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STORAGE / INTERNET
Spring 2010
What is Booting?
Cold boot Turning on computer that has been powered off
Warm boot Restarting computer that is powered on Warm boot from Windows
desktopWarm boot from system unit
Process of starting or restarting a computer
Image: © Shelly Cashman Vermaat 2004
Types of Memory
RAM (temporary/volatile) Random Access Memory (Primary Storage) Storage for programs and data “Workspace” for the CPU
ROM (permanent/non-volatile) Read Only Memory – does not change Startup instructions for computer (“Boot”) Or – more specialized applications like
games for small computers
Secondary Storage (or Storage) The place where software and data are
kept while not in use. Common types:
Magnetic (hard drive) Optical (CD, DVD) Integrated Circuit (Flash memory USB
sticks, Solid state drives, MP3 player)
Storage - Hard Disks
Step 1.Circuit board controls movement of head actuator and a small motor.
Step 2.Small motor spins platters while computer is running.
Step 3.When software requests a disk access, read/write heads determine current or new location of data.
Step 4.Head actuator positions read/write head arms over correct location on platters to read or write data.
Image: © Shelly Cashman Vermaat 2004
Hard Disks
clearance
read/write head
platter
hair
dustsmoke
A smoke particle, dust particle, or human hair could render drive unusable
Clearance between head and platter is approximately two-millionths of an inch
Image: © Shelly Cashman Vermaat 2004
Hard Disk Capacity
Image: © Shelly Cashman Vermaat 2004
Hard Drive Capacity Explained• If 1 GB = 1,073,741,824 (2^30), then
• 46,102,659,072 bytes / 1,073,741,824 = 42.9 GB
Disks What are tracks and sectors?
Trackis narrow
recording bandthat forms fullcircle on disk
Sector stores up
to512 bytes
of data
Formatting prepares disk for use and marks bad sectors as unusable
Image: © Shelly Cashman Vermaat 2004
Disk Defragmenter
file before defragmentingfragmented disk
file after defragmenting
Reorganizes files and unused space on hard disk so programs run faster
Image: © Shelly Cashman Vermaat 2004
Hard Drives
RPM- Revolutions Per Minute Examples: 7200 RPM, 5400 RPM, 4200 RPM
10,000 RPM
Desktop hard drives usually faster RPM than laptop
Solid State Hard Drive
Data storage device that uses solid-state memory to store data
Emulates a hard disk drive No moving parts, therefore less fragile
and quieter Solid State Drive - Wikipedia Link Laptops More $$$
Other Storage Devices? CD / DVD
Optical drives Laser light burns pits onto
surface Change in height) land to
pit, pit to land) =1, land=0 Single track that spirals
into the center CD - 650 MB to 1 GB DVD - 4.7 GB to 17 GB
Flash Drives Flash Memory Data
Storage Device 64 MB to 64 GB Connect thru USB port
Image from www.haimei.com
Image from www.digitalswirl.com
Flash Memory
Erasable, programmable ROM EEPROM Used for storage devices:
Digital cameras Home video game consoles
Memory Stick, SmartMedia, CompactFlash
BIOS Chip Howstuffworks.com link
Processing… Fastest Faster Fast
Applications
Today’s applications are LARGE in size Not practical to place all of an
application in memory while processing Multitasking
So – what is the solution???
Virtual Memory
Virtual Memory – using a portion of free hard drive space as memory.
Large enough to hold programs and data for all currently running applications
Use main memory as cache for files Just as cache memory, itself, is temporary storage for
CPU. Pages – blocks of hard drive space used for programs
and data
Virtual Memory
Virtual memory contains entire program and data for an application as it runs
RAM contains sections of the program and data recently used
Cache contains the most recent materials used in processing by the CPU
Programs and data moved on an ‘as-needed’ basis
Application Execution Progression…
Hard Drive
Virtual Memory on hard drive
RAM
Cache
CPU/registers
Virtual Memory
Step 1. The operating system transfers the least recently used data and program instructions to disk because memory is needed for other functions.
Step 2. The operating system transfers data and program instructions from disk to memory when they are needed.
Portion of free hard drive space that is used as RAM
Image: © Shelly Cashman Vermaat 2004
How Much Memory??
