Studii de preistorie nr. 11

8/15/2019 Studii de preistorie nr. 11

1/252

Ţ Ă


2/252


3/252

Ţ Ă

ş


4/252

A O C I A Ţ I A R O M N Ă D E A R H E O L O G I E

DII DE PREIORIE 11

COLEGIL DE REDACŢIE

R ş: MB

M: D . B, K B, A Băăş, Căă B, D Bč, B, J C. C, A D, C Hă, K,

Căă Lă, M O, R, , , L, A , ϊ , M .

C: ş I BC, Aş R(. P).

C ţ ă .E .

M, ăţ ş , ţă C ţ, Ş. P 352, . C, . 85, 2, Bş :@.; @.; .@.

.C. FARMEPER D.C.I. .R.L ://..

IN 2065 2526

Aț Ră A ://..


5/252

MA

A DAGMAI D . B ....................................................................................... 717

M AGHELI . A L M ...................................................... 1931

C F. ADELEA A H. A , .................................................................................................... 3395

L HIEB 008, ....................................... 97113

E A, B GADAKAL C : ........................... 115124

A BEAŢ, A FCLEAA, DMIAŞC A .

E Băăş (Bă C) ....................................................... 125162

M GLEA, M AECBEDIA, Căă LAĂM M ș ,

ț Căăș: ................................................................................. 163172

M CAIEC, M CLEA Gş, . D ..................................... 173187

A FCLEAA, B EDA, ICA, AD FICA Aş (. ) ............................... 189227

A I : , , B ? ............................................................. 229242

A ................................................................................................................................. 243244


6/252


7/252

S P 11, 2014, . 717.

I D W. B

RA DRAGOMAN∗

D W. B P A V A D A S F S U, U S A. H MP (1986) PD (1991) C U, U K. B 2006 2008 H A C U, U K, 20082011, C A D S F S U. H , , E, . H B, R U S A.

Y

N B . W ?

I P F (B 2005) I U S C

V A U N UK (B . 2010). I . T U A H R C UK D S K U E A N. T I ; I A.. T

; I ; ( B D) N Jōū. T I . I .

I , I I , I B M C. I . M . F (

), I . T . I , I : / / . T ; / .

M , . A I , I B M B, C. I , N ; I (.., B 2008). L I ,I

∗ I A V P, R A, 11 H Că, 1, 010667, B, @..


8/252

RA DRAGOMAN

8

, I . E I , I , I I . I B I I ( B 2012), N ( ) E , ;

. T I , . T . I 60 70 I I : I . U, () . A . T , I I ; I .

T B ; I , . I

N P F (B2005) I , . I . I / , I . W I ( S U AC), I J A W E 1941 L U N P F M . T E . T F M . I , , .

W P F I , I . I E ( I )

. S I ( ) . S ,I (, , , ) ( ) . I , I . T . I I F P T . O , . S ; . W

. O , . I , . W : , I H M G M G .

B 1998 2005, D. RR A N M R H B, S R AP ; , R U B, V P A S F H. R, ? W

: .., R


9/252

I D W. B

9

B , , R , .?

A ! A SRAP, . L, ,

2015. I , . I , , , (.., N E). O , . W , . T : , , , , , . A, : , , .

D (

) , , , , , .E I , I . L , I I , . I , . H , I ( ) , , , ( ).

O , I , , . F . F ( ); . I ,. T ( ) . T . T , . I .

Y . W . T , B I SRAP, R Bş A. W . O

( ). I , , . F , T V I . B , .

I A B , . P , , . H , , , , ,, , . I

. I , I . F ,


10/252

RA DRAGOMAN

10

. I . S SRAP, I . S I . T M Jț

T (MJT) I I . Y ://../.

A ?

T . I I . I . H, . T (, , , , , ) . I

. W , . A . T (B 2103, 2014, 2015) ,, . I , I ( , B 2014).

A I . P . U E . I , . I ( ). T , . R . I I , , , . I R, I 100 , , , ( I D 1989).

A , I (, , , .) , . T . I A // // : (2014). I I . F ( I ) ( ) , .

M

. W , . I , I


11/252

I D W. B

11

. T . P, ( ) . T . S ; . L

: 1000 .

U I I SRAP , I . I . H , ; (MJT) , P M, , . H . N , .O , ; .

O . T Mă P P , D. S M C U U K, E AL T (20082011), E U. T Mă, T C, ,, , , , , , , , , .H, , , Mă : I T C , , R E U 2007, . W ? I : / Mă ?

T . Y Mă .H , A? L , ( I ). T : B P C, , WP, U S, , E U, , , , . A ; , , ,

, , , , . T ; B P . T , , I , .

T , : ( I) Mă? I I . A . A,, , ( B P ) , ,

Mă. T , I , A, ,


12/252


13/252

I D W. B

13

P I I , I O, . I ! M . I E , , , . B ; . I .

A , I P () : E M F S N . T EU I ,

A L T , . I R, I E (1000 10,000 ) . T I , I .I, I . S, I P : . I

(.., ) , , , ( ).

T , Mă 20 . W 24 . O , ( 2011 S A A S, C), . W , ( ) , . S , . T ( ), I : , ( ). A C , I : G : :://../4218265/VG2013NB.

A E M ( ) I (B 2015). T , , , /

( ).

R, R M , I , . T .

R M , B O U T N. I , I ( ://. ). I R M , , , , , . T ,

I . T R


14/252

RA DRAGOMAN

14

M , I () . T . I ; .

A , 2009, B M Jţ T. S ,

T . D ?

T (B 2009); . W I I , I I . A , . T . A , ; , V B G L 2001 T A C P (R)

R M . O , , , , , , .

A , I SRAP, CşDşVă Mă. T , . T . O , . A , . T , . O (C W, T T U) . C , . W C

A, ( , ) ( ) . F , ( ), R .

I A J R

A I , I : , ?

B , I . H, I I ( ) . T I H1981 S A (C). A , M A C 1985. I H ( BA C, , , L B, N A ). A I S A , , I MP , I

. H


15/252

I D W. B

15

. T H C MP . T C , .

T I , 2001: M S 1992,E P (C). U I S , I E P I . B 2001, I M, . I C; PD I , ( ). R, 2001, I 1992 , I .B 1990 M . W C T 1987 (R A S T A ), , , E P

. I P F 2001 2002, , I .I M 1992 . T E P ; M M P: T/A (2001; R). B , I .

T , , , . T J A W E 1941 L U N P F M (HM). A , F M FM A E 1936 A A D. A E , . T : ( ); ; () A E ; , , . I I , R F 1955 T A , I I .

M : J T1988 T B R: E P H (P

M). H , . F , I T . T I 20 . I B ( ), I .

A ? E E Z RM: N (1880) LA (1877) B , W B N L (1959) J K O R (1957). T , ,

. I , I . T


16/252

RA DRAGOMAN

16

( I Z ; B 2015). F Z F 19 ( , , ) K , . P ,

() . T I ( S H ) , . T : , .

F, , I : , ?

E! C I ( Mă), I ( I , , , ). I . I . I . I . I , . S, I , , ( ).B? N . W , I . I , I : FM, L W, M G; M M. I , I , I .

B:

D.W. B, A. C, J. Z, 2010, U: C S Jō Dū N F , S C V A, N.

D.W. B, A. W, D. H (.), 2008, L W T: S M B N , O, O.

D.W. B, 2005, P F: R C N ,R, L.

D.W. B, A. W, V. C (.), 2005, () N , O, O.

D.W. B, 2000, B P: E, I I , R,L.

J :

D.W. B, 2015, E N: , R. B, R. V D (.), A N

A , CO.: U D P, B, . 12345.


17/252

I D W. B

17

D.W. B, 2014, W ? A B , B. O, P (.), R M: M, A A R P , R, L, . 215229.

D.W. B, 2014, T , P. D(.) S T , A, L, . 2743.

D.W. B, 2014, A // // : , I. R, A. C(.), A A: C, C, C , SK, N Y,. 231250.

D.W. B, 2013, C / , A. A GR (.)R A: B T M , R, L, . 337345.

D.W. B, 2012, F, , D. B (.),C G P , J W, O, . 244264.

D.W. B, 2011, T T C, S. M (.),Mă: P P , C U P, C, . 123145.

D.W. B, 2011, T : ,

S. M, P. M (.), T L D P: L C H E I , R, Bş, . 197202.

D.W. B, L. MF, 2010, B , D. H, M. B (.), T OH M C , O U P, O, . 556581.

D.W. B, 2009, T O E, D.W. A (.), T L W OE: T D V 50003500 BC , NYU P U P, N Y, . 112127.

D.W. B, 2008, T N, J. R, D. Bć (.),P B , O, O, . 918.

D.W. B, 2007, T : B N, C. R, I. M (.), M B: G P F R, MD I, C, . 117126.

D.W. B, 2006, S N: , Că şCţ Dă J (Căăş, R) , 22, . 8596.

D.W. B, 2005, B N : , D.W. B, A. W, V. C (.), () N , O, O,. 95106.

D.W. B, 2005, T C/T , G.D, J. C, O. W, C. P, R. M, D. N, D. M (.), C ,I A, Iş, . 123136.

N: , ://../DB.


18/252


19/252

S P 11, 2014, . 1931.

S P . A L M P

M ANGHELINU∗

B , . T L M P . T .

S , M P . A M L P. T .

P ş ș ţ, ă ţă ţ ş , ă ş ţ ş ă ţ ăă.

M ă ţ , ă P , ş ţ . Tă, P ş, , P ă ţ. Eş ţ ă ş ăă ş, ăţă, ş ăţ ţ .

, , , L P, M P. ţ, ţ, , , .

C ,

. I, , , 2.5 . Y, : H (P.J. R, R. B 2001, . 199). C, , , , , (M. D 1991).

I , , , . T P . A , E, , : LP 2.5 200 BP, '' M P . 40 BP. T , , (. S. K, E. H 2006).N .. (S. M 1996), (C.G 1999) (R.G. K 2009) L M P. A , U P WE (S. M 1996; W. N, I. D 1996; F.L. C, T. W 2001; R.G. K 2009).

∗V U Tș, F H, 3436 L. S I, 130105, Tş, R, _@..


20/252

M ANGHELINU

20

T , L N, , M P. O , , I H . T P

. O , , I , H H N.I M P . F, I L M P, .

T

(D. N 2009). A , , P

, , ( , R.L. B 1991). N , . O , , D , (W.H. D 1990), ( P.J. R, R. B 2005; R. B, P.J. R 2005) ( A.M. P 2009)1.

T , , D . H, D

, /, . M , , , , (.. ) , , , ( P.J. R, R. B 2005; R. B, P.J. R 2005).

A , (F.J. OS 2003), , . T , , (I. K, A.M. P 2009; W.E. B 2006), 2. O , , , , . H, , , . M, , . B , (R.L. B 2009).

S (.. ) ,

1 F , D ,

(R.L. L, M.J. OB 1998) (E.A. S, B. W 1992) .2 F S W , R.L. B 2009.


21/252

S P . A L M P

21

. W , , , (J. H, R. B1998). T , , , .

V ,

, , . A , . T

(.. T J. H 2004). H : , (P.J. R 2009).

A

, L P H , ,

, . H, .C R (2001) :

S A 200 (I. MD 2005), 50 BP. W (S. MB, A.S. B 2000), A M S A (MSA), U P 40 BP, M 4 , , W E. T, , H A M E N E.

E W E H ,

, (P. M 2005), , H . PE A G, , . I O W (.. A, S A), L P ( M 3 ) . F, H N O W (J.C. C 2009; I. K, A.M.P 2009).

T, , , , . H , .

A (S.B. K 2005; K.E. S 2004),

, P , (R.L. B 1991), , . T (L.R. B 1980), (R.L. B 2001), (J. W 1982). A , , , .

A , , ,


22/252

M ANGHELINU

22

/. T ; , (B.P 1992), , (J.C. C 2009). I , , , ,R M S (I. K, A.M. P 2009)

. E , (A. B2007). I , (G. L 2002): , , . T . H , , . M , ( ) , , , , (D. O, B. H 1997; A.M. P 2007). A

(K. K 1994), , (S. S 2001), .

C , L P H .E, (K.M. A 1995) (R. T 2001), (S.L. K, M.C. S 2001). W , (R.L. B 2001, 2009; S.B. K 2005; K.E. S 2004; I. K, A.M. P2009). W , (R.L. B 2001; J.C. C 2009). P , (I. K, A.M. P 2009) (A.M. P, M. L 2009).

S , , , , . I , H , , , G. B 2006. T , , . A , P 3, , .

D D ,

. A , P 4 . R ,

3 E , H

, P (R.L. B 2001).4 M L P (.. W.E. B 2006).


23/252

S P . A L M P

23

, , 5 . R , ; , , .U, , (J. E 2007).

