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8/4/2019 Stud-01-Nature of Information Systems
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Lecture 01:Lecture 01:
Nature of Information SystemsNature of Information Systems
SYSADES/SYSANAL/INSYSTE
Professor: SAD Team
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Overall Picture (1/3)Overall Picture (1/3)
Nature ofNature ofInformation SystemsInformation Systems
L1L1
TheTheSystemsSystemsAnalystAnalyst
L2L2
Types ofTypes ofInformationInformation
SystemsSystems
L3L3
SystemsSystemsDevelopmentDevelopment
Life CycleLife Cycle
L4L4
DataData
GatheringGatheringMethodsMethods
L5L5
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Overall Picture (2/3)Overall Picture (2/3)
Analysis of System NeedsAnalysis of System NeedsL6L6
SADSAD
MethodologiesMethodologiesand Frameworksand Frameworks
L10L10
Systems ProposalSystems ProposalL9L9
Abstract ModelAbstract Modelof the Systemof the System
L8L8RationalRationalUnifiedUnifiedProcessProcess
L7L7
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Overall Picture (3/3)Overall Picture (3/3)
Systems Concepts and Fundamentals:
J Lecture 1: Nature of I nformation Systems Lecture 2: The Systems Analyst
Lecture 3: Types of Information SystemsLecture 4: Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Lecture 5: Data Gathering MethodsLecture 6: Analysis of System Needs
Lecture 7: Basics of Rational Unified Process
Lecture 8: Abstract Model of the SystemLecture 9: Systems ProposalLecture 10: SAD Methodologies and Frameworks
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
1. To describe the value of information, being a
processed data.2. To define information systems analysis and
design.3. To explain the concept of a system.4. To differentiate the nine characteristics of a
system.5. To examine the components of information
systems.6. To compare manual and computer-based
information systems.
7. To distinguish the roles of variousinformation system personnel.
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Lecture OutlineLecture Outline
1. Value of Information
2. Role of SAD
3. Concept of a System
4. Nine Characteristics of a System
5. Components of Information Systems
6. Manual and Computer-BasedInformation Systems
7. Information System Personnel Roles
8. Summary
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WhatWhats Next?s Next?
1.1. Value of InformationValue of Information
2. Role of SAD
3. Concept of a System
4. Nine Characteristics of a System
5. Components of Information Systems
6. Manual and Computer-BasedInformation Systems
7. Information System Personnel Roles
8. Summary
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Value of InformationValue of Information
The key to successkey to success in business isthe ability to gather, organizeand interpret information.
[Hoffer et al, 2004]
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Data vs. InformationData vs. Information
Data is a collection of facts. Information is processed, stored
or transmitted data.
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Why is Information Important?Why is Information Important?
It is an organizational resourcethat serves as a tool fordecision-making.
[Kendall & Kendall, 2002]
Cost is associated with information processing. Information processing must be managed to take full advantage of its
potential.
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Lecture 01:Nature of Information Systems 1111SYSADES/SYSANAL/INSYSTE
WhatWhats Next?s Next?
1. Value of Information
2.2. Role of SADRole of SAD
3. Concept of a System
4. Nine Characteristics of a System
5. Components of Information Systems
6. Manual and Computer-BasedInformation Systems
7. Information System Personnel Roles
8. Summary
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What is the Role of SAD?What is the Role of SAD?
Systems Analysis and Design (SAD)lays the foundation for understandingthe framework to be implemented.
[Wasson, 2005] System development requires more than simply implementing a
standard framework. Understanding the framework requires understanding of:
WHAT systems are
HOW the user envisions deploying, operating, supporting, anddisposing of the system
WHAT conditions and WHAT outcomes are users expected toachieve
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What is SAD? (1/4)What is SAD? (1/4)
BUILD
SAD
DESIGNANALYSIS
Oftentimes, SAD results to the creation of an application software: acomputer software designed to support organizational functions or
business processes.
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What is SAD? (2/4)What is SAD? (2/4)
Analysis Establishes the understanding of an
existing system and what is requiredfrom it.
Outputs:
System description
Set of requirements for the new system
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What is SAD? (3/4)What is SAD? (3/4)
Design The phase that proposes the new
system which meets the requirementsspecified under the analysis stage.
Output:
System architecture
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What is SAD? (4/4)What is SAD? (4/4)
Build The phase used to develop the system
once the design has been approved.
Output:
Developed system
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WhatWhats Next?s Next?
1. Value of Information
2. Role of SAD
3.3. Concept of a SystemConcept of a System
4. Nine Characteristics of a System
5. Components of Information Systems
6. Manual and Computer-BasedInformation Systems
7. Information System Personnel Roles
8. Summary
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What is a System?What is a System?
An inter-related andinterdependent set ofcomponents:With an identifiable boundary
Interfacing one another to achieve oneor more predefined goals.
Components may be people, equipment and procedures, etc. Since all systems are inter-related and interdependent, when one
element of a system is changed or eliminated, the rest of the systemscomponents (elements and subsystems) are also impacted.
