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DUS 2022I NTRODUCTION TO STRATEG IC

STUDIESLECTURE;

The Causes Of WarAnd The ConditionOf Peace

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o INTRODUCTIONo THE STUDYOF WAR

o HUMAN NATURE EXPLANATIONS OF WAR

o WARS.WITHIN, & .BEYOND, STATESo CONCLUSION

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o Concern with promotion of peace but the.phenomenon on war remains a central concern.

. War as an instrument of change but seen as obsoletedue to destructiveness of modErn warfare.

o zoth centqty - gholishing war became top priority- rsstep ls to ldentlty tne causes

o Historian sees numerous causes of war.. War causes under different heading-r. human nature,z. misperception,3. the nature of states,4. the structure of international system.

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z aims:Relate contemDorarv scholarship across a ranse ofdisciplines- biology,' political science, philosobhy &history (problem& causation of war) -

Identify different kinds of 'cause'. E.g..underlying,immediate, consciousness & unconsciousness motives.The cure of war relates to its cause. Different causeslead to differentpolicy recommendations. E.g. armsrace - policv of dsarmament or arms controlareappryfriate solutions. E.g. Non Proliferation Treaty(NPT)Or the way to peace lie in the spread of democracyIf causes of war deemed to'international anarchv'-then attempt to get {d of war will gear towardpromotrng'system change.E.g..strengthen IL or a system of collective security orworlcl government

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Some explanation in finding a way to end armedconflictfIf causes of war fundamental'h human nature-suggest a bleaker future for human raceIf 'learnt behavior' rather than instinctive -eliminate through social engineering

3 conclusions:Search for single cause is futile (no practicaleffect)War comes in variety forms & multiplicity ofcauses- eliminationi require domestic &international actions.'Just Peace' is unattainable

ist inct ions - causes war

O .INSTINCTIVE' VS. LEARNED BEHAVIORO .IMMEDIAIE, VS.'UNDERLANG' CAUSESO .EFFICIENT' VS. PERMISSIVE' CAUSESO .CONSCIOUS' VS.'UNCONSCIOUS'

MOTIVES OF WARO .NECESSARY' VS. .SUFFICIENT' CAUSES

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THE STUDY OF WARo War regarded as human disaster, source of misery

on a calastrophic scale, & in nuclear age-threat toentire human race.

. rgtn century - G.W.F. Hegel -war preserved theeihical hea'lth of nationsl

. H.Von Treitschke- condition of progress, prevent acountry from going to sleep.

o E.H.Carr - war as 'the midwife of change,strengthened group consciousness & economicdevelopment.

o War as purposive, functional BUT abnormal,pathological condition - threat us all.

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STUDY OFr rs step to abolish war is to find the causes.o War is caused by human behavior not human nature-

modify it by reward, posiry threat by educationprogrammes or propaganca.

. Civilized societies- making people behave despite theirnature.

o E.H. Police, Law, Schools, Mosque & Churches-modifying human behavior in domestic environment.

. Modifying state behavior- widely recognize. E.g.diplomac!, force, threat, aid & piopaginda -instrument used by leaders to effeit t-he behavior ofstates.

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E STUDY OF WAR

o Deterrence strategies (DS)- if human natureis fatally flawed, states can still be deterredfrom act of aggression by threat ofunacceptable punishment.

o E.g. Robbers- threat of imprisonment.

. DS-policy to make the consequences of warso bad that nobody will dare to fight even ifthe want to. Don't care why war occur.

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o WAR is the blanket to describe diverse activities -total wars, limited wars, high tech wars, low techwars, interstate wars,. intrastate wars, civil wars,insurgency wars & ethnic wars.

. War fought on coalition base on behalf oninte rnatio nal co mmun ity.

o Causes of war - complicated. War p-receded by arms race between belligerents

that i:laims that arms race causes war - noautomatic connection.

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CULTIES IN STUD

o Human being do not fieht because they have weaponbut thev acqiire weapo"n to fieht. Not all arms rac'elead to war. E.e. ColdWar arrils race btwn US & USSR-led to a deterrEd stalemate- most prolonged period ofpeace in European history

o Historian - origins rather than causesr Best way to describe how they come about in term of

social contefi & event they spring.. E.g. WWII- Treaty of Versailles, the world depression,

the rise of Hitler, German rearmament, Foreignpolicies of Britain & France.

IMMEDIAIE & UNDERLYING CAUSES

o Immediate, proximate & underlyitg - fundamentalcauses.

o E.s. WWI - ienite bv the assassination of AustrianAichduke Frinz Fertlinand - tragedy - provideexplanation for the momentous Eveirt that followed.

r War broke in Europe in r9r4- hostile alliance system,tension were raising & arms race under way.

. Should focus on underlying causes rather thanimmediate triggering events.

o War often come about result of aggression, reckless,thoughtless & deliberate acts by statesmen.

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IMMEDIATE & UNDERLYING CAUSES

o Impossible to discuss causes of 'vVWII withoutloo'king at aggressive behavior of Hitler & theweak, ippea-slng policies of Chamberlain.

o Seizing the Suez Canal & Eden - - resDondine itwith riilitary action cause of Suez Wa^r.

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o Falkland & Gulf War - Arsentinean decision toinvade South Georgia & Marsaret Thatcher'sdecision to resist seiems to be"the major structuralcauses.

r Gulf War - Saddam decision to seize Kuwait &decision of western govt not to allow to get away-more obvious causes.

