study about Chromolaena odorata (GONOY)

THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) TREATED AND NOT TREATED WITH Chromolaena odorata (GONOY)

A Thesis Presented

to the Faculty of College of Science

University of Rizal System

Morong, Rizal

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Biology

JAYRALYN A. MISAJEDDALYN M. EMPERADOR

October 2009

APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF Zea rugosa

(SWEET CORN) TREATED AND NOT TREATED WITH Chromolaena odorata

(GONOY) has been prepared and submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Biology by JAYRALYN A.

MISA, and JEDDALYN M. EMPERADOR, who are hereby recommended for

corresponding oral examination.

________________ EMMA E. LINGA, Ed.D. Date Adviser

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor

of Science in Biology by the Oral Examination Committee.

ZENAIDA S. ANGELES RICARDO R. ARISTON Member Member

AIDA M. ODIChairman

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Biology.

________________ VALENTINA R. CATMUNAN, Ph.DDate Dean, College of Science

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers express gratitude to the following persons, who have

unselfishly rendered a part of them toward the accomplishment of this study.

Dr.RENEECILIA B. PAZ DE LEON, Chancellor, University of Rizal System

Morong, for allowing the researchers to perform the study.

Dr.VALENTINA R. CATMUNAN, Dean, College of Science, for granting

the approval of this study.

Dr. EMMA E. LINGA, their adviser, for sharing her expertise, support and

encouragement for the improvement of this work.

Prof. ZENAIDA S. ANGELES, their critic, for the comment, suggestions

and recommendation towards the improvement of this study.

Prof. RICARDO R. ARISTON, their statistician, for providing valuable

suggestion ideas and guidance in pursuing this study.

Prof. AIDA M. ODI, their chairman, for valuable advises and support in this

study.

Prof. DOMINGO S. PANTALEON, their research professor, for his pieces

of advice and words of encouragement that inspired the researchers.

And above all, to LORD and SAVIOR JESUS CHRIST for his blessings,

wisdom and strength showered upon the researchers.

The Researchers

Dedication

We would like to dedicate this piece of work to God Almighty, who gave us life, strength and knowledge to do this study

possible.To our families, especially to our parents for their unselfish love, who supported us

financially, emotionally and spiritually. To our School, University of Rizal System Morong, for giving us opportunity to study here. The rooted foundation instilled and

shared with us will always enlighten us, as we reach for higher goals in life. We will always treasure all the memories of our years, spent together in this institution

that helped us mold our future.To our professors and to our beloved

Adviser Dr. Emma E. Linga, who guide and share her ideas in this study.

Lastly to our classmates and friends who taught us the meaning of friendship, those ups and downs we’ve been through, made us even more closer. You will always be a

part of our lives.

♥Jhai♥♥Jhedz♥

ABSTRACT

TITLE: THE GROWTH PERORMANCE OF Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) TREATED AND NOT TREATED WITH Chromolaena odorata (GONOY)

AUTHORS:

JAYRALYN A. MISAROSE ANN S. COLEMANJEDDALYN M. EMPERADORRONA MAE AIRA P. QUISQUINO

COURSE AND ACADEMIC YEAR: Bachelor of Science in BiologyS.Y. 2009-2010

Type of Document: Undergraduate Thesis

Number of pages: 97 pages

Name and Address of University: University of Rizal System Morong,Rizal

SUMMARY:

The study is entitled The Growth Performance of Zea rugosa (SWEET

CORN) Treated and Not Treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY).

The study was conducted to determine the growth performance of Zea

rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated and not treated with Chromolaena odorata

(GONOY). Two different treatments were used Treatment A-treated with

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) and Treatment B-not treated with Chromolaena

odorata (GONOY), to determine the growth performance of Zea rugosa (SWEET

CORN) in terms of height, weight of fruits, quality of fruits, quality of leaves and

weeds growing in the area.

This study was conducted at the University of Rizal System Morong

Campus and at Blk. 12 Lot 8 Mt. View Ave. Sunnyvale 1 Subd. Pantok,

Binangonan, Rizal.

Questionnaire-checklist was used to gather data and information about the

quality of fruits when treated and not treated with Gonoy. The study included

interpretation of the documents obtained from the respondents.

This study used the experimental method of research in determining the

effect of Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) as an alternative organic herbicide to

the growth performance of Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN). The data obtained were

analyzed and interpreted using Mean and Standard Deviation and T-test. To

determine the growth performance of Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) and the

perception of the respondents in terms of texture, taste, scent and color, Mean

and Standard Deviation were used. T-test was applied to find out the significant

difference on growth performance of Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated and

not treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) and on the perception of the

respondents in terms of texture, taste, scent and color.

Based from the result of the analyzed data. It was revealed that there is

significant difference between treated and not treated with Chromolaena odorata

(GONOY) in terms of height, quality of leaves, weight of fruits, and weeds

growing in the area and it shows that the Gonoy inhibit the growth of weeds. It is

also revealed that there is significant difference on the perception of the

respondents in the quality of fruits treated and not treated with Chromolaena

odorata (GONOY) in terms of texture, taste, scent and color. It was therefore

recommended that farmers should used Chromolaena odorata (GONOY)

herbicide in Sweet Corn planting, Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) herbicide

should be used for other species of plants, further study should be conducted

involving other uses of Chromolaena odorata (GONOY), other researchers

should conduct chemical analysis regarding Chromolaena odorata (GONOY).

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE…………………………………………………………………… i

APPROVAL SHEET…………………………………………………………. ii

ACKNOWLEGDEMENT…………………………………………………….. iii

DEDICATION………………………………………………………………… iv

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………….. v

TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………. viii

LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………… xi

LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………. xiii

Chapter

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Background and Purpose of the Study…………… 1Theoretical Framework…………………………….. 9Conceptual Framework……………………………. 10

Statement of the Problem………………………….. 10Hypothesis…………………………………………… 12Assumption………………………………………….. 13Scope and Limitation of the Study………………… 13Definition of Terms…………………………………. 14

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design…………………………………… 18

Setting of the Study…………………………………. 18Subject of the Study………………………………… 19Sources of Data……………………………………… 21Procedure of the Study……………………………… 22Materials Used in the Study ……………………….. 23Procedure of the Experiment................................... 23Statistical Treatment………………………………… 28

Chapter Page

3 THE PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

The Growth Performance of Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated and not treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in Terms of Height, Weight of fruits, Quality of fruits, Quality of leaves and Weeds growing in the area…………………………………….. 35

The Significant Difference on the Growth Performance of Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) Treated and Not Treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in Terms of Height, Weight of fruits, Quality of leaves and Weeds growing in the area…. 37