Depends … Enough to run desired programs and
plan for the future Applications increase in size with each
new version that is released! I would recommend at least: 2 GB – 4 GB RAM to start - more if you can afford it!
Thrashing
Constant movement of materials between disk and main memory
Why?? Memory too small Solution: Increase RAM
Terms – Storage
Boot (Warm/Cold) Disk Defragmentation Flash Memory Hard Disk Page Permanent Storage
(secondary) Platter RAM (temporary)
Read/Write Head ROM RPM Sector Storage devices
Hard Drive, Solid State Drive, CD, DVD, Flash, etc.
Track Thrashing Virtual memory
HOW DOES THE INTERNET WORK?
Spring 2010
What is the Internet?
The Internet involves millions of computers, connected in complex ways to a maze of local and regional networks
Network of Networks
Capital “I” in Internet
Origins of the Internet
1969 Department of Defense established
experimental network connecting 4 research computers
Called ARPANET 1980s National Science Foundation
involved Only scientific, research and academic
institutions (no commercial traffic)
Other Developments…
1989 - E-mail connectivity thru CompuServe and MCI Mail (restrictions lifted)
1991 – move towards private sector Network Access Points (NAPs) Now called Internet Exchange Points (IXPs)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) Companies that connect users to Internet
Verizon, AT&T, Comcast, AOL, NetZero, etc. Communication coordinated through
national and international organizations (standards)
Connect to Internet Ways to connect
Dial-up Broadband
DSL (Digital Subscriber Service) Cable Modem Fiber-Optic Internet (Verizon) Satellite (via a dish)
ISP – Internet Service Provider Find one at www.thelist.com Individual users enter ISP through a POP (point of
presence) Access Point to Internet Physical location that houses servers, routers, switches,
etc. Bank of modems
ISPs maintain multiple POPs for geographic area they serve
Who Owns the Internet? No one company or country can be
considered as owner of Internet Ownership shared among various
entities Coordination:
Internet Society (ISOC) Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Architecture Board (IAB) World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
In the US – ICANN – Internet names and port
numbers
ICANN
Difference Between Internet and Web?
World Wide Web is just one of the services deployed on the Internet Subnetwork Linked documents, use of HTML Early 1990s – First browser
(graphics with text) Mosaic → Netscape
Other services deployed on the Internet include: E-mail, FTP, IM, P2P, Telnet, etc.
What is Internet2?
Internet Address
Find a Web Page?
IP Address
Computers
Static IP address Specified manually and entered into network
tables Permanent address Mostly for file servers
Dynamic IP address Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Ask network for an IP address when you turn it
on (from a pool of available addresses) IP address changes each time computer is used Mostly for Clients (users)
My IP address at home 71.181.178.???
Web Browsers
Internet Explorer, Mozilla FireFox, Netscape Navigator, Opera, Apple Safari
System of communicating Web documents Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Protocol used to transfer Web pages Formatting instructions called:
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
HTML Tags
<html> </html> Begin/End of document
<b> </b> Bold
<p> </p> Paragraph
<title> </title> Title – top of window
<table> </table> Use in tabular form
<ol> </ol> Ordered List
<br> Break (new line)
<img src=“mypicture.gif”> Image
JavaScript – for Interactivity
Allows for local processing (on your machine) instead of on server (server-side processing)
Browser handles some processing chores before transmitting to server
Client-Side Processing Buttons, Check boxes, drop-down lists Error-checking
Advantage Faster response to user interaction
Disadvantage Opens user to possible risks (exploit weakness
in browser)
JavaScript Example<html><head><script type="text/javascript">function show_confirm(){var r=confirm("Press a button");if (r==true) { document.write("You pressed OK!"); }else { document.write("You pressed Cancel!"); }}</script></head><body>
<input type="button" onclick="show_confirm()" value="Show a confirm box" />
</body></html>
Terms – Internet ABILENE (Internet2)
ARPANET (Dept of Defense)
Cable-modem
Client-side processing
Dial-up
DSL
Domain name
DHCP
Domain Name Server
Dynamic IP address
Fiber-Optic
HTML
HTTP
ICANN (2009)
ISP
IP Number / IP Address
Internet2
JavaScript
MAC address
MAGPI
Mosaic / Netscape
National Science Foundation
POP
Satellite
Server-side processing
Static IP address
Top-level domain
WEB BROWSER
World Wide Web Consortium