T P H / (I. T, J.H. S2007). T E , .

T (G.P. R 2004) , . T , . W (J.P. B 1998; P.S. U 2006), M P (P. V, M. L 2009). T 400 S (H. T 1997) . N' ( , M. PM 2000).

S, (K. S, N. T 2001), ( ) H , M P (N. AA, N. GI 2006). F, H. N .

O, M P . T , , LP. A B. D (2010), . A , H . H, , , , . T , D , , H . N, 6, N , , . I .

A , A V B R

(I) TT (M) (F. E, A. N 2000; R. B 2003), (M. S, F. E 2007) (P. P 2002) E M P, . C , (A.F. P, J.P. T 2011), (M. PM 2000), 7 U P. T , N (T. H 2007) , . A , , , , , . T ,

5 O , (E.J. L 1998) , , .6 W ,

(B. D 2010, . 61).7 R , RI (A. Pă 1993) (J. S 2006).


24/252

M ANGHELINU

24

, 8 (R. B 2011) . A ,

, .T A 1.5 M

A E 200 BP,

H , H (K. S, N. T2001). F , A , (P.J. R, R. B 2005, . 142). H, L P (K. S, N. T 2001), , (S. S 2001).

T M 3 A E , . F, M(M. L 2008). S , (J. R2000; S.L. K, E. H 2006), E M

E. I , L G . W C9 (J. Z 2006), U P (.. , ), (S.L. K 2006).

I , L M P (S.L.K, E. H 2006), . T , , L G.

A ,

P (S. S 2001;P.J. R 2009; L.S. P, S.L. K 2010; T. H 2011). F , L M P .

A , , . M P , 10 . A J.L. B (2002) , , . L , N (E.T 1995). M (T. H 2011), (M.M. L, R.A. F 1998) , . M, M P , ,

8 I M U P (S.L. P, J.J. H 2009), /.9 I N , C

H .10 T P ,

50 (C. G 1999).


25/252

S P . A L M P

25

, . T (T. H 2011).

O , , E S A L M P , , , ( , C. F 2004).

T E , U P 40 . T H , . I , , ,., . H, , , , (J. H, R. B1998; R. B 2011). T , (S. S 2001). O , ,

(A.M. P 2009). H, , 11 (T. H 2011), .T , , . T L MP. T (.. ) (.. ) M 1 M 2 . F, L P (.. ), . T , L M P (M. A,L. Nță 2008).

T M U P , (R.A. F, C. G 2009), . T . Y, , ( , M. PM 2000), , . T , , . L (C. F 2004) 12 13, MSA/M , , , (L.S. P, S.L. K 2010). G

, M (S.L. K, M.C. S 2001;J.P. BA, A. T 2009) .

F A MSA U P , (S.L. K, M.C. S 2006), A . I

11. O, , , . T H , .12 A MSA (. S. S 2001).13 E / (L, ), MSA/M M P.


26/252

M ANGHELINU

26

, A P (M.M. L, R.A. F 1998).

S E. A E M ( M EM, L. M 2006). B

. T , , , MSA/M ; M 3 4 L G (P.J. R 2009). A , , .

T U P, (G.A. C 2009), , . T , (C. F 2004; S.L. K, M.C. S 2006) . T

N A . T E, (E. Z 1989). T (R. C, S.H. L 2004), (C.G 1999; R.A. F, C. G 2009). B . K , U P . H, L G M (C.G 2004).

T

, (L.C. A, P. W1995) . C, U P , . T , M P. I , L P H /N .

T A E U P H . T AMSA, E M P , .

I L M P , U P, , . A , . E , . T : . E , , P .


27/252

S P . A L M P

27

T S O P

H R D 20072013, E S F, POSDRU 89/1.5/S/61104. T . R Iță E , . LNță .

L.C. A, P. W1995

T , C A , 36, . 199222.

N. AA,N. GI 2006

O A E C U F: E FG B YA, I, A, E & A E , 4 (28), . 6378.

K.M. A 1995 C P H P N C, T.D.P, G.M. F (.), F S I , P

P, N Y, . 155188.

M. A,L. Nță 2009

L A P: P, A UV Tş , XI (1), . 99120.

W.E. B 2006

W.E. B, F. D'E, H.L. D, L. K, D. W, D.I. O, A.T. P, D.G. A, J.C. G, A. MW, M. C, C.W.M, M.F. SG, B. W, M. V, EC NM: N T R G E PH P, PA , . 6883.

G. B 2006 T A R P. W ,O U P, O, 616 .

A. B 2007 F M N M T, P B A , 144, . 519.

R.G. B 2003 T E E P, R A R , 20 (2), . 89135.

R.L. B 1991 HG. A E T , P P,N Y, 257 .

R.L. B 2001 H HG, G.M. F, T.D. P (.), A M. A S , S, N Y, . 137198.

R.L. B 2009 M T A: I T B P?, A.M. P, I. K, J.C. C (.), M H

P. E T P A , S,N Y, . 278296.

L.R. B 1980 W : , A A , 45, . 420.

J.P. BA, A. T 2009

T N (240,00040,000 BP), H B , 81, . 287307.

J.L. B 2002 S : , W A , 34 (1), . 625.

R. B, P.J. R2005

T O E C , O U P, O.


28/252

M ANGHELINU

28

R. B 2011 R. B, P.J. R, J. H, T : , PNAS , 108 (2), . 1091810925.

J.P. B 1998 HC C I P G,J A A , 17, . 327353.

R. C,

S.H. L 2004

O , PNAS , 101,

. 1089510900.J.C. C 2009 A M P A R N

A, A.M. P, I. K, J.C. C (.), M H P. E T P A ,S, N Y, . 213234.

G.A. C 2009 A H: C F P, M.C, P. C (.), S P T.M, T I , S, N Y, . 1942.

F.L. C, T. W2001

E H , C A J , 11, . 255260.

F. D' E, A. N2000 A B R : , C A J , 10, . 123167.

M. D 1991 T O M M. T S E C C , H U P, H, 413 .

B. D 2010 P : , B P , 25, . 5373.

W.H. D 1990 A E C T, A R A ,19, . 187210.

J. E 2007 E S B: M N B S S ,C U P, C, 496 .

C. F 2004 N M H. A E EP , C, 265 .

R.A. F,C. G 2009

T , PT R S B , 364, 32673279.

C. G 1999 T P S E , C U P,C 505 .

C. G 2004

C. G, W. D, P. P, M. R, C E , PT R S B , 359, . 243254.

J. H, R. B

1998

T E C T E

BG D, E H B , 19, . 215241.

J. H 2004 D : W T, A A , 6, . 197221.

T. H 2007 T L M P E , A , 81, . 294307.

T. H 2011 T T T S P: I M E, B.W. R, M. V L (.),I A C. M C, V, T , S, N Y, 229244.

E. H, S.L. K(.) 2006

T B T. E S MP M S A , S, N Y, 332 .


29/252

S P . A L M P

29

R.G. K 2009 T H C: H B C O , U C P, C, 1024 .

K. K1994 T E L, C G: A H, J A A , 13, . 3550.

S.L. K, E. H

2006

G I, E. H, S.L. K (.) T B

T. E S M P MS A , S, N Y, . 112.

S.L. K, M.C. S2001

T A HG, C. PB, R.L. L, P.RC (.), H. A I P ,C U P, C, . 99142.

S.L. K, M.C. S2006

W M D? T D L N M H E, C A , 47 (6), . 953980.

S.L. K 2006 T C M P I, E. H, S.L.K (.), T B T. E S M P M S A , S, N Y, . 109120.

I. K, A.M. P2009 N C, M, L E N E, A.M. P, I. K, J.C. C (.), M H P. E T P A ,S, N Y, . 253274.

S.B. K 2005 W I HG? V A R E S A, J A R , 13 (4),. 337366.

M.M. L,R.A. F 1998

T T M H O: G, D, D R H E, Y P

A , 41, . 137176.

M. L,

C. C, S. U2008

B C E N P:

C E A E, C A J , 18 (3), . 289307.

G. L 2002 P ş . O ă , E A,Tş.

E.J. L 1998 P E B: S E SS E M H C, C. R, C.S (.), C M C: A S S , C U P, C, . 8996.

R.L. L,M.J. OB 1998

T G E A. H E, C A , 39 (5), . 615652.

S. MB, A.S. B 2000 T : , J H E , 39, . 453563.

I. MD 2005

I. MD, F.H. B, J.G. F, S K, E, N , 433, . 733736.

L. M 2006

L. M, O. BY, J.D. S, M.C. S, M PS P L, E. H, S.L. K (.)T B T. E S MP M S A , S, N Y, . 149170.

P. M 2005 T I C. A SS M O M H B E, E A , 14,. 1227.

S. M 1996 T P M: S O A, R S , T H, L, 288 .


30/252

M ANGHELINU

30

D. N 2009 B : , J R A I , 15, . 223240.

W. N, I. D1996

H , L M , C U P,C, 272 .

F.J. OS 2003

F.J. OS, K.N. L, M.W F 2003, N : (MPB37) , P U P,P, 488 .

D. O, B. H1997

P R P: A C S THG, J A A , 16, . 121161

M. PM 2000 N E, IJO , 10, . 379395.

A.F P.,J.P. T 2011

H M IA, G, JAS , 38, . 16991708.

A. Pă 1993 RI. P ș , E A, Bș, 225 .

P.B. P 2002 T N : M

P E, B F , 1 (4), . 119.B. P 1992 S , A R A , 21,

1992, . 491516.

L.S. P, S.L. K2010

M E L E C C D P, PS ONE , 5 (12), 15582.

L.S. P, J.J. H2009

C, , P, PNAS 106 (1), . 3337.

A.M. P 2009 (.)

A.M. P, I. K, J. C (.), M HP. E T P A , S,N Y, 516 .

A.M. P, M. L2009

C S C N N A: AM P, A.M. P, I. K, J.C. C(.), M H P. E T P A , S, N Y, . 235252.

A.M. P 2007

A.M. P, N. L, L.E. H, M.R.P. B, T.M G, T : A K C BC, J A A , 26, . 299327.

P.J. R, R. B2001

I E H. T R C S, W.G. R (.), T O H S I ,P B A, 110, O U P, O,

. 197234.P.J., R, R. B2005

N G A. H C T H E ,C, U C P, 332 .

P.J R 2009

P.J. R, R. B, R.L. B, C I D C, H B , 81 (23), . 211235.

J. R 2000 S N, J. O, G.C. W(.), N M H D T.C E E 50.000 30.000 B.P , NM, M, . 3041.

G.P. R 2004 B , A

J P A , 124, . 109123.


31/252

S P . A L M P

31

K.E. S 2004 C HG E H: A N AP, J A R , 12 (3), . 227280.

K. S, N. T 2001 P M, G.M. F, T.D. P (.), A M. A S , S, N Y, . 39108.

S. S 2001 D C I: M I

E M H C, C A J ,11(1), . 516.

E.A S,B. W 1992

E E H B , A G, N Y,447 .

M. S, F.D' E2007

P, , . L N, B. V, B. M(.), L N. B , CTHS, P,. 297309.

J.D. S 2006 H, NS. H P MF K C (I), E. H, S.L. K (.),T B T. E S M

P M S A , S, N Y, . 171188.I. T,J.H. S 2007

T H , K. H, T. H (.), N R: N A P , S, D, . 922.

H. T 1997 L P G, N 385, . 807810

R. T 2001 H : , C.PB, R.L. L, P. RC (.), H: , C U P, C, .7398.

E. T 1995 N , JAS , 22, . 121142.

P.S U 2006

P.S. U, F.E. G, M.F. T, D E H: A R E N M A V, A R

A , 35, . 209228.

P. V, M. L2009

H H W L M P E, J.J. H, M.P. R (.), T E HD. I A S P S ,S, D, . 5988.

J. W 1982 E S, M , 17, (3), . 431451.

J. Z 2006 N M M, I M, E A , 15, . 183195.

E. Z 1989 T N , P. M, C.B.S (.), T H R , P U P,P, . 212231.


32/252


33/252

Sdii de Peiie 11, 2014, . 3395.

