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Structure of DNA

Structure of DNA - University of California, DavisDNA chain s can be very long ! E. coli chromosome: 4.6x106 base pairs: 4.6x 106 x .34 nm = 1.5x106 nm = 1.5 mm ! Human DNA: 6x10-12

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Page 1: Structure of DNA - University of California, DavisDNA chain s can be very long ! E. coli chromosome: 4.6x106 base pairs: 4.6x 106 x .34 nm = 1.5x106 nm = 1.5 mm ! Human DNA: 6x10-12

Structure of DNA

Page 2: Structure of DNA - University of California, DavisDNA chain s can be very long ! E. coli chromosome: 4.6x106 base pairs: 4.6x 106 x .34 nm = 1.5x106 nm = 1.5 mm ! Human DNA: 6x10-12

Watson and Crick use two sets of observations to infer the structure of DNA

X-ray crystallography: DNA is a helix

Subunit analysis

Page 3: Structure of DNA - University of California, DavisDNA chain s can be very long ! E. coli chromosome: 4.6x106 base pairs: 4.6x 106 x .34 nm = 1.5x106 nm = 1.5 mm ! Human DNA: 6x10-12

Polymerization of DNA subunits by condensation

Deoxyribose

T

Page 4: Structure of DNA - University of California, DavisDNA chain s can be very long ! E. coli chromosome: 4.6x106 base pairs: 4.6x 106 x .34 nm = 1.5x106 nm = 1.5 mm ! Human DNA: 6x10-12

Subunits of nucleic acids

(RNA)(DNA)

Page 5: Structure of DNA - University of California, DavisDNA chain s can be very long ! E. coli chromosome: 4.6x106 base pairs: 4.6x 106 x .34 nm = 1.5x106 nm = 1.5 mm ! Human DNA: 6x10-12

The double helix

“Complementary” base pairsstick together through H-bonds

Note: antiparallel

Page 6: Structure of DNA - University of California, DavisDNA chain s can be very long ! E. coli chromosome: 4.6x106 base pairs: 4.6x 106 x .34 nm = 1.5x106 nm = 1.5 mm ! Human DNA: 6x10-12
Page 7: Structure of DNA - University of California, DavisDNA chain s can be very long ! E. coli chromosome: 4.6x106 base pairs: 4.6x 106 x .34 nm = 1.5x106 nm = 1.5 mm ! Human DNA: 6x10-12

The double helix The helical twist pulls the hydrophobic bases close together

Page 8: Structure of DNA - University of California, DavisDNA chain s can be very long ! E. coli chromosome: 4.6x106 base pairs: 4.6x 106 x .34 nm = 1.5x106 nm = 1.5 mm ! Human DNA: 6x10-12

DNA chains can be very long

! E. coli chromosome: 4.6x106 base pairs:

4.6x 106 x .34 nm = 1.5x106 nm = 1.5 mm

! Human DNA: 6x10-12 g/cell x 1/660 mol bp/g x

6.023x1023 bp/mol bp x 0.34x10-9 m/bp = 1.9 m

! Bacterial, viral DNA “chromosomes” are circles ! DNA in human chromosomes (and DNA of all

eukaryotes) are linear strands ! “Z-DNA”, left-handed double helix, is also

possible

Page 9: Structure of DNA - University of California, DavisDNA chain s can be very long ! E. coli chromosome: 4.6x106 base pairs: 4.6x 106 x .34 nm = 1.5x106 nm = 1.5 mm ! Human DNA: 6x10-12

In eukaryotes, DNA chains coil to become shorter and thicker

Centromere

Telomeres

Page 10: Structure of DNA - University of California, DavisDNA chain s can be very long ! E. coli chromosome: 4.6x106 base pairs: 4.6x 106 x .34 nm = 1.5x106 nm = 1.5 mm ! Human DNA: 6x10-12

Melting and re-association of DNA

! H-bonds are weak bonds, broken by high temperature

! DNA “melts”--strands separate--at 85-95oC

! When cool, the strands can re-associate, if they have complementary base sequences

! Use this technique to recognize specific sequences

! make radioactive DNA of particular sequence

! fix unknowns to membrane

! add radioactive “probe”

! slowly cool to allow re-association

! wash off unassociated DNA

! measure radioactivity

Page 11: Structure of DNA - University of California, DavisDNA chain s can be very long ! E. coli chromosome: 4.6x106 base pairs: 4.6x 106 x .34 nm = 1.5x106 nm = 1.5 mm ! Human DNA: 6x10-12

Question: Is the gene for Starlink Bt toxinpresent in my taco shells?

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

32P:radioactivephosphorus

Page 12: Structure of DNA - University of California, DavisDNA chain s can be very long ! E. coli chromosome: 4.6x106 base pairs: 4.6x 106 x .34 nm = 1.5x106 nm = 1.5 mm ! Human DNA: 6x10-12

Replication of chromosomes

! Eukaryotes: chromosomes are linear (two toseveral hundred per cell; humans = 46)

! Distinguished visually by length, position of“centromere”

! Replication gives two pieces (“chromatids”),connected by centromere

! Progeny and parent DNA with identical basesequences

G1

G2

Page 13: Structure of DNA - University of California, DavisDNA chain s can be very long ! E. coli chromosome: 4.6x106 base pairs: 4.6x 106 x .34 nm = 1.5x106 nm = 1.5 mm ! Human DNA: 6x10-12

DNA synthesis: the molecular mechanism

•Separate template strands•Add subunits: deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates•Condense (form new sugar-phosphate bonds)

Page 14: Structure of DNA - University of California, DavisDNA chain s can be very long ! E. coli chromosome: 4.6x106 base pairs: 4.6x 106 x .34 nm = 1.5x106 nm = 1.5 mm ! Human DNA: 6x10-12

Complications:

! Splitting H-bonds

! Priming (DNA synthesis

needs a primer)

! Anti-parallel templates

Page 15: Structure of DNA - University of California, DavisDNA chain s can be very long ! E. coli chromosome: 4.6x106 base pairs: 4.6x 106 x .34 nm = 1.5x106 nm = 1.5 mm ! Human DNA: 6x10-12

Complications:

! Splitting H-bonds: unwinding enzyme, DNAhelicase, binding proteins

! RNA primers (DNA synthesis needs a

primer): RNA polymerase "primase"

! Okazaki fragments

Page 16: Structure of DNA - University of California, DavisDNA chain s can be very long ! E. coli chromosome: 4.6x106 base pairs: 4.6x 106 x .34 nm = 1.5x106 nm = 1.5 mm ! Human DNA: 6x10-12

Summary

! The complementary strands of DNA represent two copies of all the information in the cell.

! Through hybridization, one strand can be used

to identify a complementary strand. ! Duplication of DNA information is needed before

a cell reproduces. ! DNA polymerase uses the two existing DNA

strands as templates for two new strands.


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