Students will after studying this powerpoint may 1. Be able to describe the materials and techniques, styles and symbolism used in their and other artworks

Students will after studying this powerpoint may1.Be able to describe the materials and techniques, styles and symbolism used in their and other artworks2.Be able to explain the materials and technique used in trialling, maquettes and their final artwork3.Be able to explain how materials used and technical skills, style and symbolism shape and affect artwork interpretations

A Formal Framework is used to analyse how an artwork’s formal elements and principles contribute to its meanings and messages. Students should consider the following questions: • visual analysis: How have the formal elements of line, colour, tone, texture, shape, sound and form including focal point and space been applied by the artist and to what effect? How do these qualities contribute to the meanings and messages of the work? • technique: What materials and techniques have been used? How do the materials used or the technical skills shape or affect interpretation? Is this due to inherent qualities of the materials or to their application by the artist?• style: What are the distinctive stylistic qualities of the artwork and how do they contribute to meaning? How does the work relate to other works in a similar style or from the same historical period or cultural background? • symbols and metaphors: What physical aspects or presentation of the artwork contain symbolic meaning and use of metaphor? This may include the use of formal art elements, the compositional arrangement of figures or objects, the medium or the technique used by the artist, the style in which it is created.

There is almost an endless supply of materials, techniques and processes an artist can use/apply when producing artworks.Consider the following questions when annotating:

Paintings• What type of paint has been used by the artists?• What is the surface material?• Is the paint evenly applied or thick in some parts?• Has the paint been mixed with another substance?• Is there other media on the surface other than paint?• Why is the artist using the particular materials and

techniques in the artwork?

Drawings • What type of drawing materials has been used by the

artists?• What is the drawing technique?• What is the surface material?• Has the drawing material been mixed with another

substance or media?• What are the peculiar qualities relevant to the type of

drawing material selected?• Why is the artist using the particular materials and


Sculpture• What type of materials have been used and in what

combination?• What techniques and tools have been used?• What surface treatment has been applied?• What are the peculiar qualities relevant to the type or

materials selected? • Why is the artist using the particular materials and


Printmaking• What is the surface material for the print?• Has the artist added any other materials to the print

surface?• How many prints are available in the edition?• What are the peculiar qualities to the type of

printmaking technique selected?• Why is the artist using the particular materials and


Contemporary Aboriginal artists use a considerable variety of materials and techniques in painting. Some of these materials are rooted strongly in tradition - such as the use of ochres in the Kimberley and, to a lesser extent, ochres on bark from Arnhem Land. Other artists have adopted modern media and work with acrylic paints on canvas, gouache or ochres on archival paper or other surfaces. Apart from the materials used, Aboriginal artists have shown considerable innovation in the techniques they adopt for applying paint and creating designs - ranging from the crushed end of a stick, as used for example by Emily Kame Kngwarreye in some works to produce characteristic large smudged dots, to the fine brushes used to produce the delicate rarrk patterns of Arnhem Land art.The traditional method of painting a shield in north east Queensland was for two men to work at opposite ends using lawyer-cane brushes.

A Formal Framework is used to analyse how an artwork’s formal elements and principles contribute to its meanings and messages. Students should consider the following questions: • visual analysis: How have the formal elements of line, colour, tone, texture, shape, sound and form including focal point and space been applied by the artist and to what effect? How do these qualities contribute to the meanings and messages of the work? • technique: What materials and techniques have been used? How do the materials used or the technical skills shape or affect interpretation? Is this due to inherent qualities of the materials or to their application by the artist?• style: What are the distinctive stylistic qualities of the artwork and how do they contribute to meaning? How does the work relate to other works in a similar style or from the same historical period or cultural background? • symbols and metaphors: What physical aspects or presentation of the artwork contain symbolic meaning and use of metaphor? This may include the use of formal art elements, the compositional arrangement of figures or objects, the medium or the technique used by the artist, the style in which it is created.

The style of the artwork is the end result, or objective, behind everything that the artist does with materials and techniques; the formal and expressive qualities of a completed artwork. The qualities, processes or concept of the artwork may relate to the other images or artworks made during the same period of time.

