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STIMULATE Scientific and Technological Information
Management in Universities andLibraries:an Active Training Environment
STIMULATE Scientific and Technological Information
Management in Universities andLibraries:an Active Training Environment
BIBLIOGRAPHIC EXCHANGEBIBLIOGRAPHIC EXCHANGE
FORMATSFORMATSAlan HopkinsonAlan HopkinsonMiddlesex University
UK
BIBLIOGRAPHIC EXCHANGEFORMATS
Alan Hopkinson
BIBLIOGRAPHIC EXCHANGEFORMATS
Alan Hopkinson
Middlesex UniversityUK
IntroductionIntroduction
MARC [UNIMARC, MARC21], CCF MARC [UNIMARC, MARC21], CCF
Do we still need MARC?Do we still need MARC? Introduction to MARCIntroduction to MARC MARC: advantages and disadvantagesMARC: advantages and disadvantages Competition?Competition?
Exchange or Communication FormatsExchange or Communication Formats Format: a carrier for data between two Format: a carrier for data between two
systemssystems e.g. two library automation systems e.g. two library automation systems webserver and personal computer webserver and personal computer
Format is the set of rules governing the data Format is the set of rules governing the data structure and contentstructure and content??
Exchange and Communication FormatsExchange and Communication Formats Format governs structure and contentFormat governs structure and content
use ISO 2709: use ISO 2709: format for bibliographic format for bibliographic information interchange on magnetic tapeinformation interchange on magnetic tape
use 3-digit tags for content, described in use 3-digit tags for content, described in appropriate MARC, UNIMARC or CCF appropriate MARC, UNIMARC or CCF manualmanual
MARCMARC
MARC, UNIMARC and CCF formats MARC, UNIMARC and CCF formats which have the common record structure which have the common record structure based on the ISO 2709 format based on the ISO 2709 format 3-digit tags3-digit tags subfields $a, $b, $4subfields $a, $b, $4 indicators of 2 charactersindicators of 2 characters
MARCMARC
Developed 1967 (joint British Library Developed 1967 (joint British Library Library of Congress project)Library of Congress project)
LC MARC (1967)LC MARC (1967) UK MARC (1968)UK MARC (1968) Various national formatsVarious national formats
MARC : record structureMARC : record structure
Record structure for exchanging Record structure for exchanging bibliographic records on magnetic tapebibliographic records on magnetic tape
Today we use disk but retain much of the Today we use disk but retain much of the record structurerecord structure
UNIMARCUNIMARC
Need for international ‘switching’ formatNeed for international ‘switching’ format UNIMARC, produced by IFLA, 1977UNIMARC, produced by IFLA, 1977
2nd ed., 1980, 2nd ed., 1980, UNIMARC handbookUNIMARC handbook, 1983, , 1983, UNIMARC manualUNIMARC manual, ,
UNIMARC: usersUNIMARC: users
Used by national libraries for international Used by national libraries for international exchangeexchange
Used by certain countries for excahneg Used by certain countries for excahneg between national library and othersbetween national library and others
CCFCCF
International Symposium on Bibliographic International Symposium on Bibliographic Exchange Formats, Taormina, 1978Exchange Formats, Taormina, 1978
UNIMARC, secondary service’s formats, UNIMARC, secondary service’s formats, ISOISO
UNESCO Ad hoc Group on a Common UNESCO Ad hoc Group on a Common Communication FormatCommunication Format
CCFCCF
CCF published in 1984CCF published in 1984 CCF (Factual) in 1992CCF (Factual) in 1992 CCF (Bibliographic) in 1992CCF (Bibliographic) in 1992 CCF/F Implementation Notes 1994CCF/F Implementation Notes 1994 CCF/B Implementation Notes 1994CCF/B Implementation Notes 1994
CCF: usersCCF: users
Used by S&T sectorUsed by S&T sector Used commonly in IndiaUsed commonly in India Used by UN agenciesUsed by UN agencies
MARC Harmoni{s|z}ationMARC Harmoni{s|z}ation
In music ‘harmony’= ‘a simultaneous and In music ‘harmony’= ‘a simultaneous and successive combination of accordant sounds’,successive combination of accordant sounds’,i.e. ‘to bring into agreement’i.e. ‘to bring into agreement’NOT ‘to make uniform’NOT ‘to make uniform’
““MARC harmonisation has raised many MARC harmonisation has raised many complex issues convcerning the requirements complex issues convcerning the requirements of user groups” of user groups” R.W. Hill, R.W. Hill, Setting the record Setting the record straightstraight
MARC21MARC21
Formerly called US MARCFormerly called US MARC Marketed as internationalMarketed as international Universality of UNIMARC not satisfactoryUniversality of UNIMARC not satisfactory National Library of Canada adoptedNational Library of Canada adopted British Library to abandon UK MARCBritish Library to abandon UK MARC