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What is a Boundary?What is a Boundary?
A line that marks the inside andoutside of a system Sets off the system from its
environment
The conceptual boundary includes or considers the following: All components of the system.
That which provides input to the system. That which is influenced by the output from the system.
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Main Types of SystemsMain Types of Systems
Closed Systems Those that are not influenced
by and do not interact withtheir environment.
Open Systems Interact with and are effected
by their external environment.
Closed Systems: Mostly mechanical and have necessary predetermined motions or
activities that must be performed regardless of the environment.
Open Systems:
Affected by the external environment that includes social, political,legal, technological and economic forces.
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Organizations as SystemsOrganizations as Systems
Organizations are complexsystems with departments orbusiness units linked bypeople working together.
Organizations use feedbackas aform of system control to monitor
performance.
The organization as a system should be defined by the relationshipamong human beings and the its purpose, rather than by the
machines and facilities that it uses.
The boundaries of an organization define its inputs and outputs.
Inputs may include raw materials, forms and even people (in the formof labor) entering the system to be processed into outputs (such as
finished products and sales) that are useful to the organization.
As the organization interacts with various elements in its environment,
feedback is important, especially for managers making decisions in achanging environment.
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Organizations as SystemsOrganizations as Systems
Business Units Business Units
Business Units
ENVIRONMENT
Feedback
Boundary
Monitoring
A theoretical view of systems
ORGANIZATION
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WhatWhats Next?s Next?
1. Value of Information
2. Role of SAD
3. Concept of a System
4.4. Nine Characteristics of a SystemNine Characteristics of a System
5. Components of Information Systems
6. Manual and Computer-BasedInformation Systems
7. Information System Personnel Roles
8. Summary
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Nine Characteristics of a SystemNine Characteristics of a System
1. Purpose the overall goal orfunction of a system
2. Boundary the line thatmarks the inside and outside ofa system and that sets thesystems from the environment
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Nine Characteristics of a SystemNine Characteristics of a System
3. Component either anirreducible part or an aggregateof parts, also called subsystem
4. Interrelated componentsdependence of one subsystemon one or more subsystems
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Nine Characteristics of a SystemNine Characteristics of a System
5. Input whatever the systemtakes from its environment inorder to fulfill its purpose
6. Output whatever the systemreturns to its environment inorder to fulfill its purpose
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Nine Characteristics of a SystemNine Characteristics of a System
7. Interface point of contactwhere a system meets itsenvironment or wheresubsystem meets each other
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Nine Characteristics of a SystemNine Characteristics of a System
8. Environment everythingexternal to a system thatinteracts with the system
9. Constraint a limit to what asystem can accomplish
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How to Analyze a SystemHow to Analyze a System
1. Define the purpose.2. Identify the system boundary.
3. Define the system components.
4. Specify the relationships amongcomponents.
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How to Analyze a SystemHow to Analyze a System
5. Define IPO (Input-Process-Output).
6. Specify the interfaces.
7. Determine theenvironmental factorsand constraints.
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McDonaldMcDonalds as a Systems as a System
Storage Office
Kitchen
Counter
Eating
Area
Inputs:
Ingredients,labor, cash,
etc.
Outputs:
Preparedfood, cash
sales,trash, etc.
Boundary
Environment: customers, food distributors, banks, etc.
InterfaceInterface
Components
1. Purpose : to make profit for the owners2. Boundary: physical walls of the restaurant
3. Components: storage, office, kitchen, counter, eating area4. Interrelatedness: all components work together to prepare the food
to deliver to customers
5. Input: ingredients, cash and labor6. Output: prepared food, cash sales, trash
7. Interfaces: storage-to-kitchen door, for preparation of supplies;kitchen-to-counter window, for sending prepared food; counter-table,for ordering by customers; back door, for deliveries of supplies from
food distributors; other communication facilities8. Constraints: prepares only easy fast-food, location, and government
regulation
9. Environment: customers, food distributors, financial institutions,competitors
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WhatWhats Next?s Next?
1. Value of Information
2. Role of SAD
3. Concept of a System
4. Nine Characteristics of a System
5.5. Components of Information SystemsComponents of Information Systems
6. Manual and Computer-BasedInformation Systems
7. Information System Personnel Roles
8. Summary
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What is an Information System? (1/2)What is an Information System? (1/2)
A collection of procedures, programs,equipment and methods,
Processing data into information, and
Making information available todecision-makers.
**Remember the concept ofI PO(Input -Process-Output)throughout this course.
[Laudon & Laudon, 2003] From a business perspective, an information system is an
organizational and management SOLUTION, based on informationtechnology, to a challenge posed by the environment.
