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8/6/2019 Strategic Manoeuvering in Argumentative Confrontations
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Rhetoric and/asRhetoric and/as StrategicStrategic
ManoeuvringManoeuvringSTRATEGIC MANOEUVRINGSTRATEGIC MANOEUVRING
IN ARGUMENTATIVEIN ARGUMENTATIVECONFRONTATIONS,CONFRONTATIONS,
PanelPanel convenedconvened byby FransFrans van Eemeren & Petervan Eemeren & PeterHoutlosser.Houtlosser.
DiscussantDiscussant
: Igor Z. Zagar,: Igor Z. Zagar,
EducationalEducational
ResearchResearch
Institute &Institute & UniversityUniversity ofofPrimorskaPrimorskaEE--mailmail:: [email protected]@guest.arnes.si
WWW:WWW: www.igorzagar.netwww.igorzagar.net
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.igorzagar.net/http://www.igorzagar.net/http://www.igorzagar.net/mailto:[email protected]8/6/2019 Strategic Manoeuvering in Argumentative Confrontations
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Rhetoric and/asRhetoric and/as StrategicStrategic
ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- InIn pragmapragma--dialectics dialectic is defineddialectics dialectic is defined
pragmatically as a method for dealingpragmatically as a method for dealingsystematically with critical exchanges insystematically with critical exchanges in
verbal communication and interaction thatverbal communication and interaction that
amounts to the pragmatic application ofamounts to the pragmatic application of
logic, a collaborative method of puttinglogic, a collaborative method of putting
logic into use so as to move fromlogic into use so as to move fromconjecture and opinion to more secureconjecture and opinion to more secure
beliefbelief (van Eemeren et al., 1996: 214).(van Eemeren et al., 1996: 214).
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Rhetoric and/asRhetoric and/as StrategicStrategic
ManoeuvringManoeuvring As far as it is pertinent toAs far as it is pertinent to pragmapragma--
dialectics, rhetoric is the theoretical studydialectics, rhetoric is the theoretical studyof the potential effectiveness ofof the potential effectiveness of
argumentative discourse in convincing orargumentative discourse in convincing or
persuading an audience in actualpersuading an audience in actual
argumentative practice.argumentative practice. (Van Eemeren & (Van Eemeren &
Houtlosser, 2007)Houtlosser, 2007)
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Rhetoric and/asRhetoric and/as StrategicStrategic
ManoeuvringManoeuvring ......the gap between dialectic and rhetoric can bethe gap between dialectic and rhetoric can be
bridged by introducing the theoretical concept ofbridged by introducing the theoretical concept ofstrategicstrategic manoeuvringmanoeuvring (van Eemeren & (van Eemeren &
Houtlosser, 2002).Houtlosser, 2002). StrategicStrategic manoeuvringmanoeuvring
refers to the efforts arguers make inrefers to the efforts arguers make inargumentative discourse to reconcile aimingargumentative discourse to reconcile aiming
for rhetorical effectiveness with maintainingfor rhetorical effectiveness with maintaining
dialectical standards of reasonableness.dialectical standards of reasonableness.(Van Eemeren & Houtlosser, 2007)(Van Eemeren & Houtlosser, 2007)
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Rhetoric and/asRhetoric and/as StrategicStrategic
ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- SM and (some)SM and (some) historicalhistorical backgroundbackground::
Plato andPlato and AristotleAristotle or Platoor Plato vsvs.. AristotleAristotle
-- Plato:Plato: searchsearch forfortruthtruth
-- twotwo kindskinds ofofrhetoricrhetoric::
sophisticalsophistical rhetoricrhetoric ((logographialogographia)) >>
rhetoricrhetoric ofofprobabilityprobability//illusionillusion ((GorgiasGorgias))philosophicalphilosophical rhetoricrhetoric ((psukhagogiapsukhagogia) >) >
dialecticsdialectics ((PhaidrosPhaidros))
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Rhetoric and/asRhetoric and/as StrategicStrategic
ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- dialecticdialectic (as(as educationeducation ofofsoulssouls) =) =
eroticizederoticized rhetoricrhetoric-- eroticizederoticized rhetoricrhetoric thethe gistgist ofofthethe SocraticSocratic
methodmethod-- principlesprinciples ofofSocraticSocratic methodmethod??
