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SHANE THE GREAT

Depending on the region where the meristematic tissues are present, they are classified as apical, lateral and intercalary meristems.

Apical meristem

Apical meristem is present at the growing tips of stems and roots and increases the length of the stem and the root.

Lateral meristem

The thickness of the stem or root increases due to lateral meristem (cambium).

Intercalary meristem

Intercalary meristem is the meristem at the base of the leaves or internodes (on either side of the node) on twigs.

PARENCHYMA

LOCATION They are present in soft parts of the plant. i.e. roots, stems leaves flowers and fruits

STRUCTURE 1 The cells of this tissue are living.

2 The cell walls are thin and made of cellulose.

3 They are loosely packed.

4 Large intercellular spaces are found in this tissue

FUNCTIONThe parenchyma of stems and roots stores nutrients, waste and water.

T.S OF PARENCHYMA

COLLENCHYMA

LOCATION They are located below the epidermis in stems and leaves.

STRUCTURE 1 The cells of this tissue are living.

2 The cells are elongated.

3 The cell wall is irregularly thickened at the corners due to extra deposition of cellulose and pectin.

4 There is very little intercellular space.

FUNCTIONIt provides elasticity and mechanical support to plants

DIAGRAM T.S OF COLLENCHYMA

SCLERENCHYMA

LOCATIONIt is present in the xylem and phloem of root, stem, leaves and the hard coverings of seeds and nuts.

STRUCTURE 1 The cells of this tissue are dead.

2 They are long and narrow.

3 The cell walls are uniformly thickened due to lignin.

4 There is no internal space inside the cell.

FUNCTIONIt provides rigidity and mechanical support to the plant parts.

DIAGRAM T.S OF SCLERENCHYMA

Dicotyledonous Root Monocotyledonous RootEPIDERMISIt consists of a single layer of compactly arranged cells It bears a number of unicellular root hairs but lacks cuticle.

EPIDERMISIt consists of a single layer of compactly arranged cells It bears a number of unicellular root hairs but lacks cuticle.

CORTEXIt consists of several layers of thin-walled parenchyma cells with intercellular spaces. It stores starch grains.

CORTEXIt consists of several layers of thin-walled parenchyma cells with intercellular spaces. It stores starch grains.

ENDODERMISThe innermost layer of the cortex is called endodermis. It comprises a single layer of barrel-shaped cells without any intercellular spaces.

ENDODERMISThe innermost layer of the cortex is called endodermis. It comprises a single layer of barrel-shaped cells without any intercellular spaces.

The tangential as well as radial walls of the endodermal cells have a deposition of water- impermeable, waxy material- suberin-in the form of casparian strips.

The tangential as well as radial walls of the endodermal cells have a deposition of water- impermeable, waxy material- suberin-in the form of casparian strips.

Dicotyledonous Root Monocotyledonous RootPERICYCLEIt is made of one or two layers of parenchyma cells. It takes part in the formation of secondary roots and in the formation of cambium for secondary growth.

PERICYCLEIt is made of one or two layers of parenchyma cells. It does not take part in the formation of secondary roots and in the formation of cambium for secondary growth.

VASCULAR BUNDLEVascular bundles are radial. Xylem patches are 2-6. Diarch to Hexarch

Xylem is exarch.

VASCULAR BUNDLEVascular bundles are radial. Xylem patches are many (polyarch). Xylem is exarch.

PITHPith is very small or absent.It is made up of parenchyma cells

PITHPith is large and well developed. It is made up of parenchyma cells

All the tissues on the inner side of the endodermis such as pericycle, vascular bundles and pith form the stele.

Dicotyledonous Root Monocotyledonous Root

DICOT STEM MONOCOT STEMEpidermisMulticellular trichomes present

EpidermisTrichomes absent

Hypodermis 2 or 3 layers of collenchymatous cells provide mechanical strength to the young stem.

Hypodermis 2 or 3 layers of sclerenchymatous cells

CortexRounded thin walled parenchymatous cells with conspicuous intercellular spaces.

Ground TissueThe Ground tissue is not differentiated into cortex and pith. It is parenchymatous.

Endodermis The cells of the endodermis are rich in starch grains

Endodermis Absent

Pericycle Pericycle is present above the phloem in the form of semi-lunar patches of sclerenchyma cells.

Pericycle Absent

DICOT STEM MONOCOT STEMVascular bundle Arranged in the form of a ring Conjoint, open, and endarch.

Vascular bundle ScatteredConjoint closed and endarch.

Peripheral vascular bundles are smaller than the centrally located ones.

The phloem parenchyma is absent and water-containing cavities are present within the vascular bundles.

PithParenchymatous cells with large intercellular spaces.

PithAbsent

DICOT STEM MONOCOT STEM

DICOT LEAF MONOCOT LEAF

It is a dorsiventral leaf. It is an Isobilateral leaf.

Bulliform cells are absent in epidermis

Bulliform cells are present in the epidermis

Guard cells are kidney shaped. Guard cells are dumb bell shaped.

Stomata are fewer in the upper epidermis, more in the lower epidermis

Stomata are equally distributed in the upper epidermis and lower epidermis

Mesophyll is differentiated into Palisade and spongy parenchyma

Mesophyll is not differentiated into Palisade and spongy parenchyma

Bundle sheath cells are parenchymatous

Bundle sheath cells are sclerenchymatous

DICOT LEAF MONOCOT LEAF