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Structure and Function of Molecules and Cells 1 The structure of a molecule is related to its function. These figures illustrate how the overall structure of some proteins matches the function of the protein. Collagen is a long protein with three polypeptides twisted together like a rope or cable. Collagen gives strength to the tendons and ligaments which connect bones and muscles. A porin protein provides a channel for a small molecule to diffuse across a cell membrane. The motor protein, kinesin, walks along a microtubule carrying the vesicle with its contents. Most protein enzymes have a similar overall globular shape, but each enzyme has an active site with a unique structure that matches the enzyme’s function. 1. The diagrams on the right show how the shape of the active site of an enzyme matches the shape of its substrate molecule, maltose. This enzyme breaks down maltose to two glucose molecules. Explain why this enzyme cannot break down proteins into amino acids. 2. Many proteins have a structure that allows them to change shape in order to accomplish their function. How could the motor protein kinesin twist, bend or otherwise change shape to accomplish its function? 1 By Dr. Ingrid Waldron, Dept Biology, Univ. Pennsylvania, © 2014. This Student Handout, Teacher Notes with instructional suggestions, background information and links to recommended videos are available at http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/exchange/bioactivities/SFMolecCell.

Structure’and’Function of’Molecules’and’Cellsmarshallwong.weebly.com/.../structfunctmoleccellsho.pdf · 2018. 10. 16. · 3 5.!Plant!cells!have!several!structuresthat!are!not!found!in!animal!cells–!chloroplasts,cell!walls!and!

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Page 1: Structure’and’Function of’Molecules’and’Cellsmarshallwong.weebly.com/.../structfunctmoleccellsho.pdf · 2018. 10. 16. · 3 5.!Plant!cells!have!several!structuresthat!are!not!found!in!animal!cells–!chloroplasts,cell!walls!and!

Structure  and  Function  of  Molecules  and  Cells1    

The  structure  of  a  molecule  is    related  to  its  function.  These  figures  illustrate  how  the  overall  structure  of  some  proteins  matches  the  function  of  the  protein.    

 Collagen  is  a  long  protein  with  three  polypeptides  twisted  together  like  a  rope  or  cable.  Collagen  gives  strength  to  the  tendons  and  ligaments  which  connect  bones  and  muscles.    

A  porin  protein  provides  a  channel  for  a  small  molecule  to  diffuse  across  a  cell  membrane.  

The  motor  protein,  kinesin,  walks    along  a  microtubule  carrying  the  vesicle  with  its  contents.  

 

Most  protein  enzymes  have  a  similar  overall  globular  shape,  but  each  enzyme  has  an  active  site  with  a  unique  structure  that  matches  the  enzyme’s  function.      

     

1.  The  diagrams  on  the  right  show  how  the  shape  of  the  active  site  of  an  enzyme  matches  the  shape  of  its  substrate  molecule,  maltose.  This  enzyme  breaks  down  maltose  to  two  glucose  molecules.  Explain  why  this  enzyme  cannot  break  down  proteins  into  amino  acids.  

     

     2.  Many  proteins  have  a  structure  that  allows  them  to  change  shape  in  order  to  accomplish  their  function.  How  could  the  motor  protein  kinesin  twist,  bend  or  otherwise  change  shape  to  accomplish  its  function?            

1  By  Dr.  Ingrid  Waldron,  Dept  Biology,  Univ.  Pennsylvania,  ©  2014.  This  Student  Handout,  Teacher  Notes  with  instructional  suggestions,  background  information  and  links  to  recommended  videos  are  available  at  http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/exchange/bioactivities/SFMolecCell.  

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All  living  organisms  are  made  up  of  one  or  more  cells.  A  cell  is  the  smallest  unit  that  can  carry  out  the  activities  of  life.      

These  figures  show  some  of  the  organelles  and  other  parts  of  animal  and  plant  cells.    

 (Figure  from  Krogh,  Biology  –  A  Guide  to  the  Natural  World)  

   

3.  Complete  the  following  table.    

Activity  of  Life   Explain  how  one  or  more  of  the  parts  of  an  animal  cell  help  the  cell  to  carry  out  each  of  the  listed  activities  of  life.  

 Homeostasis  (maintaining  a  stable  internal  environment)  

 

 Metabolism  (using  energy)        

 

 Growth    (e.g.  making  proteins  and  making  new  cells)  

 

 

4a.  Explain  why  biologists  say  that  a  cell  is  alive,  but  none  of  the  individual  molecules  inside  the  cell  are  alive.      

   4b.  If  you  ground  up  a  cell  and  put  all  the  molecules  from  the  cell  in  a  test  tube,  would  this  mixture  of  molecules  be  alive?  Explain  why  or  why  not.        

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5.  Plant  cells  have  several  structures  that  are  not  found  in  animal  cells  –  chloroplasts,  cell  walls  and  central  vacuoles.  Choose  two  of  these  structures  and  explain  why  each  of  these  is  useful  for  plant  cells,  but  not  needed  or  even  a  disadvantage  for  animal  cells.    