The ea ehi f he Aeica ad he haeig f he Wee Heihee. A eie f

achaegica daa, hhee ad de

Ciia F. ARDELEAN∗

Thi aice i a geea eie f ea Aeica achaeg, a daed hei f he ia achaegica daa ad adicab dae cceig he de hae f ha eece ihe Aeica, dig he Teia Peicee ad he Ea Hcee. I dice i a eed ae he eea higahica ad gegahica ce ad acadeic debae, eie he eiig kedge achaegica ce ad ie, ihic echgie ad ca daic, ad aae he heie adde ha eed decibe ad eai he cei f heea aig a he bae f he iie eig f he Wee Heihee. Thi ic i e eeeed i he Eea achaegica ieaead, f ha ea, hi ae i ea f he Raia/Eea eade h a ee, a a geeaee, he ia ece f ch a eic bjec. The eiga f he ee e f Aeica

ad, a e i dig he eia age f he Ice Age, ha bee ed e. The chgie f heeaie igai, he igi f he fi ee, he degahic eai de ad he eaihibeee he eaie ce i eee deicae ie ha cae iid ceie, cahe f aadigad a iee i f eeg ad ai ag ciei. Ideeede f he abe dae, he aiaf he fi ha g ha a f he d cced ch ae ha i Ee, Aia Aaia, ehadig afe he Lae Gacia Mai, ike g befe 18,000 ea ag, a fa a e ca eda. The c heie gge eeia igai e aig ehee i Sibeia ad cighe Beig Lad Bidge i Aaka ad Yk. I ie f he ide ii ad he iceaig geeic daa ifa f hi hhei, hee i ie achaegica daa i. Aeaie hhee ee eddig he a decade, hich i a he ibe ace f igi, ch a Wee Ee, f he eaie eig f Nh Aeica, he Pacific, f he cae f Sh Aeica. F e ha haf a ce, headiia achaeg ed he aadig k a he Cifi de, accdig hich he fi Aeica ee ee a hiicaed hegahee ce k a Ci, e dceed e f

he Uied Sae ad daed back a ea 11,500 RCYBP. Tda, hi de i cideed efed ad hee iiceaig eidece i f dehaCi ai, eceai eaed he fa ahhe, bh i Nh ad Sh Aeica. Se ieedia egi, ch a Meic ad Cea Aeica, ifai dce a cie achaegica ecd f he eaie eid. Ma achaegi caied e dadicab dae f he ha eece i hei eecie ie; eehee, he ide acceed eaiediceie d g fhe ha 15,000 ea ag. The eig f he Aeica cie be da, ece afe i begiig a a acadeic fied f eeach, e f he debaed ad ceia bjeci d achaeg.

Ace aic eeiă edee geeaă aa eiiei iii a Aeicii, ieăacaiaă a ce ai iae ifaţii ahegice şi daăi c C 14 egăă c cee ai echi fae de eeţă aă cee dă Aeici, i Peicei Fia şi Hcei Tii. Aici e dică fa abeiaă cee ai eeae cee gegafice şi iigafice ae eei şi debaeie acadeice igae, e eiiec cşiţee diibie dee iie şi cie ahegice, ehgiie idii de iaă şi diaica caă şi e aaieaă eiie şi deee cae caă ă decie şi ă eice feeee

cee cae a a baa ăii igiae a Eifeei Occideae. Aceaă eă ee bişiă ieaa de eciaiae Ea şi, cai di aceaă caă, aic de faţă ee adea ciii/eea, cei cae ea ă eee, a ie geea, cee ai iae ecee ae i bieca de eic. Eiga aa ecii cae iii aei a ici e ă aeica, aie di i fae ii ae Eei Gaciae, a f eaă decadaă. Cgiie ce ai iiiigaţii, igiea ii cii, deee de eaie degafică şi eaţiie e cee ai echi cicce că eeiă aăi aece deicae cae acă ii cee, cicii de aadige şi eăcheiaă de eegie şi aie ie ahegi. Idifee de daăie diece, iea ie gi ae acea ae a ii a d ai i dec i Ea, Aia a Aaia, babi i a dăUi Mai Gacia, ce ai babi c aie de 18,000 de ai ă, di că e ae e ai.Cee ai ehicae eii geeaă igaţii eee, e e cae ceea dea Sibeia şi aeaPd Tee ee acaa ae Beig e Aaka şi Yk. I fida iii geeaiae şi aeae geeice faaea aceei iee, eiă fae ţie agee ahegice cae ă ţiă.

∗ Ahg Deae f he A Uiei f Zacaeca: Ca II Haidade, A.Peaaia 301, Facc. Pge, CP 98068, Zacaeca, Mic, eai [email protected].


34/252

Ciia F. ARDELEAN

34

iii ai a eii aeaie, cae bec dee ae ci ibie de bşie a ii cişi eiici, de idă e Eei, ee Aaic, ca ăii Aeicii de Nd, a die Ocea Pacific, e Aeica de Sd. Pe ai bie de jăae de ec, ahegia adiţiaă a a decc ca şi Cifi, dă cae, iii cii ai Aeicii a f fiicaă ciae de ăi cegăi ccă b ee de Ci, bie dceaă e eii Sae Uie şi ae căei ceidaeaă e a 11,500 RCYBP. Aăi, ace de ee efa, faţa cecdei aaaşe de deceii caeaaă caţii aiechidecCi, eaăa eaţiae c ceebii ăi de aţi, a Aeica deNd, c şi de Sd. Uee egii ieediae, ec Meic şi Aeica Ceaă, că eşec ă feecee ahegice de cedee e ecie cee ai iii. Mţi ahegi a ă aae daăi faeechi e eeţa aă iie ; ă, deceiie cee ai faabi acceae de ciaeaşiiţifică deăşec ag de echie de 15,000 de ai. Paea Aeicii ciă ă fie aăi, a ecde a ceie ae e cea ceceăii şiiţifice, die cee ai debăe şi ceae biece diahegia diaă.

Pehi f he Aeica, Fi Aeica, Peig f he Aeica, Nh Aeica, Sh Aeica, Meic, Ci, eCi.

Peiia Aeici, iii aeicai, aea Aeici, Aeica de Nd, Aeicade Sd, Meic, Ci, eCi.

The ea Aeica ehi i, eha, ag he faiia ic f Eeaeade, eihe cha ebe f he geea bic. The ea ad ieie aeciiiai f he Ne Wd ike bi a hied f ee ha fe bck he acce he e iigifica aifeai f ce begig he ee eid f haccai. Oec ca head i he ica jge, Maa ad Aec aid, Adeaghd ad e, ich b ad ei hiegh The a cai egh agicad fficie e aac eee aei, fdig he ediaic eie, eeiiad agaie. B, a hee ecaca ce, c abeed b achaegi ad bic a

gea ciiiai, ace hei ee igi a hadf f ee h fi ieeed he iieha ce f he Aeica, a ieia ag, a he ed f he a Ice Age, cig f aace e ca ae e ad a a ie e i ige.

Thi aice i ea be a geea idci, ike a e bief ebk, ie f heh dee a fi iee i he eaie ech f he ha eece he Aeica cie,f he de ad eeache h a acie a geea kedge ab he ae f he ai he bjec f he eaie aia hi a f he d ad he eaie age f caaifeai e f he Aaic Ocea. Thi ae ide a hei ha i ce kab he eaie ha ccai i he Wee Heihee (Nh, Cea ad Sh

Aeica) dig he Teia Peicee ad he bee Taii he Hcee; a ieacideed, gh, beee ab 18,000 ad 10,000 caeda ea ag (f , ca BP)(fig. 1, 2). Thi cie he ie a beee he ed f he La Gacia Mai (a he ed fhe caed Wici gaciai, he Nh Aeica eiae f he Eea ceaadiia k a W) ad he eabihe f he ce ciaic cdii i he EaHcee, dig hich he acie ehiic Aeica ce aeaed i he achaegicaecd, afed e ie ad ace, befe beig eaced b he ae aifeai ccaed Achaic (fig. 3).

Thi ae de eed be a f dici f he ic ad i cd ee be ahige ha a icee ad geea e f he ce kedge. The achaegica ecd ii eheig ich i daa ad i ca be dea ih i a ja aice. The eade ca fida b f deaied ifai he hee i a ide aa f heic bicai ie beed ah (R. Biche, K.L. Tie 2005b; T. Dieha 2000; E.J. Di 1999; B. Faga2004, 2011; S. Fiede 1996; D. Mee 1994, 2009; D. Safd e aii 2005, ec.). The dici heeic ebace he ded ca ce f he achaegica ecd. Becae fbi ace iiai, i i ibe e ee i he fied f aaeeie,aaeciag, igiic ad geeic. I ahe fce achaegica ie, aifac, haeai ad biece ae, ehaiig he adicab age aaiabe.

I agee ih Daid G. Ade (2005) he ecei e (he ibe) caibaed

dae, a ea he dig acegia ieeai ad ciea cai f daa; aea f Nh Aeica, a he caibai ce f he She cie ae i iece. The


35/252

The ea ehi f he Aeica ad he ha eig f he Wee Heihee. A eie

35

diceac f 15002000 ea beee he adicab ae ad he aca caeda ea cicaed b i ifficie k fcai f he 14C ie aheic eei dighe cideed iea (cf. D.H. Ma e aii 2001) cd a ick he deadig f he eaaifeai f he ea ha ce i ie ad b he e f cai a a cieaee. Neehee, hi e efe e “adicab ea befe ee” (RCYBP) adidce caibaed ae he ided b he cied ah i hei bicai. I i e

ia a he eade ab a ccia deai: caibaed dae (caeda ea) ae eeedhee a “ca BP”, a he ae aa aaged i he Aeica ehi, eaig “caeda eabefe ee”, he hd be ded a “ca. B.C.” ( “befe Chi”). Secificcahiic fae ae a aided, e akig e f aead eabihed ae fachaegica ce ad cee. Sch de ca be eied i he e, b hee i fa cie a, f ea f bjecii.

Ieiab, hi ae i eh ce he ce, ie ad ceie aifeedihi he Nh Aeica achaeg, aica he Uied Sae f Aeica, a egi beek b he ah. O he he had, he Meica ei eceie e aica eaef ace ace i hi aice, a he ah f hee ie ha bee kig i Meic f eeaea fa. Ceai eiibi beee he he ad he a f he Wee Heiheea a idea ga f hi e, b, if ha a achieed, I agie he eade h fe

diaied.

, ,

The ea gegahica eig f he egi diced hee ae bab faiia heaji f he eade. Hee, a fe h cideai a be eied, eecia cceighe deiiai f age geca aea. I he fi ace, he Aeica, Nh ad Sh, aeaed b a eebd i he Wee Heihee a diffee cie; ha i he i eeced efe he a he Aeica, i a. Fe ee a hae db abhee Sh Aeica begi; i cece, a a cie ad geca ai ei, a hePaaa Ih i he h ad i ha a edefied c a ad i ceaic he. Thig

ae ha ea ih Nh Aeica hgh. N he geea bic, b cha heee,e cceie Nh Aeica a iied i he, Egiheakig haf, eaig heUied Sae f Aeica ad Caada, he fe Aaka ad Yk egi i he he,hee he ee d ee Ria a he Beig Sai. F e ea, ee fge icde Meic. Ci, a eebd ide Meic ed cae hi c i Cea

Aeica. N, ic f a gegahica i f ie, Cea Aeica de ei a a eaaecie. I i a geca bdiii f Nh Aeica, eceied he bai f igiicage: ha diffe egi f f jge hee eebd eak Saih. The, i he ee fhe bic, a a Saiheakig c, Meic be a f Cea Aeica. Tha i gee f he ibea cagegahica eecie. Meic i a ieaabe a f Nh

Aeica; i geg, ciae (i f i egi), ad ee i ehiic achaegica ecdik i g Nh Aeica. The eade hd k ha he adcae chage ea f he

Tehaeec Ih, hee Meic a j e f he Ycaa Peia, becig ceae iia Cea Aeica i ciae, eciiai, fa ad faa. S, if e a eabihciea bdiii eabaed ciaic ad bigica cieia, Meic Ycaa ad Chiaaegi d ideed beg he Cea Aeica hee f ifece. B, a ch diii f diii d hig ee e cicaed, i i ceie ae Meic a a fNh Aeica, agide he US ad Caada. I i bab h ecifig hee ha, i hi e,he d Aeica efe a eie heihee, e c, a ihabia fhe Uied Sae ae ed dead i.

Thi i he aiae ace a a g dici ab he geea eieacdii, cae ad cee ha chaaceied he Peicee ech, a k a he Ice

Age, a ea ha aed 2.6 ii ea ag (fig. 14). Bia Faga (2009) edied a edid adbeaif iaed idci he bjec, f he ieeed. Hee, he eciaieade hd k a fe geea fac ab h he Aeica ked ike dig he a ajgaciai ( he a e i a g eie f aeaig cd ad ae eid cied ihihe Ice Age) (fig. 2).


