Storing Organizational Information - Databases

7/17/2019 Storing Organizational Information - Databases

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McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved

Chapter 7Chapter 7

Storing OrganizationalStoring Organizational

Information - DatabasesInformation - Databases


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Learning Outcomes

7.1 Define the fundamental concepts of therelational database model

7.2 Ealuate the adantages of therelational database model

7.! Compare relational integrit"constraints and business-criticalintegrit" constraints


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Learning Outcomes

7.# Describe the benefits of a data drien$eb site

7.% Describe the t&o primar" methods forintegrating information across multipledatabases


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Relational Database

Fundamentals

' Information is eer"&here in an

organization

' Information is stored in databases

( Database( maintains information about

arious t"pes of ob)ects *inentor"+, eents

*transactions+, people *emplo"ees+, and

places *&arehouses+


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Relational Database

Fundamentals

' Database models include

( Hierarchical database model( information is

organized into a tree-lie structure *using

parent/child relationships+ in such a &a" that itcannot hae too man" relationships

( Network database model( a fle0ible &a" of

representing ob)ects and their relationships( Relational database model( stores information

in the form of logicall" related t&o-dimensional

tables


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Entities and Attributes

' Entity( a person, place, thing, transaction, or

eent about &hich information is stored

( he ro&s in each table contain the entities

( In igure 7.1 C3SO4E5 includes Dae6s Sub Shopand izza alace entities

' Attributes (fields, columns)( characteristics or

properties of an entit" class( he columns in each table contain the attributes

( In igure 7.1 attributes for C3SO4E5 include

Customer ID, Customer 8ame, Contact 8ame


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Kes and Relations!i"s

' rimar" e"s and foreign e"s identif" the

arious entit" classes *tables+ in the

database

( Primary key( a field *or group of fields+ that

uni9uel" identifies a gien entit" in a table

( Forein key( a primar" e" of one table that

appears an attribute in another table and actsto proide a logical relationship among the

t&o tables


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Kes and Relations!i"s' otential relational database for Coca-Cola


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Relational Database Ad%antages

' Database adantages from a business

perspectie include

( Increased fle0ibilit"

( Increased scalabilit" and performance

( 5educed information redundanc"

( Increased information integrit" *9ualit"+

( Increased information securit"


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(ncreased Fle)ibilit

' : &ell-designed database should

( ;andle changes 9uicl" and easil"

( roide users &ith different ie&s

( ;ae onl" one ph"sical ie&

' Physical !iew( deals &ith the ph"sical storage of

information on a storage deice eg hard dis

( ;ae multiple logical ie&s' "oical !iew* focuses on ho& users logicall"

access information

( Eg a mail-order buss- 2 people ie& diff

format *logical ie&s+ but same ph"sical ie&


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(ncreased +calabilit and ,erormance

' : database must scale to meet increased

demand, &hile maintaining acceptable

performance leels

( #calability( refers to ho& &ell a s"stem can

adapt to increased demands

( Performance( measures ho& 9uicl" a

s"stem performs a certain process ortransaction


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Reduced (normation Redundanc

' Databases reduce information

redundanc"

( Redundancy( the duplication of information

or storing the same information in multiple

places

' Inconsistenc" is one of the primar"problems &ith redundant information-difficult todecide &hich is most current and most accurate


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(ncrease (normation (ntegrit ./ualit0

' $nformation interity( measures the9ualit" of information

' $nterity constraint( rules that help ensurethe 9ualit" of information( Relational interity constraint%rule that enforces

basic and fundamental information-based constraints( Eg. 3sers cannot create an order for a none0istent

customer, proide a marup percentage that &asnegatie etc


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(ncreased (normation +ecurit

' Information is an organizational asset and must

be protected

' Databases offer seeral securit" featuresincluding

( ,ass1ord( proides authentication of the user

(Accessle%el( determines &ho has access to thedifferent t"pes of information

( Accesscontrol( determines t"pes of user access,

such as read-onl" access


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Database anagement +stems

' Database manaement systems (D&'#)

soft&are through &hich users and application

programs interact &ith a database


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D::-D5I=E8 $E> SIES

' Data%dri!en eb sites( an interactie $eb

site ept constantl" updated and releant to

the needs of its customers through the use of

a database


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Data-Drien $eb Site >usiness

:dantages' De%elo"ment :llo&s the $eb site o&ner to mae changes

an" time?all &ithout haing to rel" on a deeloper or no&ing ;4@

programming. : &ell-structured, data-drien $eb site enables

updating &ith little or no training.

