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8/14/2019 Structures of Seed Plants Ch 12.4 7th
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Chapter 12 Section 4
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List 3 functions of roots and 3 functions ofstems.
Describe the structure of a leaf.
Identify the parts of a flower and their
functions.
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The deepest roots ever discovered belonged toa wild fig tree in South Africa.
The roots penetrated the soil to a depth ofmore than 120 meters!
http://blogs.bootsnall.com/km/files/2007/04/bz_figtree.jpg
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Root system:
roots
Shoot system:
stems & leaves
Vascular Tissues of the root & shoot systems:
Xylem transports water & minerals from shoots to roots
Phloem transports food molecules to all parts
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Most are underground
3 Main Functions:Supply plant with water & dissolved minerals
Hold plants securely in the soil
Store surplus food made during photosynthesis(sugar & starch)
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Epidermis:Layer of cells that covers the surface of the roots
Root Hairs:Cells that extend from the root to increase thesurface area
Root cap:Protects the tip of the rootProduces a slimy substance (easier to push
through soil)
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http://www2.volstate.edu/MSD/BIO/1020/lab11s6.jpg
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Taproot System: One main root Grows downward
Smaller roots branch off Can reach water deep underground Ex: dicots, gymnosperms
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http://www.scq.ubc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/plantroots.gif
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Fibrous Root System:Several roots spread out from the
base of a plants stem
Roots are usually the same sizeGet water from close to the soil
surface
Ex: monocots
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Vary in shape and size
Usually located above ground
Stem Functions:Connects plants roots to its leaves and flowersSupports the plant bodyTransport material between root and shoot
systemsStores materials (ex: cactus stores water)
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Soft
Thin
Flexible
Ex: wildflowers, clovers, poppies, beans,tomatoes, corn
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Trees and shrubs have woody stems
Live in cold winters (dormant) with growth in
the spring and summer
Beginning of each growth period: large xylemcells are produced
As Fall approaches cells become smaller anddarker (growth rings)
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Vary greatly in shape (round, narrow, heart-shaped, fan-shaped)
Vary in size (ex: Duckweed vs. Rafia Palm)
https://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0627/5b32718392628/5b327189ed5f5.jpg http://www.rarepalmseeds.com/images/RapRuw.jpg
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Main function: make food for the plant
Chloroplasts capture energy from the sun
Leaves absorb CO2 from the air
Make food (sugar) from CO2 and H2O
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Related to their function:photosynthesis
Cuticle: outer surface, prevents waterloss
Epidermis: single layer of cells belowcuticle
Stomata: tiny openings for CO2 to enter
Guard cells: open and close the stomata
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http://phsgirard.org/APbiology/Chapter35/LeafStructure.jpg
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Most photosynthesis takes place here
2 layers:
Upper layer: Palisade (contains manychloroplasts)
Second layer: Spongy layer (xylem & phloemhere, CO2 moves freely)
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http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/images/fig12a-big.gif
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Cactus leaves = spines
Sundews catch insects
https://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0627/5b32718392628/5b32718ca6737.jpg
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Adaptations for sexual reproduction
Many shapes, colors, fragrances
Many flowers produce nectar (fluid thatcontains sugar)
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Sepals:Outermost ring, protects the bud
Often green
Cover and protect the flower while it is a bud
Petals:Broad, flat, thin leaf-like parts
Attract insects
Animals help reproduction by carrying pollen
Stamens
Pistils
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Stamen:Found just above the petals
The male reproductive structure of flowers
Thin stalk called a filament, topped by ananther
Anthers are sac-like structures that producepollen
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Stamen_(PSF).png
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Pistil:Female reproductive structure of flowers
One or more
Tip is called the stigma (pollen grains collect here)
Style: the long, slender part of the pistil
Ovary: rounded base containing an egg in an ovule
Ovule develops into a seed, ovary develops into a fruit
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http://www.wsd1.org/argyle/environmental/outdoorclassroom/Entries/2007/2/21_Hand_Pollination_of_Strawberry_Blossoms_files/flower12.gif
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Help plants reproduce
Flower arrangements
Food: artichokes, broccoli, cauliflower
Make tea: chamomile, hibiscus
Spices: saffron, cloves
Perfumes, shampoos, lotions
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Why do some plants have brightly coloredflowers and other plants do not?
Describe 2 types of root systems, and list oneplant that has each type