Street Emission Ceilings (SEC) exercise Nicolas Moussiopoulos Aristotle University Thessaloniki Further team members: Dick van den Hout, TNO Liana Kalognomou,

Street Emission Ceilings (SEC) Street Emission Ceilings (SEC) exerciseexercise

Nicolas MoussiopoulosAristotle University Thessaloniki

Further team members:Dick van den Hout, TNO

Liana Kalognomou, AUTSteinar Larssen, NILU

Frank de Leeuw, RIVM Zissis Samaras, AUT/LAT

TFIAM - Amiens 211-5-04

ObjectivesObjectives

Quantifying the influence of urban and local emissions and other smaller scale effects on concentrations at urban hotspots as a basis for measures for attaining compliance.

Development and pilot application of a methodology for this purpose, alsowith relevance to health issues.


Activities in 2003Activities in 2003

• Review of relevant existing studies (completed)• Methodology for the determination of city and

street typologies (cont’d in 2004)

• Analysis of excess concentrations (PM10, PM2.5, NO2) at selected traffic air monitoring stations by comparing with the urban background (cont’d in 2004)

• Interpretation of the above analysis in terms of local emission estimates (cont’d in 2004)

• Demonstration of model application potential (cont’d in 2004)


Review of relevant existing studiesReview of relevant existing studiesLiterature review including objectives and key

findings of the most relevant studies and projects in the areas of:

• Field campaigns related to source apportionment• Resuspension• Monitoring data analysis and hotspot

characteristics• Modelling studies leading to source-receptor

relationships• Emission patterns in busy streets and associated

key parameters


First tentative typologyFirst tentative typology

Quantification of• Regional background contribution

… using EMEP model results• Urban background contribution

… setting-up a city typology• Hotspot contribution

… setting-up a street typology


Towards a city typologyTowards a city typology

Key parameters:• Population (continuous)• Region and local climate:

– enclosed / open– West/North; Central; South

• Type of predominant emission sources:– major industry– no major industry


Towards a street typologyTowards a street typology

Key parameters:• Street emission (continuous)• Average wind speed nearby:

3.5 m/s– > 3.5 m/s

• Configuration:– Open rural terrain– Non-canyon streets in built-up areas – Wide street canyon (W/H > 1.5)– Narrow street canyon (W/H 1.5)


Illustration

City typologydefining f(pop)

Street typologydefining g(emi)

0

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Urban background concentrations

0.00

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Population

Urb

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Type C1a

Type C1b

Type C2a

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Type C3a

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Type C5a

Type C5b

Type C6a

Type C6b

Street concentrations

0.00

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0 800000Street emission

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eet

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Type S1a

Type S1b

Type S2a

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Type S3b

Type S4a

Type S4b


From concentrations to SECsFrom concentrations to SECs

Concentration in a street of j-th type in a city of i-th type:

c(Ci,Sj) = cRBG + fi(pop) + gj(emi)

Street emission ceiling for this street:

SECij = Gj(cLV – [cRBG + fi(pop)])


Analysis of excess concentrationsAnalysis of excess concentrations

The aim of this subtask is to:• contribute to knowledge of (relative) emission

factors for vehicles, by comparing PM and NOx concentrations, a.f.o. vehicle distribution in traffic

• contribute to analysis of the road dust resuspension source, by comparing PM2.5, PM10 and NOx concentrations, together with meteo data

• provide a basis for model-measurement comparisons / model validation.


Analysis of excess concentrationsAnalysis of excess concentrations

• Select station pairs• deltaC (hotspot – urban background),

– time of day– weekend/working day– season

• compare deltaC at the various stations,• Concentration ratios• explain differences in terms of traffic,

meteo, strength of resuspension source,..


Progress of data analysisProgress of data analysis

Up to now 6 stations pairs have been analysed:– Hornsgatan, StockholmHornsgatan, Stockholm– Frankfurter Allee, Berlin Frankfurter Allee, Berlin – Marylebone Road, LondonMarylebone Road, London– Ermou,Thessaloniki– Skårersletta, Oslo– Vrsovice, Prague

Other possible candidates:– Madrid (though traffic data is still not available)– Paris (as above)– Copenhagen (in collaboration with NERI)– Helsinki


Hornsgatan, StockholmHornsgatan, Stockholm


Frankfurter Allee, BerlinFrankfurter Allee, Berlin


Marylebone road, LondonMarylebone road, London


Hornsgatan, Delta-ratios summaryHornsgatan, Delta-ratios summary

Hornsgatan, Stockholm

0,03

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PM2.5/NOx

Summer Winter

PM10/NOx

Summer Winter

NO2/NOx

Summer Winter

Red columns: workdays, Blue columns: weekend days


Frankfurter Allee, Frankfurter Allee, Delta-ratios summaryDelta-ratios summary Frankfurter Allee, Berlin

0,16

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0,35

0,45

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PM10/NOX

Summer Winter

NO2/NOX

Summer Winter



Marylebone road, Delta-ratios summaryMarylebone road, Delta-ratios summary

Marylebone Road, London

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0,050

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PM2.5/NOx

Summer Winter

PM10/NOx NO2/NOx

Summer Winter Summer Winter



Hornsgatan, StockholmHornsgatan, Stockholm

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0.01

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JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

PM2.