' ontent management: static $eb site re9uires aprogrammer to mae updates. his adds an unnecessar" la"er

bet&een the business and its $eb content, &hich can lead to

misunderstandings and slo& turnarounds for desired changes.

'Future e)"andabilit

;aing a data-drien $eb site

enables the site to gro& faster than &ould be possible &ith a static

site. Changing the la"out, displa"s, and functionalit" of the site

*adding more features and sections+ is easier &ith a data-drien

solution.


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' inimiing !uman error Een the most competentprogrammer charged &ith the tas of maintaining man" pages &ill oerloo

things and mae mistaes. his &ill lead to bugs and inconsistencies that

can be time consuming and e0pensie to trac do&n and fi0. 3nfortunatel",

users &ho come across these bugs &ill liel" become irritated and ma"

leae the site. : &ell-designed, data-drien $eb site &ill hae Aerror

trappingA mechanisms to ensure that re9uired information is filled out

correctl" and that content is entered and displa"ed in its correct format.

' utting "roduction and u"date costs : data-drien$eb site can be updated and ApublishedA b" an" competent data entr" or

administratie person. In addition to being conenient and more affordable,changes and updates &ill tae a fraction of the time that the" &ould &ith a

static site. $hile training a competent programmer can tae months or

een "ears, training a data entr" person can be done in !B to B minutes.


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' ore eicient >" their er" nature, computers are e0cellent ateeping olumes of information intact. $ith a data-drien solution, the

s"stem eeps trac of the templates, so users do not hae to. lobal

changes to la"out, naigation, or site structure &ould need to be

programmed onl" once, in one place, and the site itself &ill tae care of

propagating those changes to the appropriate pages and areas. : data-

drien infrastructure &ill improe the reliabilit" and stabilit" of a $eb site,&hile greatl" reducing the chance of AbreaingA some part of the site &hen

adding ne& areas.

' (m"ro%ed +tabilit :n" programmer &ho has to update a $ebsite from AstaticA templates must be er" organized to eep trac of all the

source files. If a programmer leaes une0pectedl", it could inole re-creating e0isting &or if those source files cannot be found. lus, if there

&ere an" changes to the templates, the ne& programmer must be careful to

use onl" the latest ersion. $ith a data-drien $eb site, there is peace of

mind, no&ing the content is neer lost?een if "our programmer is.


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Data-Drien >usiness Intelligence

' >I in a data-drien $eb site


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(ntegrating (normation

among ulti"le Databases

' $nteration( allo&s separate s"stems tocommunicate directl" &ith each other( Forward interation( taes information

entered into a gien s"stem and sends itautomaticall" to all do&nstream s"stems andprocesses

( &ackward interation( taes information

entered into a gien s"stem and sends itautomaticall" to all upstream s"stems andprocesses


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among ulti"le Databases' Forward interation


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' &ackward interation


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' >uilding a central repositor" specificall"

for integrated information


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' $ithout integration, an organization &ill

( Spend considerable time entering the same

info in multiple s"stem

( Suffer from the lo& 9ualit" and inconsistenc"

t"picall" embedded in redundant info.


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O,E( A+E +89D: /9E+8(O+

It aes : =illage to $rite an Enc"clopedia

1. Identif" the different t"pes of entit" classes

that might be stored in $iipedia6s database

2. E0plain &h" database technolog" is soimportant to $iipedia6s business model

!. E0plain the difference bet&een logical andph"sical ie&s and &h" logical ie&s are

important to $iipedia6s customers


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C;:E5 SE=E8 C:SE

eeper of the e"s

' :lmost FB million people had their personal

information stolen or lost b" organizations

( >an of :merica 1.2 million customers

( CardS"stems #B million customers

( Citigroup !.F million customers

( DS$ Shoe $arehouse 1.# million customers.

( GH Companies #%. million customers

( $achoia 7,BBB customers


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Chapter Seen Case uestions

1. How many organizations have yourpersonal information, including your SocialSecurity number, bank account numbers,and credit card numbers?

2. hat information is stored at your college?!s there any chance your information couldbe hacked and stolen from your college?

". hat can you do to protect yourself fromidentity theft?


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Chapter Seen Case uestions

#. $o you agree or disagree with changing lawsto hold the company where the data theftoccurred accountable? hy or why not?

%. hat impact would holding the companyliable where the data theft occurred have onlarge organizations?

&. hat impact would holding the companyliable where the data theft occurred have onsmall business?

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Storing Organizational Information - Databases