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What is an Information System? (2/2)What is an Information System? (2/2)
combine
to create
that provide
Information SystemsInformation Systems
INPUT:
ddaattaa
hardware
software
peopleprocedures
PROCESS: data processing
informationOUTPUT:
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Components of Information SystemsComponents of Information Systems
Strategy
BusinessProcesses
andProcedures
People
Technology
Integration
All components of Information Systems (IS) must be properlyintegrated to enable successful processing of data into valuable
information. The organization (as an information system) must initially define its
overall strategy to identify the key people needed to execute this
strategy for the success of the organization. People make use of technology to work on the organizations
business processes and procedures. Business processes and procedures allow the realization of the
organizations strategy.
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Components of Information SystemsComponents of Information Systems
Strategy game-plan of theenterprise used to achieve itsvision-mission
People an essential element,as information are producedand used by people.
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Components of Information SystemsComponents of Information Systems
Technology/Equipment theenabler or means to store andprocess data into information.
Business Process/Procedurespecifies what is to be donewith data as it enters and
passes through the system.
Business processes and procedures also ensure that information arebeing received by the right people at the right time.
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WhatWhats Next?s Next?
1. Value of Information
2. Role of SAD
3. Concept of a System
4. Nine Characteristics of a System
5. Components of Information Systems
6.6. Manual and ComputerManual and Computer--BasedBasedInformation SystemsInformation Systems
7. Information System Personnel Roles
8. Summary
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Manual Information SystemsManual Information Systems
Use formalized procedures, notcomputer based, for production ofinformation within an organization
Still widely used due to: Unwillingness to invest in new technology
Lower development costs
Staff expertise
Prior to computers, all organizational information systems areoperated in this way.
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ComputerComputer--Based Information Systems (CBIS)Based Information Systems (CBIS)
Utilizes information technology andcomputers to provide data processingand/or information for decisionmakers
Main Benefits: Faster data processing
Higher productivity
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WhatWhats Next?s Next?
1. Value of Information
2. Role of SAD
3. Concept of a System
4. Nine Characteristics of a System
5. Components of Information Systems
6. Manual and Computer-BasedInformation Systems
7.7. Information System Personnel RolesInformation System Personnel Roles
8. Summary
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Information System Personnel RolesInformation System Personnel Roles
1. Business Managers Functional department heads andcorporate executives.
Allocate necessary resources for the
projects success.
Set general requirements, direction andconstraints for development project.
Business managers also provide funding for the development of theproject.
They have decision-making authority and knowledge of the firms linesof business. At the same time, they can also propose and approveprojects.
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Information System Personnel RolesInformation System Personnel Roles
2. IS Managers Oversee the approved systemdevelopment projects.
Prescribe the methodologies, techniques
and tools to be used.
Responsible for solving the problemsarising during project development.
The IS Managers are also responsible for career planning anddevelopment for systems analysts and other employees.
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Information System Personnel RolesInformation System Personnel Roles
3. Systems Analysts Key individuals in the systemsdevelopment process.
Systematically assess how businessesfunction.
Involved in every phase ofdevelopment.
The role of the system analysts will be discussed further in Lecture 2.
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Information System Personnel RolesInformation System Personnel Roles
4. Programmers / SoftwareDevelopers Convert the system specifications
given to them by analysts into
instructions that the computer canunderstand.
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Information System Personnel RolesInformation System Personnel Roles
5. Technicians/Specialists Database Administrator
Network and TelecommunicationsExperts
Human Factors Specialists
Internal Auditors
Database Administrator - involved in design, development andmaintenance of databases.
Network and Telecommunications Experts - develop systemsinvolving data and/or voice communications.
Human Factors Specialists - involved in training users and writing
documentation. Internal Auditors - ensure that required controls are built into the
system.
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Information System Personnel RolesInformation System Personnel Roles
6. End-User Developers Users who cannot wait longer to get
their systems, thus creating a systemon their own.
Use high-level software andlanguages such as electronicspreadsheets and RDBMS.
RDBMS Relational Database Management System
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Information System Personnel RolesInformation System Personnel Roles
7. End Users The actual users of the information
system (being) developed.
Provide the information andspecifications for the development ofthe information system.
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WhatWhats Next?s Next?
1. Value of Information
2. Role of SAD
3. Concept of a System
4. Nine Characteristics of a System
5. Components of Information Systems
6. Manual and Computer-BasedInformation Systems
7. Information System Personnel Roles
8.8. SummarySummary
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Summary (1/3)Summary (1/3)
Information is a processeddata that serves as a keyresource in organizations fordecision-making.
SAD lays the foundation forunderstanding the frameworkto be implemented.
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Summary (2/3)Summary (2/3)
Asystem is an inter-related and
interdependent set of components thatachieve predefined goals and with anidentifiable boundary.
Information systems process datainto information by integrating strategy,people, technology and businessprocesses.
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Summary (3/3)Summary (3/3)
CBIS utilizes informationtechnology and computers tospeed up processing andincrease productivity.
Various IS personnel performspecific roles to ensure thesuccess of organizations.
CBIS: Computer-Based Information System IS: Information System
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