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Rhetoric and/asRhetoric and/as StrategicStrategic
ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- AristotleAristotle:: searchsearch forforknowledgeknowledge
-- thethe inventoryinventory ofof((almostalmost)) everythingeverything (map(mapofoflearninglearning))
-- LogicLogic:: universaluniversal andand necessarynecessary-- DialecticDialectic: general and: general and possiblepossible
-- Rhetoric:Rhetoric: particularparticularandand probableprobable
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Rhetoric and/asRhetoric and/as StrategicStrategic
ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- BUT:BUT: therethere is nois no gapgap betweenbetween rhetoricrhetoric andand
dialecticdialectic, or, orbetweenbetween dialecticdialectic andand logiclogic..-- RATHER:RATHER:
-- dialecticdialectic isis necessarynecessary toto consolidateconsolidate((amongamong otherotherthingsthings)) thethe firstfirst principlesprinciples ofoflogiclogic//sciencescience;;
-- whilewhile rhetoricrhetoric (in a(in a wayway)) givesgives groundsgrounds forfordialecticaldialectical enterpriseenterprise..
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Rhetoric and/asRhetoric and/as StrategicStrategic
ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- TheThe twotwo ZenosZenos::
-- ZenoZeno thethe StoicistStoicist ((afterafterPlato andPlato and AristotleAristotle))
rhetoricrhetoric == anan openopen handhand (palm)(palm)
dialecticdialectic = a= a fistfist
-- differencedifference ofofmethodmethod,, becausebecause thethe addresseesaddressees
areare differentdifferent,, whilewhile thethe goalgoal isis thethe same:same: totopersuadepersuade ((aboutabout whatwhat?)?)
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Rhetoric and/asRhetoric and/as StrategicStrategic
ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- ZenoZeno ofofEleaElea
creditedcredited byby AristotleAristotle asas thethe inventorinventor ofofdialecticaldialectical argumentsarguments
-- DialecticalDialectical argumentsarguments vsvs.. dialecticaldialectical methodmethod//artart
-- DialecticDialectic ((accordingaccording toto AristotleAristotle): a): a
techniquetechnique//methodmethod ofofarguingarguing fromfrom aa specialspecial
classclass ofofpremisespremises calledcalled endoxaendoxa ((commoncommonbeliefsbeliefs).).
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Rhetoric and/asRhetoric and/as StrategicStrategic
ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- AA ratherratherfamousfamous quotequote aboutabout dialecticaldialectical methodmethod ((fromfrom EudemianEudemian
EthicsEthics):):
WeWe mustmust trytry,, byby argument, toargument, to reachreach aa convincingconvincing conclusionconclusion ((zeteinzeteintentenpistinpistin) on) on allall thesethese questionsquestions,, usingusing, as, as testimonytestimony andand byby wayway ofofexampleexample,, whatwhat appearsappears toto bebe thethe casecase.. ForForitit wouldwould bebe bestbest ififeveryoneeveryone shouldshould turnturn outout toto agreeagree withwith ((phainesthaiphainesthaisunomologountassunomologountas)) whatwhat wewe areare goinggoing toto saysay;; ififnotnot thatthat,, thatthat theythey
shouldshould allall agreeagree in ain a wayway andand willwillagreeagree afterafteraa changechange ofofmindmind((hoperhopermetabibazomenoimetabibazomenoipoiesousinpoiesousin);); forforeacheach manman hashas somethingsomethingofofhishis ownown toto contributecontribute toto thethe findingfinding ofofthethe truthtruth ((echeiecheigargarhekastoshekastosoikeionoikeion titiprospros tenten aletheianaletheian); and it is); and it is fromfrom suchsuch thatthat wewe mustmust demonstratedemonstrate:: beginningbeginning withwith thingsthings thatthat areare
