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Where Do We Go From Here? The Final Exam has been scheduled! Wednesday, December 18 th 8-10 am (!) Kinesiology B 126 Production Final: Just like the production exercises, except without the sound files to guide you! Due on December 18 th, by 5 pm Will be ed to you with the results of Production Exercise #4 On Friday, we’ll have a brief review for the final exam.
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Stop Acoustics and Glides
December 2, 2013
Where Do We Go From Here?• The Final Exam has been scheduled!
• Wednesday, December 18th
• 8-10 am (!)
• Kinesiology B 126
• Production Final:
• Just like the production exercises, except without the sound files to guide you!
• Due on December 18th, by 5 pm
• Will be e-mailed to you with the results of Production Exercise #4
• On Friday, we’ll have a brief review for the final exam.
Stop Acoustics Overview• Stages of Stop Production
1. Closing
2. Closure
3. Release
4. Opening
• Acoustic Cues for Place of Articulation
1. Formant transition out of vowel
2. Closure voicing {or nothing}
3. Release burst
4. Formant transition into vowel
Release Bursts• The acoustic characteristics of a stop release burst tend to resemble those of a fricative made at the same place of articulation.
• Ex: labial release bursts have a very diffuse spectrum, just like bilabial and labio-dental fricatives.
[p] burst
Release Bursts: [t]• Alveolar release bursts tend to lack acoustic energy at the bottom of the spectrum.
• To some extent, higher frequency components are more intense.
[t] burst
Release Bursts: [k]• Velar release bursts are relatively intense.
• They also often have a strong concentration of energy in the 1500-2000 Hz range (F2/F3).
• There can often be multiple [k] release bursts.
[k] burst
Closure Voicing• During the stop closure phase, only low frequency information escapes from the vocal tract (for voiced stops)
• “voicing bar” in spectrogram
• analogy: loud music from the next apartment
Armenian:
[bag]
• This acoustic information provides hardly any cues to place of articulation.
[bag] vs. [bak]• From Armenian (another language from the Caucasus)
[bag] [bak]
Formant Transitions• The resonant frequencies of the vocal tract change as stop gestures enter or exit the closure phase.
• Ex: Formant frequencies usually decrease in making the transition from bilabial stop to vowel (or vice versa)
Formant Transitions: alveolars• For other places of articulation, the type of formant transition that appears is more complex.
• From front vowels into alveolars, F2 tends to slope downward.
• From back vowels into alveolars, F2 tends to slope upwards.
[hid]
[hæd]
Formant Locus• Whether in a front vowel or back vowel context...
• The formant transitions for alveolars tend to point to the same frequency value. ( 1650-1700 Hz)
• This (apparent) frequency value is known as the locus of the formant transition.
• According to one theory of perception...
• the locus frequency can be used by listeners to reliably identify place of articulation.
Velar Transitions• Velar formant transitions do not always have a reliable locus frequency for F2.
• Velars exhibit a lot of coarticulation with neighboring vowels.
• Fronter (more palatal) next to front vowels
• Locus is high: 1950-2000 Hz
• Backer (more velar) next to back vowels
• Locus is lower: < 1500 Hz
• F2 and F3 often come together in velar transitions
• “Velar Pinch”
The Velar Pinch
[bag] [bak]
Fricative Transitions• You get transition cues for fricatives at different places of articulation, too.
• American :
tongue tip between teeth
• British :
tongue tip behind upper teeth
• has a little bit of a transition cue
Transitions
[f] = ?
• In some dialects of English, may be replaced by [f].
• “with”
• “mouth”
• Stephen Fry transcription
• May be distinguished visually: check out the clips.
• Labio-dental and interdental fricatives are the most confusable consonants in English.
Approximants• Approximants = one articulator is close to another, but
without producing audible turbulence.
• They come in two flavors:
1. Glides (English [w], [j])
2. Liquids (English , [l])
• This distinction is also phonological…
• Glides are essentially high-vowel articulations which are not in a syllabic peak.
• In English, liquids may form syllables (or syllable peaks).
Glides• Each glide corresponds to a different high vowel.
Vowel Glide Place
[i] [j] palatal (front, unrounded)
[u] [w] labio-velar (back, rounded)
[y] labial-palatal (front, rounded)
velar (back, unrounded)
Glide Examples• French contrasts palatal, labio-palatal and labio-velar glides:
• Japanese has velar vowels, but not necessarily velar glides...
Glide Acoustics• Glides are shorter than vowels
• They also tend to lack “steady states”
• and exhibit rapid transitions into (or from) vowels
• hence: “glides”
• Also: lower in intensity
• especially in the higher formants
[j] vs. [i]
[w] vs. [u]
Vowel-Glide-Vowel
[iji] [uwu]
More Glides
[wi:] [ju:]
Secondary Articulations• A secondary articulation is made by superimposing a glide-like articulation on top of another constriction elsewhere in the vocal tract.
• Note that secondary articulations are different from double articulations.
• In double articulations, both constrictions are of equal degree.
• Ex: labio-velar stops ([kp])
• With secondary articulations, there are two constrictions with an unequal degree of closure.
• primary articulation: more constricted
• secondary articulation: less constricted
Primary / Secondary• One example of a secondary articulation is velarized .
• Also symbolized:
• Primary articulation: [l]
• direct contact with tongue tip
• Secondary articulation:
• approximation of velum with back of tongue
• The other commonly found secondary articulations are:
• [w] labialization
• [j] palatalization
• pharyngealization
Labialization Examples• In labialization, lip rounding (specifically, protrusion) is superimposed on a fricative or stop constriction.
• Examples from Bura (spoken in Nigeria):
Timing• The reason that [kw] is not transcribed as [kw] has to do with timing.
• [kw]: peak of labial protrusion occurs during stop closure
• [kw]: peak of labial protrusion occurs after stop closure
[k]
[w]
[k]
[w]
velum
lips
velum
lips
[m] vs. [mw]
[mwanta]
Palatalization• Consonants are palatalized by making a secondary [j] constriction.
• Russian has contrastive palatalized consonants.
[p] vs. [pj] vs. [pj]
“sweat” (male name) “drink”