The Perception of the Respondents on The Quality of Fruits Treated and Not Treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) as\Perceived by the Respondents in Terms of Texture, Taste, Scent and Color…………... 39

The Significant Difference of the Perception of the Respondents on the Quality of fruits Treated and Not Treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in Terms of Texture, Taste, Scent and Color…………. 47

Note.…………………………………………………… 49

4 THE SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary of Findings ……………………………….. 50Conclusion …………………………………………… 54Recommendation …………………………………… 54

BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………. 56APPENDIX A Material Used in the Study…………………………. 58 B Sample Record Sheet……………………………… 59 C Certificate of Content Validation………………….. 65 D Letter to the Respondents………………………… 66 E Questionnaire Checklist…………………………… 67 F Gantt chart………………………………………….. 70

CURRICULUM VITAE…………………………………………….. 71

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Computed Mean and Standard Deviationon the Growth Performance of Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) Treated and Not Treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in Terms of Height, Weight of Fruits, Quality of Leaves and Weeds Grown in the Area……………………… 35

2 The Significant Difference on the Growth Performance of Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) Treated and Not Treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in Terms of Height, Weight of Fruits, Quality of Leaves and Weeds Grown in the Area……………………………………… 38

3 Computed Mean and Standard Deviation on the Perception of the Respondents on the Quality of Fruits treated and not treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in Terms of Texture……………………………………………..

39

4 Computed Mean and Standard Deviation on the Perception of the Respondents on the Quality of Fruits treated and not treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in Terms of Taste……………………………………………….

41

5 Computed Mean and Standard Deviation on the Perception of the Respondents on the Quality of Fruits treated and not treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in Terms of Scent……………………………………………….

43

6 Computed Mean and Standard Deviation on the Perception of the Respondents on the Quality of Fruits treated and not treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in Terms of Color...……………………………………………

45

7 The Significant Difference on the Perception of the Respondents on the Quality of Fruits treated and not treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in Terms of Texture, Taste, Scent and Color…………………………………

47

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

Page

1 The Conceptual Model Showing the Growth Performance of Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) Treated and Not Treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY)…………………………………………. 11

2 Photographic Representation of Chromolaena odorata (GONOY)……………………………….. 19

3 Photographic Representation of Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN)…………….............................. 20

4 Photographic Representation of Material Used in the Study………………………………………. 23

5 Photographic Representation of Collecting Leaves of Chromolaena odorata (GONOY)…. 24

6 Photographic Representation of Powdering leaves of Gonoy………….................................. 24

7 Photographic Representation of Plot Preparation…………………………………....….. 25

8

Photographic Representation of Seed Planting

25

9 Photographic Representation of Application of Chromolaena odorata (GONOY)……………….. 26

10 Photographic Representation of Measuring the Height of Sweet Corn……………………………. 26

11 Photographic Representation of Measuring the Leaves of Sweet Corn…………………………… 27

12 Photographic Representation of Weighing fruits 27

13 Photographic Representation of dry Leaves of Gonoy…………………………………………….. 29

14 Photographic Representation of Grains of Sweet Corn………………………………………. 29

Figure Page

15 Photographic Representation of Respondents (Faculty)…………………………………………… 30

16 Photographic Representation of Respondents (Students of IV-BS)………………………….….. 31

17 Photographic Representation of Respondents (Students of IV-A BS Biology)………………….. 32

18 Photographic Representation of Weeds that Grown in the Area…………………………….. 33

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter presents the background and purpose of the study,

theoretical and conceptual framework, statement of the problem, research

hypothesis, assumption, scope and limitations and definition of terms.

Background and Purpose of the Study

Plants grow almost everywhere. Plants like flowers, grass and trees are

common. These plants supply man with food, clothing and shelter. Many of our

most useful medicines are also made from plants. But, not all plants are helpful

to man. Some species grow in fields and gardens as weeds. These weeds choke

off useful plants.1Those unwanted plants for any reasons are considered weeds.

These occupy a unique place in agriculture.2

Weeds are popular name given to numerous wild plants. These can be

very destructive both by smothering cultivated crops and by taking away moisture

among plant foods. Indirectly, weeds cause poor crop and a consequent loss of

food.3It can also be one of the most pressing problems encountered by the

farmers in the fields. According to some farmers, weeds are very hard to control

especially the cogon and the talahib grass. Those grow along the field. The other

problem, encountered by the farmer is the growth of the plant even unaffected by

the weeds. These affect essential nutrients absorb by the soil where it grows.

The nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the primary elements

needed by plant to grow. Weeds compete with the growth of farm crops. These

weeds take water, sunlight and food. Weeds indirectly harm the crops by carrying

insect, pest and diseases.

There are several types of weeds-Annual, Biennial and Perennial. Annual

weeds complete its life cycle in one season. These are wild mustard, pigweeds

and crab grass. Biennial weeds complete its life cycle in two seasons. Some of

these are wild eggplant, goat beards and wild carrots. Perennial weeds live for

more than two years. These reproduce after the second season with seeds, roots

or underground stems. Some of these are talahib, quack grass, and cogon grass

and morning glory.4

There are four general methods of weed control-cultural, mechanical,

biological and chemical. Cultural control is the use of efficient crop production to

prevent weeds from growing. One such technique involves planting crop seeds

that free off weed seeds. Crop rotation helps keep weeds from adapting to

certain area. In small areas, a covering called mulch, is placed in the ground

around plants to prevent weed growth. Common types of mulches include grass

clippings, wood chips, and plastic sheets.

Mechanical control is the destruction of weeds manually or by machine.

Farmers use a machine called cultivator. To dig up large weeds and cover the

smaller ones with soil. Tall weeds in pastures and on road sides are controlled by

mowing. Hoeing weeds or pulling them out of the ground by hand can be

effective in small gardens, flowers, beds and lawns.

Biological control involves the use of natural enemies of weeds growing in

a specific area. For example, insects and others small animals that eat certain

weeds may be placed into the field where those weeds are growing. Bacteria and

other organisms are used to spread diseases among specific species of weeds.

Chemical control or chemical compounds are called weeds

herbicides.5Herbicides are sometimes called weed killers. Farmers and ranchers

used herbicides to control weeds that grow among crops. People also used

herbicides to eliminate weeds from lawns, parks, industrial sites and other areas.

There are two types of herbicides, the selective and non-selective.

Selective herbicides eliminate weeds without harming the crop while the non-

selective herbicides destroy all plants.