correctlycorrectly saidsaid,, butbut notnot clearlyclearly, as, as wewe proceedproceed wewe shallshall comecome totoexpressexpress themthem clearlyclearly,, withwith whatwhat is moreis more perspicuousperspicuous atat eacheachstagestage supersedingsuperseding whatwhat isis customarilycustomarily expressedexpressed in ain a confusedconfusedfashionfashion.. (1216b26(1216b26--35)35)
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Rhetoric and/asRhetoric and/as StrategicStrategic
ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- FromFrom thethe TopicsTopics::
SometimesSometimes,, eveneven ififaa falsehoodfalsehood hashas beenbeen supposedsupposed, it, itshouldshould bebe refutedrefuted byby meansmeans ofoffalsehoodsfalsehoods.. ForFornothingnothingpreventsprevents thingsthings whichwhich are not soare not so seemingseeming more so tomore so tosomesome individualindividual thanthan whatwhat isis truetrue, so, so thatthat ififthethe argumentargument
arisesarises fromfrom whatwhat seemsseems so toso to thatthat personperson,, hehe willwill bebemoremore effectivelyeffectively persuadedpersuaded ororbenefitedbenefited. And. And whoeverwhoeverchangeschanges mindsminds ((metabibazontametabibazonta)) wellwell mustmust changechange themthemdialecticallydialectically, not, not contentiouslycontentiously ((justjust asas thethe geometergeometer
mustmust do sodo so geometricallygeometrically),), nono mattermatterwhetherwhetherthetheconclusionconclusion drawndrawn isis falsefalse orortruetrue.. (161a30 (161a30--36)36)
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Rhetoric and/asRhetoric and/as StrategicStrategic
ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- TheThe pointpoint ofofthethe passagepassage:: dialecticaldialectical argumentsarguments
areare alwaysalways directeddirected atat someonesomeone andand relyrely onon thatthat
personperson's's opinionsopinions.. IfIfmymy goalgoal is tois to persuadepersuade youyou,,itit willwill do me nodo me no goodgood toto useuse truetrue premisespremises whichwhichyouyou do notdo not believebelieve..
-- WhichWhich is tois to saysay: To ': To 'changechange mindsminds' is to' is to leadleadpeoplepeople toto havehave differentdifferent beliefsbeliefs, and, and thatthat cancanonlyonly bebe accomplishedaccomplished rationallyrationally byby beginningbeginningwithwith beliefsbeliefs theythey actuallyactually dodo havehave..
-- RhetoricalRhetorical strategystrategy parparexcellenceexcellence: not: notdiscoveringdiscovering thethe truthtruth butbut persuadingpersuading othersothers totobelievebelieve (it).(it).
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Rhetoric and/asRhetoric and/as StrategicStrategic
ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- AnotherAnotherdefinitiondefinition ofofdialecticaldialectical methodmethod ((TopicsTopics,, firstfirst
sentencesentence):):
...a...a methodmethod fromfrom whichwhich wewe willwill bebe ableable toto syllogizesyllogize fromfromcommoncommon beliefsbeliefs ((endoxaendoxa)) aboutabout everyevery topictopicproposedproposed to usto us, and, and willwill saysay nothingnothing conflictingconflicting whenwhen
wewe givegive anan accountaccount ourselvesourselves..-- OneOne ofofthethe definitionsdefinitions ofofrhetoricrhetoric (in(in RhetoricRhetoric):): rhetoricalrhetorical
artart is ais a kindkind ofofhybridhybrid ofofthethe dialecticaldialectical artart ((dialektikedialektike) and) andethicsethics:: orationsorations areare directeddirected atat individualsindividuals, and, and wewe mustmust
understandunderstand thethe opinionsopinions theythey havehave inin orderordertoto persuadepersuadethemthem..
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Rhetoric and/asRhetoric and/as StrategicStrategic
ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- But,But, whatwhat isis persuasivepersuasive??