Style can communicate the political, religious and social values of an artwork. The reason for the artist choosing certain materials and techniques relates to the purpose of the artwork.

Sandro BotticelliThe Birth of Venus

1484Painting

Tempera on canvas

Only Gods and Goddesses were depicted nude. Artists were inspired by them, depicting their stories of mythology as a way to pay tribute to their lasting immortality.

Tempera, also known as egg tempera, is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of coloured pigment mixed with a water-soluble binder medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other size). Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this medium.

Immortal

Flawless

RaphaelSistine Madonna

1512Painting

Oil on canvas

Religious icons were depicted as holy and flawless. Even though they may have been poor, their robes have no tear, no hair out of place, or skin with a wrinkle or facial imperfection.

Flawless

Beauty and Perfection

Hyacinthe Rigaud“Louis XIV of France in his

Coronation Robes”1701

PaintingOil on canvas

Royalty and high society were depicted as strong leaders or of having great power. Some are made to look very tall with flowing robes of the most exquisite fabric. Everything seems to flow or pose perfectly as if this is how they are on a normal basis.

Realism, Realistic, or Realists may refer to: Realism (arts), the general attempt to depict subjects truthfully. Realism was an art movement e.g. 19th century painting movement. Realism (international relations), the view that world politics are driven by competitive self-interest.

Thomas EakinsThe Chess Players

1876Painting

Oil on wood panel

Theodore GericaultInsane Woman

1822-1823Painting

Oil on canvas

Mortality

Realists depicted “the way things are” or the truth. The depiction of the psychiatrically challenged woman, of suffering and madness, amounts to nature, for nature in the end is formless and destructive…leading to death.

Imperfection

Willem Claesz Heda "Banquet Piece with

Mince Pie“1635


Pitcher left open, lemon partly peeled, table cloth with creases and wrinkled on only the right side of the table with plates at its edge…imperfect.

Daily Life

Jean Francois Millet

The Gleaners1857


Realists also depicted the everyday life of everyday people. No longer are artists painting only the rich or mythological subjects, they may also be recording the daily struggles, hardships of hard working people.

EXPRESSIONISM 1880 -

1915

Expressionism was a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas.

Franz MarcBlue Horse

1911Painting

Oil on canvas


1915

"My whole life has been spent walking by the side of a bottomless chasm, jumping from stone to stone. Sometimes I try to leave my narrow path and join the swirling mainstream of life, but I always find myself drawn inexorably back towards the chasm's edge, and there I shall walk until the day I finally fall into the abyss. For as long as I can remember I have suffered from a deep feeling of anxiety which I have tried to express in my art. Without anxiety and illness I should have been like a ship without a rudder.“ -Edvard Munch

Symbolic

Edvard MunchThe Scream

1893Painting

Oil, tempera and pastel on cardboard

EXPRESSIONISM 1880 - 1915

Painterly

Vincent Van GoghA Starry, Starry

Night1889


Van Gogh depicts the night sky as “whirling and exploding stars” in a painterly fashion where heavily seen brushstrokes mark the movement of the sky and the town below.


1915

Color

Vibrant colors not only dominate the Expressionist style but also creates the mood for the viewer.

EXPRESSIONISM 1880 - 1915

CUBISMCUBISM

CUBISM 1900 -1940’sCUBISM 1900 -1940’s

Cubism has been considered the most influential art movement of the 20th century. Cubism was the first abstract art style. Cubist painting abandoned the tradition of perspective drawing and displayed many views of a subject at the same time.

Pablo PicassoWeeping Woman

1937Painting

Oil on canvas

Marcel DuchampNude Descending THE

Staircase1913-1920 France


This painting portrays continuous movement through a chain of overlapping cubistic figures. Abstraction offers the viewer a delineated image showing only the most important aspect of it (lines, shapes, color, movement, etc.) not in full detail.

Flat and Simple

CUBISM 1900-1940’sCUBISM 1900-1940’s

Pablo PicassoThree Musicians

1921, SpainPainting

Oil on canvas

Cubism, a type of non-representational art (or abstract) is essentially the fragmenting of three-dimensional forms into flat areas of pattern and color, overlapping and intertwining so that shapes and parts of the human anatomy are seen from the front and back at the same time.