36/252

Ciia F. ARDELEAN

36

Fi, a i i ide k, dig he gacia eid f he ae ae Eah aaed i he gacie ca ad he d, eaig ha he cea ee ee ab 100 eha da, eig age i f he ciea hee, accdig he aica gahf each ca. I ceece, he c f he Aeica ee igh diffee f da,diffeece ade e iibe he Aaic he ad e ced he ie cahee ad d e ab i he ea (fig. 4). Tha ea ha achaegi da ca had

hae acce he acie heie ad hei cedig achaegica ecd; a eae biai he debae e he eaie ha aia ad igai e. Secd, a ea ee ee ,

Aaka ad Sibeia eeeed a ige ada, k b achaegi a Beigia: he faLad Bidge ed ed b he fi ee e f Aia Aeica, accdig he ide acceed eig de. Thid, ad ci, dig he Ice Age, Aaka a icefee,ceed b idee gaad iabe f age hed f hebie, ih bacic fe adie ich i ece. Fh, e ice ca ceed he eie he haf f Nh Aeica.O he e, ag he Pacific ca, a ae ice hee (k a he Cdiea ice hee)ceed he eie Caadia ca ad eeaed i Wahig ad Oeg i he ce USA(Uied Sae f Aeica). A eehig ee k da a Caada a ceed b a ecdaie ice hee (he Laeide ice ca), ab 3 k hick, he he agi eached heaide hee da he Aeica ciie f Chicag ad S. Li ae caed (fig. 4). Dig f

he Peicee i ae a he e ed f ha chgica iea hee ice hee eecee ck gehe, fig a ede, ieeabe, ifee a dee. Thi i a eia deai, a he idea f a ha iie ciai b f f Beigia, hgh aiad e eadig he a gaad h f he ice hee ca be ake igh ad a aefeide fac (fig. 26).

I i ecea ei he diffee ecei e hae f he idea f aii i he Aeica ehi. The ie fae ae ceed hi ide f he d, i cai heEea cae. F Od Wd ciei, achaegica fid f e hded f had fea f age ae a fac i eeda acadeic ife. N f , i he Aeica. Hee, hebae ae i hah ad ee ige e adicab dae. The ifac f he achaegicae ehiic gd ha eached i ed e. The H Gai f he Aeica achaegha e bee fd: he did he e fi ee ee he cie? Whee did he acace f? Befe diig i e hiicaed ae ab he fi hegahee cieie fhe cie (cia gaiai, ca behai ad ), achaegi i he Aeica aei ggig fid a defiiie ae hee idia ad fdaea ei. Thi ae iig h h cicaed ad fiece he ceie i ae ad hi ccia bjec.

Uike a he egi i he d he Eea eade a be e faiia ih, i a f he Aeica he Se Age aed f ieia i e ece, i e cae he Eea iai ad, egia, g afe ha. Fe ce deeed baiaeag ad eeeed i he achaegica ecd ae ade f faked e (che,bidia, baa, hie, iee, a), a egade f he ie eid he beg .Se ee i i e a e he heihee a ce f hded f ea ag, e afehe eabihe f he de cie fded b he deceda f Eea ci. A,ie cieie f hegahee diaed eie egi f bh Aeica cie adcied d a he ae ie ih he iig f fidabe ae ad eie iide e

ce ce. Thi hiica ad ahgica eai ede he ak f ideifig he fiha ccai a diffic e, iabe f eficia eaai ad a ii ai. Feae, he dice e a, he face f cde, iiiekig e aefac i gaaee i ief f he eece f ea hegahee g, a he cd beg aech, i he. O he hgh kedge f he echgica ae f e fakig f eachaica ehiic ce ad he diec daig f achaegica fid ad ediea ced ide he ciei ih he adeae bai f he ideificai f he iie haccai ad he eaie igai f ha g ac he cie. Ufae, hi i aa he ah e f ceage che f; eie, ifeece ae ade adcci da eficia aibe f aefac, geea iei, eaheig ad iaaec f he e , hae ad c, igig he fac ha, dig 15,000 18,000 ea( e) f ibe ha eece he cie, aface fahi ad e hae

cd hae eed eidica a diffee i i ie. I he Aeica, hee had fcieie eed e f ch a g ie ad e ch a eiie, e ig


37/252


37

echgica aae ad abe daig ca ake he diffeece beee ciece adecai.

Ahe fied fac ha affec he ehiic eeach i e egi f Nh Aeica (f eae, ecie Nhe Meic hee I cdc eeach ea haccai) i he aigah. Whehe i a a f he Uied Sae he eaie haef ha eece ae bied dee i dak i, beeah ae, Achaic aa (eaig Midde

Lae Hcee; fig. 3), i he dee aea iaed a high aide he edieai i e ,icie, ad edie i ca accae de high ei ae. Tha ead aeiabe ighae f ehiia: aefac f a ibe eid ce gehe heface a e ha deh, eaig a he f a aigahic c. A, ca feaeae diffe, ih e eia f ideificai hgh ee eig aeia e (C.F.

Adeea, J.I. Maca 2012). Neehee, e a a aecde, he eade hd k ab afficia ick achaegi i he Aeica e e. I i beieed ha b ad a ee aae aia he cie, a a k i dig he Hcee (a ea, hee ae idica hik heie), hie he efeed ea i he eaie ce a he ea,beaig age e i, h ih a aa eahe. I ceece, age ei ae cideed f highe babii f beig de ha he a ahead, hich aeaed be ge. Ma f ed e hi baic ciei f a iiia ig f

aefac. Hee, fe diceie a e e cee g.Fia, eig i ahe ae h eiig i eaihi Aeica ehi,eecia if e cf ieae f diffee cie. We ca aca efe a AeicaPaaeihic, ih ikig geeaig fae cfi. The e i dage. Thehi f achaegica eeach he eaie ihabia f he Aeica ke e eee he e d, aied dae ee aeged f he iiia eig f he cie he a he ie ed f he ec keici aifeed igid ad a a igeadicab dae ha daed chaege he cea hehd acceed b he diaaadig. S, efeig a Paaeihic ech i he Wee Heihee d ceae aaed aae ih he Od Wd chgie ad, eha, ch egiiac f he edciei ad ehia h ike eak f he eece f ha bed a cieificfdae. M eciai kig hi ic i he Aeica ejec he ee f hie. Ui ece, he ideead d ed f he eaie hegahee cieie a

Paeidia bi, i he ieae ie i Egih. Fak Rbe fi eed hi e ihe 1930 ad i iied ceai ik beee he Peicee ad he Hcee, becae i efeed achaegica ce ha eeded, chgica, e bh he Teia Peicee ad heEa Hcee (R. Biche 1999b, . 2). I he Uied Sae f Aeica, ai, ee iheiedhi d, Idia, f he cia ie, aig he ca idige ai. Naie ibe, a ceai ee, a aded he abe ae heee i hei ieaci ih he hie e.B ha a he cae i Meic ad f Lai Aeica: he d idi ha aa beecideed ffeie, a i had bee ed f ceie a a f cia ad ace ifeiib he Saih chice ad Cia dce, ig ejaie. I ceece, he ea ee ece i he acadeic iig f Saih agage (C.F. Adeea 2013). Dig he adecade, he e f Paeidia diiihed ad i a diaeaed. Tda, he ce ae he eaie hae f ha deee i he Aeica i Paeaeica (

Paeaeica, i Saih), eaie ece idced b R. Biche ad cideed be aea ad a e deciie gegahica e, ih a iica iicai ( ibide ). Ibaica efe a ha edaig 8000 RCYBP (ab 10,000 ca BP), aciaed ih ceideified a Paeidia, Ea Achaic, Paeachaic (J.C. Chae 2010, . 54).

B he idieeeh ce, he ecceic Si gegi Li Agai ed he

eiece f a Ice Age i Ee ad eaded f i aifeai a gba cae. Lae, he affeed a ii a he Haad Uiei i he US ad f hee he bed he ceceef he gacia die i Nh Aeica. B he ed f he ce, he cha, ch a Tha C.Chabeai, defied he fi accae a f he Peicee ice ca ad abeed he adia (cd

iea) ad ieadia (ae hae) ha ced he Nh Aeica Ice Age (ee B. Faga2009) (fig. 2). Thi a, dig he iiia decade f he eieh ce, ciei i he Uied


38/252

Ciia F. ARDELEAN

38

Sae ee e aae f he eiece f a ece, g cd eid i he gegica hi f hecie ad f eic aia aig a diffee adcae i he a. Hee, heceiece f ha ad eic faa, he eiece f he Gacia Ma i he Aeica a a a a ceai ad i eaied i db f a g ie, i ecai ad idiida aicd be eaced b had eidece baed achaegica daa baied de ced cieificcdii (f a ceheie f he ade f ehiic achaeg i he Aeica, ee B.

Faga 2004; J.M. Adai, J. Page 2003).Dig f he eigheeh ad ieeeh ceie, acadeic cd acce he idea

ha ca iiie aie ai cd hae bee abe ceae he ea eahk iEae USA he age e e f Meic. J ike i haeed i he cae f back

Afica achaeg, he achieee cd be aibed hie iga f he OdWd, eha Pheicia, Geek i f a ei Aai cie. Sice heieeh ce, J. Fedeic Li had decaed ha he ace f he de Idia hae bee he Te L Tibe f Iae, ce eied b he Aia. Sch idea ge feiegd f a g ie ad he ee ie da i he eigi beief f M ec adiide he bed id f edciei. I ie f he fi acadeic aache ad he fiaaeih ecaai eaied he ieie eahe d f Eae USA dig he ecdhaf f he ieeeh ce, fe cha acceed a ca igi f he acie ce.

Eea, hig chaged ad he ed f he ieeeh ce; eecia afeSehe ad Cahed diceed he Maa ciie i he Meica ad Cea Aeica jge i he 1840 ad ied a hei bi ca aibe. Neehee, he hahceie ed ahe gd: he aii f Ma i he Aeica.

Dig he a decade f 1800, Nh Aeica aed fee he ifece f hePaaeihic diceie i he Se Vae f Face. Bche de Pehe had beg hiachaegica ei ha e he bai f he d f ehiic ee ad hei a f ifedig he Ice Age. Wa hee a gacia Ma i Aeica, a e? A hadf f cha eeciced ha hee a; fae, i a g befe he age he cibeded g. Chae Abb a a hicia f Ne Jee, a aiae f aa hi hed cec cde, dkig e aefac f he iebak i heae Uied Sae,adcaig f a dee aii f ha i he egi, bab f he ae age ike he ediceed aefac i Ee. Fedeick Pa, he ek diec f he Peabd Me ahe Uiei f Haad, h had he ae faih i a Aeica Paaeihic, ifeced hi. S,ehia ee eachig f he caed aaeih a e he cide. I 1887, he

Paaeihic ce aed fficia ih Tha Wi, a ca f achaeg a heNaia Me, h had j eed f a fieea cabai i Eea Paaeihicecaai. He bgh he idea ih hi ad, hgh fficia dce f he Sihiai Wahig D.C., he iied ee ad he c cec ad deie dkig e he eigi iii. If aefac ked ike ehig i he Eea Paaeihic, ha aa f f a Aeica Paaeihic f iia aii. Tha a he begiig f a aadigaicfigh ha, i a dified f, cie da: he aihei beee a ehia f d daead e d ha ccai, e ide, ad he keici, ciici ad igid cieificci, he he ide.

I ca ih he iiia ehia fed b he age be f aaeih ceced

he fied, a e aadig a b egh: ha eece a a fe had ea di he Wee Heihee, a ea f Nh Aeica; eha 2000 4000 ea d. A hae, he e fficia he a bi i ecaia ceie, b a cieificaai f he aeged aaeih. A ifeia chaace a he Sihia Iii, Jh WeePe, ciied Wiia He He ieigae he fdae f he Paaeihicehia i he USA. He died he icig aefac, iied he ie he cae f adick eached he cci ha he ee a a fiihed idicaig ee ccai,b he fakig debi (ce, fake, ef) f ahead aface f e ece ie. Heee ceeded eeiea fakig i de hi e. He ck a had b he ibea ii i Aeica achaeg ad gae bih he e fficia aide: keici.

A fe ea ae, a he begiig f he eieh ce, a Cechb hica ahgi, Ae Hdička, jied he Sihia ad becae he fiece gadia f he keica ii. Uig

egica cai ad igid cig he fied diceie ad he c, heaiaied f a g ie he ic idea ha he achaegica ecd acked a age ifa f a Ice Age ha ccai.