-- RhetoricRhetoric(1356b28(1356b28--35): 35): ForForsincesince whatwhat isis persuasivepersuasive isis persuasivepersuasive
toto someonesomeone (and(and sometimessometimes isis directlydirectly persuasivepersuasive andand convincingconvincingthroughthrough itselfitself,, sometimessometimes becausebecause ofofappearingappearing toto bebe provedprovedthroughthrough suchsuch thingsthings),), butbut nono artart investigatesinvestigates thethe particularparticular(e.g.,(e.g.,medicinemedicine doesdoes notnot investigateinvestigate whatwhat isis healthfulhealthful forforSocrates orSocrates orCalliasCallias,, butbut ratherratherwhatwhat is sois so forforthisthis typetype ororthesethese typestypes ofofpersonperson--
forforthisthis isis artfulartful,, butbut thethe individualindividual isis infiniteinfinite ((apeironapeiron) and not) and notknowableknowable ((epistetonepisteton)),)), thenthen neitherneitherwillwill rhetoricrhetoric studystudy whatwhat isisindividuallyindividually acceptableacceptable ((toto kathkath''hekastonhekaston endoxonendoxon), e.g., to), e.g., toSocrates or toSocrates or to HippiasHippias,, butbut ratherratherwhatwhat is so to suchsuch--andand--suchsuch peoplepeople ((toistois toioisditoioisdi),),justjust likelike dialecticdialectic..
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Rhetoric and/asRhetoric and/as StrategicStrategic
ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- WhatWhat isis thethe differencedifference betweenbetween demonstrationdemonstration,,
dialecticdialectic, and, and rhetoricrhetoric??
-- DemonstrationDemonstration:: startingstarting fromfrom thethe firstfirst principlesprinciples,,conclusionconclusion entailedentailed byby itsits premisespremises, no dialog, no dialog((twotwo partiesparties)) neededneeded;;
-- DialecticDialectic:: discussesdiscusses, not, not establishesestablishes,, thesethese firstfirstprinciplesprinciples ((amongamong otherotherthingsthings););
-- Rhetoric:Rhetoric: providesprovides thethe toolstools andand meansmeans forforanyany
kindkind ofofdiscussiondiscussion ((dialecticaldialectical asas wellwell).).
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Rhetoric and/asRhetoric and/as StrategicStrategic
ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- StrategicStrategic manoeuvringmanoeuvring manifests itself inmanifests itself in
argumentative discourse in the choicesargumentative discourse in the choicesthat are made from thethat are made from the topical potentialtopical potential
available at a certain stage in theavailable at a certain stage in the
discourse, indiscourse, in audienceaudience--directed framingdirected framing
of the argumentative moves, and in theof the argumentative moves, and in the
purposive use ofpurposive use ofpresentationalpresentationaldevices.devices. (Van Eemeren & Houtlosser, (Van Eemeren & Houtlosser,
2007)2007)
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Rhetoric and/asRhetoric and/as StrategicStrategic
ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- FiveFive canonscanons ofofrhetoricrhetoric ((officiaofficia oratorisoratoris):):
-- INVENTIO (INVENTIO (findingfinding argumentsarguments))
-- DISPOSITIO (DISPOSITIO (arrangingarranging argumentsarguments))
-- ELOCUTIO (ELOCUTIO (puttingputting argumentsarguments intointo wordswords))
-- MEMORIA (MEMORIA (memorizingmemorizing thethe speechspeech))
-- ACTIO (ACTIO (deliveringdelivering thethe speechspeech))
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Rhetoric and/asRhetoric and/as StrategicStrategic
ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- INVENTIO (inINVENTIO (in threethree stepssteps):):
1.1. StasisStasis (status(status causaecausae))
2.2. RhetoricalRhetorical analysisanalysis3.3. QuestionsQuestions andand topicstopics
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Rhetoric and/asRhetoric and/as StrategicStrategic
ManoeuvringManoeuvringAdAd 1/1:1/1: StasisStasis
1)1) StasisStasis ofofconjectureconjecture//factfact
2)2) StasisStasis ofofdefinitiondefinition3)3) StasisStasis ofofqualityquality
4)4) StasisStasis ofofplaceplace
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Rhetoric and/asRhetoric and/as StrategicStrategic
ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- AdAd 1/2:1/2: IllustrationIllustration fromfrom pseudopseudo--AugustineAugustine ((RLMRLM143.25143.25
145.33145.33 HalmHalm):):
P(P(rosecutorrosecutor):): TheThe general isgeneral is guiltyguilty ofofmurdermurder..