Non-representationaLl

CUBISM 1900-

1940’s

CUBISM 1900-

1940’s

CUBISM - NEOPLASTICISM

CUBISM - NEOPLASTICISM

Piet MondrianComposition with Large Blue Plane,

Red, Black, Yellow, and Gray1921


Scientific

Mondrian, a Dutch artist, wanted the infinite, and shape is finite. A straight line is infinitely extendable, and the open-ended space between two parallel straight lines is infinitely extendable.

Neoplasticism is the style of painting characterised by the use of horizontal and vertical lines and planes used with blocks of colour

SURREALISM 1920 -1941 SURREALISM 1920 -1941

SURREALISMSURREALISM

Surrealism sought to free the imaginative human mind and reveal the unconscious, encouraging radical change and rejection to logic and reasoning. Surrealism literally means ‘above and beyond reality’.

Surrealist art often shows weird, bizarre, dreamlike subject matter because Surrealist artists were interested in depicting the world of dreams, nightmares, desire and imagination

Salvador DaliThe Dream

1931Painting

Oil on canvas


Salvador DaliStudy for Woman, Lion, Horse

1929-31Drawing

Coloured pencil on paper

Transformation and Ambiguity

The idea of transforming from one form to another is a common characteristic of Surrealism. Another surreal device is ambiguity; unclear, undetermined.


Levitation

Levitation, or appearance of floating, creates a fantasy, dreamlike, and surreal landscape. The identical men seem to be drops of heavy rain and depict the monotony of business life.

Rene MagritteGolconde,

1953Oil on canvas


Rene MagritteTime Transfixed,

1938Painting

Oil on canvas

Juxtaposition

Juxtaposition is the putting together of two forms that do not normally go together such as Magritte’s locomotive coming out of a chimney. “I decided to paint the image of a locomotive . . . In order for its mystery to be evoked, another immediately familiar image without mystery — the image of a dining room fireplace — was joined. “- Magritte

POSTMODERNISMMODERNISMNAÏVE ARTROMANTIC REALISMSOCIAL REALISM

FUTURISM

SUPREMATISM

POP ART

IDOLATRY

PRE-CLASSICAL

BARBARIAN

MADHUBANI

RAJPUT

MUGHAL

TANJORE

BENGAL

GRAFFITTI

HARD EDGE

MANNERISM

MINIMALISM

The Spanish Court Painter, Diego Velasquez painted the artwork Las Meninas 1656, Oil on canvas, 318 x 276 cm. the painting is of the infant Spanish princess and depicts the Royal family in the court. The style is Baroque and the artwork is a narrative.

Baroque - Art style or movement of the 16th and 17th centuries where artists used strong contrasts, emotion, movement, exaggeration and theatrical effects.

What process has the artists used to create the work? What has influenced the production of the artwork? Is there an idea

behind the work? Does the work appear representational or non representational? Is it

romantic? is it abstract, realistic or photojournalism? Was it made as a narrative – ie was it designed to tell a story? What art movement does the image come from? Are there clues in the art

work that lead you to deduce this? What has the artists done with the techniques to achieve a certain style?

For example, it maybe realistic, abstract or expressionistic and the artists has used specific techniques to create that style.

How was the style of the artwork represent the period of time in which the artist was living?

In what ways do the stylistic qualities affect your understanding of the works meaning? Does it place the work within a historical or cultural context or does it reflect the artist’s personal style?

Formal Framework The Formal Framework is used to analyse how an artwork’s formal elements and principles contribute to its meanings and messages. Students should consider the following questions: • visual analysis: How have the formal elements of line, colour, tone, texture, shape, sound and form including focal point and space been applied by the artist and to what effect? How do these qualities contribute to the meanings and messages of the work? • technique: What materials and techniques have been used? How do the materials used or the technical skills shape or affect interpretation? Is this due to inherent qualities of the materials or to their application by the artist?• style: What are the distinctive stylistic qualities of the artwork and how do they contribute to meaning? How does the work relate to other works in a similar style or from the same historical period or cultural background? • symbols and metaphors: What physical aspects or presentation of the artwork contain symbolic meaning and use of metaphor? This may include the use of formal art elements, the compositional arrangement of figures or objects, the medium or the technique used by the artist, the style in which it is created.