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Efficient & Permissive causeso Efficient: to particular circumstances surroundins individual

wars. Result due to state A has something state B"wants.Efficient cause is the desire of state B.

o E.g.Gulf War btwn lraq-Iran - Saddam to resain the Shatt-al-Arab wateyay; the effiiient cause of Gulf W-ar I: to acquireKuwait Territory & resources. 2'd Gulf war: efficient cause was totopple Saddam & bring democracy to Iraq - If there was nodecision by Blair & BuJh to interv6ne militarily, there will be noWAR.

o states has no business meddling in the internal affair of otherstates- non intervention has beEome basic principle ofinternational order. Oqly on exceptional cases as'last resort,justifies morally & legally - genocide, gross violation of humanright, states collapsing into chaos & serious threat toINTERNATIONAL PFACE & STABILITY.

o Success & failure - 2ooz lraq War - recent example ofdifficulties bringing military intervention to a sa^tisfactoryconclusion

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Efficient & Permissive causeso Permissive:waras features of international system, while not

promoting it but allows to happen.o E.s. Independent states with no authoritv above them & no

in5tituticin sufficiently powerful to reguldte their relations.o Kenneth Waltz - best explained in "international anarchy" -

ungoverned internationil system there is nothing to preventconrllcE rTom occurrlng.

o Sovereign states pursue their interest with the constraint ofWorld Governm6nt - no choice.

o World of Independence states since Peace of Westphalia 1648.r Hobbesian Anarchy - States do not live in the state of

permanent terror.o International society is regulated , rule-governed &

environment states tan b[ild their comtron interest whereinternational-org, customs, habits, mores & law built up overroo years moder6te & order state behavior.

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Necessary & Sufficient causes of Waro Necessary: must be present if war occur.o If war cannot break without that condition existing then its

necessary.. E.g.armament * necessary condition forwar.o An effective world government - interstate warwouldnt occur &

powerful state govt-- no civil wars. Absence of both mechanismis a necessary c-ondition of war.

o War occurwhen one party is non democratic govt.o A cause of war can be necessary without beine sufficient. E.e.

weapon necessary condition of war but not su"fficient cause "ofwarlince high level of armament does not always lead to war.

o Necessary & sufficient - do not cover all possible causes of war.Should trap ourselves by thinkine that ciuses of war must besufficient dr necessary- perhaps because of deterrence.

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The idea that war is endemicin the human condition ispsycholo gically unpalatablebut it may nevertheless betrue. If human nature cannotbe changed, it maybepossible to modi$r humanbehaviorso thatwas are lessfrequent.Since there is manydifferentkind of war; it is notsurprising that no singlecause of war can beidentified.It is often useful todistinguish betweenunderlying causes of war andthe events that trigger them.

Efficient causes of warrelate to the particularcircumstances surroundingindividual wars.Permissive causes of warare those features ofinternational systemwhich, while not activelypromoting war, allow it tohappen.A'necessary' condition ofwar is one which must bepresent if war is to occur. A'sufficient' cause of war isonewhich, ifpresent,guarantees the occurrenceofwar.

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HUMAN NATURE EXPLANATIONS OF WARFrustrationo Social Psychologist have argued that aggression is

the result of frustration.o Some believe feelings of aggression can be

channeled into harmless activities like sport.o Emphasize the connection btwn violence and the

failure of human beings to achieve their objectives.o Can channel the aggression to harmless activities -

social engineering

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HUMAN NATURE EXPLANATIONS OF WARMisperceptiono Wars that result from misperceptions,

misunderstandinss & mistalculations bvstatesmen might 6e preuented by belter'communicatiSns & rirore accurafe information.

r Hatred & suspicion can be reduced if understandbetter - but the more thev understand more thevwill hate one another - Sir Evelyn Baring (BritistiGovernor in Egypt r883-r9o7)

. Falkland War

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HUMAN NATURE EXPLANATIONS OF WARConscious & unconscious motives for waro Psychologist trying to look behind statesmen's

decision, tend to see war as a result ofunconsciousness drives & weaknesses in thehuman psyche. Practitioners are unlikely to agree.

. Official (statesmen) believe that war results from acalculated, purposive, conscious decision.

e Philosopher - war as a result of unconscious drives& weaknesses in human psyche.

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HUMAN NATURE EXPLANATIONS OF WARI Some believe that there is something about human

collectives that encourages violencb.o Crowd psychology -Less responsibility on individual but

diffused in crowds * less weight on individual.o There is some evidence, however that though democratic

states fight as frequently as other states, they do not fighteach other.

o E.g. Democracy & Peace democratic theory

,WITHIN' & 'BEYOND' STA

o As interstate war has waned, intra state conflicthas become more frequent.

o E.g. identity conflict, protracted conflict, ethnicconflict.

o Ethnic conflicts do not easily fit the Clausewitzianmodel.

o Theyare particularly violent & people are oftenkilled because of they are rather than because oftheir behavior & politics. In the future, somewriters suggest, wars may be between'civilizations'rather than between states or ethnics groups.

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Cure forWAR:Change of human nature/behaviorTo reconstruct the systemTo distribute equitably the world,s wealthTo abolish armaments ORTo'reeducate' mankind - follow withfaultless logic from various causes of waridentified

- No prospect to implement them in foreseeable future - notsolutions

o Maybe way forward pI improving our techniques of diplomacy,communications, crisis avoidance & crisis management

o By dev.eloping a concept of enlighten self interest which issensitive to others;o Byextending scope of international law & buirding on existingmoral constraints;o By l-earning hoe to. manage military power through responsibre

civil-military relationsr Sophisticated method/measures of arms control;o By strengthening cooperation through international

organization & world trade.r Peace is absence of war NOT absence of conflict.

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