Herbicides have been used since the early 1850’s. When salt was used to

control unwanted plants. Salts, copper, sulfate and other early herbicides were

non-selective. Selective herbicides came into use in 1944.6

The ideal herbicide is cheap, easy to make and apply. It is specific in its

action, biodegradable and without undesirable side effects to ecosystems or to

humans. Some herbicides meet these criteria; other common herbicides do not.7

Many herbicides have been developed wherein their efficacy involves the

blocking of photosynthetic electron flow. Dichloromethyl urea (DCMU) is

commonly known as dourine, blocks electron transport to quinine acceptors of

photosynthetic II. Thereby, preventing reduction of P700. Another herbicide

Photosynthetic I and reacts with 02 to form the superoxide radical. This O2

species is very damaging to chloroplast components.8

There are a number of natural pesticides available to gardeners for insect

control. But, relatively there are few natural herbicides that are available for the

eradication of weeds or other invasive plants. However, there are plants that act

as natural herbicides, such as black walnuts, sunflower, sagebrush and spotted

knapweed. These plants excrete chemicals that can kill another plant species

growing nearby. The process of certain plants acting as natural herbicides is

called allelopathy.9

Allelopathy, is known as the chemical mechanism of plants interference, is

characterized by reduction in plants emergence of growth, reducing their

performance in the association. The term allelopathy was originated by Molisch

(1973) to reciprocate suffering of two organisms. The science of allelopathy

provide a base to aid crop production. Nowadays, allelopathy is concerned in

research involving sustainable agriculture, also referred as organic, low input,

biodynamic or resource conserving. Allelopathy has been used in agricultural

practices, such as weed control, intercropping, nutrient recycling and low external

input farming practices. The allelopathic plant products are known to offer a vast

array secondary compounds which have the potential to be used directly as

herbicides substitutes or as in structural leads for new synthetic herbicides. The

potential for undesirable environmental contamination for herbicides is relatively

high, and there is a need for environmental safe herbicides that are equally or

more effective and selective than currently available synthetic herbicides.

Allelopathic research can be applied to many current weed problems. The

recognized importance of allelopathy in agricultural practices has been increased

with the main objective of using this phenomenon’s in biological control of weeds.

One approach to utilize these is suggested to screen accessions of

allelopathic crops for their ability to reduce weeds.10

In, accordance with the government program on the proper utilization of

the natural resources and for the practical use of knowledge in Science and

Technology the Philippines Constitution Article XIV, Section 10, states that:

“Science and technology are essential for natural development and progress. The state shall give priority to research and development inventions, innovation and the utilization; and to Science and Technology, Education, training and service. It shall support the indigenous appropriate and self-reliant and science and technological capabilities and their applications to the country productive systems of life.”11

In this study the researchers chose plant called Chromolaena odorata

(Gonoy) as an alternative plant to make herbicides. The researchers chose this

plant because of its very wide geographical distribution in the country.

Chromolaena odorata belongs to the family of Asteraceae. It is a fast

growing perennial shrub, native to South America and Central America. It has

been introduced into the tropical regions of Asia, Africa and the Pacific, where it

is an invasive weed. Also known as Siam weed, it forms dense stands that

prevent the establishment of other plant species. It is an aggressive competitor

and may have allelopathic effects. It is also a nuisance weed in agricultural and

commercial plantations.12

In this literature, the researchers found out that this allelopathic

component of this Gonoy plants, can possibly be used as an alternative

herbicides to eliminate certain weeds. This kind of weed to be used as herbicides

is selective because it is natural and organic occurring plant.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae

Zea rugosa (Sweet Corn) is primarily eaten on the cob, or it can be

canned or frozen for future consumption. Sweet corn is seldom used for feed or

flour. Sweet corn is extra sweet because it contains more natural sugars than

other types of corn. It has been bred for a standardized height of 2.5 meters (8

ft.). Sweet corn is usually shortened than field corn varieties. (Field corn contains

4% sugar at the same stage standard sweet corn contains 10% sugar.) Almost

50% of the sugar can be converted to starch only 24 hours after sweet corn is

picked, so it is best to eat it fresh. SWEET or "green" corn is eaten fresh,

canned, or frozen. It is a type of corn that is grown in many horticultural varieties.

It is variously considered a distinct species (Zea saccharata or Zea rugosa), a

subspecies (Zea mays rugosa) or a specific mutation of dent corn. It is

distinguished by kernels containing a high percentage of sugar in the milk stage

when they are suitable for table use. Sweet corn is a warm-season vegetable

that can be grown easily in any garden with sufficient light, fertility, growing

season and space. It is especially popular with home gardeners because it tastes

appreciably better when it is harvested and eaten fresh from the garden.

Successive plantings can yield continual harvests from early summer until frost if

the weather cooperates. Time to harvest for sweet corn ranges from 64 to 94

days from planting. Sweet corn is a short-day plant and most cultivars will not

flower at photoperiods longer than 13 hours. When days are too long, the stalk

grows very tall but never flowers.13

In the study of Toan-Thang Phan, et.al, they found out that extracts from

the leaves of Chromolaena odorata have been shown to be beneficial for

treatment of wounds. The crude ethanol extract of the plant had been

demonstrated to be a powerful antioxidant to protect fibroblasts and

keratinocytes in vitro. In this study, the most active compounds were fractionated

and identified from the crude extract using liquid chromatography coupled with

UV spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The antioxidant effects of purified

fractions on cultured fibroblasts and keratinocytes were investigated using

colorimetric and Lactate hydrogenase release assay. The results showed that the

phenolic acids present (protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric, ferulic

and vanillic acids) and flavones and calcones) were major and powerful

antioxidants to protect cultured skin cells against oxidative damage.

In conclusion, the extract from Chromolaena odorata contains a mixture of

powerful antioxidant compounds that may be one of potential mechanism

contributing to enhance wound healing. 14

Another study was done by Irobi O.N. The researchers used ethanol

extract of Chromolaena odorata was assayed for in vitro antibiotic activity using

agar diffusion and plate dilution methods. The extract produced measurable

zones o inhibition (6.5-16 mm) against reference microbial strains and hospital

isolates including Bacillus thuringensis (var Israeli), Bacillus stearothermophilus

(NCTC 10339) staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 6571), Escherichia coli (NCTC

11699), Pseudomonas sp., Streptococcus faecalis and Klebsiella sp. Amphicilin,

gentamycin and tetracycline, which were used as antibiotic controls gave

inhibition zones measuring between 3.0 and 24 mm while the zones obtained in

essays with phenol measured 0.5-1.0 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration

of the extract was 0.13-8.0 mg/ml. The antibiotic activity was lost or significantly

reduced with increasing pH in the alkaline spectrum. Zones of inhibition were

also diminished by heating the extract (40-80ºC) although its antimicrobial activity

was not totally lost when heated to 120ºC. The antibiotic substance produced a

cidal effect on the bacteria. It also resulted in the lysis and variable gram

reactions in some of the cells observed, suggesting that the site of action might

be the cell wall of the susceptible bacteria.15

According to the research study done by the students from University of

the Philippines,Los Baños, that (Gonoy) findings showed that Chromolaena

odorata (Gonoy) leaf extract contains alkaloids, cardiac glycosides,

luecoanthocyanins, flavonoids and tannins. Gonoy leaf extract has weak

antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and no anti-fungal

activity on Candida albicans. The crude and aqueous extracts have the ability to

shorten the coagulation time of blood on wounds inflicted on Swiss mice.16

Another research study done by the students of BS-Biology batch 2007 in

URS-Morong, showed that the leaves of Chromolaena odorata (Gonoy) have a

quality of an organic fertilizer and can promote plants growth.17But in the present

study Chromolaena odorata (Gonoy) was be used as herbicide using the

matured leaves of Gonoy.

