Storage Systems - units.itmoodle2.units.it/pluginfile.php/253443/mod_resource/content/1... · voltage is possible due to transformers and transmission lines … B. Robyns, et al

Alessandro Massi Pavan

University of Trieste

Department of Engineering and Architecture

Kreuzbergpass (BZ), Italy

June 19th 2019

STORAGE SYSTEMS

Summer School on Energy Giacomo Ciamician

OUTLINE

Introduction

Evolution of the power sector

Power Applications

Technologies and specifications

Market

Conclusions

Trieste - September 19th, 2019

ALESSANDRO MASSI PAVAN, Storage Systems

ELECTRICAL ENERGY

The electrical energy vector has been highly

developed over the past 150 years because it

is extremely practical to use and it is not

pollutant during use

Its transport over long distances at very high

voltage is possible due to transformers and

transmission lines …

B. Robyns, et al.

Energy Storage in Electric Power Grids

Wiley, 2015

Note the pivotal role of AC

More and more Generators (RES) and loads

(also e-vehicles) are today DC and … the power

electronics!



ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE

The weak point of the electricity vector is that

electrical currents cannot be stored directly

It is possible to store electrostatic energy (in

capacitors) or magnetic energy (in

superconducting coils) but the storage capacities

of these solutions are quite limited

In order to obtain substantial storage capacities

electrical energy must be transformed into

another form of energy

B. Robyns, B. Francois, G. Delille, C. Saudemont


Wiley, 2015




Storage in the form of potential energy by means

of turbine (hydro) pumping stations enables large

quantities of energy to be stored, but these

stations must be located in regions able to

provide significant differences in height between

two storage tanks

Electrochemical storage using lead acid batteries

has long been used for onboard applications and

emergency power supplies, and the storage of

kinetic energy by means of flywheels has also

been used




The difficulty of storing electrical energy

explains why the management of

electrical grids has been designed

according to the principle of direct

consumption even when the distance

between production and consumption is

several hundreds kilometers (and even

thousands) B. Robyns, B. Francois, G. Delille, C. Saudemont


Wiley, 2015



ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION?

www.terna.it

The management of electrical grids is based on

the direct consumption of the electrical energy

produced

As consumption is variable, the production must

constantly adapt



http://www.terna.it/

OUTLINE

Introduction


Power Applications


Market

Conclusions



ELECTRICAL SYSTEM EVOLUTION

LOAD

DG

EES

μGRID

SMARTGRID

CENTRALIZED POWER SYSTEMLOAD

DG

EES

μGRID

VIRTUAL POWER SYSTEM (VPP)



MICROGRIDS

1. Distributed Generation (DG)

• Renewable Energy Resources (RES): wind,

photovoltaic, micro hydro, biomass, geothermal, etc.

• Alternative Energy generation technologies: Fuel Cells

(FCs) and micro turbines

• Traditional such as diesel generators

2. Energy Storage Systems (ESS)

3. Controllable Loads



VIRTUAL POWER PLANTS (VPPs)

H. Cech et al. Into the new electricity age with optimal integration of decentralized energy resources – The FENIX Project

XXI World Energy Congress, Montreal, 2010

Different Distributed Energy Resources (RES) at different

locations and size can be integrated to a VPP

The VPP can be deployed as a power plant that is connected to

the electrical grid

P. Asmus. Microgrids, Virtual Power Plants and our Distributed Energy Future

The Electricity Journal, vol. 23, n. 10, pp. 731-741, 2008

VPPs rely upon software systems to remotely and automatically

dispatch and optimize generation or demand side or storage

resources in a single, secure web-connected system



VIRTUAL POWER PLANTS (VPPs)

G. Plancke, K. De Vos, R. Belmans, A. Delnooz

Virtual power Plants: Definitions, Applications and Barriers to the Implementation in the Distribution System

12th

International Conference on the European Energy Market, 2015

A portfolio of Distributed Energy Resources (RESs) which are

connected by a control system based on Information and

Communication Technology (ICT)

