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BlankStructuralEngineersPocketBookFionaCobbAMSTERDAMBOSTONHEIDELBERGLONDONNEWYORKOXFORDPARISSANDIEGOSANFRANCISCOSINGAPORESYDNEYTOKYOElsevierButterworth-HeinemannLinacreHouse,JordanHill,OxfordOX28DP200WheelerRd,Burlington,MA01803Firstpublished2004Copyright2004,FionaCobb.AllrightsreservedTherightofFionaCobbtobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedinanymaterialform(includingphotocopyingorstoringinanymediumbyelectronicmeansandwhetherornottransientlyorincidentallytosomeotheruseofthispublication)withoutthewrittenpermissionofthecopyrightholderexceptinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988orunderthetermsofalicenceissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgencyLtd,90TottenhamCourtRoad,London,EnglandW1T4LP.ApplicationsforthecopyrightholderswrittenpermissiontoreproduceanypartofthispublicationshouldbeaddressedtothepublisherPermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElseviersScienceandTechnologyRightsDepartmentinOxford,UK:phone:(44)(0)1865843830;fax:(44)(0)1865853333;e-mail:permissions@elsevier.co.uk.Youmayalsocompleteyourrequeston-lineviatheElsevierhomepage(http://www.elsevier.com),byselectingCustomerSupportandthenObtainingPermissionsBritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataAcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibraryLibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationDataAcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongressISBN0750656387ForinformationonallElsevierButterworth-Heinemannpublicationsvisitourwebsiteathttp://books.elsevier.comTypesetbyIntegraSoftwareServicesPvt.Ltd,Pondicherry,Indiawww.integra-india.comPrintedandboundinGreatBritainContentsPrefaceixAcknowledgementsxi1GeneralInformationMetricsystem1TypicalmetricunitsforUKstructural2engineeringImperialunits3Conversionfactors4Measurementofangles5Constructiondocumentationandprocurement6Drawingconventions8Commonarrangementofworksections10SummaryofACEconditionsofengagement112StatutoryAuthoritiesandPermissionsPlanning13Buildingregulationsandstandards14Listedbuildings17ConservationareasandTreepreservationorders18Archaeologyandancientmonuments19PartyWalletc.Act21CDM243DesignDataDesigndatachecklist25Structuralform,stabilityandrobustness26Structuralmovementjoints29Fireresistanceperiodsforstructuralelements30Typicalbuildingtolerances31Historicaluseofbuildingmaterials32Typicalweightsofbuildingmaterials34Minimumimposedfloorloads38Typicalunitfloorandroofloadings41Windloading43Barrierandhandrailloadings44Selectionofmaterials46Selectionoffloorconstruction47Transportation48Temporaryworkstoolkit524BasicandShortcutToolsforStructuralAnalysisLoadfactorsandlimitstates55Geometricsectionproperties56ParallelaxistheoremandCompositesections60Materialproperties61Coefficientsoflinearthermalexpansion64Coefficientsoffriction65Signconventions66Beambendingtheory67Deflectionlimits68Beambendinganddeflectionformulae69Clapeyronsequationsofthreemoments76Continuousbeambendingformulae78Struts79Rigidframesunderlateralloads81Plates84Torsion88Tautwires,cablesandchains89Vibration915GeotechnicsGeotechnics92Selectionoffoundationsandretainingwalls93Siteinvestigation94Soilclassification95Typicalsoilproperties96Preliminarysizing100Treesandshallowfoundations109Contaminedland1136TimberandPlywoodTimber117Timbersectionsizes119Laminatedtimberproducts120Durabilityandfireresistance122Preliminarysizingoftimberelements125viContentsTimberdesigntoBS5268127Timberjoints1357MasonryMasonry141Geometryandarrangement143Durabilityandfireresistance147Preliminarysizingofmasonryelements148MasonrydesigntoBS5628152MasonrydesigntoCP111166LinteldesigntoBS5977168Masonryaccessories1708ReinforcedConcreteReinforcedconcrete175Concretemixes177Durabilityandfireresistance179Preliminarysizingofconcreteelements180Reinforcement182ConcretedesigntoBS8110185ReinforcementbarbendingtoBS8666205Reinforcementestimates2079StructuralSteelStructuralsteel208Mildsteelsectionsizesandtolerances210Slenderness239Durabilityandfireresistance242Preliminarysizingofsteelelements246SteeldesigntoBS5950249SteeldesigntoBS449261StainlesssteeltoBS595026910CompositeSteelandConcreteCompositesteelandconcrete275Preliminarysizingofcompositeelements277CompositedesigntoBS595028111StructuralGlassStructuralglass284Typicalglasssectionsizesandthicknesses287Durabilityandfireresistance288Typicalglasssizesforcommonapplications289Structuralglassdesign291Connections293Contentsvii12BuildingElements,Materials,FixingsandFasteningsWaterproofing295Basementwaterproofing296Screeds299Precastconcretehollowcoreslabs300Bi-metalliccorrosion301Structuraladhesives302Fixingsandfastenings304Coldweatherworking307Effectoffireonconstructionmaterials308Aluminium31013UsefulMathematics314UsefulAddresses320FurtherReading331Sources336Index339viiiContentsPrefaceAsastudentorgraduateengineeritisdifficulttosourcebasicdesigndata.Havingbeenunabletofindacompactbookcontainingthisinfor-mation,Idecidedtocompilemyownafterseeingapocketbookforarchitects.IrealisedthataStructuralEngineersPocketBookmightbeusefulforotherengineersandconstructionindustryprofessionals.Myaimhasbeentogatherusefulfactsandfiguresforuseinpreliminarydesignintheoffice,onsiteorintheIStructEPart3exam,basedonUKconventions.Thebookisnotintendedasatextbook;therearenoworkedexamplesandtheinformationisnotprescriptive.DesignmethodsfromBritishStandardshavebeenincludedandsummarized,butobviouslythesearenottheonlywayofprovingstructuraladequacy.Preliminarysizingandshortcutsareintendedtogivetheengineerafeelforthestructurebeforebeginningdesigncalculations.Allofthedatashouldbeusedincontext,usingengineeringjudgementandcurrentgoodpractice.Wherenorefer-enceisgiven,theinformationhasbeencompiledfromseveraldifferentsources.Despitemybestefforts,theremaybesomeerrorsandomissions.Iwouldbeinterestedtoreceiveanycomments,correctionsorsugges-tionsonthecontentofthebookbyemailatsepb@inmyopinion.co.uk.Obviously,ithasbeendifficulttodecidewhatinformationcanbeincludedandstillkeepthebookacompactsize.Thereforeanypropos-alsforadditionalmaterialshouldbeaccompaniedbyaproposalforanomissionofroughlythesamesizethereadershouldthenappreciatethemanydilemmasthatIhavehadduringthepreparationofthebook!Ifthereisanopportunityforasecondedition,IwillattempttoaccommodateanysuggestionswhicharesenttomeandIhopethatyoufindtheStructuralEngineersPocketBookuseful.FionaCobbThis