39/252


39

Had achaegica idica ceced h i USA dig he iea beee he d a. Sice 1908, a ca back cb aed McJki, f a ee iage caedF i he hea f he Sae f Ne Meic had fd d bi be ad a fe cifaked e aefac (ea i) edig f he bak f a a ceek (fig. 19). Afeeeee ea i he a he, he a ceci eached he Cad Me f NaaHi, hee i diec, Jee Figgi, ick ecgied i i he be f a eic ecie f

bi, a Peicee aie. Cd he hae bee aciaed i he ae ce? I 1926, Figgiaed hi ecaai a he cai hee McJki had ade he iiia dice ad fdahe e i ideed aciaed ih bi be. He k he aefac he Sihia, ba fid eed f i ce did dce a iie effec Ae Hdička. Dig he 19271928 fied ea, Figgi a caef egh eae a he e diceed aefac i ace, ha he cha cd ii he ie ad ie heee he aciai beee aadee ad a eic f f bi. Ahgh Hdička cied be keica, he acadeicci acceed he deiabe aigahic aciai f fid ad he ceaeibeee ee ad eic Ice Age bea. Tha becae a a acice (ee da) i he eaehiic ie f he Aeica: he db ag ceage ae high ha, if a bebeieed b ee, eed gaie ii f ifeia achaegi ceiaie ad a eidece be aidaed b he. Wih Figgi k, he F achaegica

ce a b ad he aii f Ma i Nh Aeica dde ed back 6000 e ea,ehee ad 10,000 B.P., a i a geed f g b he achaegi befe he ieif adicab daig (fig. 11/H, 18).

O a fe ea ae, ahe cai, iaed i he ae Sae b had, cae eae a db he eiece f he Ice Age Ma hi ide f he Aaic. I he ea 1930,a e ad a beig bi beee a , Ci ad Pae, e fa aa. A aa eed ea Pae, ag a ha ceek aed Backae Da, i de eac gaead ad f he cci (fig. 9). A fe b f eighbig Ci fd he fiaceae, fed i ha ae d be caed afe hei (he daghe f he ai aikeee a Ci ebaied he ace ih hi ae j becae he ed ead bk ab heFakih kig, Ci) (fig. 67). The hi f he eeach hee i g ad ce (ee L. Ka1997; A.T. Bdia, J.L. Ce 1999). The ie a a ich i F eid ce, ai aaie bi ki ie a Lcai 1, hich aed be ecaaed i 1932 (fig. 10). Lae, f eaad ea ce, eecia dig he ieeig k f 19491951 ea, Backae Daieded eea caiie i hich e Cie aefac ee fd i diec aciai ihah be, cea beeah he F ee. Ci ce ed be aigahica deha F. A fe ea ae, he fi achaegica ae be eed b Libb eadieic daig ehd ee ecie f F ad Backae Da, cfiig he ageeiaed b achaegi. I he ee f acadeic ad bic, Ci becae he icicaifeai f he Fi Aeica, aciaed ih he hica iga ha ed cedhe fa Beigia Lad Bidge, he h bied ah feh ad ade ig eai. Ad he Cifi de d ike ha, ieeabe, f haf a ce.

I Meic, hig e a diffee ah. Meica achaegica eie eedcee aa ad eaaed f he effeecece he Nh Aeica age aded abe(C.F. Adeea 2013). Tadiia, Meica achaegi, ai he ehiia, ed kee

e ie cac ih hei eighb ac he bde. I fac, he ack f cicai aa, he USA ide ca igig (ee da, ih e fe ecei) ha hae hf hei bde. P cdii f ieaia ceai, iica ad aiaiic adeiie,aiUSA aiMeica feeig age cibed hi ged dice. Paadig eediffee, a ie. O he he had, ehi ad ea ha ccai ee eeii bjec i a hge c cee aed ih aie aid ad gigaic bacee ef b he Meaeica ciiiai. The eigh f idiida e (hgh hei iicaad acadeic ifece ceage) aked he ace i he deee f he diciie i hiLai Aeica c.

The bih f a acadeic ehiic achaeg i Meic cced ch ae ha i heUied Sae, a he ed f he 1940 ad ea 1950. Like eehee he cie, he Ciaie had dced a aie f ii ab he igi f aie ai ad he ibe

eace e i he Ne Wd, a hee a be debaed hee (ee C.F. Adeea 2013;E. Ma 1987; A. GeJce 1988). F ceie, ee i he cide ad kebidig ba iface i he caia ci ed eah gia be (he a e f


40/252

Ciia F. ARDELEAN

40

egafaa eai), b hee a fa, iiia iee i he da f hai ad e aefac ee i fd i aciai ih eic aia. B he ed f he ieeehce, gegi had aead ideified, a ceai ee, he Peicee aigah i he Baif Meic ad cha ee faiia ih he geeih, beie Becea Fai. The ecaaif a daiage e a Teiiac, hea f Meic Ci, aeged dced a ci aefac:a caeid ei be ced i he hae f a aia head (M. Bcea 1882 [1987]; L. Aeea

1965) (fig. 27). Tha a he fi iga ha de he aei he Ea Ma i Meic, bceie ab i aigahic ii ad aificia ae ei da. I he 1940, a USachaegi, Heh De Tea, aed he fi eaic each f he eaie ihabia fMeic ad hi ecaai a Teea ( fa f Teiiac) ggeed a aciai beeea ha bia ad ah be (H. De Tea 1946, 1947, 1951, 1947 [2010]; H. De Tea e aii 1949). Tda, e k ha he ied he aigahic deai f he ie ad he adicab daeed he bia be f ae Hcee age, b De Tea k ached he e f he Ice Ageee h f he US bde. The edie ad accic eai he ceced f adicabdaig i ie f beig aigahica eaed he dice ief ee he fi Meicaae ee daed b he e ieed echie (H. De Tea 1951). A he ae ie, RichadMacNeih ceced hi ieigai i heae Meic, i he cae f Siea MadeOiea (R.S. MacNeih 1958, 1948 [2009]).

F he a 70 ea, achaeg i Meic a de he c f e iii, heNaia Iie f Ahg ad Hi (INAH, b i Saih iiia). INAH i he aiahi i he ae da ad i c, ega ad acadeica, eehig de i achaeghgh he c. I 1952, he Iie eed i hied Pehi Deae ad,agica, he ae ea, a ah dbe kiie a diceed a Saa Iabe Iaa,baica i he ae aea ike he eiaed ie f Teiiac ad Teea (da i heicii f Meic Ci, e b he ieaia ai ad e ce he fae aid fTeihaca) (fig. 27). The ecie ee fd i a Peicee acie eie,aciaed ih a gea diei f e , ai ea i f diffee e (L. Aeea, M.MadadKede 1952, 1953, 1956). Aa eeed b he fficia achaeg (i da) ahe adak f aia ehi, he diaeaed ie a Saa Iabe Iaa cai a eiga ad achig iece ha geeae db ab he aca fid (C.F. Adeea2013). Sh f he Bai f Meic, i he ae eid f 19501960, ea he ci f Peba, aaae ehiia, Ja Aea, had bee gaheig fi be ad faked e aeia feed acie ad gae dei a Vaei, a ace ea bece e f he ceia ie i Nh Aeica (fig. 29). Iii f he Uied Sae eea becaef ied i eaic eai ad he Vaei bai ad did INAH f a h iea e i (J. Aea 1959, 1978; C. IiWiia 1967, 1981; C. IiWiia e aii 1969;

V. SeeMcIe 2006; V. SeeMcIe e aii 1981). The diceie hee i b da ad ch affeced b aigahic ceie, ieaia die ad he ack f ee aidai ie gae a g ie he deee f a aiae ad ceiie each f heeaie ihabia f Meic. The ai chaace i INAH i he ea a a Saihbachaegi, J Li Le, a ci efgee f he Saih Cii Wa ad fiece adeaf he ieigai ad aegai f aii cibed b he USA ea a Vaei. Lediaed ad i diae he fficia aadig i he Meica ehi hgh a chgica

de he ceaed, a aicaiic ad fdaeed chee ha ha ie d ih heaca eiica eai (J.L. Le 1967). Le ad hi ea eed a e ie, gh i heae egi, a he f f a caic hi i Taaca, hee a acie ccai f 20,000 eaa be aced (J.L. Le, L. Miabe 1986, 2005; L. Miabe 1973) (fig. 2728).Mh ee ab be b, baed hi ad he ie. The deie ide f f e dha eece i Meic, de ha he acceed i he Uied Sae a he heahieifece he accac f daa dced b he Meica jec i he decade. E Ceda, i heae f Sa Li Pi ( fa f d aea), a ahe cai ha, ice he iiiae i he 1970 (J.L. Le, L. Miabe 1981, 1984) ad i he e ece fia bicai(L. Miabe 2012), aiai ceai ee f db ad cfi ab he aidi f he daaad he adicab dae f e ha 30,000 ea caied f he ha eece hee (fig. 27).Hee, i ie f ch ceia aec, he ehiic ieigai i Meic a aead

e i ce ad e f he eai dced eee aabe daa ha a cibe he ha deadig e hae da he eaie ha ccai i he Aeica.Neehee, ike he Uied Sae f Aeica, Caada Sh Aeica, hee a


41/252


41

eciai dedicae hei eff he eaie eid f ha hi, i Meic a hadf fachaegi efe hi deicae fied f eeach, f ceage geig ied i hed f he ea, Meaeica eee.

Ideede f h d he eaie adicab dae i i he fe, he be

k iegaed ehiic achaegica ce f Lae Peicee Aeica i Ci, hichaiai a a biged i f efeece. I he c agage ke b achaegi fhee aide, eehig eaie ha a ceia ieake e a 11,500 RCYBP i acaed eCi ad eehig afe Ci ed (ad 10,800 RCYBP, igh a he e f he

Yge Da ciae eea) i abeed Ci Lae Paeaeica. Ci eai dahe ie e f hich Nh Aeica achaegica eai i eaed.

A i a aid abe, hi ce a fi defied i 1932 a i eie, Backae Da, iNe Meic, Uied Sae (fig. 5, 910), hee he fi diagic jecie i ee fd iaigahic ce ad i diec aciai ih eic ah (ee A.T. Bdia, J.L. Ce1999) (fig. 67). The dice a fed b a he fid, ai bcidea ki ie(e iibe i he fied ha ie e ca), ad he chaaceiic ccaebaed ad fed

e biface defied a he La ce hich ae becae bee k a Ci (E.W. Hae aii 1959) (fig. 5). Sice he iiia fid, ad f he e fie i decade, Ci ad he Aeica ah (Mah cbi ) ed i he headic iage f he Peicee haccai. A g aadig a aid aded i he Nh Aeica acadeic eie,k a he Cifi de. The de iie ha hi ce a he achaegicaaifeai f he e fi ad iie ai igae i he Ne Wd, hgh heBeig Lad Bidge, fed beee Sibeia ad Aaka he he cea ee ee e ha 100 e ha da (fig. 4). The ed fa ad ee ad eed he eie heihee i eha a iei, giig bih a he he Peicee ce i ha a f he d,ed icdig he Sh Aeica e. A g ia f he aadig a he caed

Oeki de: ha, ce aiig i he Aeica, eciaied i Ice Age egafaa ad deeea aa eici, caig iabii i he ece ad edageig a he ecie

(P.S. Mai, H.E. Wigh 1967; P.S. Mai, R.G. Kei 1984; P.S. Mai 1984) (fig. 26). Sch ahe, ehaiig a ike high eciaied ec beed ih egafaa, i beigefed b e daa.

Wih a achaegica ie ac he Uied Sae ad a f Caada (b iMeic!), Ci becae a edefied hi, ih a g eiegica adaage e hediceie ha ice he 1970 hae bee ig cai de ad ca diffee haccai (R. Biche 1999b; G. Hae 2002; G. Sche, J. Caee 2003; D. Safd eaii 2005; L.F. Bae, A. Teaa 2006; S. Fiede 2006a, 2006b). Thi iai i i aid i Meic,hee he ece daed d ccai beg hi hi. The ece diceedbcidea kiie a E Fi de Md, Sa, i he edaed Ci ie i Meic(G. Sche 2010; G. Sche, J.P. Caee 2012; G. Sche e aii 2007, 2009a, 2009b) (fig. 27).B, ih a hadf f eciai i defedig he idea ha Ci a he degahic ae fi ee Aeica (S. Fiede 1996, 2004, 2005, 2006a), da hee i a ce ab bhccia ad eaiehaCi ca eece i he heihee (fig. 15, 23).

Ci ce i k f i diagic bifacia jecie i, aceae i hae, ih ae e ccae bae, eie igh faig ea, diaig baa hiig adcie gidig f he bae ad aea edge ad he ia ed (fig. 67). Thei fa feae i he fe chae. Thi ea ha he biface h a cedgidia fake ca e bh ide, eaced f he bae, afe he eig f aiaed af caef eaed f ha e. Whehe eaed hafig echie iaad bi (cf. B.A. Bade, M.B. Ci 2013), he fe eai cie ac ea Nh

Aeica, fd a Ci aefac (fig. 11, 16). N a Ci biface ae fed ad ahe fed eed i ae eceai Ci. Wha defie he ce i he fed i,b he high ce ihic echg eeed i he ich aifaca aebage (fig. 8). Theeece f hee ee ca be deeced b ideifig a eie f e ecific igae i he

faked e aeia. The high icidece f biface hiig fake, a e bade id igeaed edge ce (fig. 8/D), biface ce be ed bh a aabe a aeia f bade


42/252

Ciia F. ARDELEAN

42

a bak f biface, fake ce, caef eaai f af, a ciec i he caed eh ( eae ) fake, a a f he edci cede, ae e f he icaCi feae (M.B. Ci 1999; B.A. Bade e aii 2010).

