&1
'&7$(3 2$$(332+1 1& 2+-:(% ;4(-1*&+- <('24-( =*1 *- '3(2% 1021 10*- :2- 2
'%*7*+23 *+6(-1*,21*&+ 2+) *- (>(7$1 ?%&7 @.A.B.C.D EF C/ G!H.I J&:(6(%K
10( 32: 2+) ?2'1- -4$$&%1 2$$(332+1.
5&6(%+7(+1 8&)( -('1*&+ 99"9 -121(-L =/0*- -('1*&+ -0233 +&1 2$$3M 1&
2+M *+1(%%&,21*&+ &? 2 $4<3*' -2?(1M &??*'(% *+ 10( +&%723 '&4%-( &? )41MK
'&4+-(3*+,K *+-1%4'1*&+K &% *+?&%723 6(%<23 2)7&+*-07(+1 <MK &% &10(% %&41*+(
&% 4+$32++() '&+12'1 :*10K 2 -4$(%6*-&% &% 2+M &10(% $4<3*' -2?(1M &??*'(%K +&%-0233 10*- -('1*&+ 2$$3M 1& 2+ *+6(-1*,21*&+ '&+'(%+() -&3(3M 2+) )*%('13M :*10
233(,() '%*7*+23 2'1*6*1*(-.D E5&6. 8&)(K N 99"9K -4<). E*I.I
J&:(6(%K 10( '&+'34)*+, '324-( E=+&% -0233 10*- -('1*&+ 2$$3M 1& 2+
*+6(-1*,21*&+ '&+'(%+() -&3(3M 2+) )*%('13M :*10 233(,() '%*7*+23 2'1*6*1*(-DI
)*) +&1 (3*7*+21( 10( 3(,23 '&7$43-*&+ 1& 2+-:(% :0(+ 2 $&3*'( &??*'(% *-
=4+)(% *+6(-1*,21*&+ 2+) -4<O('1() 1& *+1(%%&,21*&+ <M P 2+M &10(% 7(7<(% &?
10( (7$3&M*+, $4<3*' -2?(1M )($2%17(+1K 1021 '&43) 3(2) 1& $4+*1*6( 2'1*&+Q.RD
E5&6. 8&)(K N 99"9K @2%2. !.I
S4<)*6*-*&+ E*I 7(2+- 1021 10( $%&'()4%23 $%&1('1*&+- ?&% 2+
2)7*+*-1%21*6( *+6(-1*,21*&+ '%(21() <M -4<)*6*-*&+- E2ITE(IK !"#"K 2)6*-(7(+1 &?
10( +214%( &? 10( *+6(-1*,21*&+K $(%7*--*&+ 1& 211(+) 1& $(%-&+23 $0M-*'23
+('(--*1*(-K 2)6*-(7(+1 1021 ?2*34%( 1& 2+-:(% 72M %(-431 *+ $4+*1*6( 2'1*&+K
*+1(%%&,21*&+ 21 2 %(2-&+2<3( 0&4%K )& +&1 2$$3M =1& 2+ *+6(-1*,21*&+ '&+'(%+()
-&3(3M 2+) )*%('13M :*10 233(,() '%*7*+23 2'1*6*1*(-.D E5&6. 8&)(K N 99"9K -4<).
E*I.IU
U 5&6(%+7(+1 8&)( -('1*&+ 99"9 $%&6*)(-L =V0(+ 2+M $4<3*' -2?(1M &??*'(% *-
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 123/182
!"#
%&'()(*+ ,--(..,/0 121 /&0 3.,24 05,0 5(* 60,0(4(/06 65&7.1 8(
67--*(66(1 8(3,76( 05( 1(0(302)(6 9,2.(1 0& &99(* 5(* 05( -*&3(17*,. -*&0(302&/6
&9 05( :;<=> ?# =@ ABCD>E %(* -&6202&/ 26 05,0 F&)(*/4(/0 G&1( 6(302&/
HH"H 3*(,0(1 , .(I,. 3&4-7.62&/ 0& ,/6'(* J7(602&/6> @5(*(9&*(+ ,--(..,/0K6
-*2)2.(I( ,I,2/60 6(.9C2/3*242/,02&/ L-*(3.71(M(1N ,/O 76( &9 M5(*N 60,0(4(/06
,0 , 6786(J7(/0 3*242/,. -*&3((12/I>P ? !"#$%&'%( *+,%$( Q" G,.>H1 ,0 -> R#ST
3202/I !'-./0123 45 6+%7'"( *+,%$( Q!Q U>V> ,0 --> SSCSW+ ,/1 8$%%12"( *+,%$(
HRB U>V> ,0 -> B""T $99/%: ;$*$:'<$ ;/719' =--19'%* >**<5 45 ?12" /-
7/1(* 2/)(602I,02&/ ,/1 678X(30(1 0& 2/0(**&I,02&/ Y 05,0 3&7.1 .(,1 0&
-7/202)( ,302&/+ 05( 2/0(**&I,02&/ 65,.. 8( 3&/1730(1 7/1(* 05( 9&..&'2/I
3&/1202&/6> Y ?,E @5( 2/0(**&I,02&/ 65,.. 8( 3&/1730(1 ,0 , *(,6&/,8.( 5&7*+
-*(9(*,8.O ,0 , 024( '5(/ 05( -78.23 6,9(0O &9923(* 26 &/ 170O+ &* 17*2/I 05(
/&*4,. ',Z2/I 5&7*6 9&* 05( -78.23 6,9(0O &9923(*+ 7/.(66 05( 6(*2&76/(66 &9 05(
2/)(602I,02&/ *(J72*(6 &05(*'26(> [9 05( 2/0(**&I,02&/ 1&(6 &337* 17*2/I &99C
170O 024( &9 05( -78.23 6,9(0O &9923(* 8(2/I 2/0(**&I,0(1+ 05( -78.23 6,9(0O
&9923(* 65,.. 8( 3&4-(/6,0(1 9&* ,/O &99C170O 024( 2/ ,33&*1,/3( '205 *(I7.,*
1(-,*04(/0 -*&3(17*(6+ ,/1 05( -78.23 6,9(0O &9923(* 65,.. /&0 8( *(.(,6(1 9*&4
(4-.&O4(/0 9&* ,/O '&*Z 4266(1> ?8E @5( -78.23 6,9(0O &9923(* 7/1(*
2/)(602I,02&/ 65,.. 8( 2/9&*4(1 -*2&* 0& 05( 2/0(**&I,02&/ &9 05( *,/Z+ /,4(+ ,/1
3&44,/1 &9 05( &9923(* 2/ 35,*I( &9 05( 2/0(**&I,02&/+ 05( 2/0(**&I,02/I
&9923(*6+ ,/1 ,.. &05(* -(*6&/6 0& 8( -*(6(/0 17*2/I 05( 2/0(**&I,02&/> \..
J7(602&/6 12*(30(1 0& 05( -78.23 6,9(0O &9923(* 7/1(* 2/0(**&I,02&/ 65,.. 8(
,6Z(1 8O ,/1 05*&7I5 /& 4&*( 05,/ 0'& 2/0(**&I,0&*6 ,0 &/( 024(> ?3E @5(
-78.23 6,9(0O &9923(* 7/1(* 2/)(602I,02&/ 65,.. 8( 2/9&*4(1 &9 05( /,07*( &9 05(
2/)(602I,02&/ -*2&* 0& ,/O 2/0(**&I,02&/> ?1E @5( 2/0(**&I,02/I 6(662&/ 65,.. 8(
9&* , *(,6&/,8.( -(*2&1 0,Z2/I 2/0& 3&/621(*,02&/ I*,)20O ,/1 3&4-.(]20O &9 05(
2667( 8(2/I 2/)(602I,0(1> @5( -(*6&/ 7/1(* 2/0(**&I,02&/ 65,.. 8( ,..&'(1 0&
,00(/1 0& 526 &* 5(* &'/ -(*6&/,. -5O623,. /(3(66202(6> ?(E @5( -78.23 6,9(0O
&9923(* 7/1(* 2/0(**&I,02&/ 65,.. /&0 8( 678X(30(1 0& &99(/62)( .,/I7,I( &*
05*(,0(/(1 '205 -7/202)( ,302&/+ (]3(-0 05,0 ,/ &9923(* *(9762/I 0& *(6-&/1 0&
J7(602&/6 &* 678420 0& 2/0(**&I,02&/6 65,.. 8( 2/9&*4(1 05,0 9,2.7*( 0& ,/6'(*
J7(602&/6 12*(30.O *(.,0(1 0& 05( 2/)(602I,02&/ &* 2/0(**&I,02&/ 4,O *(67.0 2/ -7/202)( ,302&/> ^& -*&426( &9 *(',*1 65,.. 8( 4,1( ,6 ,/ 2/173(4(/0 0&
,/6'(*2/I ,/O J7(602&/> @5( (4-.&O(* 65,.. /&0 3,76( 05( -78.23 6,9(0O &9923(*
7/1(* 2/0(**&I,02&/ 0& 8( 678X(30(1 0& )26206 8O 05( -*(66 &* /('6 4(12, '205&70
526 &* 5(* (]-*(66 3&/6(/0 /&* 65,.. 526 &* 5(* 5&4( ,11*(66 &* -5&0&I*,-5 8(
I2)(/ 0& 05( -*(66 &* /('6 4(12, '205&70 526 &* 5(* (]-*(66 3&/6(/0>P
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 124/182
!"#
!"#"$%&"' #)*+"' %! &'()#* '+ ,) %-./ ,-..-"/# 01 2-34 56 75# 8&9%.%#' #)*+"'
0- &'()#* '+ ,,) !1123"")4
56 '768* +98: ;6<;(=:86<> +9? ,@6:?;=+86< :=AB8++?* +9? *?;('@'+86< 6C
D?,=+E &98?C F?@?G> +9? &6BB'<*8<H ICC8;?@ 6C +9? F@6C?::86<'( J+'<*'@*:
K=@?'= 6C +9? LMFD) N% &5 .-.)4 O< 98: 78?P> +9? FIKQ P': 8@@?(?7'<+
A?;'=:? 8+ ',,(8?: 6<(E +6 '*B8<8:+@'+87? ,@6;??*8<H: '<* +9? ,6(8;? *8* <6+
,@?,'@? '< '*B8<8:+@'+87? ;6B,('8<+ 'H'8<:+ ',,?(('<+ =<+8( R=(E 33> 3""1) N%
&5 .-1)4
S6P?7?@> +9? ;6=@+: 9'7? @?;6H<8G?* +9'+ +9? FIKQ 8B,6:?: '<
6A(8H'+86< +6 '<:P?@ T=?:+86<: ?7?< A?C6@? LMFD ;6BB?<;?: '*B8<8:+@'+87?
,@6;??*8<H:) U6@ ?V'B,(?> 8< 2-34 56 75# 8&9%.%# 01 :)*%+-5+ 25)+3 N!11-4 %-&'()M,,)0+9 !%"W> ' P8+<?:: 8<C6@B?* +9? ,6(8;? +9'+ '< LMFD 6CC8;?@ 9'*
*@87?< ,':+ ' C'+'( ';;8*?<+ P8+96=+ :+6,,8<H +6 @?<*?@ '8*) N ;$ ) '+ ,,) !%"12
!")4 L8?=+?<'<+ X'@+8<?G @?:,6<*?* '<* A':?* 6< *?:;@8,+86<: *?+?@B8<?* +9'+
ICC8;?@ X?@8<86 L'A86 P': +9? 6CC8;?@ 8<76(7?*) N ;$ ) '+ ,) !%!")4
59? (8?=+?<'<+ :=BB6<?* ICC8;?@ L'A86 +6 98: 6CC8;? '<* T=?:+86<?*
98B 'A6=+ 98: P9?@?'A6=+: A=+ *8* Y<6+ 8<C6@BZ[ ICC8;?@ L'A86 +9'+ 9? P':
=<*?@ 8<7?:+8H'+86< \ '<* *8* <6+ H87? 98B <-+"&$" P'@<8<H: 6@ 8<C6@B 98B
6C 98: @8H9+: =<*?@ +9? ZFIKQ[ M;+)] N ;$ ) '+ ,) !%!")4 YU6((6P8<H +9?
8<+?@78?P> L8?=+?<'<+ X'@+8<?G C8(?* ' ,?@:6<<?( ;6B,('8<+ P8+9] O<+?@<'(
MCC'8@: D878:86< '<* +9? LMFD Y+?@B8<'+?*] ICC8;?@ L'A86 C6@> -&3%+ ".-">
C'8(8<H +6 :+6, '+ +9? :;?<? 6C '< ';;8*?<+ '<* B'^8<H C'(:? '<* B8:(?'*8<H
:+'+?B?<+: 'A6=+ 98: P9?@?'A6=+: '+ +9? +8B?) N ;$ ) '+ ,) !%!!)4
O< ' :=A:?T=?<+ ,?+8+86< C6@ @?(8?C> +9? J=,?@86@ &6=@+ 'H@??* +9'+
:+'+?B?<+: B'*? ,@86@ +6 +9? C8(8<H 6C +9? ;6B,('8<+ :96=(* 9'7? A??< ?V;(=*?*
C@6B ?78*?<;? A?;'=:? YL8?=+?<'<+ X'@+8<?G 9'* <6+ '*78:?* 98B +9'+ 9? P':
=<*?@ 8<7?:+8H'+86<> ': @?T=8@?* AE :?;+86< ##"#> :=A*878:86< N;4)] N ;$ ) '+ ,)
!%!!)4 598: &6=@+ 'CC8@B?* +9? J=,?@86@ &6=@+_: @=(8<H A?;'=:? Y'<
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 125/182
!"#
%&'()*%+,*%-& .,) /&0(1.,2 %& *3%) 4,)(5 .3(& *3( 6%(/*(&,&* 7/()*%-&(0 *3(
-88%4(1 9(8-1( *3( 4-:;6,%&* .,) 8%6(0< = !" < ,* ;< !>!#<?
@-1 ,&,6-+-/) 1(,)-&)A *3( 8,4* *3,* ,& ,0:%&%)*1,*%'( 4-:;6,%&* 3,0 &-*
2(* 9((& 8%6(0 ,+,%&)* ,;;(66,&* 0%0 &-* :(,& *3,* ,;;(66,&* .,) &-* /&0(1
%&'()*%+,*%-& .3(& *3( 0(*(4*%'() %&*(11-+,*(0 3(1 -& B/&( >A C""D< E-1A ,)
&(F* (F;6,%&(0A 0%0 %* :(,& *3,* %& *3( ,9)(&4( -8 , 4-:;6,%&* ,;;(66,&* .-/60
&-* 3,'( 1(,)-&,962 9(6%('(0A ,) )3( )*,*(0 %& 3(1 0(46,1,*%-&A *3,* )3( .,)
4-:;(66(0 *- ,&).(1 7/()*%-&) -1 G9( )/9H(4* *- 0%)4%;6%&( 92 *3( I-) J&+(6()
K-6%4( L(;,1*:(&*<5 => MN O#!<?
!" $%&'()% *+ ,-% .%/'0 1234(0)526 ,2 76)8%9 :(%);526)<
744%00'6;=) $%05%+ ,-'; >-% ?') @%A(59%B ,2 C2 >2 ?')
*DE%&;5F%0G @%')26'D0% 76B >-% ?') H6;5;0%B ,2 I)%J33(65;G !29 K%9 76)8%9)"
N3( *1%,6 4-/1* &-*(0 *3,* ,;;(66,&* %& 3(1 0(46,1,*%-& )*,*(0 G*3,* )3(
.,) ,.,1( *3,* %8 )3( 0%0 &-* ,&).(1 *3(%1 7/()*%-&)A )3( 4-/60 9( *(1:%&,*(0<5
=C PN Q!>R )(( > MN O#! S,;;(66,&*T) 0(46,1,*%-&U<? V-.('(1A *3( 4-/1*
0%):%))(0 *3%) 9(4,/)( ,;;(66,&* G&('(1 0/1%&+ *3( %&*(1'%(. ,)W(0 %8 )3( 3,0
*- ,&).(1 *3( 7/()*%-&)A &-1 0%0 )3( 1,%)( *3( %))/( -8 .3(*3(1 *3(%1
%&'()*%+,*%-& .,) ,& ,0:%&%)*1,*%'( %&'()*%+,*%-&< V(1 ,))(1*%-& *3,* )3( 8(6*
4-:;(66(0 *- ,&).(1 -& ;,%& -8 6-)%&+ 3(1 H-9 %) &-*A %& *3( 4-/1*T) '%(.A
-9H(4*%'(62 1(,)-&,96( 9,)(0 -& *3( *1,&)41%;* *3,* X 3,'( 1(,0<5 =C PN Q!>Y
!Z<?
V-.('(1A ,00%*%-&,6 8,4*) ,&0 *3( 6,. )/;;-1* ,;;(66,&* 0(46,1,*%-&< X&
4-&&(4*%-& .%*3 *3( ,0:%&%)*1,*%'( ;1-4((0%&+) *3,* 6(0 *- ,;;(66,&*T)
0%):%)),6A 3(1 4-::,&0%&+ -88%4(1 &-*(0 *3,* GL(*(4*%'( I,[,1/) 3,) 9((&
(:;6-2(0 .%*3 *3( I-) J&+(6() K-6%4( L(;,1*:(&* )%&4( \(;*(:9(1 !DA !DO]<
L/1%&+ 3(1 4,1((1 )3( 3,) 3(60 , ',1%(*2 -8 ,))%+&:(&*) %& .3%43 )3( .,) .(66
,.,1( -8 3(1 0/*%() ,&0 1();-&)%9%6%*%() ,) , I-) J&+(6() K-6%4( ^88%4(1<5 =>
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 126/182
!"#
%& '(#)* &+,- ,- ./0-,-1201 3,1+ 4552664017- -14128201 1+41 3+20 ,01299/:412;
/0 <=02 #> ?""@> -+2 A34- 43492 41 1+41 1,82 1+41 ,B C ;,; 0/1 40-329 D=2-1,/0->
C ./=6; E2 -=EF2.1 1/ ;,-.,56,02 EG 1+2 H/- I0:262- J/6,.2 K254918201)L M# %&
'(!)*
&+2 4E/N2 ;,-.=--,/0 46-/ -+/3- 1+41 4552664017- E26,2B 34- /EF2.1,N26G
924-/04E62 E2.4=-2 /B 1+2 6/0:O-140;,0: 62:46 92D=,928201 B/9 4 5/6,.2 /BB,.29
1/ 40-329 D=2-1,/0- /9 9,-P ;,-8,--46) M!""# "%&%# '()*+,-.# +/0)-# QQ
%46)I55)?; 41 55) #RSOR'T 1*2")+*3" '4/5,6 !(")*778+ 9"08, 2% :*&;-5# +/0)-#
!R@ %46) I55) (1+ 41 SR'T </00"), 2% '*,6 47 =*,,+>/)&# +/0)-# #S( U)Q9; 41 5)
S"S)* &+2 JVWX ,85/-2; 1+2 -482 ;=1G 1/ 40-329 /9 B4.2 5=0,1,N2 4.1,/0)
MY/N) %/;2> Z QQ"")*&+2 59/-2.=1,/0 49:=2; 1+41 4552664017- E26,2B 34- =0924-/04E62
E2.4=-2 1+2 ;212.1,N2- 02N29 1/6; +29 -+2 +4; 1/ 40-329 D=2-1,/0- M# %& 'R'O
R@T ? X& [!"O!!)* &+2 19,46 ./=91 /E-29N2; 1+41 455266401 A02N29 ;=9,0: 1+2
,0129N,23 4-P2; ,B -+2 +4; 1/ 40-329 1+2 D=2-1,/0-\)]L M? X& [!()* ^/32N29>
?-))*,6 59/N,;2- 4=1/841,. =-2 ,88=0,1G ,0 .9,8,046 .4-2- B/9 62:466G
./852662; 40-329-)
C0 !(") 2% @%!% 9"0,% 47 A",")-5+ B77-*)+ M!-1 %,9) ?""S* ('' U)Q; ('@>
1+2 K254918201 /B _212940 4BB4,9- -=-520;2; `+29> 1+2 .+,2B 5+4984.,-1 /B 4
_I +/-5,146> B/9 (# ;4G- 40; ;28/12; +,8 4B129 +2 92B=-2; 1/ 40-329 D=2-1,/0-
,0 40 ,0N2-1,:41,/0 /B /E14,0,0: B922 ;9=: -48562- B/9 529-/046 =-2) M C3 ) 41 5)
(@Q)* U2;2946 92:=641,/0- 92D=,92; `+29 4- 4 B2;2946 2856/G22 1/ AB=90,-+
,0B/9841,/0 40; 12-1,BG B9226G 40; +/02-16G ,0 .4-2- 92-52.1,0: 2856/G8201
40; ;,-.,56,049G 841129-) X2B=-46 1/ 12-1,BG> ./0.2468201 /B 84129,46 B4.1-> /9
3,66B=66G ,04..=9412 12-1,8/0G ,0 ./002.1,/0 3,1+ 40 ,0N2-1,:41,/0 /9 +249,0:
84G E2 :9/=0; B/9 ;,-.,56,049G 4.1,/0)L MQ' %)U)X) Z ")SQ#O!?ME*)*
C0 5291,0201 5491> 1+2 U,9-1 %,9.=,1 4;;92--2; A1+2 62:46 D=2-1,/0 /B
3+21+29 ̀ +29 +4; 4;2D=412 0/1,.2 /B +,- ,88=0,1G =0;29 ?-))*,6\)]L M C3 ) 41 5)
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 127/182
!"#
%""&' () *+,*-./0/ )12) )10 34.560*)780 90,)2- 4)2)04 +: ;10< 2,/ 174 2))+<,0=4
2<0 7<<0-082,) )+ )12) -0>2- ?.04)7+,&@ A !"#$ &' 3%&''#() 799.,7)= B :-+C0/
:<+9 )10 )1<02) +: <09+82- 7)40-:D&E@ A !$ & 2) F& %"# :,& !G&' 3H-)1+.>1 %&''#()
7)40-: /02-) C7)1 2 47).2)7+, 7, C17*1 09F-+=004 C0<0 )1<02)0,0/ C7)1 <09+82-I
2,= 47).2)7+, 7, C17*1 )10 09F-+=00 74 4.560*) )+ 2, 2/80<40 09F-+=90,)
2*)7+, 74 4.::7*70,) )+ )<7>>0< %&''#() 799.,7)=&@ A !$ & 2) F& %"JI :,& !!&'
;797-2<-=I 7, *+,(+' ./ 0#() 12 3#44+$5+.#44+ A!!)1 K7<&!LM%' GGG N&J/
!OLJI )10 P-080,)1 K7<*.7) 0QF-27,0/ )12) 080, 7: 2, 09F-+=0< 124 ,+ /.)= )+
2/8740 2 F.5-7* +::7*0< +: )10 2827-257-7)= +: %&''#() 799.,7)=I 7) 2.)+92)7*2--=
2FF-704& R10 ?.04)7+, F<040,)0/ C24 C10)10< )10 *7)= *+.-/ C7)1+.) +::0<7,>
.40 799.,7)= *+9F0- :7<0:7>1)0<4 )+ 4.597) )+ F+-=><2F1 )04)7,> 25+.)2--0>2)7+,4 +: 7,8+-8090,) 7, 7--0>2- /<.> 2*)787)=& A !$ & 2) FF& !OLSTLO&'
R10 P-080,)1 K7<*.7) 3:27-D0/E B )+ 400 1+C )10 *7)=U4 :27-.<0 )+ +::0<
)10 F-27,)7::4 .40 799.,7)= *+.-/ 92V0 2,= *+,4)7).)7+,2- /7::0<0,*0& B ;.*1
2 >.2<2,)00 C+.-/ 40<80 ,+ .40:.- F.<F+40 B 50*2.40 .,/0< %&''#() )10
<04.-)4 +: 2 92,/2)+<= F+-=><2F1 0Q297,2)7+, *2,,+) 50 .40/ 7, 2 *<797,2-
F<+*00/7,> 2>27,4) )10 4.560*) 080, 2540,) 2, 0QF-7*7) ><2,) +: .40 799.,7)=&@
A !$ & 2) F& !OL#&'
3(, 0440,*0I )10 F<787-0>0 2>27,4) 40-:T7,*<797,2)7+, 2::+</4 2 :+<9 +:
.40 799.,7)= C17*1I 2540,) C2780<I 2.)+92)7*2--= 2))2*104 )+ *+9F0--0/
7,*<797,2)7,> 4)2)090,)4 24 2 92))0< +: -2C&@ A !"#$ &I 09F12474 2//0/I *7)7,>
%64$+7 ./ 3801'94+ A%)1
K7<& !LMJ' #M" N& J/ !"G"I !"G% D3H, 09F-+=00 C1+
74 *+9F0--0/ )+ 2,4C0< ?.04)7+,4 A5.) C1+ 74 ,+) *+9F0--0/ )+ C2780
799.,7)=' 74 F<+)0*)0/ 5= %&''#() :<+9 4.540?.0,) .40 +: )1+40 2,4C0<4 7, 2
*<797,2- F<+40*.)7+,& () 74 )10 80<= :2*) )12) )10 )04)79+,= C24 *+9F0--0/
C17*1 F<080,)4 7)4 .40 7, 4.540?.0,) F<+*00/7,>4I ,+) 2,= 2::7<92)780 )0,/0< +:
799.,7)=&@EW &881'$ :';#7 ./ <'#8+ A!!)1 K7<&!LM%' GGM N&J/ ##MI #G"&'
H**+</7,>-=I %&''#() F<+87/0/ 2.)+92)7* .40 799.,7)= :+< 2FF0--2,)X4
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 128/182
!"#
%&'&()(*&%+ ,(-',./(%% 01 23(&3(, %3( '%4(. 0, &3( .(&(5&67(% &0/. 3(, &3'& %3(
2'% ,(896,(. &0 '*%2(, 89(%&60*%:
!" $%& '(()( *+ ,-./00/+1 $%& '2/-&+3& 45 ,66&778+09:
*+0&(()180/)+ ;8: <(&=>-/3/87 $) %&( ?&5&+:&"
;(7(,%'/ 6% ,(896,(. 9*/(%% '.)6%%60* 01 '* 6*70/9*&',< %&'&()(*& 2'%
=>3',)/(%% ?(<0*. ' ,('%0*'?/( .09?&:@A B !"#$%&' )* +,-.#&'/0 B!CC!D ECC
F:G: H#C+ HCIJCK L!!! G: M&: !HEKN !!O P:Q.:H. O"HR 890&6*- 12'3.'&4 OSK
F:G: '& T: HEN '55%"6 70%3-0 )* 1'2#-- B!CCOD I M'/:E&3 E#S+ I!":D U* =(,,0, 6*
'.)6&&6*- T/'6*/< ,(/(7'*& (76.(*5( 23653 T0%%6?/< 6*1/9(*5(. &3( V9,<
'.7(,%(/< &0 ' /6&6-'*& 5'**0& ::: ?( 50*5(67(. 01 '% 3',)/(%%:A B12'3.'&4
8,3"'4 OSK F:G: '& T: HE:DW,(V9.65( 6% T,(%(*& 3(,( ?(5'9%( &3( T,0%(59&60* ,(T('&(./< ,(/6(. 0*
&3( (76.(*5( 01 'TT(//'*&@% X9*( I&3
%&'&()(*&% &0 9,-( &3( V9,< &0 ,(V(5& 3(,
.(1(*%( 01 ,('%0*'?/( .09?& 01 &3( 56,59)%&'*&6'/ (76.(*5( 011(,(. &0 T,07(
&3'& %3( 46//(. ;'%)9%%(* 09& 01 V('/09%<:
Y* 5/0%6*-+ &3( T,0%(59&60* ',-9(. &3'& ='% ' T0/65( 01165(,+ %3( 4*02%
&3'& )0&67( 6% ' T02(,19/ T6(5( 01 (76.(*5(:A B!S ;Z HCCC:D G0+ %3( .6.*@& &(//
&3( .(&(5&67(% =302 )953 %3( /07(. X03*A ?(5'9%( =&3'& 209/. ?( ,(7('/6*- '
)0&67( &0 46// G3(,,6+ '*. %3( .6. *0& 2'*& &0 .0 &3'&:A B 9:#6 :D Y*%&('.+ %3( %'6.