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BlankAcknowledgementsThankstothefollowingpeopleandorganizations:Price&Myersforgivingmevariedandinterestingwork,withoutwhichthisbookwouldnothavebeenpossible!PaulBatty,DavidDerby,SarahFawcus,StepHaiselden,SimonJewell,ChrisMorrisey,MarkPeldmanis,SamPrice,HelenRemordina,HarryStocksandPaulToplisfortheircom-mentsandhelpreviewingchapters.ColinFerguson,DerekFordyce,PhilGee,AlexHollingsworth,PaulJohnson,DeriJones,RobertMyers,DaveRaymentandAndyTooheyfortheirhelp,ideas,support,adviceand/orinspirationatvariouspointsinthepreparationofthebook.RenataCorbani,RebeccaRueandSarahHuntatElsevier.Thetechnicalandmarketingrepresentativesoftheorganizationsmentionedinthebook.Lastbutnotleast,thankstoJimCobb,ElaineCobb,IainChapmanforhissupportandtheloanofhiscomputerandJeanCobbforherhelpwithtypingandproofreading.This
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GeneralInformationMetricsystemThemostuniversalsystemofmeasurementistheInternationalSystemofUnits,referredtoasSI,whichisanabsolutesystemofmeasurementbaseduponthefundamentalquantitiesofmass,lengthandtime,independentofwherethemeasurementsaremade.Thismeansthatwhilemassremainsconstant,theunitofforce(newton)willvarywithlocation.Theaccelerationduetogravityonearthis9.81m/s2.Thesystemusesthefollowingbasicunits:LengthmmetreTimessecondLuminousintensitycdcandelaQuantity/substancemolmole(6.021023particlesofsubstance(Avogadro'snumber))MasskgkilogramTemperatureKkelvin(0C=273K)UnitofplaneangleradradianThemostcommonlyusedprefixesinengineeringare:gigaG10000000001109megaM10000001106kilok10001103centic0.011102millim0.0011103microm0.0000011106nanon0.0000000011109Thebaseunitsandtheprefixeslistedabove,implyasystemofsupplementaryunitswhichformstheconventionfornotingSImeasurements,suchasthepascalformeasuringpressurewhere1Pa=1N/m2and1MPa=1N/mm2.TypicalmetricunitsforUKstructuralengineeringMassofmaterialkgDensityofmaterialkg/m3BulkdensitykN/m3Weight/force/pointloadkNBendingmomentkNmLoadperunitlengthkN/mDistributedloadkN/m2WindloadingkN/m2EarthpressurekN/m2StressN/mm2ModulusofelasticitykN/mm2DeflectionmmSpanorheightmFlooraream2Volumeofmaterialm3ReinforcementspacingmmReinforcementareamm2ormm2/mSectiondimensionsmmMomentofinertiacm4ormm4Sectionmoduluscm3ormm3Sectionareacm2ormm2Radiusofgyrationcmormm2StructuralEngineer'sPocketBookImperialunitsIntheBritishImperialSystemtheunitofforce(pound)isdefinedastheweightofacertainmasswhichremainsconstant,independentofthegravitationalforce.Thisistheoppositeoftheassumptionsusedinthemetricsystemwhereitisthemassofabodywhichremainsconstant.Theaccelerationduetogravityis32.2ft/s2,butthisisrarelyneeded.WhileonthesurfaceitappearsthattheUKbuildingindustryisusingmetricunits,themajorityofstructuralelementsareproducedtotraditionalImperialdimensionswhicharesimplyquotedinmetric.Thestandardunitsare:Length1mile=1760yards1furlong=220yards1yard(yd)=3feet1foot(ft)=12inches1inch(in)=1/12footArea1sq.mile=640acres1acre=4840sq.yd1sq.yd=9sq.ft1sq.ft=144sq.in1sq.in=1/144sq.ftWeight1ton=2240pounds1hundredweight(cwt)=112pounds1stone=14pounds1pound(lb)=16ounces1ounce=1/16poundCapacity1bushel=8gallons1gallon=4quarts1quart=2pints1pint=1/2quart1fl.oz=1/20pintVolume1cubicyard=27cubicfeet1cubicfoot=1/27cubicyards1cubicinch=1/1728cubicfeetNauticalmeasure1nauticalmile=6080feet1cable=600feet1fathom=6feetGeneralInformation3ConversionfactorsGiventhedualuseofSIandBritishImperialUnitsintheUKconstructionindustry,quickandeasyconversionbetweenthetwosystemsisessential.Aselectionofusefulconversionfactorsare:Mass1kg=2.205lb1lb=0.4536kg1tonne=0.9842tons1ton=1.016tonnesLength1mm=0.03937in1in=25.4mm1m=3.281ft1ft=0.3048m1m=1.094yd1yd=0.9144mArea1mm2=0.00153in21in2=645.2mm21m2=10.764ft21ft2=0.0929m21m2=1.196yd21yd2=0.8361m2Volume1mm3=0.000061in31in3=16390mm31m3=35.32ft31ft3=0.0283m31m3=1.308yd31yd3=0.7646m3Density1kg/m3=0.06242lb/ft31lb/ft3=16.02kg/m31tonne/m3=0.7524ton/yd31ton/yd3=1.329tonne/m3Force1N=0.2248lbf1lbf=4.448N1kN=0.1004tonf1tonf=9.964kNStressand1N/mm2=145lbf/in21lbf/in2=0.0068N/mm2pressure1N/mm2=0.0647tonf/in21tonf/in2=15.44N/mm21N/m2=0.0208lbf/ft21lbf/ft2=47.88N/m21kN/m2=0.0093tonf/ft21tonf/ft2=107.3kN/m2Lineloading1kN/m=68.53lbf/ft1lbf/ft=0.0146kN/m1kN/m=0.03059tonf/ft1tonf/ft=32.69kN/mMoment1Nm=0.7376lbfft1lbfft=1.356NmModulusofelasticity1N/mm2=145lbf/in21lbf/in2=6.8103N/mm21kN/mm2=145032lbf/in21lbf/in2=6.8106kN/mm2Section1mm3=61.01106in31in3=16390mm3modulus1cm3=61.01103in31in3=16.39cm3Second1mm4=2.403106in41in4=416200mm4moment1cm4=2.403102in41in4=41.62cm4ofareaTemperaturexC=[(1.8x32)]FyF=[(y32)/1.8]C4StructuralEngineer'sPocketBookMeasurementofanglesTherearetwosystemsforthemeasurementofanglescommonlyusedintheUK.EnglishsystemTheEnglishorsexagesimalsystemwhichisuniversal:1rightangle=90(degrees)1(degree)=60/(minutes)1/(minute)=60//(seconds)InternationalsystemCommonlyusedforthemeasurementofplaneanglesinmechanicsandmathematics,theradianisaconstantangularmeasurementequaltotheanglesubtendedatthecentreofanycircle,byanarcequalinlengthtotheradiusofthecircle.pradians=180(degrees)1radian=180o=180o3.1416=57o17/44//EquivalentanglesindegreesandradiansandtrigonometricratiosAngleyinradians0
6 4 3 2Angleyindegrees030456090siny01 21
2
3
21cosy1
3
21
2
1 20tany01
3
1
3
GeneralInformation5ConstructiondocumentationandprocurementConstructiondocumentationThemembersofthedesignteameachproducedrawings,specificationsandscheduleswhichexplaintheirdesignstothecontractor.Thedrawingssetoutinvisualformhowthedesignistolookandhowitistobeputtogether.Thespecificationdescribesthedesignrequirementsforthematerialsandworkmanship,andadditionalschedulessetoutsizesandco-ordinationinformationnotalreadycoveredinthedrawingsorspecification.Thequantitysurveyorusesallofthesedocumentstopreparebillsofquantities,whichareusedtohelpbreakdownthecostofthework.Thedrawings,specifications,schedulesandbillsofquantitiesformthetenderdocumentation.`Tender'iswhenthebillsanddesigninformationaresentouttocontractorsfortheirproposedpricesandconstructionprogrammes.