5/N

Ox

Emission ratios Concentration ratios

0.00

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0.05

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24PM

2.5/

NO

xEmission ratios Concentration ratios

PM2.5/NOx ratios for monthly and hourly data


Marylebone road, LondonMarylebone road, London

0.00

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PM2.

5/N

Ox


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

PM2.

5/N

Ox


PM2.5/NOx ratios for monthly and hourly data


Model application Model application

• Generalisation method, basis for typology• Validation using the data analysis results• Preference to practical approaches• Expansion to more models and more cities• Model intercomparison (Garmisch

conference)


SEC Model IntercomparisonSEC Model Intercomparison

• A pilot intercomparison exercise was launched, results of which will be presented on June 3 at the 9th Harmonisation Conference, Garmisch.

• 15 participants• Simulations to be performed for the case

Hornsgatan, Stockholm for:– the whole year, – one day (27.11.2000) or – one hour (hour 10 of 27.11.2000),

depending on the type of model that is chosen for the application.

Deadline for the receipt of model results is 15 May.


ETC’s own model applicationsETC’s own model applications

Hornsgatan, StockholmHornsgatan, Stockholm• OSPM using observed background concentrations.

Frankfurter Allee, BerlinFrankfurter Allee, Berlin• OSPM using observed background concentrations.

Marylebone road, LondonMarylebone road, London• OSPM using observed background concentrations &

• Complete model cascade, i.e. City Delta OFIS model results used as urban background concentrations for OSPM.


Hornsgatan, Stockholm, average Hornsgatan, Stockholm, average dailydaily variation NOvariation NO22 and PM and PM2.52.5 obsobs (OSPM) (OSPM)

NO2

05

10152025303540455055606570

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con

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(μ

g/m

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monitoring OSPM background

PM2.5

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Frankfurter Allee, Berlin Frankfurter Allee, Berlin NONOxx, NO, NO22, CO, CO and and

PMPM10 10 obsobs (OSPM) (OSPM)NOx

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PM

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Frankfurter Allee, BerlinFrankfurter Allee, Berlin, monthly variation , monthly variation NONOxx, NO, NO22, CO and PM, CO and PM10 10 obsobs (OSPM) (OSPM)

NOx

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NO2

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PM10

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Marylebone road, average Marylebone road, average dailydaily variation variation NONOxx, NO, NO22, O, O3 3 and CO and CO obsobs (OSPM) (OSPM)

NOx

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O3

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Marylebone road, NOMarylebone road, NOxx, NO, NO22, O, O3 3 and CO and CO

obsobs (OSPM) - monthly (OSPM) - monthly

NOx

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)



Model cascadeModel cascade

• Urban and street scale model coupling using model results for the urban background as input to the street scale model and considering the local scale emissions estimates.


OFIS results - comparison with observed dataOFIS results - comparison with observed data

O3

NO

2

Average NO2 concentrations for summer semester (μg/m3)

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Brent Kensington Rochester Sutton Teddington

OFIS

Measurements

Average O3 concentrations for summer semester (μg/m3)

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Brent Kensington Rochester Sutton Teddington

OFIS

Measurements

.


Marylebone road, NOMarylebone road, NOxx, NO, NO22, CO and PM, CO and PM10 10

modmod (OFIS & OSPM) – hourly (OFIS & OSPM) – hourlyNOx

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monitoring OSPM OFIS

NO2

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Marylebone road, NOMarylebone road, NOxx, NO, NO22, CO and PM, CO and PM10 10

modmod (OFIS & OSPM) – monthly (OFIS & OSPM) – monthlyNOx

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NO 2

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CO

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Actions in 2004 (1/2)Actions in 2004 (1/2)

• Proceed with typologytypology (in particular, using model results within SEC)

• Perform a global analysisglobal analysis of measured data • Continue and finalise data analysisdata analysis

concentrating on city delta cities• Continue and finalise interpretationinterpretation of data

analysis results based on emission estimations concentrating on City Delta cities

• Incorporate findingsfindings of City Delta in SEC


Actions in 2004 (2/2)Actions in 2004 (2/2)

• Expand model applicationmodel application to more model suites (outside the ETC) and more cities

• Launch model intercomparisonmodel intercomparison (on the occasion of the Garmisch conference), investigate option of JRC involvement

• Provide input to SoERinput to SoER by suggesting how the street scale could be taken into account in the IA methodology

• InteractInteract with various stakeholders

Documents

Street Emission Ceilings (SEC) exercise Nicolas Moussiopoulos Aristotle University Thessaloniki Further team members: Dick van den Hout, TNO Liana Kalognomou,