&3(< V9%& .'&(. ?9& '/%0 .'&(. 0&3(, T(0T/(: B 9:#6 :D
Z3( T,0%(59&0, '/%0 ',-9(. &3'& &3( 'TT(//'*& 2'% (7'%67( '?09& 3(,
50*&'5&% 26&3 ;'%)9%%(* '*. ;9(&&(* 6* 0,.(, &0 .(1/(5&+ )6*6)6[( '*.
)6%/('. &3( .(&(5&67(%: B!S ;Z HCCCJO""!:D Z0 )'4( &36% T06*&+ T,0%(59&0,
T/'<(. %(7(,'/ (\5(,T&% 01 &3( 76.(0&'T(. 6*&(,,0-'&60* .9,6*- 5/0%6*-
',-9)(*&: B 9:#6 :D Z3( T,0%(59&0, '/%0 ',-9(. &3'& 'TT(//'*&@% .()('*0,
.9,6*- 6*&(,,0-'&60* %302(. %3( 2'% .6%30*(%& '?09& 3(, ,(/'&60*%36T 26&3
;9(&&(* '*. ;'%)9%%(* '*. 3(, 50*&'5&% 26&3 &3(): B!S ;Z O"""JO""H:D
U% (\T/'6*(. '?07( 6* G(5&60* YY:Y:+ '*. 10, ?,(76&< 6*50,T0,'&(. ?<
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 129/182
!"#
%&'&%&()& *&%&+ ,*& &-./&()& '%01 233&442(,56 37,2,.-& 8&24076 096&66.0( :.,*
;7&,,&( :26 .(2/1.66.94& 26 ,*& 3%0/7), 0' 2( 7(42:'74 6&2%)*< =*& >?@
&-./&()& :26 '42:&/ 9&)276& ., )0('76&/ %2(/01 12,)* 3%0929.4.,A :.,*
607%)& 2,,%.97,.0(< B,*&% >?@ 26 :&44 26 '.(C&%3%.(, 2(/ '.%&2%1 &-./&()&
67330%,&/ 2 %&260(294& /079, ,*2, 233&442(, %2,*&% ,*2( 2 97%C42%A )011.,,&/
,*& )%.1&< @))0%/.(C4A+ ,*& 3%06&)7,.0(56 76& 0' ,*& -./&0,23& 0' 233&442(,56
.(,&%%0C2,.0( .( )406.(C 2%C71&(, D,.36 ,*& 6)24& .( '2-0% 0' '.(/.(C 3%&87/.)&<E
F !"#$%" '( )*+*,*" F!GGHI !J K24<L,* !"MM+ !"N!<I
!"
$%& $'()* +,-'$ &''&. /0 .&10(12 $%& .&3&14&
' &5-&4$ $, %,*. ) 6 &**0 73 '0& %&)'(12 )1.
).8($$(12 &!(.&1+& ,3 *,9 +,:0 .1) $&4$(12
-4(12 8;<;3;=>?@"
)" (<A?BCDEA;B<"
O&'0%& ,%.24+ 233&442(, %&P7&6,&/ 2 -"%%./01." *&2%.(C 0( ,*&
2/1.66.9.4.,A 0' ,*& >?@ ,&6, %&674,6 76.(C ,*& D@13QRS=; T.(.Q.4&%E
F*&%&2',&% DT.(.Q.4&%UEI >?@ ,&6,.(C 1&,*0/040CA< FH K= !"GMVGH+ ).,.(C
!"#$%" '( -"%%. F!GNHI !N K24<J/ WL FD -"%%.EI 2(/ 01." '( 2+*3"4 5363"7 F><K<
K.%< !GWJI WGJ Q< !"!J FD 01."EI<I SX;R *2/ 76&/ T.(.Q.4&%U '0% 601& 0' ,*&
&-./&()& '%01 ,*& )%.1& 6)&(&< F 89*4 <I
YZ[\(/&% ,*& -"%%.:01." %74& ,*& 3%030(&(, 0' &-./&()& /&%.-&/ '%01 2
(&: 6).&(,.'.) 1&,*0/040CA 176, 62,.6'A ,*%&& 3%0(C6+ 9A 6*0:.(C+ '.%6,+ ,*2,
,*& %&4.29.4.,A 0' ,*& (&: ,&)*(.P7& *26 C2.(&/ C&(&%24 2))&3,2()& .( ,*&
%&4&-2(, 6).&(,.'.) )0117(.,A+ 6&)0(/+ ,*2, ,*& &]3&%, ,&6,.'A.(C ,0 ,*2, &''&), .6
P724.'.&/ ,0 /0 60+ 2(/+ ,*.%/+ ,*2, )0%%&), 6).&(,.'.) 3%0)&/7%&6 :&%& 76&/ .( ,*&
32%,.)742% )26&<E F !"#$%" '( ;#.96% F!GG#I !G K24< L,* L#!+ M"M+ ).,2,.0(6 2(/
.(,&%(24 P70,2,.0(6 01.,,&/<I
@33&442(, 2%C7&/ ,*2, 6*& :26 &(,.,4&/ ,0 2 *&2%.(C ,0 /&,&%1.(&
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 130/182
!"#
%&'(&') *+,+-+.')/ 01(+02+'3 4)5,6 5,' 7'8190' +( %10 1 ,'% 85::')8+1. ;+(
25) <=> 1,1.?0+0 1,3 ,5 859)( &13 ?'( 94&'.3 +(0 90' 5@') 1 !"##$ 8&1..',6'A
BC DE !"#FG !!"HAI >44'..1,( 1.05 )'J9'0('3 1 4)5,6 (&)'' &'1)+,6 (5
3'('):+,' %&'(&') (&' 4)58'39)'0 18(91..? 90'3 +, &') 810' %')' +, 85:4.+1,8'
%+(& (&' *+,+-+.')/ :'(&535.56?A BC DE !!"KAI
E&' ()+1. 859)( 3',+'3 75(& )'J9'0(0A D+(+,6 &"'(#" )* +,## BL""!I F#
D1.A>44AH(& HFG +( 85,8.93'3 (&1( *+,+-+.')/ <=> ('0(+,6 %10 M90( 1 @1)+1,(
52 (&' 6',')1..? 188'4('3 45.?:')10' 8&1+, )'18(+5,N0&5)( (1,3': )'4'1(
BODPNQEPI :'(&53 52 <=> ('0(+,6A# BR PE SHAI E&')'25)'G +( 3',+'3
144'..1,(T0 )'J9'0( 25) 1 4)5,6 5,' !"##$ &'1)+,6A BR PE SHAI >0 (5 (&' 4)5,6
(&)''G +( 85,8.93'3 (&1( 1,? +009'0 859.3 7' )'05.@'3 7? 1, U@+3',8' D53'0'8(+5, H"L &'1)+,6 7'25)' (&' QUPV 'W4')( BE5: -'35)I ('0(+2+'3A BR PE SHAI
E&' ()+1. 859)( '))'3 7'8190' (&' 522') 52 4)552 :13' 7? 144'..1,(
0&5%'3 (&1( &"'(#" )* +,##- ./(01- 3+3 ,5( )'05.@' (&' +009'0 4)'0',('3 7? 90+,6
*+,+-+.')/ (5 ('0( .5% 854? <=> 10 85,398('3 7? QUPV 5) 0&5% (&1( 098&
('0(+,6 %10 6',')1..? 188'4('3 10 )'.+17.' %+(&+, (&' )'.'@1,( 08+',(+2+8
85::9,+(?A *5)'5@')G XY0Z+,8' (&' (&+)3 4)5,6 52 (&' ['..? ('0( )'J9+)'0 810'
04'8+2+8 4)552 (&1( 85))'8( 4)58'39)'0 %')' ':4.5?'3G +( 81,,5( 7' 01(+02+'3 7?
# ODP )'2')0 (5 (&' X(&)''\0('4 1:4.+2+81(+5, 8?8.'] (&1( X5889)0 +, 1 @')?
0:1.. (97' 85,(1+,+,6 1 01:4.' 52 (&' 3597.'\0()1,3'3 <=> %+(& (&' (1)6'(
0'6:',( B'A6AG (&' '@+3',8' <=>IG 0&5)( 0+,6.'\0()1,3'3 4+'8'0 52 <=>
B4)+:')0I 3'0+6,'3 (5 7+,3 (5 (&' (%5 04'8+2+8 )'6+5,0 2.1,;+,6 (&' (1)6'(
0'6:',( 52 <=> B4)+:') 7+,3+,6 0+('0IG 1 &'1(\)'0+0(1,( <=>\79+.3+,6 ',^?:'
B1 <=> 45.?:')10'IG (&' 79+.3+,6 7.58;0 52 <=> B,98.'5(+3'0IG 1,3 5(&')
)'J9+)'3 '.':',(0A] B &"'(#" )* &,2100' BL"!RI ___ D1.A>44AH(& ___ YL"!R D1.A
>44A SU`VQ H"L 1( 4A aFbZG 255(,5(' 5:+(('3AI XQEPc0 1)' 0()'(8&'0 52 <=>85:450'3 52 )'4'1('3 7.58;0 52 0&5)( 0'J9',8'0G 52(', 259) ,98.'5(+3'0 .5,6A
E&' 3/45"0 '6 0"("17. @1)+'0 1:5,6 4'54.'G 9091..? %+(&+, (&' )1,6' 52 !" (5
L" )'4'1(0A E&' 29,8(+5, 52 (&'0' )'4'(+(+@' )'6+5,0 +0 9,;,5%,G 79( (&'+)
@1)+17+.+(? 4)5@+3'0 1, 5445)(9,+(? (5 +3',(+2? 3+22')',8'0 7'(%'', (%5 4'54.'G
098& 10 4')4'()1(5) 1,3 0904'8( +, 1 8)+:+,1. 810'G 5) 21(&') 1,3 8&+.3 +, 1
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 131/182
!!"
$%&'()* +) , -./&(01%2 ,--%&&,3% 2%4(0(+)56 7 !"#$%" '( )#*+,-./ 7!889: ;< =,&5
>--5 ;31 9;<? 99!5:
!" $%& $&'%()'*+ ,--.&- /*)-&0 !&+12"
@ABC ,)2 31% D>EF 4$(G% &,/ 1,2 .0%2 31% C2%)3(H(&%$I FJ> 3%03 K(3
+) 0+G% %L(2%)4% 0,G-&%0 ,)2 31% D>EF &,/ 1,2 ,&0+ E$+H(&%$ E&.0 +) 0+G%
%L(2%)4%5 79 =M !""N? !""85: >--%&&,)3 2(2 )+3 2(0-.3% 31,3 31+0% O%$%
*%)%$,&&' ,44%-3%2 G%31+20 +H E=BP@MB FJ> 3%03()*5 79 =M !!"N? 4(3()*
!"#$%" '( 0/%% 7N""!: Q8 =,&5 >--5 ;31
;Q? RS T,22$%00()* E$+H(&%$ E&.0UV !"#$%"
'( 1,234#- 7N""Q: !9< =,&5 >--5 ;31
<!<? <N; T,22$%00()* C2%)3(H(&%$IU5:
W+O%L%$? @ABC ,&0+ 4+)2.43%2 ,22(3(+),& 3%030 .0()* 31% )%O
X()(Y(&%$I G%31+2+&+*' 3+ %Z,G()% &+O &%L%& +$ 2%*$,2%2 FJ> 0,G-&%05 79=M !!"N5: M1% 0,G-&%0 %Z,G()%2 /' X()(Y(&%$ O%$% 4+)0.G%2 2.$()* 31%
,),&'0(0 0+ 31,3 )+ ,22(3(+),& 3%03()* 4+.&2 /% -%$H+$G%25 7 56/7 5: J+ ,--%&&,3%
-$%4%2%)3 1,2 H+.)2 *%)%$,& 04(%)3(H(4 ,44%-3,)4% +H X()(Y(&%$I 3%03()* +H
&+O 4+-' FJ>5 79 =M !!"<5: F%0-(3% 0.-%$H(4(,& 0(G(&,$(3' 3+ -$(+$ 3%030 K(30
0.41 ,0 C2%)3(H(&%$I ,)2 E$+H(&%$? 31%$% O%$% 0(*)(H(4,)3 ,),&'3(4,& 2(HH%$%)4%0
O(31 .0% +H X()(Y(&%$I5
!5 [$41(2\=%&&G,$K? 31% G,).H,43.$%$ +H X()(Y(&%$I 2(HH%$%)3(,3%2 (3
H$+G -$(+$ E=BP@MB 3%03 K(30 /%4,.0% X()(Y(&%$I O,0 31% ]O+$&2^0 H($036
FJ> 3%03 K(3 3+ 3%03 H+$ ]G()(@MB6 ,3 %(*13 &+4(5 79 =M !!"N? !!"R5:
N5 X()(Y(&%$I .0%2 , )%O -+&'G%$,0% +$ )%O $%,43(+) /,0%? )+3
-$%L(+.0&' .0%2 () %Z(03()* K(305 79 =M !!"R5:
<5 X()(Y(&%$I .0%2 -$(G%$0 31,3 O%$% 2(HH%$%)3 H$+G -$(+$ 4+GG%$4(,&
K(30 .0%2 () FJ> ,),&'0(05 M1% .0% +H 31+0% -$(G%$0 -$+2.4%2 .)-$%2(43,/&%
$%0.&30 O(31 $%0-%43 3+ G,_+$ L05 G()+$ 2+)+$0 O1%) ,),&'`()* G(Z3.$%0? 0.41
,0 @ABC 2(2 () 31(0 4,0%5 >22(3(+),&&'? 31% .0% +H 2(HH%$%)3 -$(G%$0 $%0.&3%2 ()
-,3%$)(3' 4,0%56 7 57 5 ,3 -5 aQR5:
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 132/182
!!!
#$%&'(% )&*+&*, -&.( '/.0.&1*23 -1'(.&'(- %(-/4.&*, &* .5( +%1$1/. 16 1*( 16
.5( 044(4(-2 .5(%()7 066(8.&*, .5( 0*047-&-9 :; <= !!>?9@
A9 B&*&C&4(%D &*8%(0-(+ .5( */')(% 16 8784(- &* .5( E<F 0'$4&6&80.&1*
$%18(-- 6%1' GH .1 )(.I((* J> 0*+ J;2 %(-/4.&*, &* 81*.0'&*0.&1*2 044(4&8
+%1$1/. 0*+2 $(0K 5(&,5. &')040*8(2 044 16 I5&85 066(8.(+ .5( %(-/4.&*,
0*047-&-9 :; <= !!>?9@
?9 L881%+&*, .1 M%85&+N<(44'0%K2 B&*&C&4(%D 81/4+ #1).0&* OPL
%(-/4.- 6%1' 81'$%1'&-(+ -0'$4(- .50. $%(Q&1/-47 I1/4+ 50Q( 7&(4+(+ 4&'&.(+
1% *1 ,(*(.&8 +0.09R3 :; <= !!>G2 S/1.&*, '0%K(.&*, &*61%'0.&1* 6%1' .5(
M%85&+N<(44'0%K I() -&.(2 ; <= !!>?9@
;9 T* .5&- 80-(2 UVFT /-(+ .5( B&*&C&4(%D K&. .1 81*+/8. 0*047-(- 1641I 81$7 */')(% :W<P@ -0'$4(- 16 '&X./%(-2 &9(92 -0'$4(- 81*.0&*&*, '1%(
.50* 1*( +1*1% .50. 81*.0&*(+ 4(-- .50* G>> $&81,%0'- 16 .('$40.( OPL9 :;
<= !!>?
Y(80/-( 16 .5(-( .(-.N-$(8&6&8 &--/(-2 0$$(440*. 04-1 %(S/(-.(+ 0 $%1*,
.5%(( !"##$ 5(0%&*, 1* .5( B&*&C&4(%D $%18(+/%(- /-(+ &* .5( 80-( )(61%( .5(
%(-/4.- I(%( $%(-(*.(+ 0. .%&049 :; <= !!>?9@
Y7 0 I%&..(* 1$$1-&.&1*2 .5( $%1-(8/.&1* 0%,/(+ .50. B&*&C&4(%D I0-
*1. 0 *(I -8&(*.&6&8 .(85*&S/(9 :; <= !!GG9@ T* &.- Q&(I2 &. I0- 0 Q0%&0.&1* 16
.5( $%(N(X&-.&*, E<FZU=F '(.51+141,7 I5&852 0- -51I* )7 %"&'#" )* +,##-
./'01- 0*+ 1.5(% 80-(-2 I0- 0 ,(*(%0447 088($.(+ -8&(*.&6&8 .(85*&S/(9 :; <=
!!GGNGA2 !!G?9@ Y(80/-( B&*&C&4(%D %(4&(+ 1* .5( #81%( .(85*141,73 16
E<FZU=F .(-.&*,2 .5( $%1-(8/.&1* 81*.(*+(+ .50. B&*&C&4(% -51/4+ 04-1 )(
81*-&+(%(+ ,(*(%0447 088($.(+ )7 .5( -8&(*.&6&8 81''/*&.79 :; <= !!G?9@
T* -/$$1%. 16 &.- $1-&.&1*2 .5( $%1-(8/.&1* $%(-(*.(+ 0- (X5&)&.- .I1
.(85*&804 *1.(- 6%1' .5( #[1/%*04 16 C1%(*-&8 U8&(*8(-93 :; <= !!A!2 !!A?9@
M*( *1.( %($1%.(+ 0 #81*81%+0*8(3 )(.I((* B&*&C&4(%D 0*+ 81*Q(*.&1*04
U=F .7$&*, K&.-9 :; <= !!A!9@ =5( -(81*+ *1.( 166(%(+ 0 #Q04&+0.&1*3 -./+7
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 133/182
!!"
$%& '() %$ *+,+-+.)&/ +, $%&),(+0 01()2%&34 56 78 !!9:4; 8<) ,%=)( &)>%&=)?
@$'.. 0%,0%&?1,0)A B)=2)), *+,+-+.)&/ 1,? C?),=+$+.)&/ )D0)>= +, %,)
+,(=1,0) %$ 1 @,'.. 1..).) 1= .%0'( E"!F!!4A 56 78 !!9:G !!:"H:I4; 8<1= 21(
=<) &)('.= %$ @=<) 1J>.+$+01=+%, %$ 1 (1J>.) 2+=< 1 &1&) J+0&%K1&+1,= 1..).)4 56
78 !!:"4;
L( =% =<) &)M')(= $%& 1 >&%,N =<&)) <)1&+,NG =<) >&%()0'=+%, 1&N')? =<1=
1,O +((')( 0%'.? B) 1??&)(()? BO 1, PK+?),0) 7%?) ()0=+%, 9Q" <)1&+,N4 56
78 !!"64;
RO 1 2&+==), &)>.OG 1>>)..1,= 1&N')? =<1= 1 <)1&+,N 2%'.? )(=1B.+(< =<)
*+,+-+.)&/ @)J>.%O( 1 J1=)&+1..O ?+(=+,0= (0+),=+$+0 =)0<,+M') (>)0+$+01..O
?)(+N,)? =% =)(= <+N<.O ?)N&1?)? ESL (1J>.)( '(+,N >&+J)&( =<1= 1&) =%=1..O?+$$)&),= $&%J =<%() '()? +, >&)K+%'( ESL 1,1.O(+( 3+=(4A 56 78 !!::4;
L??+=+%,1..OG *+,+-+.)&/ @1,1.OT)( J+,+(0'.) ESL (1J>.)(G 2<+0<G
?)>),?+,N %, =<) M'1,=+=O %$ ESL 1,1.OT)?G 01, &)('.= +, 1&=+$10=( %B(0'&+,N
>1&= %$ =<) ESL N),)=+0 >&%$+.)4A 56 78 !!::H:64;
-+,1..OG *+,+-+.)&/ @'()( 1 ,)2 >%.OJ)&1() 1,? 1 ?+$$)&),= &)10=+%,
B1()G 2<+0< +( 1 0<)J+(=&O =<1= ?+$$)&( $&%J )D+(=+,N ESL =)(= 3+=(4 PD>)&=
=)(=+J%,O 1= 1 <)1&+,N 2+.. )(=1B.+(< =<1= =<)() (+N,+$+01,= ?+$$)&),0)( )(=1B.+(<
=<) *+,+-+.)&/ 3+= )J>.%O( 1 ,)2 (0+),=+$+0 =)0<,+M')4 L??+=+%,1..OG
*+,+-+.)&/ <1( ,%= N1+,)? N),)&1. 100)>=1,0) +, =<) &).)K1,= (0+),=+$+0
0%JJ',+=OG 1= .)1(= ,%= $%& .%2 0%>O ,'JB)& 5UV7SW; =)(=+,N 1= 1 .)K).
>)&$%&J)? BO FPXC +, =<+( 01()4A 56 78 !!::H:64;
C, ('>>%&= %$ <)& >%(+=+%,G 1>>)..1,= J1?) 1, %$$)& %$ >&%%$4 L( =%
>&%,N %,)G 1 ?)$),() )D>)&= 21( >&)>1&)? =% =)(=+$O =<1= =<) =2% (='?+)(
('BJ+==)? BO =<) >&%()0'=+%, 5&)$)&&)? =% 0%..)0=+K).O 1( @=<) F='?OA; $1+.)? =%
&)(%.K) $+K) +((')(G 1,? 1.(% 2<O 1 >&%,N =<&)) <)1&+,N 21( ,)0)((1&OY
-+&(=G =<) Z7X 1J>.+$+01=+%, +, =<) F='?O 21( ?%,) 1= "[ 0O0.)( 59 78
!!9"G ,%= 1 N&)1=)& ,'JB)& %$ 0O0.)( 1( FPXC J1O <1K) )J>.%O)?4 56 78
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 134/182
!!"
!!$%&'
()*+,-. /0) (/1-2 -3- ,+/ 3,4+54) 678 /)9/3,: ;9 -+,) <2 (=>?& @% 7A
!!$%&' 678 /)9/3,: ;,;52B)- C3,19*15) ;C+1,/9 +D E8F /0;/ D;55 <)5+G /0)
9/+*0;9/3* /0H)90+5- +D !II J3*+:H;C9 +H 5)99&!I
@!"" #$%&"' !&)&"* +, -)+%*
@E& K-& LIIM' %IL N&(1JJ&L- %$O. %%PQ%%M&' A0)H) ;H) ;JJH+R3C;/)52 %
J3*+:H;C9 +D E8F J)H *)55& A0)H) ;H) !.III J3*+:H;C9 3, +,) ,;,+:H;C.
G03*0 39 +,) <3553+,/0 +D ; :H;C& @ ./%' &' A0) -)D),9) )RJ)H/ G+15- )RJ5;3, /0)
93:,3D3*;,*) +D 678 /)9/3,: /+ /0) ;JJ53*;<353/2 +D /0) (/1-2 +DD)H)- <2 /0)
JH+9)*1/3+,& @% 7A !!$%&'
A03H-. 3, /0) (/1-2 9/1//)H )DD)*/9 G)H) ;,;52B)- D+H /)CJ5;/) ;C+1,/9
+D I&LQI&% ,:& @LII /+ %II J3*+:H;C9'&
!!
@% 7A !!S%. !!$P&' F/ ; 0);H3,:. ;,)RJ)H/ G+15- -)/)HC3,) G0)/0)H (=>? ;,;52B)- /)CJ5;/) J3*+:H;C9 ;C+1,/9
D;553,: <)5+G /0) 9/+*0;9/3* /0H)90+5-& @% 7A !!$P&' A039 G;9 3CJ+H/;,/
<)*;19) H)915/9 G3/03, /0) ;H); +D 9/+*0;9/3* )DD)*/ JH)9),/ -3DD3*15/3)9 3,
-)/)HC3,3,: /0) *+HH)*/ :),+/2J) -1) /+ ;55)53* -H+J+1/ +H ;, 3,*+HH)*/
;99)99C),/ /0;/ ;, ;55)5) G;9 0+C+B2:+19& @ ./%' &' A0) (/1-2 ;--H)99)-
;55)53* -H+J+1/ +, !P H)D)H),*) 9;CJ5)9 ;/ ; /)CJ5;/) E8F H;,:) +D I&LQI&%
,;,+:H;C9& @% 7A !!S%&' A0) -)D),9) )RJ)H/ G+15- )RJ5;3, G02 /039 G;9 ,+/
H)5)4;,/ /+ /0) (=>? ;,;52939 +D 5+G *+J2 E8F 9;CJ5)9 ;,- /0) 93:,3D3*;,*)
+D /0) 9/+*0;9/3* /0H)90+5- /+ /0) 0"112 9/;,-;H-& @% 7A !!$P&'
N+1H/0. /0) (/1-2 ;CJ53D3)- E8F DH+C <1**;5 @3,,)H *0))T' 9G;<9 +D
!P 3,-343-1;59& @% 7A !!S%&' A0) (/1-2 ;59+ 53C3/)- 3/9)5D /+ E8F C3R/1H)9
!I A0) U9/+*0;9/3* /0H)90+5-V H)D)H9 /+ /0) UWC3,3C1C ;C+1,/ +D E8F /0;/X9
,)*)99;H2 9+ ;9 /+ ;4+3- 0;43,: H;,-+C JH+*)99)9 -+C3,;/) +H C;,3D)9//0)C9)54)9 3, E8F /)9/3,: H)915/9&Y Z73/;/3+,&[V @#$%&"' !&)&"* +, -)+%* @E&
K-& LIIM' %IL N&(1JJ&L- %$O. %%O&'
!! U(/1//)HV H)D)H9 /+ 953JJ;:) +D E8F J+52C)H;9) -1H3,: ;CJ53D3*;/3+,
:),)H;/3,: ; J);T 3, ;, )5)*/H+J0)H+:H;C /0;/ 39 +,) 1,3/ 5)99 /0;, /0;/
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 135/182
!!"