`Procurement'simplymeansthemethodbywhichthecontractoristobechosenandemployed,andhowthebuildingcontractismanaged.TraditionalprocurementOncethedesigniscomplete,tenderdocumentationispreparedandsentouttotheselectedcontractors(threetosixdependingonhowlargetheprojectis)whoarenormallyonlygivenamonthtoabsorballtheinformationandreturnapriceforthework.Typically,amaincontractormanagestheworkonsiteandhasnolabourofhisown.Themaincontractorgetspricesfortheworkfromsubcontractorsandaddsprofitandpreliminariesbeforereturningthetenderstothedesignteam.Theclienthastheoptiontochooseanyofthetenderers,buttheselectionintheUKisnormallyonthebasisofthelowestprice.Theclientwillbeincontractwiththemaincontractor,whointurnisincontractwiththesubcontractors.Thearchitectnormallyactsasthecontractadminis-tratorfortheclient.Thetenderprocessissometimessplittooverlappartofthedesignphasewithafirststagetenderandtoachieveaquickerstartonsitethanwithaconventionaltenderprocess.6StructuralEngineer'sPocketBookConstructionmanagementTowardstheendofthedesignprocess,theclientemploysamanagementcontractortooverseetheconstruction.Themanagementcontractortakesthetenderdocumentation,splitstheinformationintopackagesandchoosestradecontractors(adifferentnameforasubcontractor)totenderforthework.Themaindifferencesbetweenconstructionmanagementandtraditionalprocurementarethatthedesignteamcanchoosewhichtradecontractorsareaskedtopriceandthetradecontractorsaredirectlycontractedtotheclient.Whilethistypeofcontractualarrangementcanworkwellforstraightforwardbuildingsitisnotidealforrefurbishmentorverycomplexjobswhereitisnoteasytosplitthejobintosimple`tradepackages'.DesignandBuildThisprocurementrouteispreferredbyclientswhowantcostsecurityanditisgenerallyusedforprojectswhichhaveeconomy,ratherthanqualityofdesign,asthekeyrequire-ment.TherearetwoversionsofDesignandBuild.Thisfirstisforthedesignteamtoworkfortheclientuptothetenderstage,beforebeing`novated'toworkforthemaincontractor.(Avariantofthisisafixedsumcontractwherethedesignteamremainemployedbytheclient,butthecostoftheworkisfixed.)Thesecondmethodiswhentheclienttenderstheprojecttoanumberofconsortiaonanoutlinedescriptionandspecification.Aconsortiumistypicallyledbyamaincontractorwhohasemployedadesignteam.Thistypicallymeansthatthemaincontractorhasmuchmorecontrolovertheconstructiondetailsthanwithotherprocurementroutes.PartneringPartneringisdifficulttodefine,andcantakemanydifferentforms,butoftenmeansthatthecontractorispaidtobeincludedasamemberofthedesignteam,wheretheclienthassetarealisticprogrammeandbudgetforthesizeandqualityofthebuildingrequired.Partneringgenerallyworksbestforteamswhohaveworkedtogetherbefore,wheretheteammembersareallselectedonthebasisofrecommendationandpastperformance.Ideallythecontractorcanbringhisexperienceinco-ordinatingandprogrammingconstructionoperationstoadvisetherestoftheteamonchoiceofmaterialsandconstructionmethods.Normallydetailingadvicecanbemoredifficultasmaincontractorstendtorelyontheirsubcontractorsforthefinedetail.Theactualcontractualarrangementcanbeasanyofthosepreviouslymentionedandsometimesthemaincontractorwillsharetheriskofcostsincreaseswiththeclientonthebasisthattheycantakeashareofanycostsavings.GeneralInformation7DrawingconventionsDrawingconventionsprovideacommonlanguagesothatthoseworkinginthecon-structionindustrycanreadthetechnicalcontentofthedrawings.Itisimportantforeveryonetousethesamedrawingconventions,toensureclearcommunication.Con-structionindustrydrawingconventionsarecoveredbyBSENISO7519whichtakesoverfromthewithdrawnBS1192andBS308.Adrawingcanbeputtoitsbestuseiftheprojections/viewsarecarefullychosentoshowthemostinformationwiththemaximumclarity.Mostviewsinconstructiondrawingsaredrawnorthographically(drawingsintwodimensions),butisometric(30)andaxonometric(45)projectionsshouldnotbeforgottenwhendealingwithcom-plicateddetails.Typicallydrawingsaresplitinto:location,assemblyandcomponent.Thesemightbecontainedononlyonedrawingforasmalljob.Drawingissuesheetsshouldlogissuedates,drawingrevisionsandreasonsfortheissue.Appropriatescalesneedtobepickedforthedifferenttypeofdrawings:Location/siteplansUsedtoshowsiteplans,sitelevels,roadslayouts,etc.Typicalscales:1:200,1:500andupto1:2500iftheprojectdemands.Generalarrangement(GA)Typicallyplans,sectionsandelevationssetoutasortho-graphicprojections(i.e.viewsonaplanesurface).Thepracticalminimumfortenderorconstructiondrawingsisusually1:50,but1:20canalsobeusedformorecomplicatedplansandsections.DetailsUsedtoshowtheconstructiondetailsreferencedontheplanstoshowhowindividualelementsorassembliesfittogether.Typicalscales:1:20,1:10,1:5,1:2or1:1Structuraldrawingsshouldcontainenoughdimensionalandlevelinformationtoallowdetailingandconstructionofthestructure.Forsmalljobsorearlyinthedesignprocess,`wobblyline'handdrawingscanbeusedtoillustratedesignstothedesignteamandthecontractor.Theillustrationsinthisbookshowthetypeoffreehandscaledrawingswhichcanbedoneusingdifferentlinethicknessesandwithoutusingaruler.Thesesortsofsketchescanbequickertoproduceandeasiertounderstandthancomputerdrawninformation,especiallyinthepreliminarystagesofdesign.8StructuralEngineer'sPocketBookLinethicknessesHatchingSteps,rampsandslopescut
section/slab edge/element to be highlightedelevations/infill
detailsdemolishedstructure under/hiddengridline/centre lineoutline
of boundaries/adjacent partslimit of partially viewed
element/cut-backlinenot at intersectionbreakline
straight+tubeExistingbrickworkNewbrickworkNewblockworkStoneworkConcreteSawnsoftwoodHardwoodInsulationSubsoilHardcoreMortar/screed/plasterPlywoodGlassSteelDamp
proof courseor membraneStairsRampLandscape slope Slope/pitchArrow
indicates
upGeneralInformation9CommonarrangementofworksectionsTheCommonArrangementofWorkSectionsforBuildingWork(CAWS)isintendedtoprovideastandardfortheproductionofspecificationsandbillsofquantitiesforbuildingprojects,sothattheworkcanbedividedupmoreeasilyforcostingandfordistributiontosubcontractors.Thefulldocumentisveryextensive,withsectionstocoverallaspectsofthebuildingworkincluding:thecontract,structure,fittings,finishes,landscapingandmechanicalandelectricalservices.ThefollowingsectionsareextractsfromCAWStosummarizethesectionsmostcommonlyusedbystructuralengineers:APreliminaries/generalconditionsA1TheprojectgenerallyA2ThecontractA3Employer'srequirementsA4Contractor'sgeneralcostsCExistingsite/buildings/servicesC1DemolitionC2AlterationcompositeitemsC3AlterationsupportC4Repairing/renovatingconcrete/masonryC5Repairing/renovatingmetal/timberDGroundworkD1Investigation/stabilization/dewateringD2Excavation/fillingD3PilingD4DiaphragmwallingD5UnderpinningEInsituconcrete/largeprecastconcreteE1InsituconcreteE2FormworkE3ReinforcementE4InsituconcretesundriesE5PrecastconcretelargeunitsE6CompositeconstructionFMasonryF1Brick/blockwallingF2StonewallingF3MasonryaccessoriesGStructural/carcassinginmetalortimberG1Structural/carcassingmetalG2Structural/carcassingtimberG3Metal/timberdeckingRDisposalsystemsR1DrainageR2SewerageThereisaverylonglistoffurthersubheadingswhichcanbeusedtocoversectionsinmoredetail(e.g.F10isspecificallyforBrick/blockwalling).However,thelististooextensivetobeincludedhere.Source:CPIC(1998).10StructuralEngineer'sPocketBookSummaryofACEconditionsofengagementTheAssociationofConsultingEngineers(ACE)representstheconsultingsectoroftheengineeringprofessionintheUK.TheACEConditionsofEngagement,AgreementB(1),3rdEdition(2002)isusedwheretheengineerisappointeddirectlytotheclientandworkswithanarchitectwhoistheleadconsultantorcontractadministrator.AsummaryoftheNormalServicesfromAgreementB(1)isgivenbelowwithreferencestotheletteredworkstages(AL)definedbytheRoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects(RIBA).FeasibilityWorkStageAAppraisalIdentificationofclientrequirementsanddevelopmentconstraintsbytheLeadConsultant,withaninitialappraisaltoallowtheclienttodecidewhethertoproceedandtoselecttheprobableprocurementmethod.StageBStrategicbriefingConfirmationofkeyrequirementsandconstraintsfororbytheclient,includinganytopographical,historicalorcontaminationconstraintsontheproposals.Considertheeffectofpublicutilitiesandtransportlinksforconstructionandpostconstructionperiodsontheproject.PrepareasiteinvestigationdeskstudyandifnecessarybringthefullsiteinvestigationforwardfromStageC.IdentifytheProjectBrief,establishdesignteamworkingrelationshipsandlinesofcommunicationanddiscusswiththeclientanyrequirementsforsitestafforresidentengineer.Collaborateonthedesignwiththedesignteamandprepareastagereportifrequestedbytheclientorleadconsultant.Pre-constructionphaseStageCOutlineproposalsVisitthesiteandstudyanyreportsavailableregardingthesite.Advisetheclientontheneedandextentofsiteinvestigations,arrangequotesandproceedwhenquotesareapprovedbytheclient.Advisetheclientofanytopographicalordimensionalsurveysthatarerequired.Consultwithanylocalorotherauthoritiesaboutmattersofprincipleandconsideralternativeoutlinesolutionsfortheproposedscheme.Provideadvice,sketches,reportsoroutlinespecificationstoenabletheLeadConsultanttopreparehisoutlineproposalsandassistthepreparationofaCostPlan.Prepareareportand,ifrequired,presenttotheclient.StageDDetailedproposalsDevelopthedesignofthedetailedproposalswiththedesignteamforsubmissionofthePlanningApplicationbytheLeadConsultant.Preparedrawings,specifications,calculationsanddescriptionsinordertoassistthepreparationofaCostPlan.Prepareareportand,ifrequired,presenttotheclient.GeneralInformation11SummaryofACEconditionsofengagementcontinuedPre-constructionphasecontinuedStageEFinalproposalsDevelopandco-ordinateallelementsoftheprojectintheoverallschemewiththedesignteam,andpreparecalculations,drawings,schedulesandspecificationsasrequiredforpresentationtotheclient.AgreeaprogrammeforthedesignandconstructionoftheWorkswiththeclientandthedesignteam.StageFProductioninformationDevelopthedesignwiththedesignteamandpreparedrawings,calculations,schedulesandspecificationsfortheTenderDocumentationandforBuildingRegulationsApproval.PrepareanyfurtherdrawingsandschedulesnecessarytoenableContractorstocarryouttheWorks,excludingdrawingsanddesignsfortemporaryworks,formwork,andshopfabricationdetails(reinforcementdetailsarenotalwaysincludedaspartofthenormalservices).ProduceaDesigner'sRiskAssessmentinlinewithHealth&SafetyCDMRegulations.AdvisetheLeadConsultantonanyspecialtenderorcontractconditions.StageGStageHTenderdocumentsTenderactionAssisttheLeadConsultantinidentifyingandevaluatingpotentialcontractorsand/orspecialistsfortheconstructionoftheproject.Assisttheselectionofcontractorsforthetenderlists,assembleTenderDocumentationandissueittotheselectedtenderers.Onreturnoftenders,adviseontherelativemeritsofthecontractorsproposals,programmesandtenders.ConstructionphaseStageJStageKMobilizationConstructiontopracticalcompletionAssisttheClientandLeadConsultantinlettingthebuildingcontract,appointingthecontractorandarrangingsitehandovertothecontractor.Issueconstructioninformationtothecontractorandprovidefurtherinformationtothecontractorasandwhenreasonablyrequired.Commentondetaileddesigns,fabricationdrawings,barbendingschedulesandspecificationssubmittedbytheContractors,forgeneraldimensions,structuraladequacyandconformitywiththedesign.AdviseontheneedforinspectionsortestsarisingduringtheconstructionphaseandtheappointmentanddutiesofSiteStaff.AssisttheLeadConsultantinexaminingproposals,butnotincludingalternativedesignsfortheWorks,submittedbytheContractor.Attendrelevantsitemeetingsandmakeotherperiodicvisitstothesiteasappropriatetothestageofconstruction.AdvisetheLeadConsultantoncertificatesforpaymenttoContractors.Checkthatworkisbeingexecutedgenerallytothecontroldocumentsandwithgoodengineeringpractice.Inspecttheconstructiononcompletionand,inconjunctionwithanySiteStaff,recordanydefects.Oncompletion,deliveronecopyofeachofthefinalstructuraldrawingstotheplanningsupervisororclient.PerformworkoradvisetheClientinconnectionwithanyclaiminconnectionwiththestructuralworks.StageLAfterpracticalcompletionAssisttheLeadConsultantwithanyadministrationofthebuildingcontractafterpracticalcompletion.MakeanyfinalinspectionsinordertohelptheLeadConsultantsettlethefinalaccount.Source:ACE(1998).12StructuralEngineer'sPocketBook2
StatutoryAuthoritiesandPermissionsPlanningPlanningregulationscontrolindividuals'freedomtoaltertheirpropertyinanattempttoprotecttheenvironmentinUKtowns,citiesandcountryside,inthepublicinterest.DifferentregulationsandsystemsofcontrolapplyinthedifferentUKregions.Planningpermissionisnotalwaysrequired,andinsuchcasestheplanningdepartmentwillissueaLawfulDevelopmentCertificateonrequestandforafee.EnglandandWalesThemainlegislationwhichsetsouttheplanningframeworkinEnglandandWalesistheTownandCountryPlanningAct1990.Thegovernment'sstatementsofplanningpolicymaybefoundinWhitePapers,PlanningPolicyGuidanceNotes(PPGs),MineralPolicyGuidanceNotes(MPGs),RegionalPolicyGuidanceNotes(RPGs),departmentalcircularsandministerialstatementspublishedbytheOfficeoftheDeputyPrimeMinister(ODPM).ScotlandTheFirstMinisterforScotlandisresponsiblefortheplanningframework.ThemainplanninglegislationinScotlandistheTownandCountryPlanningAct(Scotland)1997andthePlanning(ListedBuildingsandConservationAreas)(Scotland)Act1997.ThelegislationissupplementedbytheScottishExecutivewhopublishNationalPlanningPolicyGuidelines(NPPGs)whichsetouttheScottishpolicyonlanduseandotherissues.Inaddition,aseriesofPlanningAdviceNotes(PANs)giveguidanceonhowbesttodealwithmatterssuchaslocalplanning,ruralhousingdesignandimprovingsmalltownsandtowncentres.NorthernIrelandThePlanning(NI)Order1991couldbesaidtobethemostsignificantofthemanydifferentActswhichmakeuptheprimaryandsubordinateplanninglegislationinNorth-ernIreland.AsintheotherUKregions,theNorthernIrelandExecutivepublishespolicyguidelinescalledPlanningPolicyStatements(PPSs)whichsetouttheregionalpoliciestobeimplementedbythelocalauthority.BuildingregulationsandstandardsBuildingregulationshavebeenaroundsinceRomantimesandarenowusedtoensurereasonablestandardsofconstruction,healthandsafety,energyefficiencyandaccessforthedisabled.Buildingcontrolrequirements,andtheirsystemsofcontrol,aredifferentforthedifferentUKregions.ThelegislationistypicallysetoutunderaStatutoryInstrument,empoweredbyanActofParliament.Inaddition,thelegislationisfurtherexplainedbythedifferentregionsinexplanatorybooklets,whichalsodescribetheminimumstandards`deemedtosatisfy'theregulations.The`deemedtosatisfy'solutionsdonotprecludedesignersfromproducingalternativesolutionsprovidedthattheycanbesupportedbycalculationsanddetailstosatisfythelocalauthoritywhoimplementtheregulations.Buildingcontrolfeesvaryaroundthecountrybutaregenerallycalculatedonascaleinrelationtothecostofthework.EnglandandWalesEnglandandWaleshashadbuildingregulationssinceabout1189whenthefirstversionofaLondonBuildingActwasissued.TodaytherelevantlegislationistheBuildingAct1984andtheStatutoryInstrumentBuildingRegulations2000.TheApprovedDocumentspublishedbytheODPMaretheguidetotheminimumrequirementsoftheregulations.Applicationsmaybemadeas`fullplans'submissionswellbeforeworkstarts,orforsmallelementsofworkasa`buildingnotice'48hoursbeforeworkstarts.Completioncertifi-catesdemonstratingBuildingRegulationsApprovalcanbeobtainedonrequest.Thirdpartiescanbecomeapprovedinspectorsandprovidebuildingcontrolservices.Approveddocuments(asamended)AStructureA1LoadingA2GroundMovementA3andA4DisproportionateCollapseBFireSafetyCSitePreparationandResistancetoMoistureDToxicSubstancesEResistancetothePassageofSoundFVentilationGHygieneHDrainageandWasteDisposalJHeatProducingAppliancesKStairs,RampsandGuardsLConservationofFuelandPowerMAccessandFacilitiesforDisabledPeopleNGlazingMaterialsandProtectionRegulation7MaterialsandWorkmanship14StructuralEngineer'sPocketBookScotlandBuildingstandardshavebeeninexistenceinScotlandsincearound1119withtheestablishmentofthesystemofRoyalBurghs.ThethreeprincipaldocumentswhichcurrentlygovernbuildingcontrolaretheBuilding(Scotland)Act1959(asamended),theBuildingStandards(Scotland)Regulations1990(asamended)andtheTechnicalStandards1990theexplanatoryguidetotheregulationspublishedbytheScottishExecutive.Applicationsforallbuildinganddemolitionworkmustbemadetothelocalauthority,whoassesstheproposalsforcompliancewiththetechnicalstandards,beforeissuingabuildingwarrant,whichisvalidforfiveyears.UnliketheotherregionsintheUK,workmayonlystartonsiteonceawarranthasbeenobtained.Buildingsmayonlybeoccupiedattheendoftheconstructionperiodoncethelocalauthorityhaveissuedacompletioncertificate.Buildingcontroldepartmentstypicallywillonlyassessverysimplestructuralproposalsandformorecomplicatedwork,qualifiedengineersmust`self-certify'theirproposals.TechnicalstandardsAGeneralandDefinitionsBFitnessofMaterialsCStructureDStructuralFirePrecautionsEMeansofEscapefromFireFHeatProducingInstallationsandStorageofLiquidandGaseousFuelsGPreparationofSitesandResistancetoMoistureHResistancetoTransmissionofSoundJConservationofFuelandPowerKVentilationofBuildingsMDrainageandSanitaryFacilitiesNElectricalInstallationsPMiscellaneousHazardsQFacilitiesforDwellingsRSolidWasteStorage,DungsteadsandFarmEffluentTanksSStairs,RampsandProtectiveBarriersStatutoryAuthoritiesandPermissions15NorthernIrelandThemainlegislation,policyandguidelinesinNorthernIrelandaretheBuildingRegula-tions(NorthernIreland)Order1979asamendedbythePlanningandBuildingRegula-tions(NorthernIreland)(Amendment)Order1990;theBuildingRegulations(NI)2000andthetechnicalbookletswhichdescribetheminimumrequirementsoftheregulationspublishedbytheNorthernIrelandExecutive.BuildingregulationsinNorthernIrelandaretheresponsibilityoftheDepartmentofFinanceandPersonnelandareimplementedbythedistrictcouncils.Untilrecentlytheregulationsoperatedonstrictprescriptivelaws,butthesystemisnowverysimilartothesysteminEnglandandWales.Applicantsmustdemonstratecompliancewiththe`deemedtosatisfy'requirements.Applicationsmaybemadeasa`fullplans'submissionwellbeforeworkstarts,orasa`buildingnotice'fordomestichousesjustbeforeworkstarts.Buildersmustissuestagenoticesforlocalauthoritysiteinspections.Copiesofthestagenoticesshouldbekeptwiththecertificateofcompletionbythebuildingowner.TechnicalbookletsAInterpretationandGeneralBMaterialsandWorkmanshipCPreparationofSitesandResistancetoMoistureDStructureEFireSafetyFConservationofFuelandPowerGSoundInsulationHStairs,RampsandGuardingJSolidWasteinBuildingsKVentilationLHeatProducingAppliancesandLPGSystemsNDrainagePSanitaryAppliancesandUnventedHotWaterStorageSystemsRAccessandFacilitiesforDisabledPeopleVGlazing16StructuralEngineer'sPocketBookListedbuildingsIntheUK,buildingsof`specialarchitecturalorhistoricinterest'canbelistedtoensurethattheirfeaturesareconsideredbeforeanyalterationsareagreedtotheexteriororinterior.Buildingsmaybelistedbecauseoftheirassociationwithanimportantarchitect,personoreventorbecausetheyareagoodexampleofdesign,buildingtype,construc-tionoruseofmaterial.Listedbuildingconsentmustbeobtainedfromthelocalauthoritybeforeanyworkiscarriedoutonalistedbuilding.Inaddition,theremaybespecialconditionsattachedtoecclesiastical,oroldecclesiastical,buildingsorlandbythelocaldioceseortheHomeOffice.EnglandandWalesEnglishHeritage(EH)inEnglandandCADWinWalesworkforthegovernmenttoidentifybuildingsof`specialarchitecturalorhistoricinterest'.Allbuildingsbuiltbefore1700(andmostbuildingsbetween1700and1840)withasignificantnumberoforiginalfeatureswillbelisted.Abuildingnormallymustbeover30yearsoldtobeeligibleforlisting.Therearethreegrades:I,II*andII,andthereareapproximately500000buildingslistedinEngland,withabout13000inWales.GradesIandII*areeligibleforgrantsfromEHforurgentmajorrepairsandresidentiallistedbuildingsmaybeVATzeroratedforapprovedalterations.ScotlandHistoricScotlandmaintainsthelistsandschedulesfortheScottishExecutive.Allbuildingsbefore1840ofsubstantiallyunimpairedcharactercanbelisted.Thereareover40000listedbuildingsdividedintothreegrades:A,BandC.GradeAisusedforbuildingsofnationalorinternationalimportanceorlittlealteredexamplesofaparticularperiod,styleorbuildingtype,whileaGradeCbuildingwouldbeoflocalimportanceorbeasignificantlyalteredexampleofaparticularperiod,styleorbuildingtype.NorthernIrelandTheEnvironmentandHeritageService(EHS)withintheNorthernIrelandExecutivehascarriedoutasurveyofallthebuildingstockintheregionandkeepstheNorthernIrelandBuildingsDatabase.Buildingsmustbeatleast30yearsoldtobelistedandtherearecurrentlyabout8500listedbuildings.Therearethreegradesoflisting:A,B+andB(withtwofurtherclassificationsB1andB2)whichhavesimilarqualificationstotheotherUKregions.StatutoryAuthoritiesandPermissions17ConservationareasLocalauthoritieshaveadutytodesignateconservationareasinanyareaof`specialarchitecturalorhistoricinterest'wherethecharacterorappearanceoftheareaisworthpreservingorenhancing.Therearearound8500conservationareasinEnglandandWales,600inScotlandand30inNorthernIreland.Thecharacterofanareadoesnotjustcomefrombuildingsandsotheroadandpathlayouts,greensandtrees,pavingandbuildingmaterialsandpublicandprivatespacesareprotected.Conservationareaconsentisrequiredfromthelocalauthoritybeforeworkstartstoensureanyalterationsdonotdetractfromthearea'sappearance.TreepreservationordersLocalauthoritieshavespecificpowerstoprotecttreesbymakingTreeProtectionOrders(TPOs).Specialprovisionsalsoapplytotreesinconservationareas.ATPOmakesitanoffencetocutdown,lop,top,uproot,wilfullydamageordestroytheprotectedtreewithoutthelocalplanningauthority'spermission.AlloftheUKregionsoperatesimilarguidelineswithslightlydifferentnoticeperiodsandpenalties.Theownerremainsresponsibleforthetree(s),theirconditionandanydamagetheymaycause,butonlytheplanningauthoritycangivepermissiontoworkonthem.Arboricul-turalists(whocangiveadviceonworkwhichneedstobecarriedoutontrees)andcontractors(whoarequalifiedtoworkontrees)shouldberegisteredwiththeArbor-iculturalAssociation.Insomecases(includingifthetreeisdangerous)nopermissionisrequired,butnotice(about5days(or6weeksinaconservationarea)dependingontheUKregion)mustbegiventotheplanningauthority.Whenitisagreedthatatreecanberemoved,thisisnormallyontheconditionthatasimilartreeisplantedasareplacement.Permissionisgenerallynotrequiredtocutdownorworkontreeswithatrunklessthan75mmdiameter(measuredat1.5mabovegroundlevel)or100mmdiameterifthinningtohelpthegrowthofothertrees.Finesofupto20000canbeleviedifworkiscarriedoutwithoutpermission.18StructuralEngineer'sPocketBookArchaeologyandancientmonumentsArchaeologyinScotland,EnglandandWalesisprotectedbytheAncientMonumentsandArchaeologyAreasAct1979,whiletheHistoricMonumentsandArchaeologyObjects(NI)Order1995appliesinNorthernIreland.ArchaeologyintheUKcanrepresenteveryperiodfromthecampsofhuntergatherers10000yearsagototheremainsoftwentiethcenturyindustrialandmilitaryactivities.Sitesincludeplacesofworship,settlements,defences,burialgrounds,farms,fieldsandsitesofindustry.Archaeologyinruralareastendstobeveryclosetothegroundsurface,butinurbanareas,deeplayersofdepositswerebuiltupasbuildingsweredemolishedandnewbuildingswereputdirectlyonthedebris.Thesedeposits,oftencalled`medievalfill',areanaverageof5mdeepinplacesliketheCityofLondonandYork.Historicorancientmonumentsarestructureswhichareofnationalimportance.Typicallymonumentsareinprivateownershipbutarenotoccupiedbuildings.Scheduledmonu-mentconsentisrequiredforalterationsandinvestigationsfromtheregionalheritagebodies:EnglishHeritage,HistoricScotland,CADWinWalesandEHSinNorthernIreland.EachoftheUKregionsoperatesverysimilarguidelinesinrelationtoarchaeology,butthroughdifferentframeworksandlegislation.Theregionalheritagebodiesdevelopthepolicieswhichareimplementedbythelocalauthorities.ThesepoliciesaresetoutinPPG16forEnglandandWales,NPPG18forScotlandandPPS6forNorthernIreland.Theseguidancenotesareintendedtoensurethat:1.Archaeologyisamaterialconsiderationforadeveloperseekingplanningpermission.2.Archaeologystrategyisincludedintheurbandevelopmentplanbythelocalplanningauthority.3.Archaeologyispreserved,wherepossible,insitu.4.Thedeveloperpaysforthearchaeologicalinvestigations,excavationsandreporting.5.Theprocessofassessment,evaluationandmitigationisarequirementofplanningpermission.6.Therolesofthedifferenttypesofarchaeologistsintheprocessesofassessment,evaluationandmitigationareclearlydefined.StatutoryAuthoritiesandPermissions19Where`areasofarchaeologicalinterest'havebeenidentifiedbythelocalauthorities,theregionalheritagebodiesactascurators(EnglishHeritage,HistoricScotland,CADWinWalesandEHSinNorthernIreland).Anydevelopmentswithinanareaofarchaeologicalinterestwillhavearchaeologicalconditionsattachedtotheplanningpermissiontoensurethatthefollowingprocessisputintoaction:1.Earlyconsultationbetweenthedevelopersandcuratorssothattheimpactofthedevelopmentonthearchaeology(orviceversa)canbediscussedandthedevelopercangetanideaoftherestrictionswhichmightbeappliedtothesite,theconstructionprocessandthedevelopmentitself.2.Deskstudyofthesitebyanarchaeologist.3.Fieldevaluationbyarchaeologistsusingfieldwalking,trialpits,boreholesand/orgeophysicalprospectingtosupportthedeskstudy.4.Negotiationbetweenthesitecuratorsandthedeveloper'sdesignteamtoagreetheextentofarchaeologicalmitigation.Thedevelopermustsubmitplansforapprovalbythecurators.5.Mitigationeitherpreservationofarchaeologyinsituorexcavationofareastobedisturbedbydevelopment.Thearchaeologistsmayhaveeitherawatchingbriefovertheexcavationscarriedoutbythedeveloper(wheretheymonitorconstructionworkforfinds)oronsignificantsites,carryouttheirownexcavations.6.Post-excavationworktocatalogueandreportonthearchaeology,eitherstoreordisplaythefindings.Generallythepreliminaryandfieldstudiesarecarriedoutbyprivateconsultantsandcontractorsemployedbythedeveloperstoadvisethelocalauthorityplanningdepart-ment.Insomeareasadvicecanalsobeobtainedfromaregionalarchaeologist.InNorthernIreland,speciallicencesarerequiredforeveryexcavationwhichmustbeunder-takenbyaqualifiedarchaeologist.InScotland,EnglandandWales,thearchaeologicalcontractorsorconsultantshavea`watchingbrief'.Fieldevaluationscanoftenbecarriedoutusinggeotechnicaltrialpitswiththeexcav-ationsbeingdonebythecontractororthearchaeologistdependingontheimportanceofthesite.Ifaninterestingfindismadeinageotechnicaltrialpitandthearchaeologistswouldliketokeepthepitopenforinspectionby,say,thecurators,thedeveloperdoesnothavetocomplyiftherewouldbeinconveniencetothedeveloperorbuildingusers,orforhealthandsafetyreasons.Engineersshouldensureforthefieldexcavationandmitigationstagesthatthearchae-ologistsrecordallthefeaturesintheexcavationsuptothiscentury'sinterventionsastheserecordscanbeveryusefultothedesignteam.Positionsofoldconcretefootingscouldhaveasmuchofanimpactonproposedfoundationpositionsasarchaeologicalfeatures!20StructuralEngineer'sPocketBookPartyWalletc.ActThePartyWalletc.Act1996cameintoforcein1997throughoutEnglandandWales.In2002thereisnoequivalentlegislationinNorthernIrelandandinScotland,theLawoftheTenementisonlyindraftform.DifferentsectionsofthePartyWallActapply,dependingonwhetheryouproposetocarryoutworktoanexistingwallorstructuresharedwithanotherproperty;buildafree-standingwallorthewallofabuildingastrideaboundarywithaneighbouringproperty,and/orexcavatewithin3mofaneighbouringbuildingorstructure.WorkcanfallwithinseveralsectionsoftheActatonetime.AbuildingOwnermustnotifyhisneighboursandagreethetermsofaPartyWallAwardbeforestartinganywork.TheActreferstotwodifferenttypesofPartyStructure:`PartyWall'and`PartyFenceWall'.PartyWallsarelooselydefinedasawallon,astrideoradjacenttoaboundaryenclosedbybuildingononeorbothsides.PartyFenceWallsarewallsastrideaboundarybutnotpartofabuilding;itdoesnotincludethingsliketimberfences.APartyStructureisawidetermwhichcansometimesincludefloorsorpartitions.TheNoticeperiodsandsections1,2and6oftheActaremostcommonlyused,andaredescribedbelow.NoticeperiodsandconditionsInordertoexerciserightsoverthePartyStructures,theActsaysthattheOwnermustgiveNoticetoAdjoiningOwners;thebuildingOwnermustnotcauseunnecessaryinconveni-ence,mustprovidecompensationforanydamageandmustprovidetemporaryprotec-tionforbuildingsandpropertywherenecessary.TheOwnerandtheAdjoiningOwnerintheActaredefinedasanyonewithaninterestgreaterthanatenancyfromyeartoyear.Thereforethiscanincludeshortholdtenants,longleaseholdersandfreeholdersforanyoneproperty.AbuildingOwner,orsurveyoractingonhisbehalf,mustsendaNoticeinadvanceofthestartofthework.DifferentNoticeperiodsapplytodifferentsectionsoftheAct,butworkcanstartwithintheNoticeperiodwiththewrittenagreementoftheAdjoiningOwner.ANoticeisonlyvalidforoneyearfromthedatethatitisservedandmustincludetheOwner'snameandaddress,thebuilding'saddress(ifdifferent);aclearstatementthattheNoticeisundertheprovisionsoftheAct(statingtherelevantsections);fulldetailsoftheproposedwork(includingplanswhereappropriate)andtheproposedstartdateforthework.TheNoticecanbeservedbypost,inpersonorfixedtotheadjoiningpropertyina`conspicuouspartofthepremises'.OncetheNoticehasbeenserved,theAdjoiningOwnercanconsentinwritingtotheworkorissueacounterNoticesettingoutanyadditionalworkhewouldliketocarryout.TheOwnermustrespondtoacounterNoticewithin14days.IftheOwnerhasapproachedtheAdjoiningOwnersanddiscussedtheworkwiththem,thetermsofaPartyWallAwardmayhavealreadybeenagreedinwritingbeforeaNoticeisserved.StatutoryAuthoritiesandPermissions21IfaNoticeisservedandtheAdjoiningOwnerdoesnotrespondwithin14days,adisputeissaidtohavearisen.IftheAdjoiningOwnerrefusestodiscusstermsorappointasurveyortoactonhisbehalf,theOwnercanappointasurveyortoactonbehalfoftheAdjoiningOwner.IftheOwnersdiscuss,butcannotagreetermstheycanjointlyappointasurveyor(ortheycaneachappointone)todrawupthePartyWallAward.Iftwosurveyorscannotagree,anominatedThirdSurveyorcanbecalledtoactimpartially.Incomplexcases,thiscanoftentakeoverayeartoresolveandinsuchcasestheNoticeperiodcanrunout,meaningthattheprocessmustbeginagainbyservinganotherNotice.Inallcases,thesurveyorsareappointedtoconsidertherightsoftheOwneroverthewallandnottoactasadvocatesinthenegotiationofcompensation!ThebuildingOwnercoversthecostsassociatedwithallofthesurveyorsandexpertsaskedaboutthework.Whenthetermshavebeenagreed,thePartyWallAwardshouldincludeadescription(indrawingsand/orwriting)ofwhat,whenandhowworkistobecarriedout;arecordoftheconditionoftheadjoiningOwner'spropertybeforeworkstarts;arrangementstoallowaccessforsurveyorstoinspectwhiletheworksaregoingonandsaywhowillpayforthecostoftheworks(ifrepairsaretobecarriedoutasasharedcostoriftheadjoiningOwnerhasservedacounterNoticeandistopayforthoseworks).EitherOwnerhas14daystoappealtotheCountyCourtagainstanAwardifanOwnerbelievesthatthepersonwhohasdraftedtheAwardhasactedbeyondtheirpowers.AnAdjoiningOwnercanasktheownerfora`bond'.ThebondmoneybecomesthepropertyoftheAdjoiningOwner(untiltheworkhasbeencompletedinaccordancewiththeAward)toensurethatfundsareavailabletopayforthecompletionoftheworksincasetheOwnerdoesnotcompletetheworks.TheOwnermustgive14days'NoticeifhisrepresentativesaretoaccesstheAdjoiningOwner'spropertytocarryoutorinspecttheworks.ItisanoffencetorefuseentryorobstructsomeonewhoisentitledtoenterthepremisesundertheActiftheoffenderknowsthatthepersonisentitledtobethere.Iftheadjoiningpropertyisempty,theOwner'sworkmenandownsurveyororarchitectmayenterthepremisesiftheyareaccompaniedbyapoliceofficer.22StructuralEngineer'sPocketBookSection1newbuildingonaboundarylineNoticemustbeservedtobuildonorastrideaboundaryline,butthereisnorighttobuildastrideifyourneighbourobjects.Youcanbuildfoundationsontheneighbouringlandifthewalllineisimmediatelyadjacenttotheboundary,subjecttosupervision.TheNoticeisrequiredatleast1monthbeforetheproposedstartdate.Section2workonexistingpartywallsThemostcommonlyusedrightsoverexistingPartyWallsincludecuttingintothewalltoinsertaDPCorsupportanewbeambearing;raising,underpinning,demolishingand/orrebuildingthePartyWalland/orprovidingprotectionbyputtingaflashingfromthehigheroverthelowerwall.Minorworkssuchasfixingshelving,fittingelectricalsocketsorreplasteringareconsideredtobetootrivialtobecoveredintheAct.AbuildingOwner,orPartyWallSurveyoractingontheOwner'sbehalfmustsendaNoticeatleast2monthsinadvanceofthestartofthework.Section6excavationnearneighbouringbuildingsNoticemustbeservedatleast1monthbeforeanOwnerintendstoexcavateorconstructafoundationforanewbuildingorstructurewithin3mofanadjoiningOwner'sbuildingwherethatworkwillgodeeperthantheadjacentOwner'sfoundations,orwithin6mofanadjoiningOwner'sbuildingwherethatworkwillcutalineprojectingoutat45fromthebottomofthatbuilding'sfoundations.Thiscanaffectneighbourswhoarenotimmediatelyadjacent.TheNoticemuststatewhethertheOwnerplanstostrengthenorsafeguardthefoundationsoftheAdjoiningOwner.AdjoiningOwnersmustagreespecificallyinwritingtotheuseof`specialfoundations'theseincludereinforcedconcretefoundations.Afterworkhasbeencompleted,theAdjoiningOwnermayrequestparticularsofthework,includingplansandsections.Source:DETR(1997).StatutoryAuthoritiesandPermissions23CDMTheConstructionDesign&Management(CDM)Regulations1994weredevelopedtoassignresponsibilitiesforhealthandsafetytotheclient,designteamandprincipalcon-tractor.TheApprovedCodeofPracticeispublishedbytheHealthandSafetyExecutiveforguidancetotheRegulations.Theclientisrequiredtoappointaplanningsupervisor(PS)whohasoverallresponsibilityforco-ordinatinghealthandsafetyaspectsofthedesignandplanningstagesofaproject.ThedutiesofthePScantheoreticallybecarriedoutbyanyofthetraditionaldesignteamprofessionals.ThePSmustensurethatthedesignersavoid,minimizeorcontrolhealthandsafetyrisksfortheconstructionandmaintenanceoftheproject,aswellasensuringthatthecontractoriscompetenttocarryoutthework.ThePSpreparesthepre-contracthealthandsafetyplanforinclusioninthetenderdocumentswhichshouldincludeproject-relevanthealthandsafetyinformationgatheredfromtheclientanddesigners.Thisshouldhighlightanyunusualaspectsoftheproject(alsohighlightedonthedrawings)thatacompetentcontractorwouldnotbeexpectedtoknow.Thisdocumentistakenonbythesuccessfulprincipalcontractoranddevelopedintotheconstructionphasehealthandsafetyplanbytheadditionofthecontractor'shealthandsafetypolicy,riskassessmentsandmethodstatementsasrequestedbythedesigners.Thehealthandsafetyplanisintendedtoprovideafocusforthemanagementandpreventionofhealthandsafetyrisksastheconstructionproceeds.ThehealthandsafetyfileisgenerallycompiledattheendoftheprojectbythecontractorandthePSwhocollectthedesigninformationrelevanttothelifeofthebuilding.ThePSmustensurethatthefileiscompiledandpassedtotheclientorthepeoplewhowilluse,operate,maintainand/ordemolishtheproject.Agoodhealthandsafetyfilewillbearelativelycompactmaintenancemanualincludinginformationtoalertthosewhowillbeowners,oroperatorsofthenewstructure,totheriskswhichmustbemanagedwhenthestructureandassociatedplantismaintained,repaired,renovatedordemolished.Afterhandovertheclientisresponsibleforkeepingthefileuptodate.24StructuralEngineer'sPocketBook3