The Ci i a a eha ea (bh jecie ad kife), deiged eeae adc, ei iac ad cae faa beedig, ea g dee i he e bd, ade beged ih ich i ched haf ad aed ad ih ie e he gd edge (B.A.

Bade e aii 2010; A.T. Bdia, J.L. Ce 1999; G. Fi 2005). I a a aabe ei,eeie eked ad ejeaed befe dicaded. Ci ee aifeed ecia efeecef eic a aeia. The c e a che, b he fe ced fiekig aeiaf hded f ie aa, ch a aae a, ace agae, chaced, jae, adbaded cf che. Sch bjec hae had cia, bic ia eaig (D. Mee2002). The e f ae aeia cd eihe ea age eiie, ieegia ade cia ieea bd dia g. Sch fie cafed aefac fe aea i cache deied iha i i he gd (G. Fi, B.A. Bade 1999; M.B. Ci 1999; B.B. Hcke, J.D. Kib2014). Wee he ia ffeig afe be? Seie, he ihic ie i bed (D.B.Dee e aii 2009). Se cae, ch a he Aick chid bia (Maa, US), h ieie e fche de ead bjec.

The e f he Ci ihic aebage icde age biface, bade ce, bade ed a

, bade ed a bak, ed ad ide cae bade ad fake, bi, gae, ade. Ciee a ked be ad ah i i he f f cace eeeed aefac. The aad bic eei ae cace. I ie f he ae eae e egaig ih >11,000RCYBP ccai b eeiea aih daig (A.M. Taeba 2004), hee i ece aieaa e aciaed ih ea ccai. B Ci ee icied a iee ab ih hachedae, ch a he fd a he Ga ie, Tea; a adii ha cied i Achaic ie(L.B. Daie e aii 2009) (fig. 8/C). Iceaig acceed eidece i he egaig f a bcidea a ieaied be a Ve Beach, Fida (B.A. Pd e aii 2011). M f he caic Ciccai cceae i he cee ad he f he Uied Sae, hee he ae f Aia(ai he Sa Ped Vae) ad Ne Meic ffe he ia g f kiie f ageaa, hie Ga i he age habiai ca k fa (D.S. Be 1954; H.T. Wigh,W.B. Ra 1966; G. Fi, B.A. Bade 1999; G. Hae 2002; B.B. Hcke 2004; B.B. Hcke, J.D.Kib 2009; M.B. Ci 1999, 2005; G. Fi 2005; D. Safd 2005; R. Biche 1999b; C.V.Hae, B.B. Hcke 2007; D. Mee 2009; M. Wae e aii 2011; B.A. Bade e aii 2010) (fig. 5).

I ie f aae i, hee i a baia aiai iide hi ca hi (J.E.M, T.A. M 1999). I fac, he iee eece ee cc i Eae Nh

Aeica, ea f Mii ad Miiii ie, hee he aiabii f aefac aca defiediic ca adii, ih diffee ad bab Ci ae (fig. 11). Neehee,hehe iee ece, Ci ead e ick a e he cie ad a heg aded aec f hei ce; he Ice Age eiae f he ead f CcaCa baeba ca, a T. Dieha a (2000: i).

Thee i a ece ad e ieeig e ea eai he dde aeaace fCi i he Nh Aeica achaegica ecd, ed b B.A. Bade ad M.B. Ci (2013).The hhei i baed he cce f ca eiaiai (ad deied eiaiaiee), a ahgica dc ae aied achaegica ieeai. Thi de

decibe a ccei f e ha a ca e f i de ie ad eaifac i f f ee eceied b ha g f eihe eiea caii. I ii, i ieeig aae, eh, he ae echai decibed b ThaKh (1962) f he decie ad fa f aadig ihi he de f cieific ei. FBade ad Ci, he e f he ead ae a aed b he eCi ai f EaeNh Aeica, igiaed i he Wee Ee Ue Paaeihic ad iig i ii dcie caa eie f he Lae Peicee. Wih he degaciai, ea ee e,ece dcii ad age hebie diaeaed, deiig i fac f e ee f he eabihed ca e. I f f chaege eacig he ia adcii f he g, a ca eiaiai i eied, i de dce adje had ede he e aifac i cig ih he e cdii. Peha, a iia e, ahaa he, k he iiiaie ad caied a e acie ae, abe h,

beief, c ad ae baggage f behai bgh f hei ace f igi. B eachigad eadig hee idea, a e de a eed ad e ca acice eeed i ig i


43/252


43

a a dde a, icdig he fie faked e echg ha defie Ci i heachaegica ecd.

B h d i he Ci ce? Thee ee hed dde ad 11,500 RCYBPad aihed f he achaegica ecd igh a he ed f he Yge Da cd ee, i heidde f a ei dgh, ad 10,800 RCYBP igh ae (C.V. Hae 2005, 2006, 2007).D.G. Ade (2005) iae he i hi Midde Paeidia hae, dig he Aed a eid.

Rgh, i caeda ea, hei ea a 13,50013,000 ca BP (S. Fiede 2004). The chgaie ide i he ieae, accdig he egi, ie ad chagig accac f daigechie. Nbe ce beee 11,400 10,600 RCYBP (J.E. M, T.A. M 1999; A.C.Ree e aii 2002; D.G. Wckff 2005). The ece eeaai f Ci adicabdaig ccded i dai a ee he, beee 11,050 ad 10,800 RCYBP (M. Wae,T. Saffd 2007).

Meic de c ih a cie Ci ccai. Se iaed fid f Cibiface hae bee eed f he ad hee egi dig he eieh ce (H.

Acha 1952; J.L. Le 1953; C.C. Di Pe 1955, 1965; S. Ageda, L. Aeea 1953;L. Aeea 1961). N Ci aefac ee eed f he dbf ce a he ah kiie f Saa Iabe Iaa (a ie ha did ied a ige adicab dae) ad idica fCi ca ae fd ahee dee i he Meica ei. The ecei i E Fi de

Md, ce he US bde i Sa. B i cea beg he acked ce f Ci ie f Aia (gehe ih Ma Sig, Nac ad Lehe), i de ee c a a eMeica dice. The ie f Oaa, i Cea Meic, aeged cai Ci aefac(G. Caia, A. Ve 1990), b he face ceci f Oaa ack a hgh aai fihic echg ad he eficia iiaiie ae fficie ai ch a ca affii, e(fig. 27).

I ha aa bee aid ha Ci ee ed e fa e he cie (D. Mee

2002; G. Hae 2002; C.V. Hae 1964, 2005; S. Fiede 2005); a f a bikieg, eaigah cacae ad hied ca i hei ah (fig. 26). Ideede f he eaihi

beee hi idea ad he Cifi de, he gegahic diibi ad adicab daeee agee ih he fa e. M eaai i ha Ci ee ee high bieegafaa he h iaded a aed cie, ih e f ace cc. A ideaha i ca ha e a ea ab hegahee ad he d. I ii,he eai a ie ie: Ci faced ceii ad cia ee f he g; ,he had be he e. If he igiaed eehee, he fd a Aeica aead ccied bhe eCi ai. Ce ee aead eabihed ad fagig eiie had aeadbee defied. Ci he ee ae. The, h ee he he?

Achaegi igaed he aiabii i f ad echgie efeced i he eeie ffed i ac he Aeica (J.E. M, T.A. M 1999). The egia ae aiged diffee hae f i eceied e acceace a e ca ca aifeai ha eeiic aiai f a ihic Ci ce. O he he had, e ieigai ad eceadicab dae ed e ha he ihic f ad diic ca aebage eaedhiica ih he fed aieie. Aaig he diibi ad diei f diffee fed i,e ice a ae f aiabii hig a iceaed ei f f ad aied adfihaiike c, f h h. I Nh Aeica ief, fed i dia e aaceae f ih aigh aae ide i he e, h ad he, ad e cedc ih ced aea ideai, he ea ad hea (ide ) (fig. 11).

N eiabe ce hae bee ecded e ab he ed igi f he Ci ce iEae Beigia (US Aaka ad Caadia Yk). I he fa h, ag he Acic Fhi, hefed i h diic chaaceiic ad ea he efeece iea (fig. 12). The PBede ad Mea ie eeaed haade heah daig beee 11,600 ad 9700 RCYBP. Theachaegica ecd h bade ad aceae i ih ceai iiaiie ih ceaaifeai i idciea Nh Aeica (T.D. Hai, T. Gebe 2005) (fig. 1213).

The ae f he Neaa, Taaa ad Tekaika ie i Aaka ce a g f ea ie

he ce i diided beee achaegica cee. The cce hee i ih he eaiee, he Neaa ce. Thi ed be he ce I i ie ike D Ceek, Me Ceek,


44/252

Ciia F. ARDELEAN

44

Wake Rad, O Ridge, Bke Mah, ad Sa Pi (fig. 13). Oe f he ce diciab he Acic ce i hehe he ik, caa, ih he Sibeia Paaeihic ce, heie i diaed b icbade idie. A Sibeia affii ih icbade i eide i hefig Deai ce, b i Neaa. The ihic aebage i chaaceied b bade, fake, cae, ai, ifacia , aceae i ad he eadhaed Chidad i(fig. 12). The hed he hebie, a aa, aef, b had had cac ih

bcidea (T.D. Hai, T. Gebe 2005; A.C. Ree e aii 2002; D. Safd e aii 2005).The ce i a ea a 11,800 RCYBP ad a i ab 10,500 RCYBP. I ha a eCia b i dbed ea Ci i he h, aig ge. The ea dae ae acceed eeb he fi aia f he Cifi dga, a ig age f he igi f Ciihi Neaa ea hae (C.V. Hae 2005; S. Fiede 2005, 2007).

A ei ce eied ab he ae ie a Ci i he ee Uied Sae,ai i he Gea Bai, he Sake Rie Bai, Rck Mai, ieai ae f he Wead Caifia (fig. 18). Pee hee adaed a eie f ake, ead ad highad. Ii k a he Wee Seed Tadii (WST), chaaceied b a diei f eed adhdeed e, ackig fed i (fig. 18, 11/C, D, E). Thee ae fed biface i he aea, bhe beg a ae eeai f Ci g igaig f he Pai. The ee ideec, eaadaed fage ad d ee hae bee ieeed i egafaa. WST

ihic aebage cai a aie f biface, aceae i, cece, ade ad gd e. The cece (haed, ced biface) i a ica , ahgh i fci i i debaed(A.J. Daie, W.J. Jee 2004; D. Safd e aii 2005) (fig. 11/E). Thi ce i a iabe cadidaef dehaCi ccai i Nh Aeica. I chg ee ead e a giea beee 11,6008000 RCYBP. C. Beck ad G.T. Je (2010, 2012) aead caied heeece f he Wee Seed Tadii i he egi g befe Ci, bab cig fhe ca afe he ie f cea ee, ad he a ieca ece beee he ; ahe eied b he (S. Fiede, J.E. M 2012).

A ceae ca adii, ih bifacia echgie iia he WST e addaed a ea 12,20011,200 ca BP, b eha a d a 13,000 ca BP, i he Paecaaaiie adaai ideified he US ca f he Pacific ad he Chae Iad f Caifia.

A ia a he Wee Seed Tadii, he cea f hi Paecaa ce eeaia cea ih Ci ad ied hgh he Yge Da cig ee. Theiechg ad gegahic cai idicae eafaig ad iad ciai i ea Paeaeicaie, a dieified aiie ec ad a biece baed ea bid, aie aa adfih (J.M. Ead 2002; J.M. Ead, M.L. M 1996).