$%&' &()* + ,&(-%./0-&%12 3(3)*4.(5 678 (57 $%&' 93,: ,&(-%./0-&%7 ;< =>
!!"?7@ ABCD 019E F.(.G.)9% -& 9H3'.(9 '.H-0%91 $%&' '&%9 -:3( -I&
,&(-%./0-&%17 >:9 E9$9(19 9HJ9%- I&0)E 9HJ)3.( -:9 1.5(.$.,3(,9 &$ -:919
E.$$9%9(,91 -& -:9 !"##$ 1-3(E3%E7 ;< => !!K?7@
G.$-:2 -:9 L19(1.-.M.-*N J3%- &$ -:9 A-0E* ,&(,)0E9E -:3-2 L&$$1,3)9 J93O1
3(E /319).(9 3%-.$3,-1 I9%9 &/19%M9E -& &,,0% 3- -9'J)3-9 )9M9)1 &$ ! (57 3(E
:.5:9%7N ;< => !!"P7@ Q1 3 %910)- L.- I31 91-3/).1:9E -:3- 67+R67< (57 &$ STQ2
I.-: 3( &J-.'0' -3%59- &$ 678 (57 1:&0)E /9 9'J)&*9E $&% -:9 &J-.'3) -*J.(5
&$ STQ 13'J)917N ; %&'( 7@ >:9 E9$9(19 9HJ9%- I&0)E 9HJ)3.( -:9 1.5(.$.,3(,9
&$ -:.1 $.(E.(5 -& ABCDU1 3(3)*191 3(E .-1 %9)9M3(,9 -& -:9 !"##$ 1-3(E3%E7 ;<
=> !!K?7@Q1 -& J%&(5 -:%992 3JJ9))3(- 3%509E -:3- 3 :93%.(5 I31 (9,9113%* -&
E9-9%'.(9 I:9-:9% ABCD :3E 3E&J-9E 3(E 019E 1,.9(-.$.,3))* 3,,9J-9E
J%&,9E0%91 $&% F.(.G.)9%V -91-.(5 &$ )&I ,&J* STQ 13'J)917 ;< => !!KP@
!" $%&'()* &)+ ,-.()* /0 12% 3'(&. !4-'1"
W( A9J-9'/9% !2 +6!!2 3$-9% %9M.9I &$ 3)) -:9 /%.9$.(52 -:9 ,&0%-
3EE%9119E -:9 E9$9(19 %9X091- $&% 3 !"##$)*+$" :93%.(57 ;8 C> Y!7@
>:9 J%&19,0-&% ,&($.%'9E -:3- :9 .(-9(E9E -& &$$9% STQ %910)-1 /319E
&( -:9 019 &$ F.(.$.)9%V2 /0- ).'.-9E -& -:9 3(3)*1.1 &$ &(9 &$ -:9 /%&O9(
$.(59%(3.)1 $&0(E .( -:9 9(-%*I3* &$ C31'0119(U1 %91.E9(,97 ;8 C> Y!R+Z 199
" C> "[!R[82 "[KR[<7@ >:9 J%&19,0-&% 3)1& 1-3-9E -:3- -:9 E9$9(19 :3E 3(
&/19%M9% J%919(- I:9( ABCD ,&(E0,-9E -:9 F.(.G.)9%V -91-.(57 ;8 C> Y+R87@
>:9 -%.3) ,&0%- E9(.9E -:9 %9X091- $&% 3 J%&(5 &(9 :93%.(52 $.(E.(5 -:3-
,"-.#" 01 2'## 2 34.+52 P[ =3)7QJJ7"-: "P ;L 2'## N@2 3(1I9%9E -:9 .11091 .( $3M&%
&$ -:9 J%&19,0-.&(7 ;8 C> Y87@ S9$9(19 ,&0(19) &/\9,-9E -:3-2 /319E &( -:9
J%&$$9%9E -91-.'&(* /* 3 E9$9(19 9HJ9%-2 2'## E.E (&- 3JJ)* 3(E %9X091-9E 3(
/9).9M9E -& %9$)9,- -:9 -%09 3))9)9 &$ -:9 13'J)9 STQ7 ;< => !!"<7@
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 136/182
!!"
$%%$&'()*'+ '$ %&,-,)' './' ',-'*0$)+1 23 45 637"18
9$:,;,&< '., '&*/= >$(&' ?$()@ !"## @*-%$-*'*;,1 23 45 6318 !"## ?$()@
)$ ,&&$& *) '., @,)*/= $? / %&$)A $), $& %&$)A '.&,, .,/&*)A $) (-, $? '.,
B&$?*=,& B=(- ',-' C*'1 2 %&"' 18 D) '., '&*/= >$(&'E- ;*,:< F'., ()*G(,),-- $? '.,
B&$?*=,& B=(- ',-' C*' >$0%/&,@ '$ $'.,& ',-' C*'- :/- />'(/==+ 0$&, ,H'&,0,
'./) '., I*)*?*=,&J ',-' C*'E- ()*G(,),-- >$0%/&,@ '$ '., D@,)'*?*=,&J /)@
B&$?*=,& B=(- ',-' C*'- './' +$( />C)$:=,@A, /&, )$: />>,%',@1K 2 %&"' 18
!"## &,L,>',@ '., /&A(0,)' './' ,/>. ),: BM4NO54 ',-' C*' 0(-' P,
-(PL,>' '$ / ()##* %&$)A $), /)/=+-*- '$ @,',&0*), ->*,)'*?*> &,=*/P*=*'+1 23 45
6318 5., @,?,)@/)' *) !"## >./==,)A,@ '., B&$?*=,& B=(- ',-' C*' P,>/(-, *' (-,@
@*??,&,)' %&*0,&-1 23 45 6"18 Q%%,==/)' /=-$ /&A(,@ F'./' '., I*)*R*=,& ',-'C*' (-,- @*??,&,)' %&*0,&-1K 2 %&"' 18 5., '&*/= >$(&' /=-$ />>,%',@ '., ':$
%(P=*>/'*$) -(P0*'',@ P+ '., %&$-,>('*$) /- %,,& &,;*,:,@ %(P=*>/'*$)-
-.$:*)A '., &,=*/P*=*'+ $? I*)*R*=,&J ',-'*)A1 2 %&"' 18
D) !"##+ '., @,?,)@/)' -(%%$&',@ .*- &,G(,-' ?$& / ()##* .,/&*)A :*'. /
@,>=/&/'*$) ?&$0 /) ,H%,&'1 23 45 6"7ST ,)) -)./#) 01 !"##+ ,2/34+ UV
M/=1Q%%1W'. /' %1 "S18 9$:,;,&< '., @,?,)-, ./@ )$' @$), -$ .,&,1 2 %&"' 18 D)
-(0< '., *--(,- &/*-,@ P+ '., @,?,)-, :,&, F:,== >$;,&,@ P+ !"## K /)@ '., '&*/=
>$(&' '.,&,?$&,< @,)*,@ '., @,?,)-, &,G(,-' ?$& / %&$)A $), .,/&*)A $) '.,
A,),&/= />>,%'/)>, $? I*)*R*=,&J ',-'*)A1 23 45 6"7S18
Q- '$ '., &,G(,-' ?$& / %&$)A '.&,, .,/&*)A< !"## /??*&0,@ .$=@*)A /)
X;*@,)>, M$@, -,>'*$) WYZ .,/&*)A P,?$&, '., ,H%,&' ',-'*?*,@ &/'.,& './) /
()##* .,/&*)A /)@ '., >$(&' /A&,,@ '$ @$ -$1 23 45 6W< S18 [,?,)-, >$()-,=
@*@ )$' =/',& &,G(,-' /) X;*@,)>, M$@, -,>'*$) WYZ .,/&*)A1
!" $%& '()(*(+&,- ./(0&)1& 2,&3&)4&0 54 $,(6+"
Q' '&*/=< 5$0 R,@$& $? OX4D ',-'*?*,@ './' ., >$)@(>',@ [\Q ',-'- $) /
%*,>, $? P&$C,) ?*)A,&)/*= ?$()@ *) '., ,)'&+ :/+ $? 4/-0(--,)E- &,-*@,)>,
26QB[ X;*@,)>, D',0 \$1 !Y8 (-*)A I*)*R*=,&J1 2!Z 45 !VWY7W!T ,)) W 45
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 137/182
!!"
$%!&%'( $%)&%"*+ ,- ./0 12/-/1-( 3/-/4/5678 9:0 2:7;/<=5:75> 0=/;:?56 @17
0A:55 17 B6C7:B6B 0:A2560 1@ DEF* G!H IJ !%$!*+ ,; @/556B /- 01A6 :76:0
9.676 ;.6 ,B6-;/@/5678 76:C6-; K/; LA:> C/M6 96:K 17 -1 760=5;0*N G !"#$ *+
471A ;.6 ?71K6- @/-C67-:/5( 3/-/4/5678 LC:M6 96:K :-B /-<1A256;6
760=5;0 /-B/<:;/-C : A/O;=76 @71A :; 56:0; ;.766 261256*N G!H IJ !%$$*+ LP.67/
I:0A=006- /0 : 2100/?56 <1-;7/?=;17 ;1 ;.6 A/O;=76( :-B :2271O/A:;65> !
91A:- /- "QR 91=5B ?6 0/A/5:75> <1-0/B676B* P;62.:-/6 S:T:7=0 /0 : 2100/?56
<1-;7/?=;17 ;1 ;.6 A/O;=76( :-B :2271O/A:;65> ! /- H"(RRR 91A6- 91=5B ?6
0/A/5:75> <1-0/B676B*N G !"#$ *+ LJ.:; /0( :2271O/A:;65> ! 91A:- /- H"(RRR /0
<:2:?56 1@ 0.19/-C ;.6 0:A6 760=5;0 ;.:; /- ;./0 <:06 511K6B 5/K6 ;.6> <:A6
@71A P;62.:-/6 S:T:7=0*N G!H IJ !%$Q*+F0 ;1 ;.6 6M/B6-<6 1@ : ;./7B 26701- /- ;.6 0:A6 @/-C67-:/5 0:A256 G,;6A
E1* !R+( -1 0;:;/0;/<0 <1=5B ?6 B1-6 ?6<:=06 ;.676 9:0 -1 26701- ;1 <1A2:76 /;
;1 :0 : 2100/?56 01=7<6* G!H IJ !%$U*+
!" $%&'(&)( *+ ,-./-0"
V-B67 271-C 1-6 1@ %&''() ;.6 765/:?/5/;> 1@ : DEF ;60;/-C 271<6B=76
A=0; ?6 0=@@/</6-;5> 60;:?5/0.6B ;1 .:M6 C:/-6B C6-67:5 :<<62;:-<6 9/;./- ;.6
7656M:-; 0</6-;/@/< <1AA=-/;>* G +&,-'& ./ 0&1&234 G!%%U+ !U W:5* $;. $Q( QU(
</;/-C +&,-'& ./ %&''() 45-63) !Q W:5*'B :; 2* 'R*+
LX- :226:5( ;.6 YC6-67:5 :<<62;:-<6Z @/-B/-C =-B67 271-C 1-6 1@ %&''(
/0 [: A/O6B \=60;/1- 1@ 5:9 :-B @:<; 0=?]6<; ;1 5/A/;6B B6 -1M1 76M/69*[ ^_`6
76M/69 ;.6 ;7/:5 <1=7;[0 B6;67A/-:;/1- 9/;. B6@676-<6 ;1 :-> :-B :55 0=2217;:?56
@/-B/-C0 1@ [./0;17/<:5[ @:<; 17 <76B/?/5/;>( :-B ;.6- B6</B6 :0 : A:;;67 1@ 5:9(
?:06B 1- ;.106 :00=A2;/1-0( 9.6;.67 ;.676 .:0 ?66- C6-67:5 :<<62;:-<6*[
G +&,-'& ./ 7,62318# G!%%"+ $' W:5* F22* $;. "$'( ""'*+ _.676 : ;7/:5 <1=7; .:0
:BA/;;6B : -69 0</6-;/@/< ;60; :-B ;.6 B6</0/1- /0 :@@/7A6B /- : 2=?5/0.6B
12/-/1-( Y;.6 276<6B6-; 01 60;:?5/0.6B A:> <1-;715 0=?06\=6-; ;7/:50( :; 56:0;
=-;/5 -69 6M/B6-<6 /0 27606-;6B 76@56<;/-C : <.:-C6 /- ;.6 :;;/;=B6 1@ ;.6
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 138/182
!!"
$%&'()&*&% %+,,-(&)./0 1 !"#$%" '( )"%%*2 +,$-.2 !" 345/ 67 4) 8/ 69/: ;<&45
%+-<)$ ,4. 45$+ <'5. +( +-)=+*=$)4)' %4$'$ )+ 4$%'<)4&( >?')?'< 4 ('> $%&'()&*&%
)'$) ?4$ @''( 4%%'8)'7/ 1 !"#$%" '( /%%"0 A1!BBB: "9 345/ C88/ D)? !EB6F2
!EBB/:G 1 !"#$%" '( 12%%3 +,$-.3 HB 345/C88/D)? 4) 8/ I"2 &()'<(45 %&)4)&+($ 4(7
J-+)4)&+($ +,&))'7/:
;?' 7'(&45 +* 4 8<+(K )?<'' ?'4<&(K &$ <'L&'>'7 *+< 4( 4@-$' +*
7&$%<')&+( 8<+L&7'7 )?4) )?' 8<+8+('() +* )?' 'L&7'(%' ,47' 4 MN*+-(74)&+(45
$?+>&(K )?4) %+<<'%) $%&'()&*&% 8<+%'7-<'$ >'<' -$'7/0G 1 45 / 4) 8/ IH2 J-+)&(K
!"#$%" '( 6.-0"* 1!BB9: H 345/ C88/ D)? "BH2 H9I/:
!" $%%&''()* +(,& $ -.//010&)* 2//&3 2/ 4355/ 65 75', $
435)8 2)& !"##$ 7&(30)8 $), 69& 630(' :5.3* ;33&, <)
=&'>0)8 2) -&'&1*0?& 4.@'01(*05)A 65 B&)> $ 7&(30)8"
;?' )<&45 %+-<) 4%%'8)'7 )?' )>+ O+-<(45 4<)&%5'$ $-@,&))'7 @. )?'
8<+$'%-)&+( 4$ 8''< <'L&'> 8-@5&%4)&+($ <'*5'%)&(K K'('<45 $%&'()&*&% 4%%'8)4(%'
+* P&(&Q&5'<R STC )'$)&(K/ 16 U; VI/: W( %+()<4$)2 )?' %+-<) *4-5)'7
488'554()0$ *+< (+) $-88+<)&(K ?'< <'J-'$) *+< 4 8<+(K +(' )"%%* ?'4<&(K >&)? 4
7'%54<4)&+( *<+, 4( 'X8'<) 4$ )?' 7'*'(74() ?47 7+(' &( 12%% / 16 U; VI=YZ +""
!"#$%" '( 12%%3 +,$-.3 HB 345/C88/D)? 4) 8/ IY/:C88'554()0$ +**'< +* 8<++* &( ?'< @<&'*&(K >4$ $-**&%&'() )+ $-88+<) 4
)"%%* ?'4<&(K/ 1Y 3; !!E!=E9Z !!IY=IH/: C( +**'< +* 8<++* &$ $-**&%&'() &* )?'
M$-@$)4(%'2 8-<8+$'2 4(7 <'5'L4(%' +* )?' 'L&7'(%' >4$ ,47' [(+>( )+ )?'
%+-<)A/FG 1\L&7/ 3+7'2 ] 6ID2 $-@7/ 14:/: ;+ ,'') )?&$ $)4(74<72 &) &$ $-**&%&'()
&* M7'*'($' %+-($'5^$ ><&))'( ,+)&+( ,47' %5'4<G )?' 'L&7'(%' ?' $+-K?) )+
47,&)/ 1 !"#$%" '( 7,"--. 19EEY: 6" 345/D)? !EYD2 !!DD2 #'"--,%"5 #0 .0#89"-
$#208 :* !"#$%" '( ;,05%" 19EEH: D6 345/D)? "Y2 !I!/:
C$ $') *+<)? 4@+L'2 7'*'($' %+-($'50$ &(&)&45 @<&'* &7'()&*&'7 )?'
7&**'<'(%'$ @')>''( P&(&Q&5'<R 4(7 +)?'< )'$) [&)$ @4$'7 +( )?'
,4(-*4%)-<'<0$ <'8<'$'()4)&+($ 4@+-) P&(&Q&5'<R/ 1Y 3; !!E!=E9/: _&$ <'85.
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 139/182
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 140/182
!!"
$% &'$'()*+' ,-'$-'( ./*'+$*0*/ /%+.'+.1. '2*.$.34 5 !"#$%" '( )*+,%"- 5!"678 9!
:;<3 9& !6= >? @.1A'(.'&'& BC .$;$1$' %+ ;+%$-'( A%*+$ ;. .$;$'& *+ !"#$%" '(
.%"/012", 57D!D8 E" :;<3E$- 6E?= 66!38F38 G1($-'(= ,' ;(' )*+&01< $-;$
H.'<'/$'& A1B<*/;$*%+. *. ; A%%( .1B.$*$1$' 0%( $-' $'.$*)%+C %0 .'I'(;< '2A'($.
.1BJ'/$ $% /(%..K'2;)*+;$*%+ ;+& J1&*/*;< L1'.$*%+*+M ;. $% $-' &'M('' %0
M'+'(;< ;//'A$;+/'34 5 !"#$%" '( 30-%#, 5!"">8 99 :;<3 NAA3 E$- 7?7= 7?"38 O$ *.
;<.% ;AA(%A(*;$' $% H'2;)*+' ('<'I;+$ &'/*.*%+. 0(%) %$-'( J1(*.&*/$*%+. %+ $-'
L1'.$*%+ %0 /%+.'+.1. @/*$;$*%+F= B';(*+M *+ )*+& $-;$ $-' +''&'& /%+.'+.1. *.
$-;$ %0 ./*'+$*.$.= +%$ /%1($.34 5 !"#$%" '( 4"+%%- @5!"6P8 !"? :;<3 NAA3 9& !!7P=F
!!9>38Q 5 !"#$%" '( 5#,6017+8 9:$,08 E9 :;<3NAA3E$-
;$ A3 ??9= ')A-;.*.
;&&'&38R-1.= *$ S(');*+. $(1' $-;$ H@%F0$'+ 333 $-' $'/-+*/;< /%)A<'2*$C %0 $-'
.1BJ'/$ );$$'( ,*<< A('I'+$ <;C J1&M'. 0(%) &'$'()*+*+M $-' '2*.$'+/'= &'M(''=
%( +;$1(' %0 ; ./*'+$*0*/ /%+.'+.1. %( &*.A1$' ,*$-%1$ $-' *+$'(A('$*I' ;..*.$;+/'
%0 L1;<*0*'& <*I' ,*$+'..'. .1BJ'/$ $% ; 0%/1.'& '2;)*+;$*%+ *+ $-' /%1($(%%)34
@:*$;$*%+3FQ 5 !"#$%" '( )#7# 5!"""8 7! :;<3E$- >!7= >EDKE! +3 9!38 N
('I*',*+M /%1($ );C S('0'( $% ./*'+$*0*/ <*$'(;$1('Q $% &'$'()*+' ,-'$-'( %( +%$
$-'(' *. M'+'(;< ;//'A$;+/' %0 ; ./*'+$*0*/ $'/-+*L1'3 5 ;<+2 38 T%,'I'(= *+ S;
/%+$'2$ %0 (;A*&<C /-;+M*+M $'/-+%<%MC= 'I'(C '00%($ .-%1<& B' );&' $% B;.'
$-;$ /%+$(%<<*+M '00'/$ @%0 0*+&*+M M'+'(;< ;//'A$;+/'F %+ $-' I'(C <;$'.$
./*'+$*0*/ %A*+*%+.= *+/<1&*+M $-%.' A1B<*.-'& &1(*+M $-' ;AA'<<;$' A-;.' %0 $-'
/;.'3Q 5 ;<+2 38
G'&%( 1.'& U*+*G*<'(V $% $'.$ <%, /%AC WXN %+ $-' B(%Y'+ 0*+M'(+;*<3
5? :R !!D>Z !7 [R !"E!38 :%+.*.$'+$ ,*$- $-' A(%00'('& &'0'+.' '2A'($
$'.$*)%+C= ./*'+$*0*/ <*$'(;$1(' .-%,. &*.;M('')'+$. ;+& *+$'(A('$*I' A(%B<').
,*$- <%, /%AC WXN $'.$*+M= *+/<1&*+M $'.$*+M ,*$- U*+*G*<'(V3
O+ 7DD!= \(1/' \1&%,<'= $-'+ ; .'+*%( ./*'+$*.$ ;$ $-' G\O :(*)'
];B%(;$%(C= ;+& .%)' %0 -*. /%<<';M1'.= *..1'& ; ,;(+*+M $% $-' WXN $'.$*+M
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 141/182
!"#
%&''()*+, -.&(+ +/0 1-, +/0, 1020 .03*))*)3 +& (40 +/0 )01 567
+0%/)&8&3,9 :;0%-(40 &< +/0 4(%%04404 0)%&()+020= 1*+/ 567 +,>*)3? *+ 1-4
*)0@*+-.80 +/-+ 4&'0 *)=*@*=(-84 1&(8= 0)=0-@&2 +& +,>0 4-'>804 %&)+-*)*)3
@02, '*)(+0 -'&()+4 &< ABCD DDD E/0) <01 %&>*04 &< ABC +0'>8-+0 -20
>2040)+? 4+&%/-4+*% -'>8*<*%-+*&) '-, &%%(2? 204(8+*)3 *) 0*+/02 - 4(.4+-)+*-8
*'.-8-)%0 &< +1& -880804 -+ - 3*@0) /0+02&F,3&(4 8&%(4 &2 -8808*% =2&> &(+DG
H;(=&180 !" $%&? '() *(+, -./0!1 22 *(3456!1$"5(3 $36 *$."5(3? I2&%D !"+/
J)+02)-+*&)-8 5,'>&4*(' &) K('-) J=0)+*<*%-+*&) H"##!L? -@-*8-.80 -+
/++>9MM111D>2&'03-D%&'D
C 80-=*)3 *)@04+*3-+&2 4(.40N(0)+8, %&)%(220=? %&''0)+*)3 +/-+
:->>8*%-+*&) &< OPB Q8&1 %&>, )('.02R 204(8+4 4/&(8= .0 ->>2&-%/0= 1*+/%-(+*&) =(0 +& +/0 >&44*.*8*+*04 &< -88080 =2&>&(+? -88080 =2&>S*)? -)= *)%20-40=
2*4T4 &< %&880%+*&)S.-40= -)= 8-.&2-+&2,S.-40= %&)+-'*)-+*&)DG H;(+802?
7(1!3458 9-: ;,+53<= >!8(36 ?65"5(3@ A5(%(<,= ;!8B3(%(<, $36 C!3!"584 (D
>;E F$1G!14 HC%-=0'*% I2044 "##UL H/020-<+02 :;(+802GL -+ >D !VWDL C88080
:=2&>S&(+G &%%(24 1/0) +/020 *4 - <-*8(20 +& -'>8*<, -) -88080 1/*%/ *4 -%+(-88,
>2040)+? .(+ =&04 )&+ ->>0-2 &) +/0 080%+2&>/02&32-'X -8+02)-+*@08,?
%&)+-'*)-+*&) '-, %-(40 >20<020)+*-8 -'>8*<*%-+*&) &< 2&3(0 -880804? 1/*%/
->>0-2 +& .0%&'0 >-2+ &< +/0 ABC >2&<*80 H-8808*% :=2&>S*)GLD H H6 D -+ >D !VYDL
;0%-(40 &< +/040 *44(04? :Q*R+ *4 )&1 1088 -%%0>+0= *) +/0 4%*0)+*<*%
%&''()*+, +/-+ 567 +04+4 .0%&'0 ()208*-.80 1/0) (40= +& +,>0 4-'>804
%&)+-*)*)3 +&& 8*++80 ABCDG H6/&'>4&)? Z(08802? -)= [2-)0? 7(1!3458 9-:
>"$"54"584@ >"5%% *(3"1(I!145$% H3 >(/! *$4!4 H"#!"L \V P/-'>*&) !"? !]?
0'>/-4*4 -==0=? %*+*)3 ;(=&180 0+ -8D? 4(>2-DL C 20%0)+ 4(2@0, &< +/0 4%*0)+*<*%
8*+02-+(20 0^>8-*)0= +/-+ +/0 :*)+02>20+-+*&) &< +2-%0 ABC -)-8,404 *4 %(220)+8,
+/0 '&4+ %&)+2&@024*-8 -4>0%+ &< *+4 (40 1*+/*) +/0 '0=*%&S803-8 4,4+0'4D _ J)
'&4+ 8-.&2-+&2*04 +/0 -)-8,+*%-8 '0+/&=4 -)= 4+-+*4+*%-8 %-8%(8-+*&)4 0'>8&,0=
<&2 4+-)=-2= ABC +,>*)3 -20 (40= <&2 +2-%0 ABC ` - >2&%044 1/*%/ *4
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 142/182
!"!
$%&%'$%'(&))* &+, $('-+%'.'(&))* '+(/00-(% &+, 12'(2 (&+ 3'&$ (&)(4)&%'/+$ 2-&5')*
&6&'+$% %2- ,-.-+,&+%78 9:/0$(2/%%; !" $% 7; &'(!)*+, -($,! ./01 $ (!2+!3;
<+5-$%'6&%'5- =-+-%'($ ">!>; !?!@7A
B/0-/5-0; C'D-, $&CE)-$; &$ F-,/0 ./4+, /+ %2- 30/G-+ .'+6-0+&') 9!"