       Many  cells  in  our  bodies  do  not  look  like  the  "typical"  animal  cell  shown  on  the  previous  page.  Differences  in  cell  structure  are  related  to  differences  in  the  function  of  different  types  of  cells,  as  illustrated  by  the  following  examples.    

6.  Sperm  cells  have  a  very  specialized  structure,  including  a  flagellum  and  very  little  cytoplasm.  Explain  how  the  structure  of  a  sperm  cell  contributes  to  its  function.          

   

 7.  A  capillary  is  a  tiny  blood  vessel  where:  

• Oxygen  and  nutrients  diffuse  from  the  blood  to  the  cells  near  the  capillary.  • Carbon  dioxide  and  other  waste  molecules  produced  by  the  cells  near  the  capillary  diffuse  

into  the  blood.    Explain  why  it  is  useful  for  the  walls  of  capillaries  to  consist  of  a  single  layer  of  thin,  flattened  cells.    

cell  wall  

chloroplast  

central  vacuole  

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 8.  For  some  types  of  cell,  a  flexible  structure  that  allows  the  cell  to  change  shape  is  crucial  for  its  function.  The  white  blood  cell  shown  in  this  figure  defends  our  body  against  infection  by  engulfing,  killing  and  digesting  bacteria  (phagocytosis).  Why  do  white  blood  cells  need  to  be  able  to  change  shape  in  order  to  accomplish  their  function?  

 

   Another  aspect  of  cell  structure  that  is  related  to  the  cell’s  function  is  the  amount  of  each  type  of  organelle  in  the  cell.  An  extreme  example  is  the  mammalian  red  blood  cell  which  has  no  nucleus,  ribosomes  or  mitochondria.  Instead,  red  blood  cells  are  filled  with  hemoglobin,  the  protein  that  carries  oxygen.  The  large  amount  of  hemoglobin  allows  the  red  blood  cells  to  carry  lots  of  oxygen  which  the  cells  need  for  the  high  rate  of  metabolism  in  mammals.  However,  the  specialized  structure  of  red  blood  cells  has  a  disadvantage  –  reduced  capacity  for  repair,  so  each  red  blood  cell  only  survives  about  four  months.    

9.  Most  cells  are  constantly  replacing  damaged  molecules  and  organelles.  Explain  why  a  red  blood  cell  is  unable  to  replace  damaged  proteins.    

   

   

White  blood  cell  

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10a.  Explain  why  it  is  useful  for  the  pancreas  cells  that  secrete  digestive  enzymes  to  have  lots  of  rough  endoplasmic  reticulum  and  Golgi  apparatus.    

   

A  protein  that  will  be  secreted  from  the  cell  is    • made  by  a  ribosome  on  

the  rough  endoplasmic  reticulum  

• processed  in  the  rough  endoplasmic  reticulum  

• transported  in  a  vesicle  to  the  Golgi  complex  

• processed  some  more  in  the  Golgi  complex  

• transported  in  a  vesicle  to  the  plasma  membrane  =  cell  membrane  

10b.  How  is  the  vesicle  containing  the  protein  moved  from  the  rough  endoplasmic  reticulum  to  the  Golgi  complex  and  then  to  the  plasma  membrane?  (Hint:  Review  the  top  of  page  1.)      

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11.  Based  on  the  examples  in  this  activity,  one  student  argues  for  the  claim  that  "The  structure  of  a  molecule  or  cell  is  related  to  its  function."    A  second  student  disagrees  and  argues  for  the  claim  that  "There  is  no  relationship  between  the  structure  of  a  molecule  or  cell  and  its  function."  His  argument  includes  the  following  observations:  

• Many  enzymes  have  a  similar  overall  globular  shape,  but  different  enzymes  have  different  functions.  

• Both  sperm  and  phagocytic  white  blood  cells  move  in  order  to  accomplish  their  functions;  sperm  use  a  flagellum  to  move,  but  phagocytic  cells  do  not  have  a  flagellum.  

A  third  student  argues  for  the  claim  that  "The  structure  of  a  molecule  or  cell  is  related  to  its  function,  but  different  structures  can  accomplish  a  similar  function."    

Which  of  these  claims  do  you  think  is  best  supported  by  the  evidence?  Write  an  argument  with  the  evidence  and  reasoning  that  supports  this  claim.  Be  sure  to  include  your  response  to  the  arguments  of  the  second  student.  Briefly  describe  any  additional  evidence  you  would  like  to  have  to  evaluate  these  claims.                                                12.  In  a  typical  diagram  of  a  cell,  it  looks  as  though  nothing  much  is  happening.  In  reality,  cells  are  highly  dynamic,  with  lots  of  activity  at  the  molecular,  organelle  and  cellular  levels.  Give  examples  to  illustrate  the  kinds  of  activity  observed  in  cells.