The cae f he Eae ad Sheae US i ieeig ad ce. Dig Ci ie,he egi a chaaceied b he eece f a aie f aied fed i. Thei hae ii, caced abe he bae, ih faig ea (fig. 22). M ah i cide he aCi aie, ahgh he cd efec ca aiai begig e diffee g. Madiceie cc i Fida ad Vigiia, a iaed i, kiie ad kh. Fida i ich iaefac ade f be ad i. Thi a f he cie ha aa h a cea fagigec, ih ehai he eic age aa (B.C. McCa 1951; M. Fagh 2006;

A. Heig e aii 2004; J.S. Dba, A. Heig 2004; D.G. Ade 2005).Fida ecede he Cea Aeica ceai. Thee i a eak eece f Ciike fed

i a a fe ie, gh cea ih he he ah he, b e ikeaifeig a he e f he Yge Da. Se ah cide he Ci, aa (A.J.Raee 2006) ad eak f a cicgf ieaci hee, agig f Fida Paaa: heae aied f ica f he heae US, ib b f a hbd ae igai(M. Fagh 2006). The ie h eiig hee ae caed i Gaeaa (L Taiae), CaRica (Tiaba) ad Paaa (La Ma We, Madde Lake, Nie, Cea de Vai) (fig. 14).The dae ae ieeig, beee 11,70010,500 RCYBP, eachig a 14,000 ca BP The ice, hig ceaei ad aeii, ahe ha ae Cideied aifeai(ide ). Aca, he ah de a eece f Ci i he egi. Accdig A.C. Reee aii (2002), he i hee ae echgica diffee ad he ed fe ae ahe baehiig fake. The Cea Aeica fig adii cd be idica f aae, ideedeccai. I i h ieigaig if he Meica ie f Oaa, aead eied abe a a

ibe Ci ca, ih e fig dceed biface, cd a be a cadidae f adiffee ce eig hi echgica ake.


45/252


45

The fi Sh Aeica ee Ci ce, a T. Dieha e (2000, . 6). Adideed, he aa cie, he ee f Nh Aeica ehi, k ike ahe d. Iha ee bee affeced b he Cifi aadig, b he biaed ie ehaiigegafaa eki. Sh Aeica a diee, ca. I ha ee bee diaed b a aice. High ececic i adcae ad ece, a id f gacie ad fee be eedi a dieci f e d ie, hi a f he d ha aa eeieced a ced

egiaiai ad achaegica dieificai dig he Lae Peicee ad he Ea Hcee.Lihic aeia i e diee, ca ki ie ae a abe, hed aa eecee ceed, caie ad ihabied ckhee ae abda ad he biece haaa bee a fagig e, baed a ide ad cee e f ece (ide ; L. Mii 2004; R.Gh 2004, 2005; A. Be 2006). Thee ae idicai f he eece f ibe Ci i i

Veeea ad Chie (L.J. Jack 2006), b, a e eciai e, he d h eNh Aeica fiiai, ahe beig ca aifeai f fed f (A.C. Ree e aii 2002)(fig. 15).

The ebeaic aefac i Sh Aeica i he caed Fihai i (fig. 15/A). I iideead e he cie, i Ageia, Uga, Chie, Pe, e a f Bai ad Cbia.Fihai had cidaed a a e ce (ih a e e ia aifaca aebage),ahgh he d defie a hi. Thee i ae aied i hae (C. Gecc, J. Acei 2006),

ahgh he e h a eed aefac, ih ide iaga gieike ceedgedbd, ad a fed ccaeedged ad ccaebaed e. The aiai i f i bee eaiedb a high icidece f ehaeig, a ece h (R. Se 2003, 2009, 2010, 2011a, 2011b;C. Caieia e aii 2011). Fihai ake a efeed eic aeia, ch a ace agaead a ca, a aec ie ie f he he cie, hee ae aeabaed i ca aaiabe aeia (H.G. Nai 2009; R. Se 2010, 2011a; C. Mde e aii 2010). Thee i a a cace ifacia aia, abe bdc f he eaig ce (R. Se2009). M fid ce f he face, ahgh he bied ce iceaed ece. Ichg i i e ded. I i e ha he Fihai ce i a bi ae ha Ci, eceae ih F ce i he h (L.J. Jack 2006). I aeage dae ae 10,80010,100 RCYBP (J.E. M, T.A. M 1999). B hee ae de dae, aachig 11,200RCYBP, f eae a he eie f Fe Cae, hee i a fi ecgied b Ji Bid(M. Mae 2003) (fig. 15). Tha ake i a cea ih Ci. The ibe hiica adca eaihi beee he i i a iid dici, b Fihai eai a ca Sh

Aeica aifeai f he Lae Peicee, eed b hegahee h eied a ideaa f ece ad ied a diei f ece, diaig fa ad echgicadiceacie ih hei cea i he h (L. Mii 2004; L. Mii e aii 2010; G.G. Maggad2010; H.G. Nai, A. Ca 2010; R. Se, D.S. Leigh 2010; T. Dieha 2000).

Thee ae edefied ce i Sh Aeica ceae ih Ci; a be,idiida ie hich d f a iegaed iage, e (fig. 15). A ccai a eiedig he Ci iea ad cie e i he Yge Da ciae eea. The baiebeee he Teia Peicee ad he Taii Hcee i cea eeed i heachaegica ecd. Ag hee ie, Aga de a Cea i Ageia i daed 10,9509,200RCYBP; a gaachig ie ig eedie ade f a, hie ad chaced(A. Gaca 2003, 2009; M.M. Pae e aii 2003). A i Ageia, he ie f Ce La Chia, Ce

Te Tea, L Td, ad La MaaCaa de Mie 1, fced caeid, eeaed ie ,daig ad 11,50010,000 RCYBP, abe hig back 12,000 (M.M. Pae e aii 2003; R.S.Pae 2003a, 2003b; T. Dieha 2000). O he Peia ca, a fihee ci ied aQebada de L B a 11,00010,000 B.P. (D. Laae 2003). B he ae ie, caadaedee f Qebada Jaga bied eafd ad ied a aeia f he highad(T. Dieha 2000; S. Fiede 2007; R. Gh 2004). O he Chiea ca, Qee a a ibebcheig ie f Peicee faa, i e b 11,60011,000 RCYBP (T. Dieha 2000; D. Jack2003). I Pe highad, Pachaacha Cae ihabia hed ica ih iaga adaceae i, abe a ea a 11,800 RCYBP, b e ad 10,500 RCYBP (T. Dieha2000; R. Gh 2004). E Iga (Ecad) dia a g Fihai ccai ih ehai bidia, ib ccied a 11,200 RCYBP (T. Dieha 2000), b bab f a ae age (A.C.Ree e aii 2002). T. Dieha (2000) eed ha hee Sh Aeica had a ia

ea ifacia id, ih ie cig ad caig ade fake, a edaigFihai, a 11,4008500 RCYBP. I aifeai cc a Tibi ad Teedaa (Cbia),TagaTaga (Chie), Taa (Pe) ad a he Iaaica Tadii i Bai. I he hea f hi


46/252

Ciia F. ARDELEAN

46

c, 12 ie ce beee 11,5008500 RCYBP. A Caea da Peda Piada, cca efheah, ige, a ad chaced aefac b 11,20010,000 RCYBP (A.C. Ree e aii 2002).

Oe f he beek ie f he eid i AEP1 ckhee a Pieda Me, i he Ageiea Paagia. The eaie ce hee (Ui 6) age beee 12,800 ad 10,500RCYBP, aedgig a eCi ccai f 16,000 ca BP ha a hgh he Yge Da. Pe

Fihai bifacia ee ed bche he, ica ad ad (L. Mii 2004; L. Mii e aii 2003b; L. Mii, R. Cae 2003; L. Mii, M. Saee 2005; R. Gh 2005).

Ci ce diaeaed a ia beee he ed f he Aed d eid

(ciaig i he caed Ci dgh) ad he e begiig f he Yge Da, ad12,800 ca BP Sehig haeed i a e bief eid f ie, ef egh idceigifica chage i he ie f ee ad ake ca igae diaea f heachaegica ecd. The iai ca be aeciaed e e a eea achaegica ie, feae a Ma Sig, Aia (C.V. Hae, B.B. Hcke 2007) (fig. 5) ad efeced i heece ecideai f adicab age (M. Wae, T. Saffd 2007). Udeadig he chage

ha cced dig he Yge Da, i e f ca dieificai ad iceaedegiaiai, eai a diffic ak. We bab hd ae Ci a a ce efeciga ehic g, b abe a a ideead echgica aach (M.B. Ci 2007).Neehee, i i aibe ee he a a ek f g ieeaed g (eha ie f behai ad beief baed ieegia bjecie hica kihi) h hed aidei ad cci haed a ecific echg. Becae, a ee abe, hee ee a heg ad adii haig he ie ad ace ih he ad Ci ib ea e ha j

a a f dig hig. I ii, he ea ick a echg ad ahe ha e d ih behai, adii, ce heeic, beief ec, ha ih he echai fadaai ad ee eiea chage. The eied i he achaegica ecdf ab 300400 adicab ea, eaig ad 500 caeda ea. Wh did he aihdde hie he he ce cied ih ie chage dig he bee ceie

ieia i he Hcee? I bab had d ih ca i eaii: iabii ada c, beief, ad igid chage. Ci ee faied d ad diaeaed ace. Thi bchae i ab he h ied.

The eid i caed Lae Paeidia, i D.G. Ade d (2004, 2005) (fig. 3). Fi bab he fa Nh Aeica fagig ce ha ade i hgh he YgeDa. A aid abe, i a fi defied i 1926 a he eic ie i Ne Meic, hee a ceaaciai beee i ad eic bi deaed, f he fi ie, he ea eece fha he cie (A.T. Bdia, J.L. Ce 1999). Chaaceiic f he She adNhee Pai b a f high aide ie i Cad Mai (C.T. H 1943) hice f bi he f Ci iediae, ih a chgica age f 10,80010,200RCYBP (D. Safd 2005; D.G. Wckff 2005) (fig. 1819). Ee , hee ae idicai fcaa ca ccei beee Ci ad F. Thi ce i a f he acceeaed cef ca dieificai ha e ca ice i Nh Aeica i ha ech. I i fe efeed ahe FMidad ce, e ah cideig hee i ea diici beee he .F i e hge caed Ci, ad i ica jecie i i a ae aceaei, ih a deee baa ccai. I i fed e bh ide ad he fake ca i g, ide,ccig f he biface face, a eachig he dia ed (fig. 11/H). Midad i aeiia, b geea ack fig. I e ii, Midad ad F ae ike diffee, beaed echgie. Ahgh ideec fage, F he gaied age cabi ki, ih e ha a hded ecie e ee. Ag he ia kiie aeLideeie, Licb, Bfie Shee, Backae Da, Lbbck Lake, ih habiai ca aH Shee, AdaiSeada, ec. The d e i ae, b i e be aefac ade ed che f ia e ad hide ceig. Thei ihic aebage i diee, keeigiee i dia a aeia, b bade echg a diaea (D. Safd 2005; G. Fi2005; J.M. LaBee, C. Ne 2010; A.C. Gdea 2010).

I he ica She Pai chg, F i fed b he Paie hi (D.G.Wckff 2005) (fig. 11/G, 18). Reaiig i he Pai adii f age bi h, bab


47/252


47

gaied befe ia cia gaheig beee ae Fa ad ea Sig, Paiie eeee geeaied fage, . Thei jecie i ack fig, b h diffee degee f baeccai ad hicke, aiaiig baa hiig. Thee ae eea i aieie ad, f hiea, he ce i bee k a GhePaiie, ih aica aia, f eae he S.Ma Ha i a a ae ei (99008700 RCYBP). The chg i ahe cfed i heieae, ciaig beee ceaei ih Ci e ceaie ie f 10,0008000

RCYBP. Rece aa iae i i ae F ie i ab 98000 RCYBP. Tgehe ihGdia ad Aga adii, GhePaiie i e f he Taiia e beeePeicee ad Hcee (V.T. Hida e aii 1999; K.B. Takeee 2004; D. Safd 2005; D.Safd e aii 2005; G. Fi 2005; P.C. Cd e aii 2009; M.E. Hi 2010) (fig. 11/F)). I BceBade ii, F i echgica eaed ad iig f Ghe, hich i deied fe he bach f eCi igiaed i he Ea, eadig he ag he eeaiggacia f, icdig Che i Wici1.

Seea he cee defie hi Taiia eid, e defied ca b icfed chgica, ehee beee 10,0009000 RCYBP. The Agae Bai ce bab ceae ih ad ae ha F aifeed e he Pai, hei eedad fed g, fiace ad eie biied biface beig he eha ea fhe ie (G. Fi 2005, . 276; D. Safd 2005) (fig. 20/A). The He Ga ce bab

deied f Agae Bai, echgica aike. The i ae fabaed eed aceae, ihded hde, ad igh cacig gded e (fig. 20/B). The fakig echieicded f hae ad ee. The hed bi hed b a ad ciff fa (D. Safd2005; S.R. He, K.A. He 2009). The ake f he ched Sa Paice i, ike eaed he Da e, ee a a Pai (heae) adaai hig bi dig he YgeDa, f Ne Meic he eae dad (S. H e aii 2009). The Cd ce icdedai ca aifeai eeeed b he Scbff, Ede ad Abea e, a aebaed, hdeed ad bae eed, addig he age ehdeed, eed Cd kife(fig. 21). The Taiia hae ccde i he US She ih he i ei ad k Sa DiegiSh Sig cee, eaie iaed a 10,0008000 ea ag.