MARC 21advantagesMARC 21advantages
Uses the ISO 2709 record structure: systems Uses the ISO 2709 record structure: systems designers have a fixed structure to deal withdesigners have a fixed structure to deal with
Huge number of records availableHuge number of records available Format not proprietaryFormat not proprietary Allows variable length and repeatable fields Allows variable length and repeatable fields
and subfieldsand subfields
MARC recordMARC record
007680000000001930004500008003900000019001500039019001300000768000000000193000450000800390000001900150003901900130005409000080006724501740007526000360024930000300028550000760540900008000672450174000752600036002493000030002855000076003156500025003916500027004166500024004437000030004677000020315650002500391650002700416650002400443700003000467700002700497949005000524880831s1974 ur a jW 0000 f 700497949005000524880831s1974 ur a jW 0000 f eng00^a505001173610^a8818005900 ^nTAL30^aTales of the Amber eng00^a505001173610^a8818005900 ^nTAL30^aTales of the Amber Sea^bfairy tales of the peoples of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania Sea^bfairy tales of the peoples of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania ^ecompiled and retold in English by Irina Zheleznova^e illustrated by ^ecompiled and retold in English by Irina Zheleznova^e illustrated by Anatoly Bilyukin00^aMoscowbRaduga Publishers c197400 ^a259 Anatoly Bilyukin00^aMoscowbRaduga Publishers c197400 ^a259 p.bcol. ill.c22 cm.00^aEnglish language ed. originally published by p.bcol. ill.c22 cm.00^aEnglish language ed. originally published by Progress Publishers, 1974.00^aFairy taleszEstonia00^aFairy talesz Progress Publishers, 1974.00^aFairy taleszEstonia00^aFairy talesz Lithuania00^aFairy taleszLatvia11^aZheleznovahIrina L'vovna11 Lithuania00^aFairy taleszLatvia11^aZheleznovahIrina L'vovna11 ^aBilyukinhAnatolyyill ^b71964487cFOLKlIHmORD p0s398.209474 ^aBilyukinhAnatolyyill ^b71964487cFOLKlIHmORD p0s398.209474 TALziTALzi
MARC disadvantagesMARC disadvantages
Record structure is difficult for a human to Record structure is difficult for a human to ‘read’‘read’
Record structure is difficult to programRecord structure is difficult to program requires difficult control charactersrequires difficult control characters Large files (say over 20 Mb) are difficult to Large files (say over 20 Mb) are difficult to
manipulatemanipulate MARC does not facilitate linksMARC does not facilitate links
MARC - is it a standard?MARC - is it a standard?
Record structure only is an ISO standardRecord structure only is an ISO standard National libraries diverged in MARC formatNational libraries diverged in MARC format
UK MARC 513 Summary noteUK MARC 513 Summary note US MARC 520 Summary etc.US MARC 520 Summary etc. UK MARC $aShakespeare$hWilliamUK MARC $aShakespeare$hWilliam US MARC $aShakespeare, WilliamUS MARC $aShakespeare, William UNIMARC $aShakespeare$bWilliamUNIMARC $aShakespeare$bWilliam UNIMARC $aShakespeare$bWilliamUNIMARC $aShakespeare$bWilliam UNIMARC $aShakespeare,$bWilliamUNIMARC $aShakespeare,$bWilliam
MARC21: usersMARC21: users
US and Canadian LibrariesUS and Canadian Libraries Australia, Spain, etcAustralia, Spain, etc Users of library systems which support no Users of library systems which support no
other formatother format
Competition for MARCCompetition for MARC
HTMLHTML XMLXML ONIXONIX Dublin Core Dublin Core (equivalent to Cataloguing Rules)(equivalent to Cataloguing Rules)
HTML exampleHTML example<html><body><html><body>
<a name=top><a name=top>
<TABLE BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD <TABLE BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD WIDTH="10%"> </TD><TD WIDTH="80%"><P ALIGN="LEFT"><form WIDTH="10%"> </TD><TD WIDTH="80%"><P ALIGN="LEFT"><form action="/cgi-bin/wwwi32.exe/[in=ah/ah.in]" method="POST">action="/cgi-bin/wwwi32.exe/[in=ah/ah.in]" method="POST">
<tr><td align=right valign=top><font size=+1><i>Title</i></td><td> <tr><td align=right valign=top><font size=+1><i>Title</i></td><td> </td> <td valign=top>Tales of the Amber Sea, fairy tales of the peoples of Estonia, </td> <td valign=top>Tales of the Amber Sea, fairy tales of the peoples of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, compiled and retold in English by Irina Zheleznova, Latvia, and Lithuania, compiled and retold in English by Irina Zheleznova, illustrated by Anatoly Bilyukin</td></tr>illustrated by Anatoly Bilyukin</td></tr>
<tr><td align=right valign=top><font size=+1><i>Imprint/Date</i></td><td> <tr><td align=right valign=top><font size=+1><i>Imprint/Date</i></td><td> </td> <td valign=top>Moscow : Raduga Publishers, 1974</td></tr> </td> <td valign=top>Moscow : Raduga Publishers, 1974</td></tr>
