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Stress: The Constant Challenge. Chapter Two. What is Stress?. “Stress” is the general physiological and emotional state that accompanies the stress response (Insel and Roth, 2010). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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© 2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter Two
© 2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
“Stress” is the general physiological and emotional state that accompanies the stress response (Insel and Roth, 2010).
“Stress” is defined as any applied force or system of forces that tends to strain or deform a body (www.dictionary.com, 2009)
© 2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
A “stressor” is any physical or psychological event or condition that produces stress (Insel and Roth, 2010).
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Death of a spouse Divorce Marital separation Jail term Death of a close family member Personal injury or illness Marriage Being fired from your job Marital reconciliation Retirement
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Two systems in your body responsible for physical response.1. Nervous system 2. Endocrine system
Rapid chemical reactions affecting almost every part of your body.
Primed to act quickly and appropriately.
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Autonomic Nervous System Parasympathetic division
Relaxed Sympathetic division
Arousal Neurotransmitter
Norepinephrine (used by the sympathetic nerves)
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Glands, tissues, and cells that help control the bodily functions.
Hormones Helps prepare the body to respond to
stress
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Hypothalamus Pituitary gland
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) Adrenal glands
Cortisol Epinephrine (adrenaline) Endorphins (pain reliever)
The Fight-or-Flight reaction Homeostasis
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© 2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
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External and internal factors Effective responses to stress:
Talking, laughing, exercise and time management
Ineffective responses to stress:Overeating, procrastination, frustration
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Personality Type A, B and C Hardiness Resiliency
Nonreactive resiliency (a person does not react to a stressor)
Homeostatic resiliency (a person may react strongly but returns to baseline)
Positive growth resiliency (a person learns and grows from the stress experience)
Gender role Cultural background Past Experiences
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Eustress vs. Distress Alarm
Fight or Flight Resistance Exhaustion Allostatic load
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The study of …. Complex network of nerve and
chemical connections between the nervous system, endocrine system and the immune system.
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Cardiovascular disease Chronic high blood pressure
Atherosclerosis Strokes Cardiomyopathy (“broken heart
syndrome”) Altered functioning of the Immune
system Colds and other infections Asthma Cancer Chronic disease flare-ups
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Emotional and physical changes Depression Panic attacks Anxiety Eating disorders Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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Digestive problems Headaches/migraines Insomnia Injuries Menstrual irregularities Impotence Pregnancy complications
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Major Life Changes
Daily hassles College
Stressors Academic Interpersonal Time-related Financial Future
Job-related Stressors burnout
Social Real social networks Virtual social
networks Environmental
Natural disasters Acts of violence Industrial accidents Intrusive noise or
smells Internal stressors Dimensions of
Diversity
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Social Support Communication Exercise Nutrition Sleep
Sleep problems Insomnia Sleep apnea
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Time management Set priorities Schedule tasks Set realistic goals Budget time Break up long term goals Visualize achievement Keep track of tasks Do least-favorite tasks first Consolidate Identify quick transitional tasks Delegate Say “No” when necessary Give yourself breaks Avoid “Time sinks”
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Social support Healthy habits Positive attitudes Moments of relaxation Provides an ethical path to personal
fulfillment
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Keeping a diary or journal Helpful with those that are shy May negatively effect short-term mood
but over the long term, stress is reduced
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Think and act constructively Take control Problem-solve Modify your expectations Stay positive Cultivate your sense of humor Focus on what’s important
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Progressive relaxation Visualization Meditation Deep breathing Yoga Tai chi (Taijiuan) Music Biofeedback
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Tobacco Alcohol Drugs Unhealthy eating habits
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Chapter 2 Connect Assignment Due Tuesday, January 26th
Stress 27
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Chapter Two