The Virtual Power Plant (VPP) acts as a single visible entity in

the power system and is always grid-tied and can be either

static or dynamic

Decentralized energy management system: soluzioni per la gestione di virtual power plant e microgrid

L’Energia Elettrica 35 maggio-giugno 2013

A VPP is an unique unity of production/consumption that can

forecast and guarantee a certain exchange profile and ensure

the ancillary services to the electrical grid



SMART GRIDS

A Smart Grid is an electricity network that can intelligently

integrate the actions of all users connected to it –

generators, consumers and those that assumes both roles –

in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and

secure electricity supplies

A Smart Grid employs innovative products and services

together with intelligent monitoring, control, communication

and self-healing technologies

CIGRE – Network of the Future, 2011

Distribution grids are being transformed from passive to

active: the decision-making and control are distributed and

power flows are bidirectional



EXAMPLE - PV PRODUCTION

Some Renewables (such as for example

photovoltaics and wind power) can present an

intermittent production

G. Chicco, V. Cocina, P. Di Leo, F. Spertino, A. Massi Pavan

Error Assessment of Solar Irradiance Forecasts and AC Power from energy conversion model

In Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems, Energies, 2016



OUTLINE

Introduction


Power Applications


Market

Conclusions



POWER APPLICATIONS

- Grid-connected RES integration

- Plug-in e-Vehicles

- End-User Bill Management

- Peaking Management

- Ancillary Services (e.g. frequency regulation)

- Spinning Reserve

- Uninterruptable Power Systems (UPS)

- ….



POWER APPLICATIONS

Storage can contribute to shift and or

to level the electric energy demand

making it somehow asynchronous with

respect to production

There are two kinds of applications:

- Power applications: peak shaving

- Energy application: time shift



PEAK SHAVING

B. Robyns, B. Francois, G. Delille, C. Saudemont


Wiley, 2015

Peak shaving benefits are the reduction of component-

system costs

These are achieved using storage units as a temporary

solution to relieve part of the system that have

reached their limits



TIME SHIFT

P. Denholm, M. O’Connell, G. Brinkman, J. Jorgenson

Overgeneration from Solar Energy in California: a Field Guide to the Duck Chart

NREL Report, 2015

Time shift enables (for example) optimal use of

renewables in power systems (Utility Scale Systems)

The Overgeneration risk may occur when conventional

dispatchable resources can not be backed down

further to accommodate the supply of variable

generation (such as for example wind or PV)

The system operator could decrease the output of

wind or PV power

This can be not easy to implement and it is

undesirable as it reduces the economic and

environmental benefits of renewable generation



TIME SHIFT

Time shift enables optimal use of renewables at the

final customer/producer (domestic and C&I systems)

level

Overgeneration may occur when the customer do not

need the produced energy

In this case the customer can decide either to

sell/exchange the produced energy with the grid or to

store it



TIME SHIFT

https://www.caiso.com/Documents/FlexibleResourcesHelpRenewables_FastFacts.pdf



https://www.caiso.com/Documents/FlexibleResourcesHelpRenewables_FastFacts.pdf

As an example, the System Operator “California ISO” requires

flexible resources able to:

- Sustain upward or downward ramps

- Change ramp direction quickly

- Store energy

- Start with short notice

- Start and stop multiple times per day

- Accurately forecast operating capability

The resource mix would benefit from resources with energy

storage capabilities and demand side response capabilities to help

meet real-time system condition

NEED OF FLEXIBLE RESOURCES



STORAGE LEVELS

1. Power Stations

2. Transmission Networks (Substations - CP)

3. Distribution Networks (Substations CS)

4. Distributed Generators

5. Passive C&I and Residential Customers

6. Electrical Vehicles

7. …

CENTRALIZED STORAGE

DISTRIBUTED STORAGE



Introduction


Power Applications


Market

Conclusions

OUTLINE



MAIN TECHNOLOGIES

• Hydraulic

• Compressed air

• Thermal

• Electrochemical (batteries)

• Hydrogen (fuel cells)