HI !J@@A; E/$- &,,'%'/+&) E0/3)-C$7 KL$ M4,/1)- -% &)7 -DE)&'+-, '+ ">>!;
NOCP'D%40- &+&)*$-$ &+, (/+.'0C&%'/+ /. & C'D%40- &0- +/% 0-)'&3)- 1'%2 QRS
%*E'+6; 3-(&4$- 777 'C3&)&+(- /. 2-%-0/T*6/%- &))-)-$; '+(0-&$-, E0/,4(%'/+ /.
$%4%%-0 E0/,4(%$; &+, &))-)- ,0/E '+ (&+ /((407U8 9I2/CE$/+; -% &)7; *45($; VW
R2&CE'/+ &% E7 !@; X4/%'+6 M4,/1)- -% &)7; *45($7A
L 0-(-+% $%4,* (/+.'0C-, %2-$- E0/3)-C$ 12-+ 4$'+6 B'+'F')-0Y %/
%-$% )/1 (/E*; C'D-, ZSL $&CE)-$7 I2- E0/.')-$ .0/C C'D-, $&CE)-$ K%-+, %/$2/1 C4(2 60-&%-0 5&0'&3')'%* 12-+ %2- &C/4+% /. ZSL %-CE)&%- '$ )/17 I2'$
2&$ 3-(/C- & C&%%-0 /. C4(2 0-(-+% ,-3&%-78 9M0'62%; !" $% 7; .!"!(6+)$"+') '7
"8! 9$(+$:%!* 077!,"+); <+=!> <+)+&+%!(? ./0 @('7+%!* 9S/5-C3-0 ">!!A [
F/0-+$'( \('-+(-$ <+%-0+&%'/+&)? =-+-%'($ V]!7A ^2-+ 4$'+6 B'+'F')-0Y;
0-$-&0(2-0$ /3$-05-, K$%/(2&$%'( -..-(%$ 12'(2 &..-(% E-&G 2-'62% &+,
2-%-0/T*6/%- E-&G 'C3&)&+(-8 '+()4,'+6 K-D%0&+-/4$ E-&G$8 /. &(%'5'%* 12'(2
(&+ K(/+.4$- %2- ,-5/)4%'/+ /. C'D-, ZSL $&CE)-$78 9 A> 7 &% E7 V][7A I24$
%2- 4$- /. B'+'F')-0Y E/$-, K'+2-0-+% ,'..'(4)%'-$ _ &% E0/.')- '+%-0E0-%&%'/+8
+/% $--+ 1'%2 <,-+%'.')-0Y7 9 A:+> 7A
I2- ,-.-+$- -DE-0% +/%-, %2&% %/ 6-% E0/.')-$ .0/C )/1 (/E* ZSL
$&CE)-$; %2- +4C3-0 /. &CE)'.'(&%'/+ (*()-$ '$ '+(0-&$-, .0/C "] &$ 4$-, 1'%2
<,-+%'.')-0Y %/ V> 1'%2 B'+'F')-0Y7 9W RI !!>[7A I2- B'+'F')-0Y $%4,*
./4+, %2&% %2- 5&0'&3')'%* /. ZSL E0/.')-$ '+ C'D-, $&CE)-$ K&EE-&0$ )&06-0 '+
%2- B'+'F')-0Y $*$%-C &% V> (*()-$ %2&+ '+ %2- <,-+%'.')-0Y $*$%-C &% "]
(*()-$78 9M0'62%; *45($; &% E7 V]!7A
L((/0,'+6)*; %2- %0'&) (/40% $2/4), 2&5- 2-), & E0/+6 /+- 2-&0'+6 %/
E-0C'% %2- ,-.-+$- -DE-0% %/ %-$%'.* &+, %/ -DE)&'+ 12* %2- %1/ E43)'(&%'/+$
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 143/182
!""
$%&%'(%) *+ (,% -./$%'0(1/2 3%.% 12$0441'1%2( (/ %$(5*&1$, 6%2%.5& $'1%2(141'
5''%-(52'% /4 (,% &/3 '/-+ 789 (%$(126 31(, :121;1&%.< 12 (,1$ '5$%=
>,% 5*$%2'% /4 5--%&&5(% 5--./?5& 4/. &/3 '/-+ :121;1&%.< (%$(126
'/241.@$ (,1$ '/2'&0$1/2= 9$ /4 (,% 41&126 /4 (,1$ /-%2126 *.1%4A 5--%&&52( ,5$
4/02) /2% '5$% 4./@ 8%3 B/.C '/0.( 5)).%$$126 0$% /4 :121;1&%.<= >,%
%2(1.% )1$'0$$1/2 '/@-.1$%) 5 $126&% -5.56.5-,D
;125&&+A 3% .%E%'( )%4%2)52(F$ '/2(%2(1/2 (,5( (,% '/0.( %..%) 12
451&126 (/ '/2)0'( 5 !"#$ ,%5.126 '/2'%.2126 (,% 5)@1$$1*1&1(+ /4
(,% 789 .%$0&($ /*(512%) (,./06, (,% G9@-;HI>J :121;1&%.
KLJ 9@-&141'5(1/2 M1( 4/. 789 925&+$1$N O,%.%54(%.A :121;1&%.
(%$(P= K.1/. (/ (.15&A (,% '/0.( ,%&) 5 ,%5.126 5( 3,1', 5 789
%Q-%.( '5&&%) *+ (,% K%/-&% (%$(141%) 31(,/0( '/2(.5)1'(1/2 (,5(
(,% :121;1&%. (%$( 1$ $1@-&+ 5 @/.% 5)?52'%) 4/.@ /4 (.5)1(1/25& -/&+@%.5$% ',512 .%5'(1/2R$,/.( (52)%@ .%-%5( (%$(126A 3,1',
(,1$ L/0.( 52) /(,%.$ ,5?% &/26 .%'/621S%) 5$ ,5?126 6512%)
6%2%.5& 5''%-(52'% 12 (,% $'1%2(141' '/@@021(+ TL1(5(1/2$U=V
O %$& ()"* +, -)".$/ O"W!!P XW 9=7=Y) !Z["A !Z[Y TXY[
8=B=I=") \!W] "W!! 8=B= 9--= 71?= ^_`HI X[WXU=P
a2 (,1$ *5$1$A (,% 8%3 B/.C '/0.( '/2'&0)%) (,5( (,% )%4%2)52(N$
/*E%'(1/2$ 3%2( (/ (,% 3%16,( .5(,%. (,52 (/ (,% 5)@1$$1*1&1(+ /4 (,%
:121;1&%.< %?1)%2'%= O 012. =P>,% '0.$/.+ )1$'0$$1/2 12 %$& ()"* +, -)".$/3 456"73 )1) 2/( 5)).%$$
(,% 41?% 1$$0%$ .51$%) *+ 5--%&&52( .%&5(126 (/ 0$% /4 :121;1&%.< /2 &/3 '/-+
789 $5@-&%$= OZ L> !![Zb[c=P :/.%/?%.A 5--%&&52( '/2(%$(%) (,%
-./$%'0(1/2N$ '&51@$ *+ (,% -./44%.%) (%$(1@/2+ /4 (,% )%4%2$% %Q-%.(= 9$ 2%Q(
%Q-&512%)A (,% (.15& '/0.( %..%) 12 412)126 (,5( (,% 5--%&&5(% )%'1$1/2 12 8299
.%$/&?%) (,% 1$$0%$ .51$%) *+ 5--%&&52(=
!" $%& $'()* +,-'. /''&0 12 3&*2(45 64 !"## $, 7&42 8 9',4564& :&)'(45 64 ;(4(<(*&'= $&>.(45 6? @,A +,B2 7C8"
>,% (.15& '/0.( '/2'&0)%) (,5( 8299 52$3%.%) (,% 1$$0%$ .51$%) *+ (,%
)%4%2$% 12 45?/. /4 (,% -./$%'0(1/2= OY J> ^Ybd=P e/3%?%.A 8299 5)).%$$%)
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 144/182
!"#
%&''()(*+ &,,-(, )(./+(% +0 / %&''()(*+ +(,+ 1&+ 23)0'&.() 3.-,45 *0+ .06 7089 :;<
+(,+&*= -,&*= >&*&?&.()@A
B* 8()+&*(*+ 8/)+5 +C( %('(*%/*+ &* "#$$ /)=-(% D+C/+ +C( +)&/. 70-)+ ())(%
&* %(*9&*= C&, )(E-(,+ '0) / F'-.. %&$$'()*'&G C(/)&*= +0 %(+()H&*(5 -*%() +C(
'&),+ 8)0*= 0' %&$$'5 6C(+C() +C( 3)0'&.() 3.-, +(,+ 1&+ &, / *(6 +(7C*&E-( 6C&7C
&, =(*()/..9 /77(8+(% I9 +C( )(.(J/*+ ,7&(*+&'&7 70HH-*&+9AK 2 +&,-$& ./ "#$$0
12-*30 LM N/.A<88AO+C /+ 8A PPA4 QC( +)&/. 70-)+ %(*&(% +C( )(E-(,+ /*% +C(
N0-)+ 0' <88(/. /''&)H(%A
"#$$ *0+(% +C/+ +C( 3NR H(+C0% 0' :;< +(,+&*= C/% D/7E-&)(% =(*()/.
/77(8+/*7( &* +C( ,7&(*+&'&7 70HH-*&+9A 2 45#6 A5 7&+&*= +&,-$& ./ 7*#89: 2!MML4
S" N/.A <88A O+C #!5 #O T/%%)(,,&*= 3NRU30.9H/)1() +(,+&*=VW +&,-$& ./ ;,*83<:#0 12-*30 O# N/.A <88A O+C /+ 8A SSS T/%%)(,,&*= 3NRU:XY<.8C/
+(,+&*=VW +&,-$& ./ =$$&<5 12-*35 Z" N/.A <88A O+C /+ 8A !![[ T/%%)(,,&*=
3NRU\QR +(,+&*=VA4
D]( )(^(7+ +C( /)=-H(*+ +C/+ (/7C *(6 3NRU\QR +(,+ 1&+ H-,+5 /, /
H/++() 0' ./65 I( ,-I^(7+(% +0 / %&$$' 8)0*= 0*( /*/.9,&, +0 %(+()H&*(
,7&(*+&'&7 )(.&/I&.&+9AK 2 46 A /+ 8A PL5 7&+&*=5 #<:&* 3$#30 +&,-$& ./ >,,-&* 2!MM!4
P# N/.A #% ZZ!5 L!"YL!# T0*7( (.(7+)08C0)(,&, +(,+&*= &, /%H&++(% I9 / 70-)+5
7)&+&7&,H 0' ,8(7&'&7 H(+C0%0.0=9 =0(, +0 +C( 6(&=C+ )/+C() +C/* +C(
/%H&,,&I&.&+9 0' +C( (J&%(*7(VW +&,-$& ./ ?&<&8310 12-*30 !L N/.A O+C /+ 88A ZLY
ZM T8)0*= 0*( C(/)&*= -**(7(,,/)9 '0) %&''()(*+ )(,+)&7+&0* ')/=H(*+ .(*=+C
80.9H0)8C&,H 2R?_34 :;< +(,+, 1&+,VA4
DQC( %&$$' 8)0*= 0*( /*/.9,&, /88.&(, +0 F*(6 ,7&(*+&'&7 +(7C*&E-(,AGK
2 46 A /+ 8A PL5 E-0+&*= +&,-$& ./ %&$$'0 12-*30 !Z N/.A #% /+ 88A #[Y#!A4 DQC(
3)0'&.() 3.-, +(,+ 1&+ %0(, *0+ (HI)/7( *(6 ,7&(*+&'&7 +(7C*&E-(,A Q0 +C(
70*+)/)95 &+ -,(, +C( 3NR /*% \QR +(,+&*= H(+C0%,5 6C&7C /)( =(*()/..9
/77(8+(% I9 +C( ,7&(*+&'&7 70HH-*&+9A B+ &, ^-,+ H0)( ,08C&,+&7/+(% I(7/-,( &+
(`/H&*(, / =)(/+() *-HI() 0' =(*(+&7 H/)1(),AK 2 46 A /+ 8A S[A4
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 145/182
!"#
%&&'(()*+ ,)- *. /0-&1+' 20+, +,' 3'-.(1+0.* .4 +,' 0--1' &3'-'*+'/ 0*
!"##$ 5.2'6'37 80*090('3 /.'- *.+ :;1-+< '=)>0*' ) ?3')+'3 *1>@'3 .4 ?'*'+0A
>)3B'3- 1-0*? ) -'++('/ >'+,./.(.?CD %- E3A,0/FG'((>)3B7 +,' >)*14)A+13'3
.4 +,' 80*090('3H +'-+ B0+ -+)+'/7 0+ 0- +,' :I2.3(/J- 403-+ A.>>'3A0)((C )6)0()@('
>0*0KLM B0+< &13&.3+0*? +. :+. .@+)0* NO% 3'-1(+- 43.> A.>&3.>0-'/ -)>&('-
+,)+ &3'60.1-(C 2.1(/ ,)6' C0'(/'/ (0>0+'/ .3 *. ?'*'+0A /)+)DP< QR GL !!S"7
T1.+0*? E3A,0/FG'((>)3B >)3B'+0*? >)+'30)(DU L,1-7 @C +,' >)*14)A+13'3P-
.2* 3'&3'-'*+)+0.*7 0+ 0- )* 1*&3'A'/'*+'/ >'+,./ .4 NO% +'-+0*? ?'*'3)+0*?
3'-1(+- *.+ -''* 20+, '=0-+0*? >'+,./.(.?0'-D
8.3'.6'37 )&&'(()*+P- .44'3 .4 &3..4 '=&()0*'/ +,' >1(+0&(' 2)C- 2,C
80*090('3H 2)- *.+ -0>&(C ) 6)30)*+ .4 '=0-+0*? )*/ ?'*'3)((C )AA'&+'/VGMWKLM +'-+ B0+-D L,' &30>'3- 1-'/ 4.3 >0*0 KLM- A.1(/ A)1-' :&30>'3
@0*/0*? -0+' >1+)+0.*D< QR GL !!SXDU Y* -.>' 0*-+)*A'-7 +,0- ,)/ A)1-'/
/3.&.1+- .4 )(('('- )44'A+0*? 0/'*+040A)+0.* )*)(C-0-D Q %&"' DU 8.3'.6'37 +.
)A,0'6' 0+- 3'-1(+- .* (.2 A.&C NO%7 80*090('3H 0*A3')-'/ +,' )>&(040A)+0.*
ACA(' 43.> "Z7 )- 1-'/ 0* '=0-+0*? VGMWKLM +'-+0*?7 +. @'+2''* [S )*/ [R
ACA('-D Q %&"' DU Y* )//0+0.*7 K\MY 1-'/ 80*090('3H .* (.2 A.&C *1>@'37
>0='/ -)>&('- A.*+)0*0*? ('-- +,)* "SS &0A.?3)>- .4 NO%D Q %&"' DU %-
'=&()0*'/ )@.6'7 &1@(0-,'/ 3'60'2- )*/ 3'-')3A, A.*403> +,' /'4'*-' &.-0+0.*
+,)+ +,'-' &3.A'/13'- )44'A+ +,' 3'(0)@0(0+C .4 (.2 A.&C NO% +'-+0*?7 0*A(1/0*?
80*090('3H +'-+0*?D
()*+#) -$ !).')/0*. Q"SS[U !S] G)(D%&&D#+, ]R^ Q: !).')/0*.<U -,.2-
2,C +,' /044'3'*A'- 0/'*+040'/ @C +,' /'4'*-' '=&'3+ 2)33)*+'/ ) &3.*? .*'
1)##234/2) ,')30*? 0* +,0- A)-'D Y* !).')/0*.7 G'((>)3B N0)?*.-+0A-
QG'((>)3BU 1-'/ V3.40('3 V(1- )*/ G.40('3 +'-+ B0+- +. )*)(C_' '60/'*A' -)>&('-
20+, NO% 43.> +,3'' A.*+30@1+.3-D Q %' D )+ &D ]]RDU G'((>)3B 1-'/ A)&0(()3C
'('A+3.&,.3'-0- +. -'?3'?)+' KLM 43)?>'*+- 3)+,'3 +,)* +,' &3'60.1-(C
'-+)@(0-,'/ ?'( '('A+3.&,.3'-0-D Q %' D )+ &&D ]]RF]]DU Y* &'3+0*'*+ &)3+7 +,'
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 146/182
!"#
%&'&(%)(* )+,-&% .*/)* */& *+0)1 23-+* &++&% 0( '0(%0(, */)* */& -4& 3' 2)5011)+6
&1&2*+35/3+&404 3( ) 7-1*051& 43-+2& 89: 4)751& ;)4 ,&(&+)116 )22&5*&%
;0*/0( */& +&1&<)(* 420&(*0'02 2377-(0*6=> ? !" = )* 5= @@#=A B/& C3-+* 3'
:55&)1 ),+&&%=
.D3*/ EFGH )(% HCEI 45&20'02)116I HCEJKBEI 7&*/3%313,0&4 -4&
&1&2*+35/3+&404=> ? !" = )* 5= @@L=A K&<&+)1 2)4&4I 0(21-%0(, #$%%& /)% +&23,(0M&%
*/)* HCEJKBE 04 ,&(&+)116 )22&5*&% 5+32&%-+& '3+ 89: *&4*0(, )(% &<&+6 (&;
*&4* N0* '3+ 5&+'3+70(, */04 5+32&%-+& %3&4 (3* +&O-0+& ) 4&5)+)*& %&*&+70()*03(
3' ,&(&+)1 )22&5*)(2&=> ? !" = )* 5= @@P=A .B/& */+&4/31% O-&4*03(I /3;&<&+I 04
;/&*/&+ 2)5011)+6 &1&2*+35/3+&404I 04 40701)+ *3 ) (&;16 %&<&135&% *&4* N0*I 3+
;/&*/&+ 0* 04 ) (&; *&2/(0O-& 3+ 5+32&%-+&=> ? !'$" =A #()"(*+,) 23(21-%&%*/)* 0* ;)4 ) (&; *&2/(0O-& )(%I */&+&'3+&I */& *+0)1 23-+* &++&% 0( %&(60(, )
5+3(, 3(& .(%%/ /&)+0(,=
.K0,(0'02)(*16I .(%%/ '0+4* 5+3(, )()16404 04 (3* 7)%& ,+)*-0*3-4 407516
Q&2)-4& */& (&; *&2/(0O-& 3+ 5+32&%-+& 04 5)+* 3' )( 3<&+)11 5+32&44= .(%%/
7)6 )5516 (3* 3(16 *3 */& ;/31&I Q-* )143 */& 5)+* 3' */& 5+32&44 */)* 04 (3;
5&+'3+7&% ;0*/ ) (&; *&2/(0O-&=> ? !" = )* 5= @LRI 20*0(,I $)0(* 1%$1& 2(,3%( 45
6(17/ ?!PPSA L C)1=S*/ #L@I TR# U. .(%%/89*/( 3(16 )5510&4 *3 */)* 1070*&% 21)44
3' &V5&+* *&4*073(6 ;/02/ 04 Q)4&%I 0( ;/31& 3+ 5)+*I 3( ) *&2/(0O-&I 5+32&44I
3+ */&3+6 ;/02/ 04 )(: *3 420&(2& )(%I &<&( 73+& 43I */& 1);=>WX 2(,3%( 45
;((4(+ ?"RR!A P! C)1=:55=S*/ !SI Y! UH+3(, 3(& /&)+0(, /&1% 3( ,&(&+)1
)22&5*)(2& 3' 5+3%-2* +-1&I */& '0()1 4*&5 3' HCE )()16404W=A
.Z(10N& 0( */& #$%% 2)4&I */04 2)4& %3&4 (3* 0(<31<& 7&+&16 ) %0''&+&(*
*&4* N0* '3+ 5&+'3+70(, */& 4)7& &44&(*0)1 5+32&%-+&= HCE )7510'02)*03( )(%
&1&2*+35/3+&404 )+& *;3 %04*0(2* 5)+*4 3' */& 3<&+)11 89: *&4*0(, 5+32&44=> ? !" =
)* 5= @LR=A .[1&2*+35/3+&404 3+I 73+& )22-+)*&16I ,&1 &1&2*+35/3+&404I /)4
,)0(&% ,&(&+)1 )22&5*)(2& ;0*/0( */& 420&(*0'02 2377-(0*6=> ? !" = )* 5= @LR=A
\3;&<&+I .2)5011)+6 &1&2*+35/3+&404 04 ) (&; *&2/(0O-& */)* /)4 (&<&+ Q&&(
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 147/182
!"#
%&'() *& +, -,(,./001 /22,3*,) 45*65( *6, 725,(*5%52 2&88'(5*19: ; !" 9 /* 39
<=!9>
?22&.)5(-01@ AB4C, 6&0) *6/* 2/3500/.1 ,0,2*.&36&.,757 57 / (,4
725,(*5%52 *,26(5D', %&. /(/01E5(- /8305%5,) FG? %./-8,(*7 *6/* .,D'5.,7 /
),*,.85(/*5&( &% -,(,./0 /22,3*/(2, '(),. *6, %5.7* 3.&(- &% $%&&'9: ; !" 9 /* 39
<="9> H6, I&'.* &% ?33,/0 *6,( 2&()'2*,) /( A5(),3,(),(* .,J5,4 &% *6,
3.,J/505(- 0/4 /() *6, ,J5),(2, 3.,7,(*,) 5( *657 2/7,: /() %&'() *6/* 2/3500/.1
,0,2*.&36&.,757 6/7 -/5(,) -,(,./0 /22,3*/(2, /7 / %/7* /() /22'./*, 8,*6&) &%
%&.,(752 FG? *,7*5(-9: ; !" 9 /* 339 <==K=L9>
?7 ,M30/5(,) /+&J,@ *6, &%%,. &% 3.&&% 8/), +1 /33,00/(* 75850/.01
76&4,) *6/* 0&4 2&31 FG? *,7*5(- '75(- N5(5O50,.P@ )5) A(&* 5(J&0J, 8,.,01/ )5%%,.,(* *,7* Q5* %&. 3,.%&.85(- *6, 7/8, ,77,(*5/0 3.&2,)'.,: /7 5( ()&& 9 ; !" 9
/* 39 <=R9> S&4,J,.@ '(05Q, (%*"%+,-* *6, 725,(*5%52 05*,./*'., /() *6, /+7,(2,
&% /33,00/*, 7'33&.* 76&47 *6/* N5(5O50,.P &% 0&4 2&31 FG? 6/7 (&* .,2,5J,)
-,(,./0 725,(*5%52 /22,3*/(2,9
!" $%& $'()* +,-'. /*0, 1''&2 34 5&64(67 /88&**)6. / 9',67
$%'&& !"##$ !&)'(67"
T(),. *6, *65.) 3.&(- &% *6, $%&&'@ *6, 3.&3&(,(* &% 725,(*5%52 ,J5),(2,
8'7* ),8&(7*./*, *6/* A2&..,2* 725,(*5%52 3.&2,)'.,7 4,., '7,) 5( *6, 3/.*52'0/.
2/7,9: ; .%-/&% 01 2-'34&5 ,6/+45 !L I/09 U*6 /1 39 VRV9> H6, *.5/0 2&'.* ),(5,)
/ 3.&(- *6.,, 6,/.5(- +,2/'7, ()&& /%%5.8,) 6&0)5(- /( WJ5),(2, I&), 7,2*5&(
UR" 6,/.5(- +,%&., *6, ,M3,.* *,7*5%5,) ./*6,. *6/( / $%&&' 6,/.5(-9 ;X YH ZU@
#9>
S&4,J,.@ ()&& /33.&J,) /( WJ5),(2, I&), 7,2*5&( UR" 6,/.5(- 5( 05,'
&% / 3.&(- *6.,, 6,/.5(- 46,., *6, 3.&3&(,(* &% *6, ,J5),(2, 8/), /
A[%&'()/*5&(/0 76&45(- *6/* 2&..,2* 725,(*5%52 3.&2,)'.,7 4,., '7,)9\: ; .%-/&%
01 ()&&5 ,6/+45 =L I/09?339U*6 /* 39 V=@ D'&*5(- .%-/&% 01 74+*%'5 ,6/+45 = I/09
?339 U*6 /* 39 ="V9> ]( .%-/&% 01 8%*%94,5 ,6/+45 != I/09U*6 U<@ *6, I/05%&.(5/
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 148/182
!"#
%&'()*) +,&(- ).'/012)3 456 -517 17 -5) 807)9
:;5) !"##$ -)7- 17 12-)23)3 -, <,()7-0// -5) =&(6>7 &28(1-180/ 088)'-028) ,<
781)2-1<18 )?13)28) ,( -)852,/,@6 -50- 17 7, <,()1@2 -, )?)(6306 ).')(1)28) 07
-, A) &2&7&0//6 31<<18&/- <,( /06')(7,27 -, )?0/&0-)9B C %& 9 0- '9 DEF 81-12@ !"##$'
)*+,-' !# +0/9 G3 0- ''9 G!HG"9I :J2 *,7- ,-5)( 127-028)7F -5) =&(,(7 0()
')(*1--)3 -, ()/6 ,2 -5)1( ,42 8,**,2 7)27) 023 @,,3 =&3@*)2- 12 )?0/&0-12@
-5) 4)1@5- ,< -5) )?13)28) '()7)2-)3 -, -5)*9B C %./& 9I K,4)?)(F :LMN
)?13)28) 17 31<<)()2-9 O2/1P) <12@)('(12-F 75,) -(08PF A1-) *0(PF ,( A0//17-18
8,*'0(17,27F 45185 =&(,(7 )77)2-10//6 802 7)) <,( -5)*7)/?)7F Q&)7-1,27
8,28)(212@ 45)-5)( 0 /0A,(0-,(6 507 03,'-)3 8,(()8-F 781)2-1<180//6 088)'-)3
'(,8)3&()7 <,( @)2)(0-12@ 0&-,(037 ,( 3)-)(*1212@ 0 *0-85 3)')23 0/*,7-)2-1()/6 ,2 -5) -)852180/ 12-)('()-0-1,27 ,< ).')(-79 R+1-0-1,29S +,2713)(0-1,2
023 0<<1(*0-1?) ()7,/&-1,2 ,< -5,7) Q&)7-1,27 8,27-1-&-)7 0 '()()Q&171-) -,
03*1771A1/1-6 &23)( -5) -51(3 '(,2@ ,< !"##$9B C %& 9 0- '9 D!F )*'50717 033)39I
T,(),?)(F :R7S128) -5) -51(3 '(,2@ ,< -5) U)//6 -)7- ()Q&1()7 807)
7')81<18 '(,,< -50- 8,(()8- '(,8)3&()7 4)() )*'/,6)3F 1- 8022,- A) 70-17<1)3 A6
()/612@ ,2 0 '&A/175)3 0'')//0-) 3)8171,29B C 0"1+#" 23 41,5-67/F )*+,-' VG
+0/9N''9V-5 0- '9 WW!F 81-12@ 0"1+#" 23 8-,6"$' )*+,-' D +0/9 N''9 V-5 0- '9 D"V
R()=)8-12@ 8/01* -50- @)2)(0/ 088)'-028) )7-0A/175)3 A6 0 '&A/175)3 0'')//0-)
3)8171,2 :75,&/3 ).-)23 -, 023 7&A7&*) -5) -51(3 '(,2@ ,< !"##$9:,$"BS9I
N88,(312@/6F -5) -(10/ 8,&(- 0/7, )(()3 A6 03*1--12@ -5) T121X1/)(Y
)?13)28) 41-5,&- 5,/312@ 0 '(,2@ -5()) 5)0(12@ -, ()7,/?) -5) -)852180/ 023
12-)('()-1?) 177&)7 (017)3 A6 -5) 3)<)27)9
!" $%&'((')* )+ ,-. /'*'0'1.23 4.(, 5.(61,( 7')18,.%
$99.118*,:( ;6. <2)=.(( 5'>-,("
NA7)2- @)2)(0/ 781)2-1<18 088)'-028) ,< T121X1/)(Y -)7-12@ ,< /,4 8,'6
LMN 70*'/)7F 03*1771,2 ,< -5) )?13)28) ,< 7&85 -)7-12@ ?1,/0-)3 0'')//02-Z7
7-0-) 023 <)3)(0/ 8,27-1-&-1,20/ (1@5-7 -, 3&) '(,8)77 ,< /04 023 -, 0 <01( -(10/9
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 149/182
!"#
%&'() &*+,-). /0-) 1. 22 3. ,456) %'7. !89 :);) &*+,-). 8-< = !>-< /?@+6,)7 A<@
B4@,-C*+ *D E<@-<@0 ' F*+,-C-4-C*+'( GC*('-C*+ *FF400@6 C, ' ?CH@6 B4@,-C*+ *D
('E '+6 D'F- 0@B4C0C+I C+6@J@+6@+- 0@GC@E) % !"#$%" '( )*#+"* %"KK!7 ">
&'()>-< ##L. LK!9 ,"" -%,# ./ *" 01#22 %"KKM7 "L &'()>-< 3#M. #!" NOP/+Q
F*+F(4,C*+, *D ('E. *0 *D ?CH@6 B4@,-C*+, *D ('E '+6 D'F-. '0@ ,45R@F- -*
C+6@J@+6@+- 0@GC@E)P N&C-'-C*+)SOS))7
!" $%&'()*+(,(-."
