viii

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STRATEGIES FOR TAKING STANDARDIZED TESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S1

PART 1: STRATEGIES FOR STUDYING GEOGRAPHY S2PART 2: TEST-TAKING STRATEGIES AND PRACTICE S6

RAND McNALLY ATLAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1

Chapter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1 Looking at the Earth

1 The Five Themes of Geography 52 The Geographer’s Tools 10

GEOGRAPHY SKILLS HANDBOOK 14Reading a MapScaleUsing the Geographic GridProjectionsUsing Different Types of Maps

Thematic Maps

Chapter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

2 A Living Planet

1 The Earth Inside and Out 27

DISASTERS! Asteroid Hit! 302 Bodies of Water and Landforms 323 Internal Forces Shaping the Earth 374 External Forces Shaping the Earth 42

Chapter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

3 Climate and Vegetation

1 Seasons and Weather 492 Climate 543 World Climate Regions 59

RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSInterpreting Climographs 64

4 Soils and Vegetation 65

Chapter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

4 People and Places

1 The Elements of Culture 712 Population Geography 783 Political Geography 834 Urban Geography 875 Economic Geography 91

Nanjing Road,Shanghai, China(p. 81)

Volcano inCosta Rica (p. 2)

ix

Introduction PREVIEW: TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100• The Depletion of Resources• Urban Sprawl• Diverse Societies Face Change

UNIT 2 ATLAS 102REGIONAL DATA FILE 108

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY Chapter OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

5 A Land of Contrasts

1 Landforms and Resources 1172 Climate and Vegetation 1233 Human-Environment Interaction 127

RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSReading a Highway Map 131

Chapter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

6 Shaping an Abundant Land

1 History and Government of the United States 1352 Economy and Culture of the United States 1403 Subregions of the United States 145

DISASTERS! The Dust Bowl 150

Chapter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

7 Developing a Vast Wilderness

1 History and Government of Canada 1552 Economy and Culture of Canada 159

COMPARING CULTURES Transportation 1643 Subregions of Canada 166

Chapter TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

8 The United States and Canada

1 The Depletion of Resources 1732 Urban Sprawl 176

RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLS Reading a Bounded-Area Map 179

CASE STUDY

Diverse Societies Face Change 180

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Mesa VerdeNational Park,Colorado (p. 135)

Parliamentguards, Ottawa,Ontario (p. 158)

x

Introduction PREVIEW: TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188• Rain Forest Resources• Giving Citizens a Voice• The Income Gap

UNIT 3 ATLAS 190REGIONAL DATA FILE 196

Chapter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF LATIN AMERICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

9 From the Andes to the Amazon

1 Landforms and Resources 201

RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSInterpreting a Precipitation Map 206

2 Climate and Vegetation 2073 Human-Environment Interaction 210

Chapter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF LATIN AMERICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

10 A Blending of Cultures

1 Mexico 2172 Central America and the Caribbean 222

DISASTERS! Volcano on Montserrat 2283 Spanish-Speaking South America 2304 Brazil 236

COMPARING CULTURES Festivals and Holidays 240

Chapter TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

11 Latin America

1 Rain Forest Resources 245

RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSInterpreting Satellite Images 248

2 Giving Citizens a Voice 249

CASE STUDY

The Income Gap 252

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Chacobo Indianson the AmazonRiver, Bolivia (p. 186)

São Paulo,Brazil (p. 251)

Introduction PREVIEW: TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260• Turmoil in the Balkans• Cleaning Up Europe• The European Union

UNIT 4 ATLAS 262REGIONAL DATA FILE 268

Chapter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

12 The Peninsula of Peninsulas

1 Landforms and Resources 2732 Climate and Vegetation 278

RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSInterpreting a Bar Graph 281

3 Human-Environment Interaction 282

Chapter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

13 Diversity, Conflict, Union

1 Mediterranean Europe 289

DISASTERS! Bubonic Plague 2942 Western Europe 2963 Northern Europe 302

COMPARING CULTURES Geographic Sports Challenges 3084 Eastern Europe 310

Chapter TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

14 Europe

1 Turmoil in the Balkans 319

RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSInterpreting a Thematic Map 322

2 Cleaning Up Europe 323

CASE STUDY

The European Union 326

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The Eiffel Tower,Paris, France (p. 259)

The Wetterhorn,Switzerland (p. 310)

xi

xii

Introduction PREVIEW: TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334• Regional Conflict• The Struggle for Economic Reform• The Soviet Union’s Nuclear Legacy

UNIT 5 ATLAS 336REGIONAL DATA FILE 342

Chapter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF RUSSIA AND THE REPUBLICS. . . . . . . . 344

15 A Land of Extremes

1 Landforms and Resources 3452 Climate and Vegetation 3503 Human-Environment Interaction 353

RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSUnderstanding Time Zones 357

Chapter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF RUSSIA AND THE REPUBLICS . . . . . . . . . . 360

16 A Diverse Heritage

1 Russia and the Western Republics 361

DISASTERS! Nuclear Explosion at Chernobyl 3682 Transcaucasia 3703 Central Asia 375

COMPARING CULTURES Homes and Shelters 380

Chapter TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384

17 Russia and the Republics

1 Regional Conflict 3852 The Struggle for Economic Reform 388

RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSReading Line and Pie Graphs 391

CASE STUDY

The Soviet Union’s Nuclear Legacy 392

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St. Basil’sCathedral,Moscow,Russia (p. 362)