Long-term

(minutes – months)

• Kinetic (flywheels)

• Supercapacitors

• Electromagnetic

(superconducting coils)

short-term

(seconds – minutes)





http://22passi.blogspot.it/2012/08/diagramma-di-ragone.html

RAGONE PLOT

http://22passi.blogspot.it/2012/08/diagramma-di-ragone.html

COMPARISON OF MAJOR

TECHNOLOGIES

World Energy Resources

E-Storage 2016

World Energy Council



COMPARISON

E. Tironi

Electrical Storage for Low Voltage Distribution Networks

Summer School on Energy Giacomo Ciamician, 2015

Lead acid batteries Lithium-ion batteries Supercapacitors Flywheels

Specific Energy

[Wh/kg]30 -50 90 - 190 2 - 5 10 - 50

Specific Power

[W/kg]10 -100 200 - 800 100 – 4,000 500 – 3,000

Life Cycles 200 -300 500 - 2,000 1,000,000 20 years



BATTERIES

• Lead-acid: widely used in the automotive

industry, relatively cheap, well known

technology, relatively sensitive to temperature,

low emissions of gas, low O&M, low specific

energy (50-80Wh/l), low number of cycles

• Lithium-ion: higher specific energy (200-400),

low self-discharge, no maintenance, high number

of cycles, more expensive



BATTERIES

• Sodium-sulfur (NaS): liquid electrodes (T above 300°C),

high lifespan (15 years) and higher number of cycles,

large specific energy, for supporting the electrical grid

• Sodium-nickel chloride (NaNiCl2): ZEBRA very high energy

density

• Nickel-cadmium (NiCd): better power performances than

lead acid, for professional use only (concerns for

cadmium) forklifts

• Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH): partially replaced NiCd

technology for the public market



HOW TO CHOOSE?

The choice of the most suitable technology for a

storage unit depends on the application

V. Musolino, L. Piegari, E. Tironi

Technical and Economical Evaluation of Storage Systems in Naval Applications

IEEE ICCEP 2013

A cost analysis should

consider:

- Cost of the system

- Cost of monitoring

- Cost of the converter

- Storage efficiency

- Storage life time

- O&M costs

- Replacement costs



OUTLINE

Introduction


Power Applications


Market

Conclusions



GLOBAL STORAGE CAPACITY



REN 21, 2017

PRODUCT PRICES

O. Schmidt et al.

The future of electrical energy storage based on experience rates

Nature Energy 2017



CONSUMPTION: 0.18 kWh/km

In Italy: 37 million carsAverage mileage: 12000 km/yearIf electric they’d consume: 80 TWh(luxury, not economy car!)

Italy, 2014: 121 TWh from RENEWABLES (ca. 41.5% of total cons.)

49% 19% 13% 5%16%Nicola Armaroli

Masteclass Giacomo Ciamician: the Transition to a Sun-Powered World, 2016

THE MICROGRID @ THE UNITS



CHARGING PRICE



PV2EV ST2EV Grid2EV

Energy [kWh] 422 2,132 971

% of Echarg α = 12 β = 60 γ = 28

Energy prices

[€/kWh]0.076 0.17 0.197

Average charging price = 0.166 €/kWh

TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP



SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS



TCO/KM [€]Battery Price [€/kWh]

150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Bat

tery

Siz

e [k

Wh

]

1 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.345 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34

10 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.3415 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.35 0.3520 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.3525 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.3630 0.34 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.3735 0.34 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.3740 0.34 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38

CONCLUSIONS

o The power sector is rapidly changing

o The sector of renewable energy sources-based

distributed generators is booming

o A broad number of application (time and peak-shift)

o The main technologies are pumped hydro and Li-ion

batteries (energy applications) – supercapacitors

and flywheels (power applications)

o The market is growing and prices are reducing



Alessandro Massi Pavan

[email protected]

Kreuzbergpass (BZ), Italy

June 19th 2019

THANKS!

Summer School on Energy Giacomo Ciamician

mailto:[email protected]