Aead hig echgica chaaceiic f he Hcee, hee cfe ce aiai ceaiie ih he eaie aifeai i hei ki (E.J. Di 1999; C.V. Hae, B.B. Hcke 2007).

Ee e ieeig i he iai i Nh Aeica hea ad hea. Thee aeae aia f fed i eebig Ci, aed Gaie, Debe, Cbead, Bae,Cfied, ad Rede. The a i ie, c, fig ad fiih echie (D.G. Ade2005; B. Lee 2005; D. Safd, B.A. Bade 2012) (fig. 11/A, B). I Fida, hee ae icaf f hi eid: Saee ad Si, bab i hi chgica de (fig. 22). Thehae cie hae, he fi diaig eadig ea ad he ae ae bae, ihced cacig i abe i, kig ike fih (J.S. Dba, A. Heig 2004; M. Fagh2006). I he ie, Si cd be f ea dae, abe eCi ad, i hi cae, eiaec f Sh Aeica fihai.

I Aaka, hi eid beg he Deai ce, daed 10,2008200 RCYBP. I aeai he ge ee f e f he ie aead eied abe a Neaa ee, addigPagige Ceek ad he Tage Lake ie ce. Thi ca aifeai i chaaceied bicbade, cica icce, aceae bifacia i, edge ce ad bade, e aki

Sibeia adii (T.D. Hai, T. Gebe 2005; W.R. Pe, J.F. Hffecke 1989). Me eceaee i ha he Aaka fed i ae ahe cea ih ae Nheaefed ad ae F f he Pai.

I Sh Aeica, he ccai begig he eHcee Taii eie eieigai. I Uga, Rafae Se (2003, 2011b) ha ece defied he Pa Pa ce(11,00010,200 RCYBP) ad he K87 ( E Tige) i (10,4209700 RCYBP), aed afe hee ie, fig he Fihai ccai (fig. 16/B, C). Ui 4/5 a Pieda Me(Ageia), e caiig a fe Fihai, dae a 10,4009200 RCYBP (L. Mii, R. Cae 2003;L. Mii e aii 2003a). Seea he ie hgh Ageia h geeaied fagig ecief ae dae: He cae, ih bidia ad baa debiage, 9530 RCYBP (R. Babeea e aii 2010), A Ma 3 ckhee, 9000 RCYBP (S. Dige, G. Nee 2003), ca difiedgaac eai a Chi Ma 3 ckhee ad 9700 RCYBP (N.V. Fac, A. Be 2003),

1 Bce A. Bade, ea cicai, 2012.


48/252

Ciia F. ARDELEAN

48

ie gaac be daig 97009000 RCYBP a Cae 7 f Ce Caa de Pieda (M.T.Ciae, C.A. Ache 2003), La Ga 1 f Deead Maif, ih chaced ad bidia faked f 10,800 RCYBP (N.V. Fac e aii 2010), ckhee 1 f Ce E Sbe ad ie ie i he Tadiia age i he aa, ih ihic, heah ad ige aig beee10,7009500 RCYBP (D.L. Maai 2003; N. Fegeheie 2003).

O he he ca f Pe, Qebada Tacaha heeed aieadaed fage

eig ifacia , h fihed achie ad hed eaf (T. Dieha 2000; S. Fiede2007). Tica i a he eece f he Paij ce i he Mche Vae, aia ceiig ihhe ifacia idie. Paij i ae i, iaga, hdeed ad aeed (fig. 17/A).I cea feeed caa ai ad adjace fhi ad ied fih, dee, bid ad iad.The dae ce beee 10,8008500 RCYBP (T. Dieha e aii 2003). Pbab cea adeh iia ae he Ree i eceed i e ie i cea Cbia (T. Dieha2000). The Cbia cai f Sa Iid ee cai idica f ahic dibace ffe b fie ad 10,000 RCYBP, i accdace ih a iciie c f a (C. Gecc2003), ahgh he be f aade fie ad heah e idfie i he achaegicaecd i aa a ae f cce (R. Biche, R.T. Wi 2005). The h Adea ceaadii (Pe ad Chie highad) ei a eie f ie daig 10,8009500 RCYBP ( ide ). IBai, he Paaaiba Phae (10,7009000 RCYBP) aife a biface ad iace, hie he ge

ccai f Saa Eia ckhee cai heah, iee, che ad a ad heaieaee gig back 10,100 RCYBP (T. Dieha 2000; A. Vihea 2011).

I i caied ha he Cifi de i dead (R. Biche 1999a, 1999b). Bed

he achaegica eic a i he Aeica, he ce aked daa ee i a a eai. Thi icked a ad debae aig f decade, ih e ce he (cf. D.S. Whie, R.I. D1993; T. Dieha 2000; D. Mee 2009; D. Safd, B.A. Bade 2012, ec.). Uike he Od Wd hee e acie dae f ha ccai ce ad g fee ih ch di fee ad he acadeic id i eaed acce chage e eai he Aeica ceaiafed he eCi ( dehaCi) age i e f he hahe bae i he

hi f achaeg. The debae cie da, a he keici eai beae ighdified i a hadf f Nh Aeica ah (S. Fiede 2006a, 2006b; C.V. Hae 1964, 2005; A.C. Ree e aii 2002). I ie f ha, keic hae adied he eai, f e ie (R. Lei 1989). The iai ha aa bee diffee beee he hae f heheihee, a i Sh Aeica he ceaie aadig a ee ebaced (R. Gh 2004,2005; A. Ba 2004; A. Ba, R. Gh 1989; L.F. Bae, A. Teaa 2006; T. Dieha 2000;

A. Be 1999, 2006).Thee ae eea aec defiig he dici dehaCi diceie: if he e

ai aied i e eea igai; if he ae be ee a Ci gei aideede g; if he ae eia iibe i he achaegica ecd; ha a eCi ce hd k ike (fig. 24); ad, fia, h d he adicab dae hd be ide bece acceabe. The adhc adaai e ca ice i he bicai f hedeac facig iceaig eidece ae ieeig: de ha 11,500 RCYBP ae acceabe if heae d ad he gge gei f he Ci agi (cf . C.V. Hae 1964). Ada, aig hee ee e d ha ici i Aeica ha died , degahica ih eaig ecgiabe igae de gd. Oheie, he eidece i gi f

faca ad gica eake (S. Fiede 2006a, . 45). A e eia acie eeceece igid cieia befe beig acceed (a ea i he Uied Sae, becae i Meic heei ch e cae ab he efeci f daa). Ce, aigah, ecaai echie,ecaa feiai, daed aeia, eehig i eied ad eeced be aiib efec. Gig eee, ee H eec g cd hae eeed he cie ae i, afe a, h ? B, a he hae died ih eaig ace, he ai hai aiaied (S. Fiede 2006a; D. Mee 1989, 2009; A.J. Jeiek 1992; A.C. Ree e aii 2002; D.G. Ade 2005; C.V. Hae 2005).

Ma ie caied ch aii ad f he eeed he eCi cedibii deca

ce (D. Mee 2002). The figh f acceace i a ca eai f he ieid diceie ihe Ne Wd (E. Maha 2001). Oce agai, i i ia be eid ha hee i a


49/252


49

fdaea diffeece beee ch a debae i Meic ad he Uied Sae. I Meic, he Eee Od Dae de aifeed fee ad ih ciici, ide acceed a aaadig, a baed he ahi f he e (C.F. Adeea 2013). Ad da heie ca be efed. I he USA ad he e f he cie, he eee keici ad heee ied b he Cifi de ieded a iie effec: da, hee ae ece dehaCi ccai ha aed he e f he db (fig. 23). Ee , bd ha afe

dced ch d dae a he adiia caied f Meica ie (ha i, i ece f 25,000ea).

Sadia Cae i Ne Meic a ce cideed a d ie, hee ehdeed bifaciai ee eed i aciai ih eic faa. I i daed da a e ha 3500 RCYBP,he iiia aeged aii beig he e f a ha (D. Safd 2005; J.C. Th e aii 2008;J.C. Th, C.V. Hae 2012). I he ae ae, Pedej Cae dbf caied f dae iece f 30,000 ea, ih aeged ha hai, figei ad Peicee aa (R. MacNeih1948[2009]; E.J. Di 1999). The Caic Hi ie, Caifia, bi i fae cde cideed cea ih he Od Wd Le Paaeihic, a caied b Li Leake

edic i 1963. The fa dicee f he Oda bed ed ece ide i he USA ihe ea ad f hi i a aa ideif a aa a aebage f cde, dkige i a egi f Caifia. Tda, he ae k be ee gefac f aa igi,

ahgh hei aii i eie defeded (F.E. Bdige 2004; cf . D. Mee 2009). Aciaibeee ha ad daf ah he Chae Iad, Caifia, ad aificia difiedbe f eic aia a Tai Ceek, Aaka eee he ch cea cae (E.J. Di 1999).Seea aade heah a Leiie, Tea ieded aid dae f 36,000 ea. B he acieee hee, h aca ied i ch ae ie, bed acie igie i hei fieace, cheaig (D.G. Wckff 2005; D. Mee 2009). I Aaka, he fi diceie f aefac,dified be ad ified ah a he Faibak Mck Dei ae a iigig adiig cae f dehaCi, b he ack ece ce (E.J. Di 1999). Eaad, ihe Yk ei (Caada), he Befih Cae ad he Od C bai ie ggeed e dha eece, ih ihic ad c ak be, f 25 00040 000 ea f age; aieda aid eidece, e (ide ; J. CiMa, R.E. Ma 2005; M.C. Wi, J.A. B 2005; D. Mee2009).

I Bai, hee ae ia cae. The i e i Peda Fada ckhee,ked b Fech achaegi h caied hae diceed aie ad heah 15,000ad 30,000 ea d (fig. 15). The cae i diied, baed fd db he aificiaae f he fid (D. Mee 2009; T. Dieha 2000). The he cae i a ece dice, ihe chace f ia i acadeia: he ea hae a Saa Eia ckhee, Ma G,ided agia eched fake, chaca ad Ghei hedee daed ad25,000 ea ag (A. Vihea 2003, 2011) (fig. 15). I ie f hi ec f db, he eCiccai ha bece a eai ad e he ee eak f ae f achaegicaaifeai, ch a ca dified be, ifacia ad faked biface (D. Safd e aii 2005).

Meic ha i i f ie ha cae ife a ed eidece f e d eece fee, a aead eied eaie i hi e. Taaca, h f Meic Ci, a e f he(fig. 2728). Sed heah aced a acie cbbe beach f a eic ake ieded dae

ad 21,00024,000 RCYBP. A bidia hdai dae a iaic bade aed de aacie ee g i he e aa a he ie ggeed ccai i ece f 20,000 ea; hed ief a adicab daed a ab 23,000 RCYBP (J.L. Le, L. Miabe 1986, 2005;L. Miabe 1973, 2000, 2001). Taaca ha ei be i beig acceed a a aid dehaCi dice, ahgh i cie be bid acceed b he aji f cha i hec. The heah a hae bee heah a a, b aa fed feae, he adieice h age deiai, hie he aigahic ii f he bidia bade i aeied (G. Sche 2001; D. Hdda, S. Ge 2006, . 98; S. Sed e aii 2010). E Ceda,i he dee f CeaNhe Meic, i ahe ded ie ha ee ie i he Meicaieae ad ebk, ih d adicab dae bed 30,000 ea baied f aegedheah ade f ah be i a ig ce, a e a a eie f aefac aciaed hePeicee edie (J.L. Le, L. Miabe 1981, 1984) (fig. 27). Sad, he dceai f

he caied ce eai ad cicig, ee afe he ece bicai f hegah (L. Miabe 2012), he aicab dae k eiabe ad ee ee eicaed,hie hee i a eif he accac ad egiiac f he ifai da. The f he


50/252

Ciia F. ARDELEAN

50

diceie ad he Vaei eei i Peba i ch ce be eaed hee (eeC.F. Adeea 2013). Hee, he cfi ad ceie ad he d dae a he ie aech g a i be cideed a aid dehaCi cai. I cide ha, f hee, hee ae achaegica ie i Meic abe e a ha ccai de ha heCi hehd.

The, afe ch a dieified ce, ha i he eiabe eidece da he

cie?I he Taaa ae, Aaka, hee ae Neaa hae ie: Bke Mah ad Sa

Pi. Gig back 11,800 RCYBP, he ae cideed b e a eia Ci gei (C.V.Hae 2005). The eece f icbade i he deee ee (>12,300 RCYBP) i dbi, bfficie cai Sibeia ceci (S. Fiede 2006b). Wih hei ecaaed ce ad ifaciaidie, hee caiie ee i e b 14,000 ca BP (R. Biche 1999b; T.D. Hai,T. Gebe 2005; D. Yee 2007). I he Nhee Pai ad adjace ai f USA,

Documents

Studii de preistorie nr. 11