A0C'( F*4+,@( D*0 'JJ@(('+- 6C6 +*- *5R@F- -* '6?C,,C*+ *D -<@
TC+CUC(@0V @GC6@+F@ *D 64@ J0*F@,, I0*4+6,) W@G@0-<@(@,,. -<@,@ F('C?, '0@
F*I+CX'5(@ 5@F'4,@ -<@ -0C'( F*40-Y, 04(C+I, ,<*E@6 -<'- '+Q '66C-C*+'(
*5R@F-C*+ ZE*4(6 <'G@ 5@@+ D4-C(@)[ % !"#$%" '( 314"*+#22 %"KK"7 "# &'()>-<L>\. !KK!)7 ]+ -<@ ,'?@ 0'-C*+'(@. -<@ <CI< F*40- <', '660@,,@6 F*+,-C-4-C*+'(
F('C?, +*- 0'C,@6 '- -0C'() % 5,2"%%" '( 0+627 %!L#!7 >8! :);) >8>. >\#. D+) !" N\#
^)_6)"6 M8L9 !K! ;)&-) !#\\S. FC-C+I 8/62"9 02-2", '( 0+627 %8-<
&C0) !L3L7 \K"
U)"6 \L>. 3K#. D+) !L NZ-<@ 'JJ'0@+- D4-C(C-Q *D *5R@F-C+I -* '+ '((@I@6
F*+,-C-4-C*+'( GC*('-C*+ @HF4,@, ' D'C(40@ -* *5R@F-[S)7
1+ '66C-C*+. -<@ F*+,-C-4-C*+'( C,,4@, '0@ B4@,-C*+, *D ('E 5',@6 *+ -<@
,'?@ D'F-, '- C,,4@ C+ -<@ ,-'-@ ('E F('C?, *D @00*0) :+6@0 -<@,@ FC0F4?,-'+F@,.
' 0@GC@EC+I F*40- ?'Q '660@,, F('C?, -<'- -<@ -0C'( F*40-Y, @00*0 Z`<'6 -<@
'66C-C*+'( %":-% 1#/,";<"/1" *D GC*('-C+I -<@ &*+,-C-4-C*+)Y N&C-'-C*+)S[
% !"#$%" '( =->#?- %"KK37 >" &'()>-< !>3. !\8. D+) 8)7
1D -<C, &*40- DC+6, -<'- '+ '66C-C*+'( *5R@F-C*+ E', 0@B4C0@6. 'JJ@(('+-
E', 6@J0CG@6 *D <C, ,-'-@ '+6 D@6@0'( 0CI<-, -* -<@ @DD@F-CG@ ',,C,-'+F@ *D
F*4+,@() %&'() &*+,-). /0-) 1). 2 !89 :);) &*+,-). \-<
/?@+6). !"#$%" '(
@"9",+- %!L#37 >M &'() M6 !3!. "!89 02*61A%-/9 '( B-,76/:2#/ %!L#>7 >\\
:);) \\#. \#>a\#8 N!K> ;)&-) "K8"9 #K ̂ )_6)"6 \3>)7 A* J0@G'C( *+ ' F('C? *D
C+@DD@F-CG@ ',,C,-'+F@ *D F*4+,@(. -<@ 6@D@+6'+- ?4,- ,<*E -<'- F*4+,@(P,
J@0D*0?'+F@ E', 5*-< 6@DCFC@+- '+6 J0@R46CFC'(. 6("(. -<'- C- C, 0@',*+'5(Q
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 150/182
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 151/182
!"#
!" $%&'((')* +, -./ 0'*','1/2 34'%/*5/ 67( 82/9:%'5'71 -)
$;;/117*<=( >/,/*(/"
%& !"##$% '() *+,-./0&-+ 1230)4) */20' +33,-)5 '() 6'+') ,+7 '()*+,
6'+&5+05 '/ '() 0)8-)7 /. 30)925-:) .0/4 '() )00/0 -& +54-''-&; 6:-)&'-.-:
)8-5)&:) '(+' (+5 &/' +:(-)8)5 ;)&)0+, +::)3'+&:)< = -"+.#" /0 !"##$% *1.2(% !>
*+,<"5 +' 3< ?#@ :-'-&; -"+.#" /0 '()*+, =!ABCD ?C *+,<E5 F!F@ F"CG (33+24
-"+.#" /0 5","6(*% *1.2(@ !F *+,<?'( +' 3< A"<D H/7)8)0@ !"##$ 5-5 &/' +550)66
+ .)5)0+, 52) 30/:)66 :,+-4 /. )00/0 -& +54-''-&; 62:( )8-5)&:)<
I):+26) '() )00/0 -& '(-6 :+6) 7+6 J/. .)5)0+, +6 7),, +6 6'+')
:/&6'-'2'-/&+, 5-4)&6-/&@ K 7) 426' +33,L '() 0)8)06-M,) )00/0 ')6' 6)' /2' -&
78(.9(, /0 7(#:;+2,:( =!AC>D "FC N<1< !F O!> P<Q5<E5 >#B@ F> 1<*'< FE?@ E?R<P<S<"5 !#CBT<U = -"+.#" /0 <)2:)=:,6"2 =!AF"D "? *+,<"5 B#B % BE#<D JV()0) +
.2&5+4)&'+, :/&6'-'2'-/&+, 0-;(' -6 +' -662)@ )00/&)/26 )8-5)&'-+0L 02,-&;6 +0)
6),5/4 (+04,)66 2&5)0 '(-6 6'+&5+05W XR& )00/0 -& +54-''-&; 3,+-&,L 0),)8+&'
)8-5)&:) 7(-:( 3/66-M,L -&.,2)&:)5 '() 920L +58)06),L '/ + ,-'-;+&' :+&&/' <<< M)
:/&:)-8)5 /. +6 (+04,)66<YU = >?:4 <@ Z2/'-&; 78(.9(,% *1.2(% "FC N<1< +' 33<
E"[E?<D
%. 30)925-:) -6 +66)66)5 2&5)0 6'+') ,+7@ /0 -& :/&&):'-/& 7-'( + :,+-4
./0 '() 5)&-+, /. '() )..):'-8) +66-6'+&:) /. :/2&6),@ 0)8)06+, -6 0)Z2-0)5 -.
JX'()0) -6 + 2"(*+,(?#" 38(,3"@ 4/0) '(+& +& (?*)2(3) .+**:?:#:)$YU '(+' '()
)00/&)/26 +54-66-/& /. '() )8-5)&:) +58)06),L +..):')5 +33),,+&'<
= @:38(24*+, /0 <1."2:+2 7+12) =E##FD ?" *+,<?'( !#?#@ !#B#@ :-'+'-/& /4-'')5G
<)2:3A#(,4% *1.2(% ?CC N<1< +' 3< CA?<D
\)+620)5 +;+-&6' )-'()0 6'+&5+05@ 0)8)06+, -6 0)Z2-0)5<
]() !"##$BC2$" J02,) -6 X-&')&5)5 '/ 30)8)&' ,+L 920/06 .0/4 M)-&;
2&52,L -&.,2)&:)5 ML 30/:)520)6 7(-:( 6))4 6:-)&'-.-: +&5 -&.+,,-M,)@ M2'
7(-:( +:'2+,,L +0) &/'<Y O*-'+'-/&<TU = -"+.#" / 7+D(, =E#!#D B# *?'( ?#!@
?>#<D ]() 30)925-:) .0/4 '() )00/&)/26 +54-66-/& /. 62:( )8-5)&:) -6
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 152/182
!"!
$%&'()*(+ ,- ./( 0)&. ./). 123'$(* 4)- )&&5'+ 3%+3( 6($7/. .5 )% (89('.:*
59$%$5% ; )%+ .55 '()+$<- )&&(9. (89('. 5' *&$(%.$0$& (=$+(%&( ./). $* ,(-5%+
./($' (89('.$*(>? @ !"#$%" '( )#*+%", @!AABC D E)<>F99>G./
AGHI AJH>C
K/( LFMN &'$4( <), +$+ %5. 9('05'4 NOF .(*.$%7 5% ./( ,'5P(%
0$%7('%)$< @Q.(4 O5> !RC .(*.(+ ,- STUQ 6$./ V$%$W$<('X> @Y UK !BD"I !BDG>C
Z(%%$0(' W')%&$* (8)4$%(+ $. 3%+(' ) *.('(5*&59(> [56(=('I */( +(&$+(+ %5.
.5 +5 )%- NOF .(*.$%7 ,(&)3*( ./('( 6('( %5 '(+ *.)$%* $%+$&).$%7 ./( 9'(*(%&(
50 ,<55+> @Y UK !BDD>C K/('(05'(I ./( $%)+4$**$,<( .(*. '(*3<.* 0'54
W(+5'\STUQ 3*$%7 V$%$W$<('X 6)* ./( 5%<- (=$+(%&( 93'95'.$%7 .5 &5%%(&. ./(
,'5P(% )99(<<)%. .5 ./( 0$%7('%)$<>
Q% /$* &<5*$%7 )'734(%.I +(0(%*( &53%*(< 53.<$%(+ ./( 43<.$9<( 0<)6* $%./( 9'5*(&3.$5% &$'&34*.)%.$)< (=$+(%&( &)*( )7)$%*. )99(<<)%.I $%&<3+$%7 ./(
NOF (=$+(%&( 0'54 ./( ,$.( 4)'P *6),> @!Y UK "R"H]AY>C K/( 9'5*(&3.$5%
/)+ '(<$(+ 5% ./( &5'5%(':* (=$+(%&( <57 .5 )'73( ./). ./( ,$.( 4)'P *6), &53<+
%5. /)=( ,((% '(45=(+ 0'54 ./( &5'5%(':* /)+ %(=(' ,((% '(45=(+ 5' )<.('(+>
@!Y UK "RAH]"!RD^ !A UK "!!H]BR>C K/( (=$+(%&( <57 )<*5 */56(+ ./). ./(
_SU (=$+(%&( 0'54 U)*43**(% 6)* *.$<< 6$./ ./( &5'5%('> @!A UK "!BR]B">C
[56(=('I 5./(' (=$+(%&( */56(+ ./). $. /)+ %5. 5%<- ,((% '(45=(+ ,3.
+(*.'5-(+> @ -./0 >C F&&5'+$%7<-I ./('( 6)* )<*5 '()*5% .5 +53,. ./( $%.(7'$.-
)%+ &/)$% 50 &3*.5+- 50 ./( ,$.( 4)'P (=$+(%&(> @ -./0 >C
K/('()0.('I ./( 9'5*(&3.5' $% '(,3..)< )'73(+ ./). ./( V$%$W$<('X
(=$+(%&( (<$4$%).(+ )%- +53,. ./). )99(<<)%. &544$..(+ ./( &'$4(> @!A UK
"BRD>C W(+5' /)+ &)<&3<).(+ ) *.).$*.$& ./). 1)99'58$4).(<- ! 654)% $% BDIRRR
$* &)9),<( 50 */56$%7 ./( *)4( '(*3<.* `05' ./( 0$%7('%)$<a ./). $% ./$* &)*(
<55P(+ <$P( ./(- &)4( 0'54 S.(9/)%$( L)b)'3*>? @!B UK !AGH>C K/(
9'5*(&3.5' )**('.(+ ./). ./$* 4()%. ./). 1$0 -53 6(%. -53 6(%. .5 ./( S.)9<(*
&(%.(' )%+ -53 6('( *$..$%7 $% ./( S.)9<(* E(%.(' )%+ ./( S.)9<(* E(%.(' 6)* ;
0$<<(+ 6$./ 654(% ; `5a%<- 5%( 50 ./5*( 654(% &53<+ /)=( &5%.'$,3.(+ ./(
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 153/182
!"#
%&' ()*+, *+,-. /01/ (2+3-.+1245 60- ,-(-+,1+/ 27 1 8)+/.29*/). 1+, )+- )/0-.
:);1+ 2+ 144 )( /0- </1=4-7 >-+/-.5? @!A B6 "#CDECF5G
H).-)I-.J /0- =.)7-8*/). 1.3*-,J /0- -I2,-+8- (.); (2+3-.+124 :17
.-42194- 9-81*7- 2/ ,2, +)/ 01I- /0- 8012+ )( 8*7/),K =.)94-;7 )( /0- 92/- ;1.L
7:19M N/01/ (2+3-.+124 :17 +-I-. 1/ /0- 8).)+-.O7 )((28-5 601/ (2+3-.+124 :17
14:1K7 2+ /0- 8*7/),K )( /0- P'Q%5? @!A B6 "#CR5G
60- S*.K :)*4, 01I- 9-42-I-, /0- 71;- 9-81*7- /0- /.214 8)*./ (124-, /)
=-.().; 2/7 31/-EL--=2+3 (*+8/2)+ NT/) =.-I-+/ 41K S*.).7 (.); 9-2+3 *+,*4K
2+(4*-+8-, 9K =.)8-,*.-7 :0280 7--; 782-+/2(28 1+, 2+(144294-J 9*/ :0280
18/*144K 1.- +)/5O? @ !"#$%" ' (#)*+, -.$/*, UC >V/0 1/ =5 VFCJ 82/1/2)+
);2//-,5G'7 ,278*77-, 19)I- 2+ <-8/2)+ WW5W5J 1+, (). 9.-I2/K 2+8).=).1/-, 9K
.-(-.-+8- 0-.-J /0- (2+3-.=.2+/ 1+, -I2,-+8- )( *+2,-+/2(2-, %&' =.)I2,-,
.-17)+ /) ,)*9/ /0- =.)7-8*/2)+ /0-).K )( 3*24/ 1312+7/ 1==-441+/5 60- (2.-1.;
-I2,-+8- :17 8)+727/-+/ :2/0 ;*4/2=4- (2.-1.;7 1+, 1;;*+2/2)+ 1I124194- /)
/0- =*94285 @!" B6 #!RDERRJ ##!AX @!V B6 #V#CE#X !U B6 #VVDEVFJ #VVAEU#J
#VDV5G 60- =.)7-8*/2)+O7 ;)/2I- /0-).K :17 *+,-.;2+-, 9K B*-//-+O7
/-7/2;)+K /01/ 1==-441+/ ,2, +)/ 8)+/18/ 02; 1(/-. Y*+- !ARU5 @A B6 !VUU5G
Z-J .1/0-. /01+ 1==-441+/J .-7*;-, 8)+/18/ 2+ !ARA5 @A B6 !VAF5G
'88).,2+34KJ /0- =.)7-8*/).O7 .-421+8- )+ /0- H2+2[24-.\ -I2,-+8- /)
.-9*/ 1==-441+/O7 ,-(-+7- N/2=7 /0- 7814- 2+ (1I). )( (2+,2+3 =.-S*,28- ]5?
@ !"#$%" '0 12+232", -.$/*, !" >145V/0 1/ =5 !CF!5G
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 154/182
!""
!"#
%&' %(")* +,-(% '(('. /0 '1+*-."23 '!".'2+' ,4
%&"(.56)(%0 +-*6)/"*"%0#
)# "789:;<=8>:7#
$%&'(('(& )'*+ ,-%('(& .*/*%0%(*.1 / 23%.*',( /4,.% .%5%4/6 *'0%.
734'(& *4'/6 /8,3* )+%*+%4 *+% 7%9%(.% :,367 :4,..;%</0'(% )'*(%..%. /(7
-4%.%(* %5'7%(:% *, .+,) *+/* ,( =-4'6 !>1 !?@A /( /40%7 4%.'7%(*'/6 834&6/4B
)'*+ *+% ./0% !"#$% "'()*+#, ,::344%7 /* / (%/48B :,(7,0'('30 *+/* )/.
C/60,.* /( %</:* 4%-6':/D ,9 E/.03..%(F. :,(7,0'('30G H!!IAI!J K3--6G LM
?"GN
M+% *4'/6 :,34* 7%('%7 /66 ,( *+% 7%9%(.% 4%23%.*. *, -4%.%(* *+'.
%5'7%(:% ,( *+% &4,3(7 *+/* '* )/. /( '0-4,-%4 /**%0-* *, -4%.%(* %5'7%(:% ,9
*+'47;-/4*B :36-/8'6'*BG M+% *4'/6 :,34*F. 436'(&. 5',6/*%7 .*/*% 6/) HO5'7G L,7%1
P !!>!1 .387G H8NN /(7 /--%66/(*F. 73% -4,:%.. /(7 K'<*+ =0%(70%(* 4'&+*. *,
-4%.%(* / 7%9%(.% /(7 *, .380'* *+% -4,.%:3*',(F. :/.% *, /75%4./4'/6 *%.*'(&G
HQGKG L,(.*G1 R*+
1 A*+
S !T*+ =0%(7.GN
/# 4?=8<?@ ?7; 69:=A;<9?@ /?=BC9:<7;#D# *>8>C?8>:7 ?8 %9>?@#
U( ,-%('(& .*/*%0%(*1 *+% -4,.%:3*,4 (,*%7 %5'7%(:% /* *+% :4'0% .:%(%
*+/* .*%4%, %23'-0%(* +/7 8%%( .*/:V%7 8B *+% 7,,4 6%/7'(& *, *+% &/4/&% /(7 /
74/)%4 '( *+% 6'5'(& 4,,0 +/7 8%%( -366%7 ,3* /(7 '*. :,(*%(*. .-'66%7 ,( *+%
96,,4G HT EM "!>GN W,)%5%41 *+% -4,.%:3*,4 /..%4*%7 *+/* *+% %5'7%(:% ),367
.+,) *+/* *+% 7%9%(7/(* 7'7 *+'. C*, .*/&% / 834&6/4BD *, 0'.6%/7 '(5%.*'&/*,4.G
HT EM "!>GN M+% -4,.%:3*,4 /:V(,)6%7&%7 *+/* X%*%:*'5% YB6% Z/B%41 *+%
6%/7 '(5%.*'&/*,4 '( !?@A1 :,(:637%7 *+/* *+% E/.03..%( )/. V'66%7 )+%( .+%
C.34-4'.%7 .,0% 834&6/4.GD HT EM "!!GN W,)%5%41 )+%( *+% -,6':% 4%,-%(%7
*+% '(5%.*'&/*',( '( J>>?1 *+%B .%* /.'7% *+% C/..30-*',(.D 0/7% 8B *+% -4',4
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 155/182
!"#
%&'&(')*&+ ,-% .&/,- '0 )-*&+')/,'& ,11&22,-'3 4# 56 "!"7!#38
9- :)+ 01&-)-/ +','&;&-'< %&=&-+& (0>-+&2 ,2+0 -0'&% &*)%&-(& ':,' )-
!?@A B&'&(')*&+ C,D&E ,-% F00G+ (0-(2>%&% ':,' .>E/2,E+ (0;;)''&% ':&
(E);&3 4# 56 "H?38 6:& %&'&(')*&+ E&2)&% -0' I>+' 0- &*)%&-(& 0= %E,J&E+
01&-&% ,-% +'&E&0 &K>)1;&-' +',(G&% E&,%D '0 .& ',G&- ,J,D3 4# 56 "H?7"L38
6:&D ,2+0 M200G&% ,' +);)2,E (E);&+ )- ':& -&)/:.0E:00%N =0E ;0%>+ 01&E,-%)
&*)%&-(&3 4# 56 ""!7"H38
O- P1E)2 !!< !?@A< B&'&(')*& C,D&E J&-' '0 , +);)2,E (0-%0;)-)>;
(0;12&Q -&,E.D '0 )-*&+')/,'& ,-0':&E %,D');& .>E/2,ED3 4# 56 ""H38 6:&
*)('); 4R)+, 5)*,22)8 J0>2% '&+')=D ':,' +:& +>E1E)+&% 'J0 .>E/2,E+ J:0 :,%
+',(G&% +'&E&0 &K>)1;&-' .D ':& %00E '0 ':& /,E,/& ,-% 0-& ':E&,'&-&% :&E J)':, 3"@ (,2).&E E&*02*&E< .>' 5)*,22) J,+ ,.2& '0 E>- ,J,D3 4# 56 ""H7"#38 6:&
1E0+&(>')0- %)% -0' 0.I&(' '0 ':)+ +','&;&-' 0= &*)%&-(& )- ':& %&=&-+& 01&-)-/
+','&;&-'3 4 !"#$ 38
F0J&*&E< ':& (0>E' ,='&E 01&-)-/ +','&;&-' ,+G&% %&=&-+& (0>-+&2 =0E ,
M1E0==&EN ,.0>' ':& )-*&+')/,')0- 0= 0':&E .>E/2,E)&+3 4# 56 S?!38 B&=&-+&
(0>-+&2 -0'&% ':,' ':& 1E0+&(>'0ET+ 01&-)-/ +','&;&-' ,++&E'&% ':,' &*)%&-(&
J0>2% +:0J ':,' ':& 0E)/)-,2 )-*&+')/,')0- &EE0-&0>+2D (0-(2>%&% ':,' ':&
:0;)()%& J,+ .>E/2,ED7E&2,'&%3 4 !"#$ 38 F0J&*&E< B&'&(')*& C,D&ET+
)-*&+')/,')0- 0= ':& 0':&E .>E/2,ED +>110E'&% ':,' (0-(2>+)0-3 4# 56 S?!38 6:&
%&=&-+& )-'&-%&% '0 (,22 ':& %&'&(')*& ,-% ':& *)('); '0 '&+')=D ,.0>' ':)+3 4#
56 S?!7?H38
6:& 'E),2 I>%/& ,/E&&% ':,' 01&-)-/ +','&;&-'+ E,)+&% ':& )++>& 0=
J:&':&E ':& )-)'),2 )-*&+')/,')0- &EE0-&0>+2D =0>-% , .>E/2,ED7E&2,'&%
:0;)()%&3 4# 56 S?!38 F0J&*&E< :& J,+ M+>E1E)+&%N .D ':& 2,(G 0= , ;0')0-
'0 &Q(2>%& ':)E%71,E'D (>21,.)2)'D &*)%&-(& ,-% ,+G&% J:&':&E ':& 1E0+&(>')0-
(0-(&%)-/ ':& ,%;)++).)2)'D 0= ':)+ &*)%&-(&3 4 !"#$ 38 6:& 1E0+&(>'0E E&+10-%&%
:& J,+ -0' (0-(&%)-/ ,%;)++).)2)'D ,-% ,E/>&% ':,' ':& &*)%&-(& 0= ':& 0':&E
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 156/182
!"#
%&'()*'+ ,*- .''/)/0*123 45 67 #8!98:3; <&=> /0.?/1=/ ,@&)? %/ A,.)?)+
?.-2'*=2.1( 2@ 2>/ B&'+C *1? %*''/? %+ D0.?/1=/ E@?/ -/=2.@1 "#:3 4 !"#$ 3;
7>/ =@&'2 1@2/? 2>*2 2>/ F'@-/=&2.@1 .12/1?/? 2@ =*)) *1 /GF/'2 4H*'I
<*J*'.I; 2@ -*+ 2>*2 2>/ .1=.?/12 ,*- 1@2 * %&'()*'+ %&2 -2*(/? 2@ )@@I ).I/ @1/3
45 67 #8:3; 7>/ ?/J/1-/ ,*12/? 2@ ->@, 2>*2 .2 ,*- * %&'()*'+ *1? 2>/ ,'@1(
F/'-@1 ,*- @1 2'.*)3 45 67 #8"9853; K/0/'2>/)/--L 2>/'/ ,@&)? >*0/ 2@ %/
A-@M/ '/M*'I*%)/ -.M.)*'.2./- %/J@'/ NOM (@.1( 2@ *))@, @2>/' %&'()*'+
/0.?/1=/ .12@ * =*-/ -&=> *- 2>.-3C 45 67 #853; 7>/ =@&'2 .1-2'&=2/? =@&1-/) 2@
F'/F*'/ 2@ ?.-=&-- %&'()& +, -$&)"./0&1 4!8P8; 5Q E*)3"? 8P" *1? %&'()& +,
2)/.). 4!88:; 5 E*)352> Q5: @1 *?M.--.%.).2+ @J 2>.'?9F*'2+ =&)F*%.).2+
/0.?/1=/3 45 67 #8#9RSS3;7>/'/*J2/'L 2>/ F'@-/=&2@' J.)/? * M@2.@1 2@ /G=)&?/ /0.?/1=/ @J 2>.'?9
F*'2+ =&)F*%.).2+ *'(&.1( 2>*2 .2 2>/ /0.?/1=/ @J 2>/ @2>/' %&'()*'+ ?.? 1@2 M//2
2>/ -2*1?*'?- @J *?M.--.%.).2+ @J 2>/ ).1/ @J =*-/- %/(.11.1( ,.2> %&'()& +,
3.)) 4!8PR; 5! E*)3"? P:RL *1? J@))@,/? %+ %&'()& +, -$&)"./0&14 56(1.4 *1?