Frozen LakeBaikal, Russia (p. 350)

xiii

Introduction PREVIEW: TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400• Economic Development• Health Care• Effects of Colonialism

UNIT 6 ATLAS 402REGIONAL DATA FILE 408

Chapter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

18 The Plateau Continent

1 Landforms and Resources 415

RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSReading an Economic Activity Map 419

2 Climate and Vegetation 4203 Human-Environment Interaction 424

Chapter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430

19 From Human Beginnings to New Nations

1 East Africa 431

DISASTERS! Famine in Somalia 4362 North Africa 4383 West Africa 442

COMPARING CULTURES Feasts 4464 Central Africa 4485 Southern Africa 453

Chapter TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

20 Africa

1 Economic Development 461

RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSReading a City Map 464

2 Health Care 465

CASE STUDY

Effects of Colonialism 468

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MountKilimanjaro,Tanzania(p. 399)

Masai Girl,Kenya (p. 434)

Sahara Desert,North Africa (p. 420)

xiv

Introduction PREVIEW: TODAY’S ISSUES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476• Population Relocation• Oil Wealth Fuels Change• Religious Conflict Over Land

UNIT 7 ATLAS 478REGIONAL DATA FILE 484

Chapter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTHWEST ASIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486

21 Harsh and Arid Lands

1 Landforms and Resources 4872 Climate and Vegetation 491

RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSReading a Vegetation Map 494

3 Human-Environment Interaction 495

Chapter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTHWEST ASIA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502

22 Religion, Politics, and Oil

1 The Arabian Peninsula 503

COMPARING CULTURES Religious Architecture 5082 The Eastern Mediterranean 5103 The Northeast 516

DISASTERS! Earthquake in Turkey 520

Chapter TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524

23 Southwest Asia

1 Population Relocation 525

RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSInterpreting a Population Density Map 528

2 Oil Wealth Fuels Change 529

CASE STUDY

Religious Conflict Over Land 532

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Oasis on caravanroute from Yemento Palestine (p. 475)

Kurdish family,Turkey (p. 476)

xv

Introduction PREVIEW: TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540• Population Explosion• Living with Extreme Weather• Territorial Dispute

UNIT 8 ATLAS 542REGIONAL DATA FILE 548

Chapter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH ASIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550

24 The Land Where Continents Collided

1 Landforms and Resources 5512 Climate and Vegetation 556

RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSReading a Weather Map 559

3 Human-Environment Interaction 560

Chapter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH ASIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566

25 A Region of Contrasts

1 India 5672 Pakistan and Bangladesh 573

DISASTERS! The Cyclone of 1970 5783 Nepal and Bhutan 5804 Sri Lanka and the Maldives 584

COMPARING CULTURES Musical Instruments 588

Chapter TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592

26 South Asia

1 Population Explosion 593

RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLS Reading a Population Pyramid 596

2 Living with Extreme Weather 597

CASE STUDY

Territorial Dispute 600

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Tea Plantation,Sri Lanka(p. 586)

Taj Mahal, Agra, India (p. 538)

xvi

Introduction PREVIEW: TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608• The Ring of Fire• Trade and Prosperity• Population and the Quality of Life

UNIT 9 ATLAS 610REGIONAL DATA FILE 616

Chapter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF EAST ASIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618

27 A Rugged Terrain

1 Landforms and Resources 619

RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSInterpreting a Contour Map 624

2 Climate and Vegetation 6253 Human-Environment Interaction 628

Chapter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF EAST ASIA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634

28 Shared Cultural Traditions

1 China 635

DISASTERS! Chang Jiang (Yangtze River) Flood of 1931 640

2 Mongolia and Taiwan 6423 The Koreas: North and South 6474 Japan 651

COMPARING CULTURES Masks 656

Chapter TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660

29 East Asia

1 The Ring of Fire 661

RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSInterpreting a Proportional Circle Map 664

2 Trade and Prosperity 665

CASE STUDY

Population and the Quality of Life 668

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Mount Fuji,Japan (p. 607)

Potala Palace,Tibet (p. 619)

Crowded urban street,Hong Kong (p. 668)

xvii

Introduction PREVIEW: TODAY’S ISSUES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676• Aboriginal Land Claims• Industrialization Sparks Change• Global Environmental Change

UNIT 10 ATLAS 678REGIONAL DATA FILE 684

Chapter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTHEAST ASIA,OCEANIA, AND ANTARCTICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68830 A Region of Extremes

1 Landforms and Resources 689

RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSInterpreting a Relief Map 693

2 Climate and Vegetation 6943 Human-Environment Interaction 698

Chapter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTHEAST ASIA,OCEANIA, AND ANTARCTICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70431 Migration and Conquest

1 Southeast Asia 705

DISASTERS! Krakatoa 7102 Oceania 712

COMPARING CULTURES Regional Costumes 7163 Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica 718

Chapter TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726

32 Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica

1 Aboriginal Land Claims 7272 Industrialization Sparks Change 730

RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSInterpreting a Cartogram 733

CASE STUDY

Global Environmental Change 734

C THE WAR ON TERRORISM US2

REFERENCESkillbuilder Handbook R1 Gazetteer R36English Glossary R16 Index R50Spanish Glossary R26 Acknowledgments R66

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Ice Cliffs,Antarctica (p. 674) Fishing on

Cook Island(p. 714)

Uluru, or Ayers Rock,Australia (p. 729)