The main purpose of this study is to eliminate weeds and promote growth

of plants. This will help the farmers to have herbicide that is cheap, easy to make

and apply. We all know that there are herbicides out in the market but it destroy

all plants including the crop. The Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) herbicide is

selective because it is natural and organic occurring plant.

The researchers come up with the proposal to maximize the use of

Chromolaena odorata (Gonoy) which is abundant in the locality. Aside from this

sweet corn, provide farmers bigger income. Sweet corn is well suited for

research. Since, it is easily grows and it is adaptable to a wide range of

environmental condition. As Biology Students, the researchers, determined the

potential of Chromolaena odorata (Gonoy) as herbicide in a natural way.

Theoretical Framework

This study aimed to make herbicide out of organic and natural occurring

material as Chromolaena odorata (Gonoy). This determined the performance to

inhibit the growth of weeds and to promote the growth of plant. This study was

based on the statement of Putman chemicals with alellopathic potential that are

present in almost all plants and in many tissues, like leaves, stems, flowers,

fruits, seeds and roots.18

The statement is related to the study since the Chromolaena odorata

(Gonoy), has an allelopathic component. The researchers considered the

statement to know the potential use Chromolaena odorata (Gonoy) as an organic

herbicide.

Conceptual Framework

Leaves of gonoy

Sweet Corn

AgriculturalTools and materials needed

Plot A and Plot B

Record Sheet

Preparation of Plots for planting

Preparation and

Planting of corn

Collection and powdering the leaves of gonoy

Observation and Data Tabulation

Interpretationand Analysis of data

Interpretation and Analysis of data

The growth

performance of

Zea rugosa

(Sweet Corn)

Treated and Not-

treated with

Chromolaena

Odorata (Gonoy)

The conceptual framework of the study was based on the System

Approach of Coomb which emphasizes on the three phases namely: the input,

the process and the output.

The input phase contains the essential materials and equipment in this

study. This involves the leaves of Chromolaena odorata (Gonoy), the agricultural

tools blender and tap water.

The process shows the five (5) steps. It includes the preparation of plots

for planting. Preparation and planting of corn, collection and powdering the

leaves of Gonoy, Observation and Data Tabulation and Interpretation and

Analysis of data.

The last phase is the output that determines the growth performance of

Zea rugosa (Sweet Corn) Treated and Not-treated with Chromolaena odorata

(Gonoy).

The line connecting the output to input is feedback. Feedback is needed to

improve or modify the experiment if needed.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to find out the Growth Performance of Zea rugosa

(Sweet Corn) Treated and Not-treated with Chromolaena odorata (Gonoy).

Specifically the study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the growth performance of Zea rugosa (Sweet Corn) when treated or

not treated with Chromolaena odorata (Gonoy) in terms of;

Input Process Output

FEEDBACK

Figure 1

A Conceptual Model ShowingThe Growth Performance ofZea rugosa (Sweet Corn)Treated and Not-treated

with Chromolaena odorata (Gonoy)1.1 height;

1.2 quality of leaves;

1.3 weight of fruits; and

1.4 weeds grown in the area

2. Is there significant difference on the growth performance of Zea rugosa (Sweet

Corn) when treated or not treated with Chromolaena odorata (Gonoy) in terms of

height, quality of leaves, weight of fruits, and weeds grown in the area?

3. What is the perception of the respondents in the quality of fruits when treated

and not treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in terms of;

1.1 texture

1.2 taste

1.3 scent; and

1.4 color

4. Is there significant difference on the perception of the respondents in the

quality of fruits when treated and not treated with Chromolaena odorata

(GONOY) in terms of texture, taste, scent and color?

Hypothesis

The study tested the null hypothesis that:

1. There is no significant difference on the growth performance of Zea rugosa

(Sweet Corn) when treated or not treated with Chromolaena odorata (Gonoy) in

terms of height, quality of leaves, weight of fruits, quality of fruits, and weeds

growing in the area.

2. There is no significant difference on the perception of the respondents in the


(GONOY) in terms of texture, taste, scent and color?

Assumption

Based on extensive reading and study, it was found out that Chromolaena

odorata (Gonoy) has allelopathic effects that can make an ideal source of

herbicide.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study used Chromolaena odorata (Gonoy) and its herbicidal potential.

This study was conducted by students taking up Bachelor of Science Major in

Biology under the College of Science at the University of Rizal System, Morong

Campus, Morong Rizal during the Calendar Year 2008-2009. Also, this study

was conducted at Blk. 12 lot. 8 Mt. View Ave. Sunnyvale 1 Subd. Pantok

Binangonan, Rizal. There were plots which were categorized as Plot A and Plot

B. Plot A were treated with Gonoy and Plot B was not treated with Gonoy. The

researchers found out Gonoy contain allelopathic components that make an ideal

source of herbicide. The researchers used corn as subject of the experiment.

Sweet corn is one of the most used crops of the farmers. The researchers were

used record sheet for the results during the initial and final conduct of the study.

The record sheet shows the growth performance of Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN)

treated and not treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in terms of height,

weight of fruits, quality of leaves and weeds growing in the area. The rows

treated and not treated were recorded the notes. The record sheet of height and

weight of fruits, composed three (3) columns the number of plant, the height and

the weight of fruits in each plot. For the record sheet of quality of leaves there are

two (2) sets of data. The treated and not treated with Gonoy. The researchers

used systematic method to measured the leaves of five (5) corn plant. There are

five (5) columns for the number of plant and seven (7) rows for the measurement

of leaves. For the record sheet of weeds growing in the area, there are also two

(2) sets of data, the treated and not treated with Gonoy. Each data has twelve

(12) columns for the number of weeks and four (4) rows for the types of weeds

growing in the area.

Definition of Terms

The following terms were defined conceptually or operationally for better

understanding of the study.