%&'()& +, 2)/.).4 56(1.3 4# 67 #8QT -// QU!SU!: <&FF) E7 "P VF'@-/=&2.@1
M@2.@1W3; 7>/ ?/J/1-/ '/-F@1?/? ,.2> * M/M@'*1?&M *'(&.1( 2>*2 2>/
/0.?/1=/ @J 2>/ @2>/' %&'()*'+ /0.?/1=/ ,*- *?M.--.%)/ &1?/' 2>/ -2*1?*'?- J@'
@2>/' ='.M/ /0.?/1=/ 2@ .1J/' .?/12.2+ 4D0.?3 E@?/L X !!S!L -&%?3 4%;; *1?
*FF/))*12O- ?&/ F'@=/-- *1? <.G2> YM/1?M/12 '.(>2- 2@ F'/-/12 * ?/J/1-/3
4!:UQU!: <&FF)3 E7 :!9:: VAH/M@'*1?&M @J Z*, 6/[ 7>.'?9\*'2+
E&)F*%.).2+CW3;
]/J@'/ ='@--9/G*M.1*2.@1 @J ^/2/=2.0/ _@@I-L ,>@ .10/-2.(*2/? 2>/
6*-M&--/1 >@M.=.?/ *1? @2>/' %&'()*'+ .1 !8PRL 2>/ =@&'2 '&)/? 2>*2 .2 ,@&)?
1@2 F/'M.2 2>/ ?/J/1-/ A2@ /G*M.1/ _@@I- *%@&2 @2>/' %&'()*'./- *2 2>.- 2.M/3
N2O- %/+@1? 2>/ -=@F/3C 4# 67 #883; ^/J/1-/ =@&1-/) M*?/ *1 @JJ/' @J F'@@JL
?.-=&--/? J&'2>/' %/)@,L @J 2>/ /0.?/1=/ >/ ,*12/? 2@ /).=.2 %*-/? @J 2>/ '/F@'2
@J 2>/ .10/-2.(*2.@1 %+ ^/2/=2.0/- _@@I- *1? H*+/'3 4# 67 RSS3; 7>/ =@&'2
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 157/182
!"#
%&'(() *+ ,%'- *.+/( 0%&(/ +1 *.( '(0+'* %/ 2+3'* 45.676* 8+9 #9 : !"#$ 9; < 2=
!">"; !!?#?!@ 2= A@BAC D2+3'* 45.676* 8+9 #E9F G+H(I('J )(1(K/( L+3K/(M
L+3M) K+* L'+//B(5%,6K( N(*(L*6I( G++-/ %7+3* *.( +*.(' 73'&M%'O9 : !"#$ 9F
=.( L+3'* ,%)( *.( /%,( '3M6K& H.(K *.( 6//3( %'+/( 7(1+'( L'+//B
(5%,6K%*6+K +1 P+.K Q3(**(KJ H.+ .%) )6/L3//() *.( +*.(' 73'&M%'O (I6)(KL(
H6*. N(*(L*6I( R%O('9 :A Q= !CS@BS" DTU, K+* &+6K& *+ M(* O+3 &+ 6K*+
*.%*9VE9F
!" $%%&' (% )'((%"
=.( L+3'* M%*(' &'%K*() *.( 0'+/(L3*6+KU/ ,+*6+K *+ (5LM3)( (I6)(KL( +1
*.6')B0%'*O L3M0%76M6*O9 :!! Q= !>><9F N(1(K/( L+3K/(M %&'(() *.%*J 6K
%))6*6+K *+ 2+3'* 45.676* 8+9 #J *.( L+3'* L+3M) L+K/6)(' *.( *.'(( (5.676*//37,6**() 7O *.( 0'+/(L3*6+K 6K /300+'* +1 6*/ ,+*6+K *+ (5LM3)() *.6')B0%'*O
L3M0%76M6*O (I6)(KL(9 :< Q= !!<<B<>; < !S?!@ W300M9 2= XCBC!9F
=.6/ (I6)(KL( /.+H() *.%* +K Y0'6M !!J !A>#J N(*(L*6I(/ R%O(' %K)
G++-/ '(L(6I() 6K1+',%*6+K +1 % )%O*6,( '(/6)(K*6%M 73'&M%'O %* #>XS Z%M7+%
ZMI)9J [K6* 8+9 CS@J +K Y0'6M !SJ !A># :*.( \Y0'6M !S*.
73'&M%'OVF9 =.(O H(K*
*+ *.( /L(K( %K) 6K*('I6(H() *.( I6L*6, :]6/% Q6I%MM6F9 :!!?#?!@ W300M9 2= A"9F
Q6I%MM6U/ '(/6)(KL( H%/ % \L+K)+V %K) \%M,+/* %K (5%L* '(0M6L% +1 *.( <!SS
Z%M7+% M+L%*6+K9 Z+*. %'( L+K)+U/ H6*. /(L3'6*O &%*(/J 7+*. .%I( /(L3'6*O M+L-
*O0( (K*'%KL(/9 Z+*. .%I( /37*(''%K(%K &%'%&(/ *.%* .%I( /*%6'/ M(%)6K& 30 *+
*.( L+K)+ 1'+, *.( 6K/6)( +1 *.( &%'%&(9 TK *.6/ 73'&M%'O *.( /3/0(L*/J +KL(
6K/6)( *.( M+L%*6+K 6,,()6%*(MO /*%L-() /*('(+ (^360,(K* 7O *.( &%'%&( /*%6'/
)++'9V :!!?#?!@ W300M9 2= A"9F
\_K( +1 *.( /3/0(L*/ .%) % 0+//67M( 9"> L%M67(' '(I+MI(' )3'6K& *.(
73'&M%'O9 =.( /3/0(L* %L*3%MMO 0+6K*() *.( &3K %* I6L*6, Q6I%MM6 %K) I('O
0+//67MO H+3M) .%I( /.+* .(' .%) /.( K+* *3'K() %K) '%K %H%O 1'+, *.(
M+L%*6+K9V : !"#$ 9F
_K *.( ,+'K6K& +1 *.( 6KL6)(K*J Q6I%MM6 H%/ .+,( %/M((0 %* %'+3K) A`SS
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 158/182
!"#
%&'& ()*+ ,)* -../ 0*11 /%+2& 3!!454!6 78991& :; <"&= 7)* (*+, ,. ,)* >/.+,
-../ %+- ,)/.82) ,)* 9**9 ).1* ?%( % @%,A+. '%1* .8,?A-* (). ?)* -A-+B,
/*C.2+AD*& 3 !"#$ &= E/.8+- +..+F GAH%11A 1*>, )*/ C.+-. ,. 2*, ?.'*,)A+2 ,. *%,&
3 !"#$ &= 7)* ?%( % @%,A+. '%1* ?A,,A+2 A+ % I./- ?,%,A.+ (%2.+& 3 !"#$ &= 7)*
/*,8/+*- %, %/.8+- !JKK 9&'& %+- +.,AC*- ,)* ?%'* I./-F +.( *'9,LF 9%/M*-
+*%/0LF %+- ?.'*.+* )%- 98, 9%9*/ A+ ,)* 1.CM .> ,)* ?*C8/A,L 2%,* >./ ,)*
C.'91*N& 3!!454!6 78991& :; <"F <OF <P&=
Q)*+ GAH%11A 98, )*/ M*L? A+ ,)* >/.+, -../F A, .9*+*- %+- ?)* /*%1AD*-
,)%, A, )%- 0**+ >./C*- .9*+& 3!!454!6 78991& :; <O&= E? ?)* ?,..- %, ,)*
,)/*?).1-F ?)* ?%( ,)* '%+ >/.' ,)* I./- ?,%CMA+2 ?,*/*. *R8A9'*+, .+ ,)*
>1../ +*N, ,. ,)* A++*/ -../ ,. ,)* 2%/%2* ?,%A/?& 3!!454!6 78991& :; <OS<P&=7)* L*11*- %, )A' %+- )* >1*- 9%?, )*/& 3!!454!6 78991& :; <P&= E ?*C.+- '%+
,)*+ C%'* -.(+ >/.' 89?,%A/?& 3 !"#$ &=
TU* )%- % 28+ A+ )A? /A2), )%+-& V, 1..M*- 1AM* % &"W C%1A0*/ /*H.1H*/&
U* 9.A+,*- A, -A/*C,1L %, '*& V (%? ?C%/*- )* (%? 2.A+2 ,. ?).., '*& V -8CM*-
-.(+F ,8/+*- %/.8+-F %+- /%+ %(%L >/.' ,)* C.'91*N&X 3 !"#$ &= ;)* '%+ ,)*+
/%+ %(%L %+- .8, ,)* ?*C8/A,L 2%,* >./ ,)* C.'91*N& 3 !"#$ &= YA?C*11%+*.8?
Z*(*1/L H%18*- %, %0.8, ["KK (%? >/.' GAH%11AB? /*?A-*+C*& 3#4!K4!6 78991&
:; O5&=
;)* -*,*C,AH*? C.+C18-*- ,)%, ,)* ?8?9*C,? C.81- 0* ,)* ?%'* 9*/?.+?
(). TC.''A,,*- ,)* 08/21%/L4'8/-*/ %, #!KK \%10.%&X 3!!454!6 78991& :;
<P&=
!" $%& $'()* +,-'./0 1-*(23"
;)* ,/A%1 C.8/, C.+C18-*- ,)%, ,)* *HA-*+C* .> ,)* E9/A1 !K,) 08/21%/L
(%? A+%-'A??A01* *HA-*+C* .> ,)A/-S9%/,L C819%0A1A,L& 3!! G; !WWW&= ;)* C.8/,
/*C.2+AD*- T?.'* 2*+*/%1 ?A'A1%/A,A*?&X 3 !"#$ &= \.,) .CC8//*- -8/A+2 ,)*
-%L,A'* %+- A+H.1H*- ?,*/*. *R8A9'*+,& 3 !"#$ &= ;)* ?*C.+- ?8?9*C, C.'A+2
-.(+ ,)* ?,%A/? 9811*- % T?'%11 28+X ,)%, )* 9.A+,*- %, ,)* HAC,A' (). /%+
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 159/182
!"#
%&%'( ) !"#$ (*
+,&-.-/0 12-/- &-/- %34, 54-.-/%3 67447873%/717-4(9 )!! :; !###(*
<-&-3/' &%4 1%=-> %1 12- ?@/73 AB/C3%/'( )!! :; !###D#E(* F1 537=-3' 7>.,3.-6
4B4@-G14 C,7>C 1, 12- 8%41-/ A-6/,,8 7> 12- B@41%7/4(9 )!! :; !##E(* ?
H-&-3/' A,I &%4 @/7-6 ,@->0 6/-44-/ 6/%&-/4 /B88%C-60 %>6 % 2,@- G2-41
,@->-6( ) !"#$ (* F> 12- :%48B44-> 7>G76->10 >, H-&-3/' &%4 1%=-> %>6 12-
8%41-/ A-6/,,8 &%4 B>6741B/A-6( ) !"#$ (* ? @/7>G7@%3 67447873%/71' &%4 12%1
12- ?@/73 !J12
AB/C3%/ 3-K1 7> % G%/( +,&-.-/0 4,8-,>- 1,,= :%48B44->L4 G%/(
) !"#$ (* ;2- K/,>1 6,,/ &%4 K,/G-6 ,@-> ,> ?@/73 !J12
AB1 >,1 %1 :%48B44->L4
/-476->G-( ) !"#$ (*
;2- .7G7,B4>-44 ,K 12- %11%G= ,> :%48B44-> &712 % G,>1%G1 CB>42,1 1,12- G2-41 /-K3-G1-6 % G3-%/ 7>1->1 1, =733( )!! :; !##E(* ;2%1 &%4 87447>C K/,8
12- ?@/73 AB/C3%/'( ) !"#$ (* ;2-/- &%4 %34, % 674G/-@%>G' 7> 12- A%//-3 3->C12 ,K
12- 2%>6CB>( )!! :; !###(* M%4-6 ,> @,&6-/ AB/>4 1, 12- NB7310 12- -I@-/1 %1
12- @/-3787>%/' 2-%/7>C A-37-.-6 12- 4B4@-G1 B4-6 % CB> &712 % OD7>G2 A%//-3 1,
42,,1 :%48B44->( )!! :; !###D#E(* ;2- &71>-44 ,> ?@/73 !!12
/-@,/1-6 % P
7>G2 A%//-3( )!! :; !##E(* +,&-.-/0 12- G,B/1 676 >,1 @B1 5% 3,1 ,K 41,G= 7>
12%1( F 127>= %> -'-&71>-44 G,B36 -%473' 2%.- 8741%=-> 12- 47Q- ,K 12- A%//-3(9
)!! :; !#EJ(*
;2- G,B/1 K,B>6 512- G/717G%3 K-%1B/- 74 12%1 12-/- 74 >,127>C 12%1 37>=4
12- 4B4@-G14 7> 12- ?@/73 !RJS12
0 !E#T AB/C3%/' 1, 12- 7>G76->1 7>.,3.7>C U4(
:%48B44->(9 )!! :; !#EJ(*!O
?@@-33%>1L4 8-8,/%>6B8 2%6 G71-6 %&'()& +,
-.'// )OJ!!* VO W%3(P12 PVO &27G2 %66/-44-6 X.76->G- W,6- 4-G17,> !!J!)A*
41%>6%/64 K,/ %687117>C ,12-/ G/78- -.76->G- 1, 7>K-/ 76->171'( )!! :; !#EJY
!O ;2- G,B/1 4-.-/%3 178- /-K-//-6 1, 12- 6%1- ,K 12- ?@/73 AB/C3%/' %4 ?@/73 !!0
!E#T( +,&-.-/0 12%1 &%4 12- 6%1- 12- 6-1-G17.-4 7>1-/.7-&-6 12- .7G178(
)!!ZTZ!O [B@@3( W; E"(* ;2- AB/C3%/' ,GGB//-6 12- 6%' A-K,/- ,> ?@/73 !J0
!E#T( ) !$ ( %1 @( EP(*
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 160/182
!"#
%&& !'()(!' *+,,-. /0 ''.1 234&5&67 89& :3+68 :3;:-+<&< 89=8 >5?<&;:& /3<&
%&:8?3; !!@!AB1 4=% ?66&-&5=;8 83 =<C?%%?B?-?8D 3E &5?<&;:& 3E 89?6<F,=68D
:+-,=B?-?8D. A!! G0 !H#@F#!.1
I;<&6 !"#$%" '( )*"%+,-."/0 12$/,0 =;< !"#$%" '( 3,%%0 12$/,0 C&6&
&5?<&;:& 3E C38?5& 36 3,,368+;?8D 4=% ?;%+EE?:?&;8 83 6=?%& = 6&=%3;=B-& <3+B8
3E 89& <&E&;<=;8J% K+?-8. . A!! G0 !!#!.1 09&6& C+%8 B& <?6&:8 36
:?6:+C%8=;8?=- &5?<&;:& -?;L?;K 89& 89?6< ,&6%3; 83 89& ,&6,&86=8?3; 3E 89&
:6?C&. A 4+5* .1 09& :3+68 E3+;< M;3 &5?<&;:&N -?;L?;K 89& %+%,&:8% E63C 89&
O,6?- !@89
B+6K-=6D 83 89& G=%C+%%&; ?;:?<&;8. A 4+5* .1 09&6&E36&7 89& <&E&;%&
:3+-< ;38 ,6&%&;8 &5?<&;:& 3E 89& O,6?- !@89
B+6K-=6D &?89&6 8963+K9 89& =--&K&<
5?:8?C 36 89& ?;5&%8?K=8?;K <&8&:8?5&%. A 4+5* .1O% <?%:+%%&< B&-34 ?; *&:8?3; PQQ.7 89& :3+68 -=8&6 <&;?&< 89& <&E&;%&
6&R+&%8 83 :63%%F&S=C?;& T=6L *=E=6?L7 89& ,63%&:+8?3;J% &S,&68 3; :6?C&
%:&;& =;=-D%?%7 =B3+8 89& O,6?- !@89
B+6K-=6D7 83 ?C,&=:9 9?% 3,?;?3; 89=8 89&
G=%C+%%&; 93C?:?<& 4=% ;38 B+6K-=6DF6&-=8&<. A!U G0 'V)'7 'V)#FH!.1
!" $%&'(&)( *+ ,-./-0"
MO 86?=- :3+68W% <&8&6C?;=8?3; 3E 89& =<C?%%?B?-?8D 3E &5?<&;:& 3E
+;:9=6K&< 3EE&;%&% ?% K&;&6=--D 6&5?&4&< E36 =; =B+%& 3E <?%:6&8?3;.N A !"#$%"
'( 6,%7"/ A'@@X1 !"# /=-.O,,.V89 )H'7 )#VF#U.1 M03 89& &S8&;8 89& 86?=- :3+68W%
6+-?;K <&,&;<% 3; 89& ,63,&6 ?;8&6,6&8=8?3; 3E 89& >5?<&;:& /3<&7 934&5&67 ?8
,6&%&;8% = R+&%8?3; 3E -=4Y =;< 3+6 6&5?&4 ?% <& ;353.N A !"#$%" '( 6,%7"/0
12$/,0 !"# /=-.O,,.V89 =8 ,. )#U7 :?8?;K 8,',9,2:. '( 6"1; <#9#=, >#29;?
@95#9 35:. <-.##% A51;( A'@@"1 '# /=-.V89 #!!7 #!X.1
09& R+&%8?3; 3E 49&89&6 &S:-+%?3; 3E 89& &5?<&;:& 5?3-=8&< =,,&--=;8J%
<+& ,63:&%% AI.*. /3;%8.7 U89 Z !V89 OC&;<%.1 =;< *?S89 OC&;<C&;8 6?K98% 83
:3;E63;8 89& &5?<&;:& =K=?;%8 9?C =;< 83 ,6&%&;8 = <&E&;%& ?% = C?S&< R+&%8?3;
3E -=4 =;< E=:8 %+B[&:8 83 ?;<&,&;<&;8 6&5?&4. A !"#$%" '( >/#="/0 12$/,0 'V
/=-.V89 =8 ,,. H#"F#XY 49 /" <-#;;0 12$/,0 '# /=-.V89 =8 ,. H!'.1
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 161/182
!"#
!" $%& $'()* +,-'. /''&0 12 3-*(24 $%). /5(0&26& +,0&
7&6.(,2 8898:;< 7.)20)'0= !(0 >,. ?@@*A $, ?0B(==(,2 CD
$%('0EF)'.A +-*@);(*(.A /5(0&26&"
%& '())*+, *- ./+ +/0(/',' ,* )+/'/&, /123/&4/ *- ,./ 5)+26 !#,. 7(+869+:;
9))/669&, 42,/3 !"#$%" '( )*#++ <=#!!> ?= @96A",. "?= <B)*#++ C>A <!=DED!=
F())6A @G ==A> )*#++ ',9,/3 ,.9, (&3/+ H123/&4/ @*3/ '/4,2*& !!#!<7>; 9&
B2&-/+/&4/ *- 23/&,2,: &//3 &*, 3/)/&3 *& *&/ *+ I*+/ (&20(/ *+ &/9+6: (&20(/
4*II*& -/9,(+/'J -/9,(+/' *- '(7',9&,296 7(, 6/''/+ 32',2&4,21/&/'' I9: :2/63 9
32',2&4,21/ 4*I72&9,2*& K./& 4*&'23/+/3 ,*8/,./+AC < ,- A 9, )A "E=LEMA> G./
,+296 4*(+, 4*&46(3/3 ,.9, )*#++ K9' 2++/6/19&, 7/49('/ 2, 323 &*, 933+/'' ,.2+3L
)9+,: 4(6)97262,: /123/&4/A <!! NG !OP#LP!A>
Q*K/1/+; ,./ @962-*+&29 F()+/I/ @*(+, .9' +/)/9,/36: ./63 ,.9,
H123/&4/ @*3/ '/4,2*& !!#!<7> 2' +/6/19&, ,* 93I2''2*& *- ,.2+3L)9+,:
4(6)97262,: /123/&4/A!M
R*+ /S9I)6/; 2& 933+/''2&8 B,./ 9))62497262,: *- ,./
+(6/' /&(&429,/3 2& H123/&4/ @*3/ '/4,2*& !!#!C ,./ @*(+, +/4*8&2T/3 ,.9,
BUK./& A A A 9 )+2I9+: 2''(/ *- -94, 2' K./,./+ *+ &*, 3/-/&39&, +9,./+ ,.9& '*I/
*,./+ )/+'*& K9' ,./ )/+)/,+9,*+ *- 9 4+2I/ 4.9+8/3; /123/&4/ *- *,./+ 4+2I/'
2' *+32&9+26: 93I2''276/ 2- 2, 32'46*'/' 9 32',2&4,21/ .#-/0 #$"123-4 4*II*& ,*,./ *,./+ 4+2I/' 9&3 ,./ 4.9+8/3 4+2I/AVC < !"#$%" '( 5"2.#3 <!PEO> O @96AM3
W=?; WM=LMM; 0(*,2&8 !"#$%" '( 620+#3 <!PWO> WP @96A=3 =MM; ="?A>
5"2.#3 933+/''/3 *,./+ 4+2I/ /123/&4/ *--/+/3 7: ,./ )+*'/4(,2*& ,*
'.*K ,.9, ,./ 3/-/&39&, +9,./+ ,.9& 9&*,./+ )/+'*& 4*II2,,/3 ,./ 4.9+8/3
4+2I/A < ,74- A> Q*K/1/+; ,./ @*(+, '(7'/0(/&,6: ',9,/3 ,.9,; BX&Y*,.2&8 *& ,./
!M H123/&4/ @*3/ '/4,2*& !!#!<7> )+*123/'Z B[*,.2&8 2& ,.2' '/4,2*& )+*.272,',./ 93I2''2*& *- /123/&4/ ,.9, 9 )/+'*& 4*II2,,/3 9 4+2I/; 42126 K+*&8; *+
*,./+ 94, K./& +/6/19&, ,* )+*1/ '*I/ -94, <'(4. 9' I*,21/; *))*+,(&2,:; 2&,/&,;
)+/)9+9,2*&; )69&; \&*K6/38/; 23/&,2,:; 97'/&4/ *- I2',9\/ *+ 94423/&,; *+
K./,./+ 9 3/-/&39&, 2& 9 )+*'/4(,2*& -*+ 9& (&69K-(6 '/S(96 94, *+ 9,,/I),/3
(&69K-(6 '/S(96 94, 323 &*, +/9'*&976: 9&3 2& 8**3 -92,. 7/62/1/ ,.9, ,./ 124,2I
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 162/182
!"!
$%&' ($ )*' +)%),)' -./.)+ .)+ %00-.&%).(1 )( '2.3'1&' &(1&'41.15 % 3'$'13%1)6 7
80'4+(19 ,13'4 )*' 04(2.+.(1 .+ %1: 0'4+(1; <*')*'4 (4 1() % 3'$'13%1)6 =$ )*'
>'5.+-%),4' .1)'13'3 )*' +)%),)' )( %00-: (1-: )( '2.3'1&' ($ ?()*'4 &4./'+? @: %
3'$'13%1); .) &(,-3 *%2' +( 04(2.3'36A B !"#$%" '( )*'+, B!CCDE !F G%-6")* "HI;
DF!6E
J(4'(2'4; )*'+, +0'&.$.&%--: +)%)'3 )*%) K -*%% 3.3 1() %@4(5%)'
L2.3'1&' G(3' +'&).(1 !!F! %+ %00-.'3 )( +,&* '2.3'1&'6A B ./+0 6M *11#20
!"#$%" '( 3145#26"2 BNFFCE "O G%-6")* I!P; IONQIOI6E 7&&(43.15-:; )*'
G%-.$(41.% R,04'/' G(,4) *%+ %00-.'3 L2.3'1&' G(3' +'&).(1 !!F!B@E
+)%13%43+ )( %3/[email protected].): ($ )*.43Q0%4): &,-0%@.-.): '2.3'1&'6
S(4 'T%/0-'; .1 !"#$%" '( 7/+%"8 BNFFOE "! G%-6")* "ON; K3'$'13%1)($$'4'3 &(3'$'13%1) U.':4%?+ %3V,3.&%).(1 ($ % 04.(4 +'T &4./' %+ '2.3'1&' ($
.3'1).):; +("(; )( +*(< )*%) .) <%+ U.':4% <*( +(3(/.W'3 %13 X.--'3 )*' 2.&)./A
4%)*'4 )*%1 )*' 3'$'13%1)6 B .0 6 %) 06 DFF6E Y%+'3 (1 L2.3'1&' G(3' +'&).(1
!!F!; 7/+%"8 *'-3 )*%) )*.+ '2.3'1&' <%+ 04(0'4-: 'T&-,3'3Z K7+ )*' )4.%- &(,4)
$(,13 <*'1 4,-.15 (1 )*' L2.3'1&' G(3' +'&).(1 !!F! [,'+).(1; )*' -%&X ($
+./.-%4.): @')<''1 U.':4%?+ !COI %3V,3.&%).(1 %13 )*' 04'+'1) &4./'+ V,+).$.'3
'T&-,+.(1 ($ )*' '2.3'1&'6A B .0 6 %) 06 DFNM ,"" *%,# !"#$%" '( 9*2:"2 B!CPCE "O
G%-6 I3 PPP; CN! \700-:.15 L2.36 G(3'; ] !!F!B@E )( [,'+).(1 ($ <*')*'4
)*.43Q0%4): &,-0%@.-.): '2.3'1&' /') )*' +)%13%43 ($ !"#$%" '( -*%%; ,<$2*(^;
#'"22<%"0 #= *=#65"2 $#+=6 /> !"#$%" '( 4*+0%* BNFFFE NN G%-6")* HCF; ON" 16
H6E
G(12'4+'-:; K\<^*'1; %+ .1 )*' .1+)%1) &%+'; % 04./%4: .++,' ($ $%&) .+
<*')*'4 (4 1() 3'$'13%1) 4%)*'4 )*%1 +(/' ()*'4 0'4+(1 <%+ )*' 0'40')4%)(4 ($
)*' &4./' &*%45'3; '2.3'1&' ($ ()*'4 &4./'+ .+ (43.1%4.-: %3/.++.@-' .$ .)