A symbol is something that brings to mind an idea other than just the object or thing represented. For example, a cross is just two lines when visually represented, but for most people they recognise this as a sign of Christianity. A swastika is a very simple symbol, but it brings to mind Nazism and all its associated horrors.

Artists primarily use symbolism in their work because the symbol condenses meaning into something that can be represented visually, yet still remain understandable by the viewer. For example, the skull and cross bones symbol, can conjure up a range of negative emotions such as deah, sickness and decay.

The level of symbolism in an artwork can range from the use of well understood symbols to more complicated symbolism where the viewer is required to look more deeply into the artwork to search for the symbolic meaning.

Jan van Eyck (Dutch, died 1441), The Arnolfini Marriage [The Betrothal of Giovanni Arnolfini and Giovanna Cenami], 1434, oil on wood panel, 81.8 x 59.7 cm, National Gallery, London.

The bride to be has placed her right hand into the left hand of her fiancé to symbolize their intention to wed. Some of the other symbols: a dog symbolizes love and fidelity, a pair of white slippers in the lower left symbolize the sanctity of marriage, fruits on the windowsill symbolize fertility and original sin, a candle burning in daylight acknowledges faith in God as well as his all-seeing eye. A convex mirror hangs on the wall behind the bride and groom. In this mirror is a reflection of the backs of the principal figures, accompanied by those of the painter and another man who witness the betrothal. The frame of the mirror contains ten medallions portraying scenes from the life of Christ.

Hieronymus [Jerome] Bosch (Dutch, 1450-1516), The Garden of Earthly Delights (triptych), c. 1500, Prado, Madrid. Creation of the World, depicting the third day of creation, the two closed outer wings (or shutters) for this triptych, each is 220 x 97 cm. Garden of Earthly Delights (Ecclesia's paradise), the central panel, 220 x 195 cm. Left wing: The Earthly Paradise (Garden of Eden), 220 x 97 cm. Right wing: Hell, 220 x 97 cm.

Detail from right wing. Bosch worked at a time when symbols constituted a basic visual language. Although contemporary scholars don't always agree on interpretations of his paintings, the list below suggests possible meanings for some of the symbols found in this

example. See more of his paintings in articles about altarpiece and Gothic. Meanings for some of the symbols in Bosch's paintings symbol meaning closed book the futility of knowledge in dealing with human stupidity funnel deceit and intemperance; false alchemist or false doctor black birds unbeliever; death or rotting flesh eggs sexual creation; key symbol of alchemy breasts fertility ears gossip fish false prophets; lewdness flames fires of hell flying monsters devil's envoys fruit carnal pleasure ice skater folly keys knowledge knives punishment of evil mussel shell infidelity owl great learning pig false priest; gluttony rabbits multiplication of the race rat lies against the Church; filth; sex spheres alchemical apparatus

What are the art elements and principles has the artists used as symbols? Describe what these are and the ideas they represent.

How has the composition of the artwork been arranged to give symbolic meaning?

What images or objects in the artwork are symbolic? Is the artist’s choice of medium symbolic? Describe how the

artists has used the techniques to suggest a particular idea. Is the style of artwork symbolic? If the artwork comes from a

particular period of art or is created in a particular style, it may convey a particular idea of the time, context and culture in which it was produced.

It provides a timelineIt describes how to identify the features of Idealism, Realism, Cubism, Surrealism with examples.It explains how Symbols, Formal features and Styles are used in writing about art.

Students will know they are successful after studying this powerpoint if they are1.Able to describe the materials and techniques, styles and symbolism used in their and other artworks2.Able to explain the materials and technique used in trialling, maquettes and their final artwork3.Be able to explain how materials used and technical skills, style and symbolism shape and affect artwork interpretations

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Students will after studying this powerpoint may 1. Be able to describe the materials and techniques, styles and symbolism used in their and other artworks