Allelopathy. It is known as the chemical mechanism of plants interference,

is characterized by reduction in plants emergence of growth, reducing their

performance in the association.19

Gonoy (Chromolaena odorata). This refers to an alternative organic

herbicide in the experiment. It is considered as abnixious weed species.

Height of plants. This refers to average height of the corn

Herbicide. It is the substance or preparation for killing plants. 20

Number of weeds. This refers to the total number of weeds growing in the

area.

Organic Herbicide. This refers to the produced mature leaves of Gonoy.

Plot A. This refers the plants Treated with Gonoy.

Plot B. This refers to plants Not-treated with Gonoy.

Quality of fruits. This refers to the characteristic of fruits.

Quality of leaves. This refers to the characteristic of leaves.

Record sheet. This refers to a sheet of paper where in the results are

recorded.

Sweet Corn (Zea rugosa). This refers to the use crop for farmers. This is

the plant used by the researchers.

Types of weeds. This refers to the variety of weeds growing in the area.

Weeds. Refers to a valueless, troublesome, or noxious plant growing

wild, one that grows profusely or on cultivated ground to the exclusion or injury of

the desired crop. 21

Weight of fruits- Refers to the average weight of fruits.

NOTE

1The World Encyclopedia Vol. 15 p. 516

2Manual of Weeds of Tobacco farms in the Philippines p.1

3The New Universal Library p. 318

4Technology and Home Economics by Ines Alcantara de Guzman and Cesar P. Suratos p. 260

5The World Book Encyclopedia Vol. 9 p. 197

6World Book Millennium 2000 p. 179

7Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge p. 215

8Arcelia M. Alfonso-Alejar et al. Fundamental of PLANT PHYSIOLOGY p. 52

9www.wisegeek.com/what_are_some_natural_herbicides

10In: Rizvi, S.J.H. and V. Rizvi. Allelopathy: Basic and Applied aspects. p.256-268

11Philippine Constitution 1987

12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromolaena_Odorata

13 http://www.mdidea.com/products/new/new072paper.html

14 http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/24/12/24_1373/_article/-char/en

15Pharmaceutical Biology (formerly International Journal of Pharmacognosy), Volume 35, No. 2

16Undergraduate Thesis, University of the Philippines Los Baños”Phytochemical Screening of Gonoy (Chromolaena Odorata) Leaves, its Antimicrobial and Coagulative Properties”.

17Undergraduate Thesis, URS-Morong “The influence of Lactuca sativa (Lettuce) on the yield performance of Chromolaena odorata (Gonoy) 2007”

18 In: Rizvi, S.J.H. and V. Rizvi. Allelopathy: Basic and Applied aspects. p.256-268

19Edward N. Teall,A.M Webster New Handy Pocket Dictionary

http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/24/12/24_1373/_article/-char/en



Chapter 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, setting of the study, source of

data gathered, procedure of study, materials used in the study, procedures of the

experiment and statistical treatment used.

Research Design

This design utilized the experimental research design method. Experiment

is a special procedure for making scientific observations attempting to answer

questions raised by ideas. In an experimental set up, there are two ways to

obtain the much needed, information; isolation and control.

The researchers separated the material studied from everything else. This

study used controlled experiment. The researchers isolated and tested the

effects of a single factor, also known as a variable. Experimental variable was

allowed to change the order and to determine the effect of that factor.

The other step in an experimentation process is setting up a control

system. This serves as the basis of comparison of the results. A control in any

scientific study is part of the experiment or test that provides a standard of

comparison in which to confirm or rule out error in experimental observation.1

Setting of the Study

The placed of the study was conducted at Blk. 12 lot. 8 Mt. View Ave.

Sunnyvale 1 Subd. Pantok Binangonan, Rizal. Brgy. Pantok has a population or

less 13,152 inhabitants.2The experiments was conducted in an area of 150

square meters but the researchers utilized 30 square meters of the area, near

the rest house, there are some ornamental plants and banana plants around.

The terrain of the area is plain with a sandy loam soil. The area is suitable for the

plant to grow and absorb sunlight.

Subject of the Study

Figure 2Photographic Representation of Chromolaena odorata (GONOY)

The subject of the study was the powdered form of the leaves of

Chromolaena odorata (Gonoy). Chromolaena odorata, a fast-growing perennial

shrub, native to South America and Central America. It has been introduced into

the tropical regions of Asia, Africa and the Pacific. It is an invasive weed known

as Siam weed. It forms dense stands preventing the other plant species to grow.

It is an aggressive competitor and may have allelophatic effects. It offers a vast

array of secondary compounds having the potential to be used directly as

herbicides substitutes or as structural lead for new synthetic herbicides. 3

Figure 3Photographic Representation of Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN)

The researchers used Zea rugosa (Sweet Corn) to test plants because it

is one of the most used crops by the farmers. Zea rugosa (Sweet Corn) is

primarily eaten on the cob, or it can be canned or frozen for future consumption.

Sweet corn is seldom used as feed or flour. Sweet corn is extra sweet because it

contains more natural sugars than other types of corn. It has been bred for a

standardized height of 2.5 meters (8 ft.). Sweet corn is usually shortened than

field corn varieties. (Field corn contains 4% sugar at the same stage standard

sweet corn contains 10% sugar.) Almost 50% of the sugar can be converted to

starch only 24 hours after sweet corn is picked, so it is best to eat it fresh.

SWEET or "green" corn is eaten fresh, canned, or frozen. It is a type of corn that

is grown in many horticultural varieties. It is variously considered a distinct

species (Zea saccharata or Zea rugosa), a subspecies (Zea mays rugosa) or a

specific mutation of dent corn. It is distinguished by kernels containing a high

percentage of sugar in the milk stage when they are suitable for table use. Sweet

corn is a warm-season vegetable that can be grown easily in any garden with

sufficient light, fertility, growing season and space. It is specifically popular

among home gardeners because it tastes appreciably better when it is harvested

and eaten fresh from the garden. Successive plantings can yield continual

harvests from early summer until frost if the weather cooperates the span of time

to harvest sweet corn ranges from 64 to 94 days from planting. Sweet corn is a

short-day plant. During long days, the stalk grows very tall but no flowers.4

Sources of Data

The researchers used record sheet for the results. Data were recorded for

the initial and final conduct of the study. The record sheet shows the growth

performance of Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated and not treated with

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in terms of height, weight of fruits, quality of

leaves and weeds growing in the area. The rows treated and not treated were

noted down notes. The record sheet of height and weight of fruits were three (3)

columns the number of plant, the height and the weight of fruits in each plot. The

record sheet of quality of leaves there are two (2) sets of data. The treated and

not treated with Gonoy. The researchers used systematic method to measure the

leaves of five (5) corn plant. There were five (5) columns for the number of plant

and seven (7) rows for the measurement of leaves. The record sheet of weeds

growing in the area, were two (2) sets of data, the treated and not treated with

Gonoy. Each data has twelve (12) columns for the number of weeks and four (4)

rows for the types of weeds growing in the area. In terms of height, the corn plant

must be 8 ft. tall. The researchers measured the height of the corn plants in each

plot. In terms of weight, and quality of fruits it must be full of kernels without any

space. The researchers weighed all the sweet corn and evaluated by 30

respondents. In terms of quality of leaves, the leaves must be long, green and no

stem holes. The researchers used systematic method to measure six (6) leaves

of five (5) corn plants in each plot. In terms of weeds growing in the area, the

weeds were mechanically pull in each plot. The researchers weighed the weeds

and determine the specific kind of weeds growing in the area.