3.+&-(+'+ % 3.+).1&).2' :#0<, #$"2*=0+ &(//(1 )( @()* )*' ()*'4 &4./'+ %13
&(1+'1)'3E ()*'4 )*%1 *.+ (4 *'4 3.+0(+.).(1 )( &(//.) +,&* %1 %&)6A
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 163/182
!"#
%&' (&)*+', (*-.'/ 01-%)%-234/56 7 !"#$%" '( )*+,#-. +/$0*. 89 1):/#, )% ;/ #"<=
*11#02 !"#$%" '( 3"*4#-. +/$0*. > 1):/?, )% ;;/ 8?#@??/A
!" $%%&'() *(+(, !-')(./( 01)( 2(/3'1. 4454 6(78'+()
$)9'::'1. ;< =>( !-')(./( ;< =>( ;3>(+ ?8+@&A+B $.)
$::A8&3 C'3> $ "DE 0A&'F(+ 6(-1&-(+"
B2 4&2C (2..23 .2,D4 2;'*)3,- 2* %2 ,*)C )3 E-3F'*'3(' 2F -,'3%-%G6
2%&'* (*-.' 'H-,'3(' E3'', 32% ,';'3, 23 23' 2* .2*' D3-ID' 2* 3')*:G D3-ID'
(2..23 F')%D*'4= F')%D*'4 2F 4DJ4%)3%-): JD% :'44'* ,-4%-3(%-H'3'44 .)G G-':, )
,-4%-3(%-H' (2.J-3)%-23 C&'3 (234-,'*', %2+'%&'*/6 7 !"#$%" '( 51#,, K +/$0*K <#
1):/"%& )% ;;/ "L#@"L?K *11#02 !"#$%" '( 67-18 7#M!MA <M 1):/"%& 89?K L?8/A
N%)%', ,-FF'*'3%:GK E-% .)G J' 4)-, %&)% %&' -3F'*'3(' 2F -,'3%-%G )*-4'4
C&'3 %&' .)*O4 (2..23 %2 %&' (&)*+', )3, D3(&)*+', 2FF'34'4K (234-,'*',
4-3+:G 2* -3 (2.J-3)%-23K :2+-()::G 2;'*)%' %2 4'% %&' (&)*+', )3, D3(&)*+',
2FF'34'4 );)*% F*2. 2%&'* (*-.'4 2F %&' 4).' +'3'*): H)*-'%G )3,K -3 42 ,2-3+K
%'3, %2 4D++'4% %&)% %&' ;'*;'%*)%2* 2F %&' D3(&)*+', 2FF'34'4 C)4 %&'
;'*;'%*)%2* 2F %&' (&)*+', 2FF'34'4/6 7 !"#$%" '( )*+,#-. +/$0*. 89 1):/#, )% ;/
#"8= *11#02 !"#$%" '( 9*%:"0 7!9>>A "L 1):/ ?, 8M<K 8##/A EP2*'2H'*K Q%&'
:-O':-&22, 2F ) ;)*%-(D:)* +*2D; 2F +'2+*);&-()::G ;*2R-.)%' (*-.'4 J'-3+D3*':)%', ,-.-3-4&'4 )4 %&24' (*-.'4 )*' F2D3, %2 4&)*' .2*' )3, .2*'
(2..23 (&)*)(%'*-4%-(4/S6 7 !"#$%" '( 67-18. +/$0*. <M 1):/"%& )% ;/ L?8
7E 67-186AK ID2%-3+ !"#$%" '( ;<%%"0 7!99MA <M 1):/?, 9<"K 9>9/A
N'H'*): ()4'4 4&2C %&)% %&' 4-.-:)*-%-'4 J'%C''3 %&' (&)*+', &2.-(-,'
)3, %&' T;*-: !M%&
JD*+:)*G 4D;;2*%', ),.-%%-3+ %&' 'H-,'3(' )3, %&' ;D%)%-H'
,-44-.-:)*-%-'4 32%', JG %&' %*-): (2D*% C'*' -..)%'*-): )3, -34DFF-(-'3% %2
'R(:D,' %&' 'H-,'3('/
U3 67-18. %&' ,'F'3,)3% )*+D', %&)% %&' %*-): (2D*% '**', -3 ),.-%%-3+
'H-,'3(' 2F ) 4DJ4'ID'3% D3(&)*+', %*'4;)44 )% %&' *'4-,'3(' 2F V)H-3-)
W)*H'G )4 'H-,'3(' 2F &-4 -,'3%-%G F2* (&)*+', JD*+:)*[email protected]*,'*4 )3,
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 164/182
!"#
%&'()&*+(,- ./%0-,%(&'1 23& ,''&%+&) +4,+ +4& &5()&*6& 7,' )(''(8(-,% +9 +4&
64,%0&) 6%(8&' .&6,/'& )&:&*),*+ 8&%&-; +%&'<,''&) 9* 3,%5&;=' <%9<&%+;> ,*)
)() *9+ &*+&% 3,%5&;=' 498& 9% (*?/%& 4&%1@ A !"#$%" '( )*+,-. /0$12. BC
D,-1"+4 ,+ <<1 EBFGBE1H I4& D,-(:9%*(, J/<%&8& D9/%+ )(',0%&&)1 I4&
2&5()&*6& 9: +4& 3,%5&; (*6()&*+ 7,' %&-&5,*+ +9 <%95& , 8,+&%(,- :,6+ 9+4&%
+4,* )&:&*),*+=' 6%(8(*,- )('<9'(+(9*> (1&1> ()&*+(+;> .&6,/'& +4& 69889*
:&,+/%&' 9: +4,+ (*6()&*+ ,*) +4& 64,%0&) 6%(8&' 7&%& K'/::(6(&*+-; )('+(*6+(5&
'9 ,' +9 '/<<9%+ +4& (*:&%&*6& +4,+ +4& ',8& <&%'9* 6988(++&) .9+4 ,6+'1L@ A 34 1
,+ <1 EBE1H
2I4/'> 3,%5&; ,*) +4& 5(6+(8' (* +4& 64,%0&) 6%(8&' 7&%& D,/6,'(,*
&-)&%-; 798&*1 I4& 3,%5&; (*6()&*+ ,*) M+4& 64,%0&)N O(0/&%()9> D9*'+,*+(*>3&%%(6P> ,*) Q/%4,8 ,++,6P' 966/%%&) )/%(*0 +4& ),;> ,*) +4& ?/%; 69/-)
%&,'9*,.-; (*:&% R,%'9*=' )&,+4 ,-'9 966/%%&) )/%(*0 +4& ),;1 S* ,))(+(9*> +4&
3,%5&; (*6()&*+ ,*) +4& 64,%0&) 6%(8&' 966/%%&) 7(+4(* +4& ',8& +79G89*+4
<&%(9) (* +4& *&(04.9%(*0 6988/*(+(&' 9: J,* R&,*)%9 ,*) 3,;7,%)1 I4&
5(6+(8' 7&%& ,++,6P&) (* +4&(% 498&'> ,*) +4& ?/%; 69/-) %&,'9*,.-; (*:&% +4,+
,.'&*+ 3,%5&;=' 69*:%9*+,+(9* 7(+4 )&:&*),*+> '4& +99 79/-) 4,5& .&&*
,++,6P&) (*'()& 4&% 498&1@ A 34 1 ,+ <1 EBE1H T9%&95&%> ,-- 9: +4& 798&* ,-'9
%&'()&) (* '(8(-,%-; '(+/,+&) 498&'> &(+4&% 9* , 69%*&% 9% 7(+4 ,* ,)?,6&*+
'&<,%,+& -9+> <&%8(++(*0 '(8(-,% ,66&''1 A 3564 1H
2U9% )() +4& &5()&*6& 69*+%,5&*& V5()&*6& D9)& '&6+(9* #BW1
MD(+,+(9*'1N I4& +&*)&*6; 9: +4& &5()&*6& +9 '497 ()&*+(+;> ,' '&+ :9%+4 ,.95&>
7,' '+%9*01 AJ&& M !"#$%" '( 78#%49 A!XX"H E D,-1"+4 #YC> "C"N1H T9%&95&%>
3,%5&;=' ,669/*+ 7,' (*)&<&*)&*+ 9: +4& &5()&*6& 9: +4& 64,%0&) 6%(8&'1 A 34(
,+ <<1 "C"G"CB1H J4& (*(+(,--; (*5&'+(0,+&) )&:&*),*+=' <%&'&*6& 9* 4&% <%9<&%+;
.&6,/'& '4& +49/04+ 4& 7,' , 64(-) ,.9/+ +9 '+&,- +99-' :%98 +4& 9<&* 0,%,0&1
U9+4(*0 (* 4&% +&'+(89*; (*)(6,+&) +4,+ 74&* '4& '<9P& 7(+4 <9-(6& +4& ',8&
),; '4& &*69/*+&%&) )&:&*),*+ '4& 7,' ,7,%& +4,+ &-)&%-; D,/6,'(,* 798&* (*
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 165/182
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 166/182
!"#
%&'( )*+,-(. /)* 0'%(1*1 0'2+( '&*( /)* .+,+.* 1'', +(1 ,%( +0+34 5 !"#$ 46
7)* 1*8*(1+(/ +,.%*1 /)+/ /)* *9-1*(:* 0+; -(;%88-:-*(/ /' ;)'0 /)+/ )*
*(/*,*1 /)* ,*;-1*(:* /' :'22-/ <+,:*(3 +(1 /)*,*8',* -(;%88-:-*(/ *9-1*(:* '8
8*<'(3 2%,1*, =%,.<+,3 8', ;)''/-(. >?+@+?-4 5 !$ 4 +/ &&4 "ABCAD46 7)*
E+<-8',(-+ F%&,*2* E'%,/ 1-;+.,**14
G7)* :-,:%2;/+(:* /)+/ /)*,* 0+; (' *9-1*(:* '8 /)*8/ 1%,-(. /)*
:'22-;;-'( '8 /)* +//*2&/*1 2%,1*, '8 H*,(+(1*@ +(1 /)* 2%,1*, '8 >?+@+?-
1'*; ('/ *;/+=<-;) /)+/ 1*8*(1+(/ 1-1 ('/ )+,=', /)* -(/*(/ /' ;/*+< 0)*( )*
*(/*,*1 /)* ,*;-1*(:*4 7)* I%,3 ,*+;'(+=<3 :'%<1 )+9* :'(:<%1*1 /)+/
1*8*(1+(/ -(/*(1*1 /' ;/*+<J =%/ 0+; -(/*,,%&/*1 0)*( H*,(+(1*@ %(*K&*:/*1<3
'&*(*1 /)* .+,+.* 1'', +(1 8<*14 7)* I%,3 ,*+;'(+=<3 :'%<1 )+9* :'(:<%1*1/)+/ 1*8*(1+(/ +=+(1'(*1 )-; &<+( /' ;/*+< -( ',1*, /' 8<** +(1 +9'-1
+&&,*)*(;-'(4L 5 !$ 4 +/ &4 "A"46
H*,*J /)* I%,3 :'%<1 ;-2-<+,<3 -(8*, /)+/J +</)'%.) (' &,'&*,/3 0+; /+?*(
8,'2 M+;2%;;*(N; %&;/+-,; =*1,''2 +/ ,*;-1*(:* +; -( /)* O&,-< !P/)
=%,.<+,3J
/)*,* 0+; (*9*,/)*<*;; ;%=;/+(/-+< *9-1*(:* '8 -(/*(/ /' /+?* &,'&*,/3 8,'2 /)*
;/+:?-(. '8 /)* ;/*,*' *Q%-&2*(/ +(1 ,-88<-(. '8 /)* 1,+0*, -( /)* <-9-(. ,''24
H'0*9*,J /)* =%,.<+,5;6 +=+(1'(*1 +(3 8%,/)*, /+?-(.; +(1 8<*1 /' +9'-1
+&&,*)*(;-'( +8/*, /)* 9-'<*(/ *(:'%(/*, 0-/) M+;2%;;*(4
7)* '/)*, 1-;;-2-<+,-/-*; 8'%(1 =3 /)* /,-+< :'%,/ 0*,* +<;' -(;%88-:-*(/
/' &,*9*(/ I%,3 :'(;-1*,+/-'( '8 /)* *9-1*(:*4 7)* :'%,/ ('/*1 /)+/ /)* 1'',
)+1 =**( 8',:*1 +/ M-9+<<-N; ,*;-1*(:* =%/ ('/ +/ M+;2%;;*(N; ,*;-1*(:*4 5!!
M7 !RRS46 H'0*9*,J M%*//*( 1-1 ('/ :)*:? +(1 1-1 ('/ ?('0 0)*/)*, /)*
8,'(/ 1'', 0+; <':?*1 0)*( )* <*8/ 9-+ /)* 1'', /' /)* .+,+.* /)+/ 2',(-(.4 5S
M7 !"T!46 7)* :'%,/ +<;' ('/*1 /)+/ /)* &*,&*/,+/',; '( O&,-< !P/) +&&+,*(/<3
<*8/ -( /)*-, '0( 9*)-:<* =%/ M+;2%;;*(N; :+, 0+; /+?*(4 5!! M7 !RRS46
H'0*9*,J /)* &*,&*/,+/', 8-,*1 /),** .%(;)'/; +/ M+;2%;;*(4 5# M7 TAB46
7)*,*8',*J )* )+1 ,*+;'( /' /+?* + ,*+1-<3 +9+-<+=<* 9*)-:<* /' +9'-1
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 167/182
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 168/182
!"#
%&&'()&'*+ ,'-./* *'01'' (21*'1 3'-%2,' 4'5'/ 6/ &7' %3,'/-' .8 %/ '9)1',,
6/&'/& &. :6;;+ ).6/&6/0 % 02/ 6/ &7' *61'-&6./ .8 % 72(%/ 3'6/0 6, 6/&'/&6./%;
%/* (%:', % -;%6( .8 1'-:;',,/',, 6/%));6-%3;'<=><?
!" $%& !"## '()& *+ ,-.&. /(0 123 45&6780& 90:(..(2) *+
;<(0&)6& =&&3()> ;<(0&)6& ,20& ?&63(2) @@A@BCD ?3-)0-50.
!25 4522+ *+ E0&)3(3F"
@7' &16%; -.21& -./-;2*'* A!! B@ !!C!? &7%& &7' '56*'/-' .8 &7' .&7'1
3210;%1D E%, 6/%*(6,,63;' 2/*'1 &7' ,&%/*%1*, ,'& 3D !"#$%" '( )*%%+ ,-$.*+ "!
F%;<G* HIJ A4 )*%% =?< 4 )*%% 1'K261', &7%& ,2-7 &761* )%1&D '56*'/-' 3' -%)%3;'
.8 1%6,6/0 % 1'%,./%3;' *.23& .8 &7' *'8'/*%/&L, 026;& %/* &7%& &7'1' 3' *61'-& .1
-61-2(,&%/&6%; '56*'/-' ;6/:6/0 &7' &761* )'1,./ &. &7' %-&2%; )'1)'&1%&6./ .8
&7' -16('< @76, '56*'/-' ,7.2;* /.&+ %, 8.1('1;D+ 3' M2*0'* %--.1*6/0 &. %/
';'5%&'* ,&%/*%1* .8 %*(6,,636;6&D+ 32& ,7.2;* 1%&7'1 3' &1'%&'* ;6:' %/D .&7'1
'56*'/-'< A /0( %& ))< HG!NHG"<?= A !"#$%" '( 1*.2".+ ,-$.*+ "# F%;<G* %& )<
CI!<?
4OP>' 1'%8861( &7' %*(6,,636;6&D .8 %/D 1';'5%/& '56*'/-' &7%& 1%6,', %
1'%,./%3;' *.23& %, &. % *'8'/*%/&L, 026;&+ 6/-;2*6/0 '56*'/-' &'/*6/0 &. ,7.E
&7%& % )%1&D .&7'1 &7%/ &7' *'8'/*%/& -.((6&&'* &7' .88'/,' -7%10'*< Q2-7'56*'/-' (%D 3' '9-;2*'* ./;D E7'/ &7' -.21& )1.)'1;D '9'1-6,', 6&, *6,-1'&6./
2/*'1 R56*'/-' F.*' ,'-&6./ GSI &. 1'M'-& '56*'/-' &7%& -1'%&', % ,23,&%/&6%;
*%/0'1 .8 2/*2' -./,2()&6./ .8 &6(' .1 .8 )1'M2*6-6/0+ -./82,6/0+ .1
(6,;'%*6/0 &7' M21D<= A )*%%+ "! F%;<G* %& )< HIC+ 8..&/.&' .(6&&'*<?
4T21&7'1(.1'+ -.21&, (2,& 8.-2, ./ &7' %-&2%; *'01'' .8 16,: &7%& &7'
%*(6,,6./ .8 1';'5%/& '56*'/-' (%D 1',2;& 6/ 2/*2' *';%D+ )1'M2*6-'+ .1
-./82,6./< U, P60(.1' .3,'15'*+ V68 &7' '56*'/-' 6, 1'%;;D .8 /. %))1'-6%3;'
5%;2' /. 7%1( 6, *./' 6/ %*(6&&6/0 6&W 32& 68 &7' '56*'/-' 6, 6/ &12&7 -%;-2;%&'*
&. -%2,' &7' M21D &. *.23&+ &7' -.21& ,7.2;* /.& %&&'()& &. *'-6*' 8.1 &7' M21D
&7%& &76, *.23& 6, )21';D ,)'-2;%&65' %/* 8%/&%,&6- 32& ,7.2;* %88.1* &7' %--2,'*
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 169/182
!"#
%&%'( )**)'+,-.+( +) /'%0+% +10+ 2),3+45 6!7 8.9:)'%; <&.2%-/% 6=.>>%'? '%&4
%24 !@#AB C !D@; *4 !EF"4BG 6H24 0+ *4 #D"4B
7? %I*>0.-%2 03)&%; +1% %&.2%-/% )J +1% 7*'.> !A+1
3,'9>0'( K%-+
3%()-2 :%'% :)+.&% 0-2 )**)'+,-.+( 3( )+1%'? +) /)::.+ +1% /'.:%4 L'): +1%
?0:% !"#$% "'()*+#,- .+ *')&.2%2 0 30?.? +) .-J%' +10+ +10+ 3,'9>0'6?B '0+1%'
+10- /)::.++%2 +1% 1):./.2% K1%- M0?:,??%- ?,'*'.?%2 +1%: K.+1.- +1%
'%?.2%-/%4 6.((- (/0/- 1("'2( 3/ 45+67- %$')*; NA O0>4"+1 0+ *4 EDPQ 1("'2( 3/
8*!,)(9- %$')*- D@ O0>4"+1 0+ **4 "PFRP"Q 1("'2( 3/ .6":: ; %$')*; NF O0>4"+1 0+
**4 "EFR"EDQ %(( *2%" 1("'2( 3/ .67*#() 6!@P@B E! O0>4F2 EP!; EEDRE"
S'%/)9-.T.-9 %&.2%-/% )J )+1%' /'.:% /)::.++%2 K.+1 +1% ?0:% !"#$%
"'()*+#, 0? U/.'/,:?+0-+.0> *'))J )J +1% /'.:% /10'9%2GV4B!" $%& '()*+,-./ 01 $%& '2-3&/)& 4-.*56&3 788&**5/69, :+&
;<.)&,, 7/3 =-(6% 7>&/3>&/6 ?-@%6, $. ;<&,&/6 7
:&1&/,&"
O'.:.-0> 2%J%-20-+? 0'% 9,0'0-+%%2 0 J0.' +'.0> 3( +1% 2,% *')/%?? />0,?%
)J +1% L.J+1 0-2 L),'+%%-+1 7:%-2:%-+? )J +1% W-.+%2 X+0+%? O)-?+.+,+.)-4
6;)*+( 3/ <(+:$6=5 6!@#PB "EP W4X4 P#D; P@A; !AP X4O+4 F!"F; F!"P; @A
Y4<24F2 PDPQ .:),6=2*+#- %$')*- "PP W4X4 0+ **4 P#"RP#N4B U=1% '.91+ )J 0-0//,?%2 .- 0 /'.:.-0> +'.0> +) 2,% *')/%?? .?; .- %??%-/%; +1% '.91+ +) 0 J0.'
)**)'+,-.+( +) 2%J%-2 090.-?+ +1% X+0+%Z? 0//,?0+.)-?4G 6;7*!>()% 3/
?,%%,%%,'', 6!@EDB "!A W4X4 F#"; F@" SDN Y4 <24 F2 F@E; @D X4 O+4 !AD#V4B
7//)'2.-9>(; +1% '.91+ +) 2,% *')/%?? U9,0'0-+%%? /'.:.-0> 2%J%-20-+? Z0
:%0-.-9J,> )**)'+,-.+( +) *'%?%-+ 0 /):*>%+% 2%J%-?%4Z SO.+0+.)-?4VG 6;)*+(-
%$')*- "EP W4X4 0+ *4 P@A4B
O)''%?*)-2.-9>(; +1% X.I+1 7:%-2:%-+ '.91+ +) /):*,>?)'( *')/%??
9,0'0-+%%? 2%J%-20-+? .- /'.:.-0> /0?%? +1% '.91+ +) *'%?%-+ UK.+-%??%? ?) +10+
+1%.' )K- %&.2%-/%; 0? K%>> 0? +1% *')?%/,+.)-Z?; :.91+ 3% %&0>,0+%2 3( +1%
[,'(4G 6@*%7,+0:"+ 3/ A(B*% 6!@PEB D## W4X4 !"; !@RFA S!# Y4 <24 F2 !A!@; #E
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 170/182
!"#
%& '(& !#)*+, !""#$% '(!)*+$,- "!* -&%& .( /*) 01234 5678(9 .53 :;53
<=>?.:3>(.@ (8.> (8.( ;< .> .AA=93? (; B5393>( 46(>39939 6> 869 ;4>
?3<3>93&1+&C
DE> (83 .F93>A3 ;< .>G H.@6? 9(.(3 I=9(6<6A.(6;>J 3KA@=96;> ;< L
3KA=@B.(;5G 3H6?3>A3 ?3B56H39 . ?3<3>?.>( ;< (83 F.96A 5678( (; 8.H3 (83
B5;93A=(;5M9 A.93 3>A;=>(35 .>? N9=5H6H3 (83 A5=A6F@3 ;< :3.>6>7<=@ .?H359.56.@
(39(6>7&OO P'$!.+- ,/0$!- "QR -&%& .( BB& R#*S#!J T=;(6>7 1.23+% 43!3+, 56
'$#.2" P!#U"C "RR -&%& R"UJ RVR6C WAA;5?6>7@GJ (83 ?3>6.@ ;< .> ;BB;5(=>6(G
(; B5393>( 3H6?3>A3 ;< (83 WB56@ !*(8
[email protected] H6;@.(3? .BB3@@.>(X9 ?=3 B5;A399
.>? %6K(8 W:3>?:3>( 5678(9&
!" $%&%'()* +( $%,-.'%/" DN0Y55;59+ .( (56.@ (8.( ?3B56H3 . @6(67.>( ;< (83 ;BB;5(=>6(G (; B5393>( 869
H3596;> ;< (83 A.93 L .53 L ;5?6>.56@G 53H3596F@3J 96>A3 (8353 69 >; 4.G ;<
3H.@=.(6>7 483(835 ;5 >;( (83G .<<3A(3? (83 I=?7:3>(&X PZ& [5.G>;5J D[83
Z6??@3 ;< \.5:@399 Y55;5O P!#Q*C .( B& RU&C W A;>H6A(6;> =>?35 9=A8
A65A=:9(.>A39 69 . M:69A.556.73 ;< I=9(6A3M 46(86> (83 :3.>6>7 ;< .5(6A@3 ]EJ
93A(6;> !/ ;< (83 '.@6<;5>6. ';>9(6(=(6;>&1 P 7+#08+ 56 9!$$2": P!#U)C // '.@&/?
!!VJ !/*J 9=B3593?3? FG 9(.(=(3 ;> .>;(835 B;6>( .9 [email protected]>3? FG 7+#08+ 56
'#882., P!#URC ") '.@&/? /QUJ /#/J 6>(35>.@ A6(.(6;>9 .>? T=;(.(6;> ;:6((3?&C
';5539B;>?6>7@GJ (83 8678 A;=5( 8.9 53A;7>6^3? (8.( 53H359.@ 69 53T=653?
483> (83 A;>93T=3>A39 ;< .> 355;5 .53 1=>T=.>(6<6.F@3&1 P4/8825!. 56 ;#/2,2!.!
P!##/C V*U -&%& )QVJ )U) 0!)" _& Y?& )? !U), !!/ %& '(& )*QU+&C `> (869 F.969J
<3?35.@ A;=5(9 8.H3 83@? (8.( ?3B56H6>7 . ?3<3>?.>( ;< .> ;BB;5(=>6(G (; B5393>(
869 ?3<3>93 69 D46(8;=( :;53J 9=<<6A63>( (; 4.55.>( 53H359.@&O P1.23+% 43!3+, 56
4)23(<9!8323(+$ P#(8 '65& )**VC ")" 2&/? #!/J #)), !""#$% '#.%+ 56 =+.$> P#(8
'65& )***C !#U 2&/? Q/"J Q"!&C
WAA;5?6>7@GJ (83 ?3>6.@ ;< .> ;BB;5(=>6(G <;5 .BB3@@.>( (; 98;4 (8.(
;(8359 A;::6((3? (83 A56:3 4.9 53H3596F@3 355;5& YH3> 6< 8.5:@399 355;5
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 171/182
!"#
%&%'()*) %++'*,)- .,/,.)%' *) .,01*.,2 3,4%1), 56.7,%)8&%3', *&9,.,&4,) 9.8: ;<,
,/*2,&4, )1++8.;,2 ;<, 2,9,&), ;<,8.(=> ?!"#$%& ($)$%* +, -#./%0 ?@;<
A*.=
B##CD CE F=C.2 @@"- !##C=D
G& .,)+8&), ;8 2,9,&), 481&),'H) 4'8)*&I %.I1:,&;- ;<, +.8),41;*8& *&
.,31;;%' +8),2 ;<, 01,);*8& ;8 ;<, J1.( 528,) ;<, ;8;%'*;( 89 ;<, ,/*2,&4, +8*&;
;8 %&(382( ,'),K> ?!" LM ENN@=D O8P,/,.- ;<, 5.,%)8& ;<%; ;<,., *) &8 8;<,.
