Upload
ciera-thorn
View
225
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Structures of BonesStructures of Bones
• ArticulationsArticulations::– contacts with other bonescontacts with other bones
• MarksMarks: : – areas of muscle and ligament areas of muscle and ligament
attachmentattachment
• ForaminaeForaminae::– openings for nerves and blood vessels openings for nerves and blood vessels
The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton
• The The axial skeletonaxial skeleton::– forms the longitudinal axis of the bodyforms the longitudinal axis of the body– has 80 boneshas 80 bones
Bones of the Axial SkeletonBones of the Axial Skeleton
• The The skullskull::– 8 8 cranial bonescranial bones – 14 14 facial bonesfacial bones
Bones of the Axial SkeletonBones of the Axial Skeleton
• Bones associated with the skull:Bones associated with the skull:– 6 6 auditory ossiclesauditory ossicles – the the hyoid bonehyoid bone
Bones of the Axial SkeletonBones of the Axial Skeleton
• The The vertebral columnvertebral column::– 24 24 vertebraevertebrae– the the sacrum sacrum – the the coccyxcoccyx
Bones of the Axial SkeletonBones of the Axial Skeleton
• The The thoracic cagethoracic cage::– 24 24 ribs ribs – the the sternumsternum
Functions of the Axial Functions of the Axial SkeletonSkeleton
• Supports and protects organs in body Supports and protects organs in body cavitiescavities
• Attaches to muscles of:Attaches to muscles of:– head, neck, and trunkhead, neck, and trunk– respirationrespiration– appendicular skeletonappendicular skeleton
The SkullThe Skull
• The The skullskull protects: protects:– the brainthe brain– entrances to respiratory systementrances to respiratory system– entrance to digestive systementrance to digestive system
The SkullThe Skull
• Has 22 bones:Has 22 bones:– 8 8 cranial bonescranial bones::
•form the braincase or cranium form the braincase or cranium
– 14 14 facial bonesfacial bones::•protect and support entrances to digestive protect and support entrances to digestive
and respiratory tracts and respiratory tracts
Cranial BonesCranial Bones
• Enclose the Enclose the cranial cavitycranial cavity
• Which contains the brain: Which contains the brain: – and its fluids, blood vessels, nerves, and and its fluids, blood vessels, nerves, and
membranesmembranes
Superficial Facial BonesSuperficial Facial Bones
• MaxillaryMaxillary
• LacrimalLacrimal
• NasalNasal
• Zygomatic Zygomatic
• Mandible Mandible
Deep Facial BonesDeep Facial Bones
• Palatine bonesPalatine bones
• Inferior nasal conchaeInferior nasal conchae
• VomerVomer
SinusesSinuses
• Cavities which decrease the weight Cavities which decrease the weight of the skull: of the skull: – lined with mucus membraneslined with mucus membranes– protect the entrances of the respiratory protect the entrances of the respiratory
systemsystem
The Cranial BonesThe Cranial Bones
• Occipital boneOccipital bone
• Frontal boneFrontal bone
• SphenoidSphenoid
• EthmoidEthmoid
• Parietal bonesParietal bones
• Temporal bones Temporal bones
Foramina of the Occipital Foramina of the Occipital BoneBone
• Foramen magnumForamen magnum::– connects cranial and spinal cavitiesconnects cranial and spinal cavities
• Jugular foramenJugular foramen::– for jugular veinfor jugular vein
• Hypoglossal canalsHypoglossal canals::– for hypoglossal nervesfor hypoglossal nerves
Functions of the Parietal Functions of the Parietal BonesBones
• Forms part of the superior and lateral Forms part of the superior and lateral surfaces of the craniumsurfaces of the cranium
Functions of the Frontal Functions of the Frontal BoneBone
• Forms the anterior cranium and Forms the anterior cranium and upper eyesockets upper eyesockets
• Contains Contains frontal sinusesfrontal sinuses
The Maxillary BonesThe Maxillary Bones
• The largest facial bonesThe largest facial bones
Figure 7–10a
Functions of the Inferior Functions of the Inferior Nasal ConchaeNasal Conchae
• To create air turbulence in the nasal To create air turbulence in the nasal cavitycavity
• To increase the epithelial surface To increase the epithelial surface areaarea
• To warm and humidify inhaled airTo warm and humidify inhaled air
The Orbital ComplexThe Orbital Complex
• Portions of 7 cranial and facial Portions of 7 cranial and facial bones bones
Figure 7–13
The Nasal ComplexThe Nasal Complex
• Bones of the Bones of the nasal cavitiesnasal cavities and and paranasal sinusesparanasal sinuses
Figure 7–14
Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses
• Air-filled chambers connected to the Air-filled chambers connected to the nasal cavities:nasal cavities:– lighten skull boneslighten skull bones– provide mucous epithelium (flushes provide mucous epithelium (flushes
nasal cavities)nasal cavities)
The Vertebral ColumnThe Vertebral Column
• The spine or The spine or vertebral columnvertebral column::– protects the spinal cordprotects the spinal cord– supports the head and bodysupports the head and body
Regions and Curves of the Regions and Curves of the Vertebral ColumnVertebral Column
• 26 bones: 26 bones: – 24 24 vertebraevertebrae, the , the
sacrum,sacrum, and and coccyxcoccyx
PLAYPLAY The Vertebral ColumnFigure 7–16
Vertebrae of the Vertebrae of the Vertebral ColumnVertebral Column• The neck:The neck:
– 7 7 cervical vertebraecervical vertebrae
• The upper back:The upper back:– 12 12 thoracic vertebraethoracic vertebrae– each articulate with one or more pairs of each articulate with one or more pairs of
ribsribs
• The lower back:The lower back:– 5 5 lumbar vertebraelumbar vertebrae
The Sacrum and CoccyxThe Sacrum and Coccyx
• The 5th lumbar vertebra articulates The 5th lumbar vertebra articulates with the with the sacrumsacrum
• The sacrum articulates with the The sacrum articulates with the coccyxcoccyx
4 Curvatures of the 4 Curvatures of the Vertebral ColumnVertebral Column
1.1. Cervical curveCervical curve
2.2. Thoracic curveThoracic curve
3.3. Lumbar curveLumbar curve
4.4. Sacral curveSacral curve
Primary CurvesPrimary Curves
• ThoracicThoracic and and sacral curvessacral curves::– are called are called primary curvesprimary curves (present (present
during fetal development)during fetal development)– or or accommodation curvesaccommodation curves
(accommodate internal organs)(accommodate internal organs)
Secondary CurvesSecondary Curves
• LumbarLumbar and and cervical curvescervical curves::– are called are called secondary curvessecondary curves (appear (appear
after birth)after birth)– or or compensation curvescompensation curves (shift body (shift body
weight for upright posture)weight for upright posture)
The 3 Parts of a VertebraThe 3 Parts of a Vertebra
• The The vertebral bodyvertebral body ( (centrumcentrum):):– transfers weight along the spinetransfers weight along the spine
• The The vertebral archvertebral arch::– posterior margin of posterior margin of vertebral foramenvertebral foramen
• The The articular processesarticular processes::– lateral projections between laminae and lateral projections between laminae and
pediclespedicles
The The Vertebral ArchVertebral Arch
• PediclesPedicles::– walls of the vertebral archwalls of the vertebral arch
• LaminaeLaminae::– roof of the vertebral archroof of the vertebral arch
• Spinous processSpinous process::– projection where vertebral laminae fuseprojection where vertebral laminae fuse
• Transverse processTransverse process::– projection where laminae join pediclesprojection where laminae join pedicles