Procedure of the Study

This study deals with the steps and the schedule of activities. The

researchers made used of the Gantt chart to record the activities. The activities

described the whole study. It included the planning period of the study and the

time duration in making the experiments.

First, the researchers planned for the title of the study. This included

reading of undergraduate thesis, books and journals. Next activity, involved

surfing the web for some ideas and information. These gave the researchers

additional information in formulating the title. Second the oral defense. After the

defense, the researchers proceeded to the preparation of Chapter 1 and 2.

The literature and informations form the two chapters were taken from

different libraries, College of Science library, College of Graduate Library and

University of Rizal System Morong, Rizal main Library.

Lastly, the presentation, analysis and Interpretation of data. The

researchers made conclusion, recommendations, summary and findings and

finished the entire thesis, subjected to oral defense.

Material Used in the Study

Figure 4Photographic Representation of Material Used in the Study

The materials used in conducting the study were the following: Agricultural

tools, used for the arrangement of test areas, blender for powdering the leaves of

Gonoy, tap water, corn grains for planting, weighing scale for weighing the corn

and Record Sheet to record the result of the experiment.

Procedure of Experiment

To determine the growth performance of Zea rugosa (Sweet Corn) when

treated and not treated with Chromolaena odorata (Gonoy), the researchers

followed the following procedures:

Figure 5Photographic Representation of Collecting Leaves of Chromolaena

odorata (GONOY)

Figure 6Photographic Representation of Powdering Leaves of Chromolaena

odorata (GONOY)

A. Collection and Powdering Leaves of Gonoy

The researchers collected the matured leaves of Gonoy at Agua

Monte Subd. Tagpos Binangonan, Rizal. The matured leaves were the source of

the subject of the study. The matured leaves were air dried more or less two (2)

months until it become totally dried. The 1/4 kilo of dried leaves of Gonoy was

process through blender. Then, the Gonoy powder was mixed with 1 gallon of

water. Let it stay for 1 hour before application.

Figure 7Photographic Representation of Plot Preparation

B. Plot Preparation

The researchers measured the area and cleaned. Then, they

cultivated the area and divided it into two (2) test plot. The plots were categorized

as Plot A and Plot B. Each plot measured .50x3 meters. One test plot was

treated with Gonoy and the other plot was not treated with Gonoy. The

researchers separated the control and variable in such a way there was no

occurrence of contamination. The distance between the control and variable 2

meters.

Figure 8Photographic Representation of Seed Planting

C. Seed Planting

Corn grains were planted in each plot. The grain planted in the plot

has a distance of approximately .50 meters. Grains were planted 3cm under the

ground.

Figure 9Photographic Representation of Application of Gonoy Solution

D. Application of Chromolaena odorata (Gonoy)

The application of the solution was applied when the weeds started

to germinate or grow. The Gonoy solution was applied by spraying the weeds.

Field observation was done. The comparison between treated and not treated

with Gonoy solution was recorded in the data.

Figure 10Photographic Representation of Measuring the Height of Zea rugosa

(SWEET CORN)

Figure 11Photographic Representation of Measuring the Leaves of Zea rugosa

(SWEET CORN)

Figure 12Photographic Representation of Weighing the Fruits of Zea rugosa

(SWEET CORN)

E. Determination of the Height, Quality of Leaves, Weight of Fruits, Quality of Fruits and Weeds Grown in the Area

In order to determine the height of Zea rugosa, the researchers

measured the average height in each plot with the exemption of roots. To

determine the weight of fruits, the researchers weighed the fruit of treated and

not treated with Gonoy. To determine the quality of fruits the researchers

evaluated the corn to 30 respondents. To determine the quality of leaves, the

researchers used systematic method where in they measured six (6) leaves of

five (5) corn plant in each plot. To determine the weeds growing in the area, the

researchers weighed the weeds and determine what specific kind of weeds

grown in the area.

Statistical Treatment

Based from the formulated problem and hypothesis the following statistical

treatments were used:

To determine the growth performance of Zea rugosa (Sweet Corn)

Treated and Not Treated with Chromolaena odorata in terms of height, quality of

leaves, weight of fruits, and weeds grown in the area, the mean and standard

deviation were used.

To determine the significant difference on the growth performance of Zea

rugosa (Sweet Corn) when treated and not treated with Chromolaena odorata

(Gonoy) in terms of height, quality of leaves, weight of fruits, and weeds grown in

the area, t-test was used.

To determine the perception of the respondents in the quality of fruits

when treated and not treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in terms of

texture, taste, scent and color, the mean and standard deviation were used.

To determine the significant difference on the perception of the

respondents in the quality of fruits when treated and not treated with

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in terms of texture, taste, scent and color, t-test

was used.

Figure 13Photographic Representation of Dry Leaves of

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY)

Figure 14Photographic Representation of

Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) Grains

Figure 15Photographic Representation of Respondents

(Faculty)


(Students of IV-BS)


(Students of IV-A BS BIOLOGY)

Palmer amaranth

Bakisbakisan

Figure 18Photographic Representation of Weeds grow in the area

NOTE

1Carmelita M. Capco-Yang et.al Science and Technology BIOLOGY p.6-7

2http://www.census.gov.ph/Rizal/2007%20CP.htm

3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromolaena_Odorata

4 http://www.mdidea.com/products/new/new072paper.html

Chapter 3PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of

data gathered regarding the effectiveness of Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) as

Herbicide to The Growth Performance of Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) and the

answer to the specific presented.

The Growth Performance of Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) Treated and Not Treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in Terms of Height, Quality of Leaves, Weight of Fruits and Weeds Grown in the Area.

Table 1 presents the computed mean and standard deviation on the

growth performance of Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated and not treated with

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in terms of height, quality of leaves, weight of

fruits, and weeds grown in the area.