,/*2,&4, *& ;<, .,48.2> +8*&;*&I ;8 %&(382( ,'), *) ;<%; %++,''%&;H) .,+,%;,2
%;;,:+; ;8 +.,),&; *; 5P%) *:+.8+,.'( 41.;%*',26=7> ?1234)* +, 5/66)7& ?@;<
A*.= B##!D BQC F=C2 !!RN- !!Q@- 8/,..1',2 8& %&8;<,. +8*&; 3( 8)9$3" +,
:33&;)7& ?@;<
A*.= B##CD ?%" 6)"<D CNR F=C2 !B#N- !B!E- 9&= !E=D S)
,T+'%*&,2 %38/,- 98.,&)*4 ,/*2,&4, )1++8.;,2 ;<*.2U+%.;( 41'+%3*'*;( %&2 ;<, +.8),41;*8&H) :8;*/, ;<,8.( %I%*&); %++,''%&; P%) 9'%P,2= ?V,, V,4;*8& GG=G=-
%38/,=D O8P,/,.- P*;<81; +,.)8&?)D ;8 +8*&; ;8- ;<,( J1.( P81'2 *&,/*;%3'(
%&)P,. ;<, 01,);*8& +8),2 3( ;<, +.8),41;*8& %I%*&); %++,''%&;= S448.2*&I'(-
.,/,.)%' *) .,01*.,2 98. ;<, 2,&*%' 89 %& 8++8.;1&*;( ;8 +.,),&; ,/*2,&4, 89
;<*.2U+%.;( 41'+%3*'*;(=
!""#
%&' %(")* +,-(% !",*)%'. /%)%' )0. 1'.'()* *)2
34 .'04"05 )66'**)0% )0 ,66,(%-0"%4 %, +(,//7
'8)9"0' %&' 6(,/'+-%",0:/ +("9' /+'0' )0)*4/%
)3,-% ,%&'( 3-(5*)(4 '!".'0+'#
)# 3;<=>?@ABC#
S) *;) '%); P*;&,))- ;<, +.8),41;*8& 4%'',2 W%.X V%9%.*X 5;8 .,&2,.
8+*&*8& 8& 2*99,.,&; 48:+8&,&;) 89 ;<, 4.*:,- %&2 Y P<,;<,. *& :( 8+*&*8&
;<, )4,&, <%2 3,,& );%I,2> ;8 '88X '*X, % 31.I'%.(= ?!" LM BNQNUQ"=D Z<,&
;<, +.8),41;8. %)X,2 5P<,;<,. 89 &8; *; %++,%.,2 ;8 (81 ;8 3, %& *&;,..1+;,2
31.I'%.(6K7>- 2,9,&), 481&),' .,01,);,2 % )*2,3%.= ?!" LM BNQE=D
S; ;<, )*2,3%.- 2,9,&), 481&),' 83J,4;,2 ;8 8+*&*8& ;,);*:8&( 3(
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 172/182
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 173/182
!"#
%&'()*'+ ,' *- .-/0''&1/02 %&'()*'+34 5!" 67 #89:3; <=>*/ ? @*A A*@ *-
*//0B1/ /, C'0*/0 />0 .))&@.,- />*/ />0 B,/.D0 .- />.@ C'.B0 A*@ *- .-/0''&1/02
%&'()*'+ ,' %&'()*'+ %+ />0 1)*C0B0-/4 ,E />0 @/0'0, 0F&.1B0-/ %+ />0 2,,'
*-2 2&B1.-( />0 C,-/0-/@ ,E * 2'*A0' .- />0 ).D.-( ',,B3 5!" 67 #89G3;
?- 1*'/.C&)*'H I*E*'.J ,1.-02 />*/ C'.B0 A*@ -,/ %&'()*'+ '0)*/02 %0C*&@0
6*@B&@@0-K@ C,-2,B.-.&B C,B1)0L >*2 * A*)) *-2 * E0-C0 *',&-2 ./ *-2 *
),CJ02 E',-/ (*/0 1,@.-( * >.(> '.@J E,' * %&'()*'3 5!" 67 #8M#3; N/>0'
*1*'/B0-/ C,B1)0L0@ .- />0 *'0* 2.2 -,/ >*D0 @.B.)*' %*''.0'@3 5 !"#$ 3; 7>0
),C*/.,- ,E 6*@B&@@0-K@ &-./ A./>.- * C,B1)0L .-C'0*@02 />0 '.@J ,E %0.-( @00-
A>0- 0-/0'.-( *-2 )0*D.-(3 5!" 67 #8M#OMP3;
!" $%& '()*+),+ -. /&01&2" Q ).B./*/.,- ,- C',@@O0L*B.-*/.,- .@ '0D.0A02 E,' *- *%&@0 ,E
2.@C'0/.,-3 <7>.@ 2.@C'0/.,- .@ -,/H >,A0D0'H &-).B./02H 0@10C.*))+ A>0- ./@
0L0'C.@0 >*B10'@ />0 *%.)./+ ,E />0 20E0-@0 /, 1'0@0-/ 0D.20-C03 =>.)0 />0 /'.*)
R&2(0 >*@ %',*2 2.@C'0/.,- /, C,-/',) />0 &)/.B*/0 @C,10 ,E C',@@O0L*B.-*/.,-H
A.20 )*/./&20 @>,&)2 %0 (.D0- /, C',@@O0L*B.-*/.,- 20@.(-02 /, /0@/ />0
C'02.%.)./+ ,E * 1',@0C&/.,- A./-0@@ .- * C'.B.-*) C*@034 5 %&'()& +, -''(&.
5!99!; "P S*)3P2 GG!H M!:3;
3" 401+&*5& 3-+& '&5(1-* 678 91+ :-( !), 3,-;;<4=)>1*)(1-*
?@-A( B(%&, !A,CD),1&;"
T&)/.1)0 ).-0@ ,E *&/>,'./+ @>,A />*/ *110))*-/K@ 1',1,@02 C',@@O
0L*B.-*/.,- A*@ -,/ %*''02 %+ UD.20-C0 S,20 @0C/.,- P"# *-2 -0C0@@*'+ /,
D.-2.C*/0 *110))*-/K@ C,-@/./&/.,-*) C,-E',-/*/.,- '.(>/@3
<60C,(-.V.-( />*/ C,&'/@ >*D0 /'*2./.,-*))+ (.D0- 1*'/.0@ A.20 )*/./&20
.- />0 C',@@O0L*B.-*/.,- ,E 0L10'/@ /, /0@/ />0.' C'02.%.)./+H .-C)&2.-( &@0 ,E
0D.20-C0 .-*2B.@@.%)0 ,- 2.'0C/ 0L*B.-*/.,-H4 />0 S*).E,'-.* I&1'0B0 S,&'/
>*@ <@/*/02W XY0D0'/>0)0@@H />0 /'.*) C,&'/ B&@/ 0L0'C.@0 ./@ 2.@C'0/.,- 1&'@&*-/
/, UD.20-C0 S,20 @0C/.,- P"# .- ,'20' /, ).B./ />0 0D.20-C0 /, ./@ 1',10'
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 174/182
!"#
%&'&()* + !"#$%" '( )*+,%"- +!,,"- !. /01(234 5627 8##9#27 :%;3<=> !"#$%" '(
.#%"/+, +!,8"- #8 /01( #? 6,7 ,@(-!2
A=?'B 34<& B%1'7 CD34' 3B<01 E;%B3 B'30<=& F<?' 103<3%?' <= B'&3B<E3<=>
EB;&&9'G0H<=03<;= 3403 <& B'I'3<3<J'7 IB'K%?<E<017 E;=L%&<=> ;L 34' <&&%'&7 ;B ;L
H0B><=01 B'1'J0=E'()* + !"#$%" '( 0%%1#** +@.!@- "# /01(234 "#"7 "5,7 :%;3<=>
!"#$%" '( .2+*/+, [email protected] #8 /01(234 #227 #5@7 <=3'B=01 :%;303<;=& ;H<33'?(-
M;F'J'B7 DCNIOB'K%?<E') 0& E;=3'HI103'? PQ &'E3<;= #"@ <& =;3 &; &F''I<=> 0&
3; <=E1%?' 0=Q 'J<?'=E' 34' ;II;='=3 L<=?& <=E;=J'=<'=3( RJ<?'=E' <& =;3
IB'K%?<E<017 0& 3403 3'BH <& %&'? <= 0 &'E3<;= #"@ E;=3'G37 H'B'1Q P'E0%&' <3
%=?'BH<='& 34' ;II;='=3)& I;&<3<;= ;B &4;B'& %I 3403 ;L 34' IB;I;='=3( S4'
0P<1<3Q 3; ?; &; <& F403 H0T'& 'J<?'=E' B'1'J0=3()* + !"#$%" '( )3#**4 56$7+4 "@/01(234 03 I( 2,.7 <=3'B=01 :%;303<;=& 0=? E<303<;=& ;H<33'?(-
CU= 033'HI3 3; 0330ET 34' H'B<3& ;L ?0H0><=> 3'&3<H;=Q 3; F4<E4 0 I0B3Q
40& %=&%EE'&&L%11Q ;PK'E3'? 40& 1;=> P''= B'E;>=<V'? 0& 0 ='E'&&0BQ 0=?
IB;I'B 3B<01 30E3<E* ;L EB;&&9'G0H<=03<;=( + !"#$%" '( )+/ +!,6,- 5! /01(@?
!,27 @.5(- W= I0B3<E%10B7 CDNEOB;&&9'G0H<=03<;= X H0Q P' ?<B'E3'? 3; 34'
'1<E<3<=> ;L 0=Q H033'B F4<E4 H0Q 3'=? 3; ;J'BE;H' ;B :%01<LQ 34' 'LL'E3 ;L 34'
3'&3<H;=Q ><J'= ((( ;= ?<B'E3 'G0H<=03<;=()* + !"#$%" '( 8#,9+%"5 +@.!!- "!
/01(234 8,27 ,2"7 E<303<;=& 0=? <=3'B=01 :%;303<;=& ;H<33'?(-
Y;B';J'B7 CDE;%B3& 40J' 3B0?<3<;=011Q ><J'= P;34 I0B3<'& F<?' 103<3%?' <=
34' EB;&&9'G0H<=03<;= ;L 'GI'B3& <= ;B?'B 3; 3'&3 34'<B EB'?<P<1<3Q( S4%&7 0
PB;0?'B B0=>' ;L 'J<?'=E' H0Q P' IB;I'B1Q %&'? ;= EB;&&9'G0H<=03<;= 3; 3'&3
0=? ?<H<=<&4 34' F'<>43 3; P' ><J'= 34' 'GI'B3 ;I<=<;= 340= <& 0?H<&&<P1' ;=
?<B'E3 'G0H<=03<;= 3; L;B3<LQ 34' ;I<=<;=() + !"#$%" '( :#,*1"% +!,,#- " /01(234
!2 RJ<?'=E' /;?' &'E3<;= #"@ IB;J<?'&Z [S4' E;%B3 <= <3& ?<&EB'3<;= H0Q
'GE1%?' 'J<?'=E' <L <3& IB;P03<J' J01%' <& &%P&30=3<011Q ;%3F'<>4'? PQ 34'
IB;P0P<1<3Q 3403 <3& 0?H<&&<;= F<11 +0- ='E'&&<303' %=?%' E;=&%HI3<;= ;L 3<H' ;B
+P- EB'03' &%P&30=3<01 ?0=>'B ;L %=?%' IB'K%?<E'7 ;L E;=L%&<=> 34' <&&%'&7 ;B ;L
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 175/182
!"#
%&&' ()*+()#,- ./0 12 345546 7893013: 04 3;9<<:6=: 96 :>7:80 ?@ 16AB1816= 16
=44C D910; 9?4B0 8:<:E960 16D48590146' 163<BC16= ;:9829@' F;13; ;: 59@ ;9E:
4E:8<44G:C 48 1=648:C,H I !" , 90 7, ()#J #$$ &$'()$ *+ ,'-./)$#KI)L!!- "!
M9<,#0; %(#'N ()*+()#,-O I &$'()$ *+ &$/0#'- I)L!*- "P M9<,#0; *(*' #"(+PL,-
QR;B2' 96 9CE:82: 7980@ 59@ ?816= 04 0;: 900:60146 4D 0;: SB8@ 0;90 96
:>7:80 C1C 640 G64F 48 34621C:8 16D48590146 8:<:E960 04 0;: 122B: 46 F;13; 0;:
:>7:80 ;92 4DD:8:C 96 4716146,O I &$'()$ *+ 1'')2- I)LL(- #" M9<,#0; *(L' #*#,-
R;12 Q163<BC:2 :>951690146 915:C 90 C:0:851616= F;:0;:8 0;: :>7:80
2BDD131:60<@ 044G 1604 9334B60 5900:82 98=B9?<@ 163462120:60 F10; 0;: :>7:80T2
3463<B2146,O I &$'()$ *+ 3$"$#4/ I)LLP- *( M9<,#0; P#!' P(",-
U1E:6 0;:2: 346084<<16= 2096C98C2' 0;: 0819< 34B80 :88:C, R;: 34B80 ?988:C 9<< 38422+:>951690146 9?4B0 40;:8 ?B8=<981:2 04 0:20 0;: E9<1C10@ 4D
V9D981GH2 4716146 0;90 0;: ;45131C: F92 640 7980 4D 9 ?B8=<98@, R;:8:D48:' 0;:
784742:C 38422+:>951690146 F4B<C 640 ;9E: 8:7:0101E:, W48 F4B<C 10 ;9E:
?::6 346DB216= 48 4D 598=169< 8:<:E963:, R;: 784742:C 38422+:>951690146
C18:30<@ 8:<90:C 04 8:9246 F;@ 0;: 7842:3B0146 39<<:C V9D981G 92 9 F106:22, I!"
XR )#&%,-
V9D981GH2 8:7480 2;4F:C 0;90 ;: 34621C:8:C ?B0 97798:60<@ C1234B60:C
:E1C:63: 4D 40;:8 ?B8=<981:2, I!" XR )#%L,- R;: D930B9< 3183B520963:2 4D 0;:
Y781< !L0;
?B8=<98@ C18:30<@ 157:93;:C V9D981GH2 4716146 0;90 0;: X925B22:6
;45131C: 34B<C 640 ;9E: ?::6 7980 4D 9 ?B8=<98@ 96C' 0;:8:D48:' F92 640
Q:>0896:4B2 16D48590146O 92 0;: 0819< 34B80 3463<BC:C, I!" XR )#%L+%!,-
R;: 38422+:>951690146 F4B<C ;9E: ?::6 78:SBC1319<' ?B0 16 0;: 7847:8
2:62: 4D B6C:851616= 0;: 7842:3B0146H2 0;:48@ 4D 0;: 392:, /D Q:E1C:63: 12 16
08B0; 39<3B<90:C 04 39B2: 0;: SB8@ 04 C4B?0' 0;: 34B80 2;4B<C 640 900:570 04
C:31C: D48 0;: SB8@ 0;90 0;12 C4B?0 12 7B8:<@ 27:3B<901E: 96C D96092013 ?B0 2;4B<C
512<:9C16= 0;: SB8@,Z
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 176/182
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 177/182
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 178/182
!"#
%&'()*'+,- +. /0, *',*1 20, 34)+5, ',34'/- 54''4%4'*/,6 /0, 455&'',.5, 47 *
(,4('*30+5*))8 3'49+:*/, 6*8/+:, %&'()*'8 54::+//,6 %8 *. *--*&)/ ;+/0 * 1<=
5*)+%,' ',>4)>,' +. * -+:+)*' 54.64:+.+&: 54:3),91 20, 3'4-,5&/+4.
3',-,./,6 ?@A ,>+6,.5, /4 +:3)+5*/, *33,))*./1 B4;,>,'C 4/0,' 7+.(,'3'+./C
?@AC *.6 7+',*': ,>+6,.5, -&334'/,6 *33,))*./D- *//,:3/ /4 -04; /0*/ +. 7*5/
4/0,'- ;,', 54::+//+.( *':,6 %&'()*'+,- +. /0, -*:, )45*),1
A- /4 /0, +:34'/*.5, 47 E*7*'+FD- /,-/+:4.8 /4 /0, 3'4-,5&/+4. 5*-,C /0,
-&::*'8 *%4>, *.6 +. /0, E/*/,:,./ 47 G*5/- -04;- /0*/ /0, 3'4-,5&/+4.
5*)),6 E*7*'+F *- +/- 7+.*) ;+/.,-- /4 %),-- /0, 3'4-,5&/+4.D- /0,4'8 47 /0, 5*-,
*.6 /4 6+-3*'*(, /0, 6,7,.-, /0,4'81 A554'6+.()8C +/ ;*- 5'+/+5*) /4 /0, 6,7,.-,
47 /0, 5*-, /4 +:3,*50 0+- 5)*+: /0*/ /0, ,>+6,.5, 47 * %&'()*'8H',)*/,604:+5+6, ;*- I-/*(,61J
20, 0+(0 54&'/ 0*- ',54(.+K,6 /0*/ 3',5)&6+.( 5'4--H,9*:+.*/+4. 47 *
I5,./'*)C +.6,,6 5'&5+*)J ;+/.,-- /4 /0, 3'4-,5&/+4.L- 5*-, +- .4/ 0*':),-- ,''4'1
M!"#$% '( )$%*+,-. M!N==O P== Q1E1 RR#C R<RH<< S!TN E1 U/1 P=TV !TR W1 X61 R6
"!<YV /$$ 0"/1 20'3/4 P!" Q1E1 */ 31 <!=1O 20+- +- ,-3,5+*))8 /'&, 74' *. ,93,'/
;+/.,-- %,5*&-, I/,-/+:4.8 ,:*.*/+.( 7'4: /0, 6,3/0 *.6 -543, 47 -3,5+*)+K,6
F.4;),6(, +- >,'8 +:3',--+>, /4 * Z&'81 20, -*:, /,-/+:4.8 7'4: *.4/0,'
-4&'5, 5*. 0*>, ),-- ,77,5/1J M 5-$ '( !-"06170 M!N="O P#T Q1E1 [=C =!C 7.1 #
S!T" E1U/1 !T=#V =P W1X61R6 "<YC 5+/*/+4.- 4:+//,61O A554'6+.()8C /0, >+4)*/+4.
47 *33,))*./D- -/*/, *.6 7,6,'*) '+(0/- /4 5'4--H,9*:+., *.6 /4 +:3,*50
E*7*'+FD- /,-/+:4.8 ;*- 3',Z&6+5+*) /4 *33,))*./D- 6,7,.-,1
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 179/182
!"#
!"""#
%&' ()*+',, ) '-&")', ) '!'),./ *0 12' 3&%45'61
7'+.&,' *0 12' +&5&/.1"!' '00'+1 *0 12' 1)"./
'))*),#
%&' (')*+,-( ./,0' '123.+- *&' 24'567+)+.3 '88')* ,8 '.)& '44,49 %&'+4
)6:63.*+0' '88')* 24,0+7'( . ('2.4.*' ;4,6-7 8,4 4'0'4(.39 <!""# "%&%# '"()*" +%
,-** <!==#> !? @.39A*& #BBC #AA DE. ('4+'( ,8 *4+.3 '44,4(C *&,6;& +-7'2'-7'-*3F
&.4:3'((C :.F +- (,:' )+4)6:(*.-)'( 4+(' /F .))4'*+,- *, *&' 3'0'3 ,8
4'0'4(+/3' .-7 24'567+)+.3 '44,4EG9> H&'4' *&' )6:63.*+0' '88')* ,8 +-7+0+76.33F
&.4:3'(( '44,4( 4'-7'4( . )4+:+-.3 7'8'-(' E8.4 3'(( 2'4(6.(+0' *&.- +* :+;&*
&.0' /''-CE *&' 4'(63*+-; ),-0+)*+,- 0+,3.*'( 76' 24,)'(( .-7 *&' 7'8'-7.-*I(4+;&* *, . 8.+4 *4+.39 <./012"34# A!B J9K9 .* 29 L=AM 4"" 0*4( 506*(3 +% 7"89:;<6
<!=?#> ANO J9K9 A?#C A#?C 8-9 !" D=# K9@*9 !=NBM "O P9Q79L7 AO#G DE*&'
)6:63.*+0' '88')* ,8 *&' 2,*'-*+.33F 7.:.;+-; )+4)6:(*.-)'( ,8 *&+( ).('
0+,3.*'7 *&' 76' 24,)'(( ;6.4.-*'' ,8 86-7.:'-*.3 8.+4-'((EG9>
H&'- 8'7'4.3 ),-(*+*6*+,-.3 '44,4( ),:/+-' R+*& '44,4( ,8 (*.*' 3.RC
4'0'4(.3 +( 4'S6+4'7 6-3'(( 4'(2,-7'-* 7':,-(*4.*'( *&.* *&'+4 )6:63.*+0' '88')*
R.( &.4:3'(( /'F,-7 . 4'.(,-./3' 7,6/*9 < '"()*" +% =((>4 <LBBO> !AO
@.39T229A*& !BOC !!?C )+*+-; ./0)108# 4:)30# N#O J9K9 .* 29 LA9> T22'33.-*
.**':2*'7 *, 24'('-* ,8 4'.(,-./3' 7,6/* /.('7 ,- 83.R( +- *&' )+4)6:(*.-*+.3
'0+7'-)' ,88'4'7 *, +:23+).*' &'4 .-7 UVTC 8+-;'424+-*C 8+4'.4: .-7 ,*&'4
)4+:' '0+7'-)' (622,4*+-; .- +-8'4'-)' ,8 .-,*&'4 2'42'*4.*,4<(>9
%&' ),64(' ,8 *4+.3 ),-8+4:( *&.* LN F'.4( ,8 24'W.))6(.*+,- 7'3.F
(6/(*.-*+.33F .88')*'7 .22'33.-*I( ./+3+*F *, +7'-*+8F ,*&'4 (6(2')*( *, (622,4*
*&' 8,4'-(+) '0+7'-)' ,8 *&'+4 24'('-)'9 %&' *4+.3 ),64* *&R.4*'7 *&' 7'8'-('
.**':2* *, 24'('-* '0+7'-)' ,8 *&' ,-' +-)+7'-* (&,R+-; *&.* ,*&'4( +- 8.)*
),::+**'7 .- .4:'7 7.F*+:' /64;3.4F .* . (+:+3.4 3,).*+,-9 %&' *4+.3 ),64*
),:2,6-7'7 *&+( '44,4 /F 7'-F+-; )4,((W'1.:+-.*+,- ,8 *&' 24,(')6*+,-I(
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 180/182
!"#
%&'() )*+ ')*+, &(,-.%,/0 +1+2 )*'(-* 3) 4'2),%534)+5 )*+ 6'(25%)3'2 6', *37
'8323'2 )*%) )*+ 9%7:(77+2 *':3435+ ;%7 2') &(,-.%,/<,+.%)+5= >2 4'2),%7)0 )*+
4'(,) 8+,:3))+5 )*+ 8,'7+4()3'2 )' 8,+7+2) 3..+-%../ 7+3?+5 +135+24+0 4'+,4+5
7)%)+:+2)70 %25 (2,+.3%&.+ @AB +135+24+ 2') -+2+,%../ %44+8)+5 &/ 743+2)37)7
', %88+..%)+ 4'(,)7=
C+4%(7+ )*+7+ +,,',7 4(:(.%)31+./ :%5+ %88+..%2)D7 5+6+27+ E6%, .+77
8+,7(%731+ )*%2 3) :3-*) *%1+ &++20E 5(+ 8,'4+77 ,+F(3,+7 ,+1+,7%. '6 )*+
G(5-:+2) %25 % 2+; ),3%.= H!"#$%&'() I!J K=L= %) 8= M#I=N
!"#!$%&'"#
O', )*+ 6',+-'32- ,+%7'270 )*+ G(5-:+2) 7*'(.5 &+ ,+1+,7+5=
@%)+5P Q%/ MR0 MJ!S
9+78+4)6(../ 7(&:3))+50
C/PTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
@'2%.5 9= U34V.+
W'(27+. 6', @+6+25%2)<B88+..%2)
LUXYZBA>X [B\B9KL
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 181/182
!"#
!"#$ &"'() &*#)+,+&-)*
% &'() *))+ ',,-.+/)0 *1 /&.2 3-45/ '2 /&) '//-5+)1 6-5 ',,)77'+/
8/),&'+.) 9':'542; <4524'+/ /- 3'7.6-5+.' =47)2 -6 3-45/> =47) ?;@"#>
24*0.(.2.-+ A*BA!B> % &)5)*1 C)5/.61> *'2)0 4,-+ /&) D-50EC-4+/ 6)'/45) -6 /&)
FG-50F D-50 ,5-C)22.+H ,5-H5'I> /&'/ /&) 7)+H/& -6 /&.2 -,)+.+H *5.)6>
.+C740.+H 6--/+-/)2 *4/ +-/ .+C740.+H /&) /'*7)2 '+0 /&.2 C)5/.6.C'/)> .2 J?>?KL
D-502; % &'() 24*I.//)0 '+ ',,7.C'/.-+ /- 6.7) '+ -()52.:) *5.)6;
MN)C4/)0 /&.2 O?/&
0'1 -6 P'1 O#!@ '/ Q-7C'+-> 3'7.6-5+.';
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
S-+'70 =; T.CU7)
8/13/2019 Stephanie Lazarus Criminal Appeal - Appellant's Opening Brief
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stephanie-lazarus-criminal-appeal-appellants-opening-brief 182/182
!"##$ #$ &'"()*'
+ !"#$%" '( )*"$+,-." /,0,1234 ,-.//0-1
$ %&'()*& +,)+ $ )- ./&* +,& )0& .1 !23 4.+ ) 5)*+6 +. +,78 )'+7.4 )4% -6
9:874&88 )%%*&88 78 ;<=< >.? @AA3 B.(')4.3 C)(71.*47)3 DE"2DFA@AA< =4 +,&
%)+& 8,.G4 9&(.G3 $ 8&*/&% +,& G7+,74 H;;IJJHKLMN =;IK$KO >P$IQ +.+,& 1.((.G740 5)*+7&8 ,&*&74)1+&* 4)-&% 96R
S ;()'740 ) +*:& '.56 +,&*&.13 &4'(.8&% 74 ) 8&)(&% &4/&(.5& G7+, 5.8+)0&
+,&*&.4 1:((6 5*&5)7%3 74 +,& T47+&% N+)+&8 -)7( )+ B.(')4.3 C)(71.*47)3
)%%*&88&% )8 1.((.G8R
N+&5,)47& J)U)*:83 VI@@WD
C(&*X3 C*7-74)( Y7/787.4 C)(71.*47) H55&(()+& ;*.Z&'+
J.8 H40&(&8 N:5&*7.* C.:*+ E[A N.:+, O*)4% H/&<3 @+, Q(..*[!A V&8+ L&-5(& N+< J.8 H40&(&83 CH DAAW!
J.8 H40&(&83 CH DAA![