<tr><td align=right valign=top><font size=+1><i>Extent</i></td><td> <tr><td align=right valign=top><font size=+1><i>Extent</i></td><td> </td> <td valign=top>259 p. : col. ill. ; 22 cm.</td></tr> </td> <td valign=top>259 p. : col. ill. ; 22 cm.</td></tr>
<tr><td align=right valign=top><font size=+1><i>Control No.</i></td><td> <tr><td align=right valign=top><font size=+1><i>Control No.</i></td><td> </td> <td valign=top>5050011736; 88180059</td></tr> </td> <td valign=top>5050011736; 88180059</td></tr>
<tr><td align=right valign=top><font size=+1><i>Notes</i></td><td> <tr><td align=right valign=top><font size=+1><i>Notes</i></td><td> </td> <td valign=top>English language ed. originally published by </td> <td valign=top>English language ed. originally published by Progress Publishers, 1974.</td></tr>Progress Publishers, 1974.</td></tr>
<tr><td align=right valign=top><font size=+1><i>Subjects</i></td><td> <tr><td align=right valign=top><font size=+1><i>Subjects</i></td><td> </td> <td valign=top>Fairy tales. Estonia; Fairy tales. Lithuania; Fairy </td> <td valign=top>Fairy tales. Estonia; Fairy tales. Lithuania; Fairy tales. Latvia</td></tr>tales. Latvia</td></tr>
<tr><td align=right valign=top><font size=+1><i>Other authors</i></td><td> <tr><td align=right valign=top><font size=+1><i>Other authors</i></td><td> </td> <td valign=top>Zheleznova, Irina L'vovna; Bilyukin, </td> <td valign=top>Zheleznova, Irina L'vovna; Bilyukin, Anatoly. ill</td></tr>Anatoly. ill</td></tr>
<tr><td align=right valign=top><font size=+1><i>Class no.</i></td><td> <tr><td align=right valign=top><font size=+1><i>Class no.</i></td><td> </td><td valign=top>TAL</td></tr> </td><td valign=top>TAL</td></tr>
<tr><td align=right valign=top><font size=+1><i> Copies</i></td><td> <tr><td align=right valign=top><font size=+1><i> Copies</i></td><td> </td> <td valign=top><font size=-1>Ivy House<B>, Shelved at: </td> <td valign=top><font size=-1>Ivy House<B>, Shelved at: 398.209474 TAL (Folktales Collection)</B><br></font></td></tr>398.209474 TAL (Folktales Collection)</B><br></font></td></tr>
<tr><td align=right valign=top><font size=+1><i> <a name=bottom> <tr><td align=right valign=top><font size=+1><i> <a name=bottom> </i></td><td> </td> <td valign=top> </td></tr></i></td><td> </td> <td valign=top> </td></tr>
</table></table>
</body></html></body></html>
XML: ONIX XML: ONIX <?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE ONIXMessage SYSTEM "onix-international.dtd">
<ONIXMessage release="1.1">
<FromCompany>B2B Soluciones</FromCompany>
<FromPerson>Horacio Gonzalez [email protected] (5411) 4590-2394</FromPerson>
<ToCompany>EDItEUR</ToCompany>
<ToPerson>David Martin +44 (0)20 8843 8607</ToPerson>
<MessageNumber>1</MessageNumber>
<SentDate>200007311330</SentDate><PersonName>Ernesto Sábato</PersonName>
<PersonNameInverted>Sábato, Ernesto</PersonNameInverted>
<NumberOfPages>149</NumberOfPages>
<MainSubject>
<MainSubjectSchemeIdentifier>25</MainSubjectSchemeIdentifier>
<SubjectCode>863A</SubjectCode>
<SubjectHeadingText>Narrativa argentina</SubjectHeadingText>
</MainSubject>
<AudienceCode>01</AudienceCode>
<ImprintName>Seix Barral</ImprintName>
<PublisherName>Planeta</PublisherName>
<CountryOfPublication>AR</CountryOfPublication>
<PublicationDate>200005</PublicationDate>
<CopyrightYear>2000</CopyrightYear>
</Product>
</ONIXMessage>
Dublin CoreDublin Core
Dublin Core is an identification for Dublin Core is an identification for machine-readable datamachine-readable data The title pageThe title page The indexThe index The CIP (Cataloguing in Publication)The CIP (Cataloguing in Publication)
Not the Dublin CoreNot the Dublin Core
Dublin Core is NOT The bibliographic Dublin Core is NOT The bibliographic record: hence it is not easy to convert it to record: hence it is not easy to convert it to MARC21, UNIMARC or CCF any more MARC21, UNIMARC or CCF any more than a title page in a book can be converted than a title page in a book can be converted without intellectual effort into a standard without intellectual effort into a standard formatformat
ConclusionConclusion
Bibliographic exchange formats have led to Bibliographic exchange formats have led to some fossilisation of bibliographic systems some fossilisation of bibliographic systems or a stable environmentor a stable environment
ConclusionConclusion
Exchange formats:Exchange formats:*promote building of catalogues*promote building of catalogues*serve a different purpose from the *serve a different purpose from the
more more recently-developed kinds recently-developed kinds of of metadatametadata