DesignDataDesigndatachecklistThefollowingdesigndatachecklistisausefulreminderofallofthelimitingcriteriawhichshouldbeconsideredwhenselectinganappropriatestructuralform:.Description/buildinguse.Clientbriefandrequirements.Siteconstraints.Loadings.Structuralform:loadtransfer,stabilityandrobustness.Materials.Movementjoints.Durability.Fireresistance.Performancecriteria:deflection,vibration,etc..Temporaryworksandconstructionissues.Soilconditions,foundationsandgroundslab.MiscellaneousissuesStructuralform,stabilityandrobustnessStructuralformItisworthtryingtorememberthedifferentstructuralformswhendevelopingaschemedesign.Aparticularstructuralformmightfitthevisionfortheformofthebuilding.Forceormomentdiagramsmightsuggestabuildingshape.Thefollowingdiagramsofstruc-turalformareintendedasusefulreminders:CoupleTied
rafterKing postQueen postHowe(>10 m steel/timber)Double howe(815
m steel/timber)Fink(>10 m steel/timber)Bowshing(2040 m
steel)Umbrella(~13 m steel)Saw tooth(~5 m
steel)BowshingThrustScissor(610 m steel/timber)Double fink(514 m
timber)(813 m steel)Northlight(>5 m steel)Northlight(515 m
steel)Fan(815 m steel)French truss(1220 m steel)PrattWarrenModified
warrenHoweFinkModified finkDouble
latticeVierendeelTRUSSESGIRDERSDouble scissor(1013 m
steel/timber)26StructuralEngineersPocketBookPORTAL FRAMESAll fixed2
pin2 pin mansard3 pinThrust Tied 3 pin ARCHESSUSPENSIONCable stay
Suspension Closed suspensionSolid Piers Chevron
DiaphragmPly/plystressed skinPly webPly/timberstressed
skinFlitchedGravity orreinforced earthWALLSTIMBERRETAINING
WALLSEmbeddedCantileverDesignData27StabilityStabilityofastructuremustbeachievedintwoorthogonaldirections.Circularstructuresshouldalsobecheckedforrotationalfailure.Thepositionsofmovementand/oracousticjointsshouldbeconsideredandeachpartofthestructureshouldbedesignedtobeindependentlystableandrobust.Lateralloadscanbetransferredacrossthestructureand/ordowntothefoundationsbyusinganyofthefollowingmethods:.Crossbracingwhichcarriesthelateralforcesasaxialloadindiagonalmembers..Diaphragmactionoffloorsorwallswhichcarrytheforcesbypanel/plate/shearaction..Frameactionwithfixedconnectionsbetweenmembersandpinnedconnectionsatthesupports..Verticalcantilevercolumnswithfixedconnectionsatthefoundations..Buttressingwithdiaphragm,chevronorfinwalls.Stabilitymembersmustbelocatedontheplansothattheirshearcentreisalignedwiththeresultantoftheoverturningforces.Ifaneccentricitycannotbeavoided,thestabilitymembersshouldbedesignedtoresisttheresultingtorsionacrosstheplan.RobustnessanddisproportionatecollapseAllstructuralelementsshouldbeeffectivelytiedtogetherineachofthetwoorthogonaldirections,bothhorizontallyandvertically.Thisisgenerallyachievedbyspecifyingcon-nectionsinsteelbuildingsasbeingofcertainminimumsize,byensuringthatreinforcedconcretejunctionscontainaminimumareaofsteelbarsandbyusingsteelstrapstoconnectwallsandfloorsinmasonrystructures.Itisimportanttoconsiderrobustnessrequirementsearlyinthedesignprocess.TheBuildingRegulationsrequirebuildingsoffiveormorestoreys(excludingtheroof)tobedesignedfordisproportionatecollapse.Thisisintendedtoensurethataccidentaldamagetoelementsofthebuildingstructurecannotcausethecollapseofadispropor-tionatelylargeareaofabuilding.Thedisproportionatecollapserequirementforpublicbuildingswitharoofspanofmorethan9mappearstohavebeenremovedfromtheregulations.TypicallytheBuildingRegulationsrequirethatanycollapsecausedbythefailureofasinglestructuralelementshouldbelimitedtoanareaof70m2or15%ofanystoreyarea(whicheveristhelesser).Alternativelythedesignercanstrengthenthestructuretowith-standthefailureofcertainstructuralsupportsinordertopreventdisproportionatecollapse.Insomecircumstancesthestructurecannotbearrangedtoavoidtheoccurrenceofkeyelements,whichsupportdisproportionatelylargeareasofthebuilding.Thesekeyelementsmustbedesignedasprotectedmembers(tothecodeofpracticefortherelevantstructuralmaterial)toprovideextrarobustnessanddamageresistance.28StructuralEngineersPocketBookStructuralmovementjointsJointsshouldbeprovidedtocontroltemperature,moisture,acousticandgroundmove-ments.Movementjointscanbedifficulttowaterproofanddetailandthereforeshouldbekepttoaminimum.Thepositionsofmovementjointsshouldbeconsideredfortheireffectontheoverallstabilityofthestructure.PrimarymovementjointsPrimarymovementjointsarerequiredtopreventcrackingwherebuildings(orpartsofbuildings)arelarge,whereabuildingspansdifferentgroundconditions,changesheightconsiderablyorwheretheshapesuggestsapointofnaturalweakness.Withoutdetailedcalculation,jointsshouldbedetailedtopermit1525mmmovement.Adviceonjointspacingfordifferentbuildingtypescanbevariableandconflicting.Thefollowingfiguresaresomeapproximateguidelinesbasedonthebuildingtype:Concrete25m(e.g.forroofswithlargethermaldifferentials)50mc/c.Steelindustrialbuildings100mtypical150mmaximumc/c.Steelcommercialbuildings50mtypical100mmaximumc/c.Masonry40m50mc/c.SecondarymovementjointsSecondarymovementjointsareusedtodividestructuralelementsintosmallerelementstodealwiththelocaleffectsoftemperatureandmoisturecontent.Typicaljointspacingsare:ClaybricksUpto12mc/conplan(6mfromcorners)and9mverticallyoreverythreestoreysifthebuildingisgreaterthan12morfourstoreystall.Concreteblocks3m7mc/c.Hardstanding70mc/c.Steelroofsheeting20mc/cdowntheslope,nolimitalongtheslope.DesignData29FireresistanceperiodsforstructuralelementsFireresistanceofstructureisrequiredtomaintainstructuralintegritytoallowtimeforthebuildingtobeevacuated.Generally,roofsdonotrequireprotection.Architectstypicallyspecifyfireprotectioninconsultationwiththeengineer.BuildingtypesMinimumperiodoffireresistanceminutesBasementstoreyincludingflooroverGroundorupperstoreyDepthofalowestbasementHeightoftopflooraboveground,inabuildingorseparatedpartofabuilding>10m5m