D(D(efendantefendant):): TheThe killingkilling waswas lawfullawful..
J(J(uryury):): WasWas thethe killingkilling lawfullawful??
P:P: HeHe killedkilled aa soldiersoldier..
D: ID: I killedkilled himhim becausebecause hehe sworeswore hehe
wouldwould desert.desert.
J:J: WasWas itit lawfullawful forforthethe general togeneral to killkill thethe soldiersoldier
hehe sworeswore hehe wouldwould desert?desert?
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Rhetoric and/asRhetoric and/as StrategicStrategic
ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- AdAd 2:2: RhetoricalRhetorical analysisanalysis (in(in threethree stepssteps):):
1)1) KairosKairos
2)2) TheThe publicpublic3)3) DecorumDecorum
Rh i d/ S i
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Rhetoric and/asRhetoric and/as StrategicStrategic
ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- AdAd 2/2:2/2: decorumdecorum ((fourfourelementselements):):
1)1) CorrectnessCorrectness
2)2) ClarityClarity3)3) VividnessVividness
4)4) OrnatenessOrnatenessCategoriesCategories ofofchangechange??
/Rh t i d/ SSt t i
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Rhetoric and/asRhetoric and/as StrategicStrategic
ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- AdAd 2/3:2/3: CaveatCaveatinin relationrelation to SM:to SM:
...... Among the modes of expression that canAmong the modes of expression that can
be used as presentational devices,be used as presentational devices,parparexcellenceexcellence, are the various kinds of, are the various kinds of
figures known from classical rhetoric andfigures known from classical rhetoric and
dialecticdialectic. (Van Eemeren & Houtlosser,. (Van Eemeren & Houtlosser,
2007)2007)
Rh t i d/Rh t i d/ St t iSt t i
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Rhetoric and/asRhetoric and/as StrategicStrategic
ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- AdAd 3:3: TopicsTopics::
CommonCommon TopicsTopics
DefinitionDefinitionGenusGenus // SpeciesSpecies
DivisionDivisionWholeWhole // PartsPartsSubjectSubject // AdjunctsAdjuncts
ComparisonComparisonSimilaritySimilarity // DifferenceDifferenceDegreeDegree
RelationshipRelationshipCauseCause // EffectEffectAntecedentAntecedent // ConsequenceConsequence
ContrariesContrariesContradictionsContradictions
CircumstancesCircumstancesPossiblePossible // ImpossibleImpossiblePastPast FactFact // FutureFuture FactFact
TestimonyTestimonyAuthoritiesAuthoritiesWitnessesWitnesses
MaximsMaxims ororProverbsProverbsRumorsRumorsOathsOathsDocumentsDocumentsLawLawPrecedentPrecedentTheThe supernaturalsupernatural
NotationNotation andand ConjugatesConjugates
Rh t i d/Rh t i d/ St t iSt t i
http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Definition.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Definition.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Division.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Definition.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Division.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Definition.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Definition.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Definition.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Definition.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Definition.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Division.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Division.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Division.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Division.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Division.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Division.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Division.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Division.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Comparison.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Comparison.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Comparison.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Division.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Comparison.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Division.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Division.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Comparison.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Comparison.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Comparison.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Comparison.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Comparison.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Comparison.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Comparison.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Comparison.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Circumstances.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Circumstances.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhet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Strategic Manoeuvering in Argumentative Confrontations
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Rhetoric and/asRhetoric and/as StrategicStrategic
ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- AdAd 3/2:3/2: TopicsTopics::
JudicialJudicialjusticejustice ((rightright))injusticeinjustice ((wrongwrong))
DeliberativeDeliberativethethe goodgoodthethe unworthyunworthythethe advantageousadvantageous
thethe disadvantageousdisadvantageousCeremonialCeremonial
virtuevirtue ((thethe noblenoble))
vice (vice (
thethe
base)base)
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