Table 1 Computed Mean and Standard Deviation on the Growth Performance

of Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) Treated and Not Treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in Terms of Height, Quality of Leaves, Weight of Fruits, and

Weeds Grown in the Area

Treated with Gonoy

Not Treated with Gonoy

_ X SD

_X SD

1.Height 211.13 cm 16.76 179.23 cm 12.192.Quality of leaves 89.98 cm 18.88 81.97 cm 11.513.Weight of fruits 654.33 g 30.35 624.33 g 32.014Weeds

4.1Bakis-bakisan 56.15 g 2.09 69.98 g 1.50 4.2 Palmer amaranth 4.94 g 0.81 8.79 g 1.19Total no. of Weeds 61.08 g 1.95 78.78 g 1.32

The table reveals that Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) not treated with

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) has the least growth performance in terms of

height having a mean of 179.23 cm., with standard deviation of 12.19. However,

Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) has

obtained the highest growth performance in terms of height having a mean of

211.13 cm., with standard deviation of 16.76.

In terms of quality of leaves Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) not treated with

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) obtained a mean 81.97 cm with the standard

deviation of 11.51 and Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated with Chromolaena

odorata (GONOY) obtained the highest mean of 89.98 cm and with standard

deviation of 18.88.

In terms of weight of fruits Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) not treated with

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) obtained a mean of 624.33 g and with standard

deviation of 32.01 while Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated with Chromolaena

odorata (GONOY) obtained a highest mean of 654.33 g and with standard

deviation of 30.35.

In terms of weeds, there were two kinds of weeds grown in the area, the

bakis-bakisan and palmer amaranth. The Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated

with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in terms of bakis-bakisan obtained a mean

of 56.15 g with standard deviation of 2.09 while Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) not

treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in terms of bakis-bakisan obtained

a mean of 69.98 g and standard deviation of 1.50. The Zea rugosa (SWEET

CORN) treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in terms of palmer

amaranth obtained a mean of 4.94 g with standard deviation of 0.81. However,

Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) not treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in

terms of palmer amaranth obtained a mean of 8.79 g and standard deviation of

1.19.

In terms of total number of weeds Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated

with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) obtained a mean of 61.08 g with standard

deviation of 1.95 while Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) not treated with

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) obtained the highest mean of 78.78 g and with

standard deviation of 1.32. It shows that Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated

with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) has greatest effect on the rate of inhibition

of weeds since it eliminates the growth of the weeds.

The result showed that Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated with

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) has the greatest effect on the growth

performance in terms of height, quality of leaves, weight of fruits, and it

eliminates the weeds grown in the area. According to the research study done by

Fullante et.al, of BS Biology student in URS Morong, showed that the leaves of

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) are high in nitrate content that makes it an ideal

source of nitrogen fertilizer which could be utilized for the propagation of

desirable plants.1

The Significant Difference on the Growth Performance of Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) Treated and Not Treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) In Terms of Height, Quality of Leaves, Weight of Fruits, and Weeds Grown in the Area.

Table 2 the significant difference on the growth performance of Zea

rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated and not treated with Chromolaena odorata

(GONOY) in terms of height, quality of leaves, weight of fruits, and weeds grown

in the area.

Table 2

The Significant Difference on the Growth Performance of Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) Treated and Not Treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in

Terms of Height, Quality of Leaves, Weight of Fruits, andWeeds Grown in the Area

t df P-value Ho VI1.Height 5.96 28 .000 R S2.Quality of leaves

1.98 58 .05 R S

3.Weight of fruits

2.63 28 .014 R S

4.Weeds 4.1Bakis-bakisan

17.82 20 .000 R S

4.2 Palmer amaranth

8.89 17.58 .000 R S

Total no. of weeds

24.92 20 .000 R S

The table shows that there is significant difference on the growth

performance of Zea rugosa (SWEET CORB) treated and not treated with

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in terms of height, quality of leaves, weight of

fruits and weeds grown in the area. Since P-value

of .000, .014, .05, .000, .000, .000 respectively exceeded .05 level of

significance, thus the null hypothesis is rejected.

The result clearly showed that Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated with

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) has greatest effect on the growth performance

in terms of height, quality of leaves, weight of fruits and in the rate inhibition of

weeds. According to Chris Boerboom when weeds were controlled at the

specified weed heights and later emerging weeds were also controlled.2

The Perception of the Respondents on The Quality of Fruits Treated and Not Treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) as Perceived by the Respondents in Terms of Texture, Taste, Scent and Color.


perception of the respondents on the quality of fruits treated and not treated with

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in terms of texture.

http://128.104.239.6/uw_weeds/faculty/boerboom.htm

Table 3Computed Mean and Standard Deviation on the Perception of the

Respondents on the Quality of fruits treated and Not Treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in

Terms of Texture

Texture

Treated with Gonoy Not Treated with Gonoy

_ X

VI

SD

_ X

VI SD

1.Kernel or grains of theCorn is perfectly arranged.

4.57 VMC 0.73 4.17 MO 0.87

2.The Corn is full of kernel without any space.

4.33 VMC 0.68 4.20 VMO 0.76

3.Kernel or grains of the Corn is tender and firm.

4.40 VMC 0.72 4.17 MO 0.79

4.Kernel or grains of Corn is juicy.

4.71 VMC 0.66 3.96 MO 0.51

5.Kernel or grains of Corn is smooth.

4.53 VMC 0.51 4.20 VMO 0.61

General 4.52 VMC 0.55 4.14 MO 0.59

The table reveals that Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated with

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) as perceived by the respondents in terms of

texture shows that number 1 obtained a mean of 4.57, a standard deviation of

0.73 and verbally interpreted as “Very Much Comparable (VMC)”. Number 2

having a mean of 4.33, standard deviation of 0.68 and verbally interpreted “Very

Much Comparable (VMC)”. Number 3 obtained a mean of 4.40, a standard

deviation of 0.72 and verbally interpreted as “Very Much Comparable (VMC)”.

Number 4 obtained a mean of 4.71, a standard deviation of 0.66 and verbally

interpreted as “Very Much Comparable (VMC)”. Lastly, number 5 obtained a

mean of 4.53, a standard deviation of 0.51 and verbally interpreted as “Very

Much Comparable (VMC)”.

Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) not treated with Chromolaena odorata

(GONOY) as perceived by the respondents in terms of texture shows that

number 1 obtained a mean of 4.17, a standard deviation of 0.87, and verbally

interpreted as “Much Observed (MO)”. Number 2 obtained a mean of 4.20, a

standard deviation of 0.76 and verbally interpreted as “Very Much Observed

(VMO)”. Number 3 obtained a mean of 4.17, a standard deviation of 0.79 and

verbally interpreted as “Much Observed (MO)”. Number 4 obtained a mean of

3.96, a standard deviation of 0.51 and verbally interpreted as “Much Observed

(MO)”. Lastly, number 5 obtained a mean of 4.20, a standard deviation of 0.61

and verbally interpreted as “Very Much Observed (VMO)”.

Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY)

obtained a general mean of 4.52, a standard deviation of 0.55 and verbally

interpreted as “Very Much Comparable (VMC)” while Zea rugosa (SWEET

CORN) not treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) obtained a general

mean of 4.14, a standard deviation of 0.59 and verbally interpreted as “Much

Observed (MO)”

The result implies that Zea rugosa (GONOY) treated with Chromolaena

odorata (GONOY) has a greatest effect on the quality of fruits in terms of texture.

According to O.P Shukla et.al organic herbicide kills majority of weeds when

sprayed on the crop without damaging the cereals.3

Table 4 presents the computed weighted mean and standard deviation of

the extent of observation on the quality of fruits treated and not treated with

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in terms of taste.

Table 4

Computed Mean and Standard Deviation on the Perception of the Respondents on the Quality of fruits treated and Not Treated

with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) inTerms of Taste

Taste


_ X

VI

SD

_ X

VI

SD

1.Kernel or grains of theCorn is sweet.

4.67 VMC 0.61 4.03 MO 0.67

2.The taste lingers in your mouth.

4.37 VMC 0.67 3.80 MO 0.61

3.The Corn is delicious. 4.60 VMC 0.67 3.97 MO 0.72

4.Appeals to the sense of taste

4.55 VMC 0.57 3.93 MO 0.65

5.The taste is great. 4.59 VMC 0.63 3.93 MO 0.75

General 4.54 VMC 0.56 3.94 MO 0.60

On the other hand, Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated with

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) as perceived by the respondents in terms of

taste shows that, number 1 obtained a mean of 4.67, a standard deviation of 0.61

and verbally interpreted as “Very Much Comparable (VMC)”. Number 2 obtained

a mean of 4.37, a standard deviation of 0.67 and verbally interpreted as “Very

Much Comparable (VMC)”. Number 3 having a mean of 4.60, a standard

deviation of 0.67 and verbally interpreted as “Very Much Comparable (VMC)”.

Number 4 obtained a mean of 4.55, a standard deviation of 0.57 and verbally

interpreted as “Very Much Comparable (VMC)”. Lastly, number 5 having a mean

of 4.59, a standard deviation of 0.63 and verbally interpreted as “Very Much

Comparable (VMC)”.


(GONOY) as perceived by the respondent’s shows that number 1 obtained a


Observed (MO)”. Number 2 obtained a mean of 3.80, a standard deviation of

0.61 and verbally interpreted as “Much Observed (MO)”. Number 3 obtained a


Observed (MO)”. Number 4 obtained a mean of 3.93, a standard deviation of

0.65 and verbally interpreted as “Much Observed (MO)”. Lastly, number 5 having

a mean of 3.93, a standard deviation of 0.75 and verbally interpreted as “Much

Observed (MO)”.






Observed (MO)”

The result implies that Zea rugosa treated with Chromolaena odorata

(GONOY) has the greatest effect on the quality of fruits in terms of taste. As

stated by WIESE, Lars Ole; (DK), the organic herbicide primarily uses

ingredients, which are used for human nutrition, and the individual components

are harmless to nature including animals and people.4


perception of the respondents on the quality of fruits treated and not treated with

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in terms of scent.

Table 5


with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) inTerms of Scent

Scent


_ X VI

SD

_ X

VI

SD

1.The aroma is very sweet. 4.57 VMC 0.57 4.10 MO 0.66

2.The smell is very tempting.

4.43 VMC 0.63 3.93 MO 0.69

3.Smells good. 4.60 VMC 0.62 4.03 MO 0.76

4.It has a very pleasant and attractive scent.

4.53 VMC 0.68 3.97 MO 0.76

5.The smell is acceptable.

4.54 VMC 0.65 3.87 MO 0.76

General 4.52 VMC 0.54 3.97 MO 0.65

Based on the table above , Zea rugosa treated with Chromolaena odorata

(GONOY) as evaluated by the respondents show that number 1 obtained a mean

of 4.57, a standard deviation of 0.57 and verbally interpreted as “ Very Much

Comparable (VMC) ”.Number 2 obtained a mean of 4.43 with standard deviation

of 0.63 and verbally interpreted as “ Very Much Comparable (VMC)’’.Number 3

obtained a mean of 4.60, a standard deviation of o.62 and verbally interpreted as

“ Very Much Comparable (VMC)’’.Number 4 having a mean of 4.53 , a standard

deviation of 0.68 and verbally interpreted as “Very Much Comparable

(VMC)’’.Lastly ,Number 5 has a mean of 4.54, a standard deviation of 0.65 and

verbally interpreted as “Very Much Comparable (VMC)’’.


(GONOY) as evaluated by the respondents show that Number 1 obtained a

mean of 4.10 , a standard deviation of 0.66 and verbally interpreted as “Much

Observed (MO)’’.Number 2 having a mean of 3.93 , a standard deviation of 0.69

and verbally interpreted as “Much Observed (MO)’’.Number 3 obtained a mean of

4.03 , a standard deviation of 0.76 and verbally interpreted as “Much Observed

(MO)’’.Number 4 obtained a mean of 3.97 , a standard deviation of 0.76 and

verbally interpreted as “Much Observed (MO)’’.Lastly , Number 5 having a mean

of 3.87 , a standard deviation of 0.76 and verbally interpreted as “Much Observed

(MO)’’.






Observed (MO)”

The result clearly showed that Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated with

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) has a greatest effect on the quality of fruits in

terms of scent. According to U.S Environmental Protection Agency Organic

herbicides are used to clear waste ground and kill all weeds with which they

come into contact.5

Table 6 presents the computed mean and standard deviation of the extent

of observation on the quality of fruits treated and not treated with Chromolaena

odorata (GONOY) in terms of color.

Table 6


with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) inTerms of Color

Color


_ X

VI

SD

_ X

VI

SD

1.Kernel or grains of the Corn is yellow.

4.77 VMC 0.57 4.24 VMC 0.79

2.The color is veryTempting.

4.55 VMC 0.57 4.11 MC 0.69

3.The color of the corn Treated with Gonoy isComparable with the corn treated without Gonoy.

4.48 VMC 0.78 4.08 MC 0.83

4.The color is attractive and pleasant to the eyes,.

4.60 VMC 0.72 4.17 MC 0.76

5.The color is bright and shiny.

4.50 VMC 0.73 4.00 MC 0.80

General 4.57 VMC 0.62 4.12 MC 0.69

The table reveals that Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated with

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) when it comes to the perceptions of the

respondents show that Number 1 obtained a mean of 4.77 , a standard deviation

of 0.57 and verbally interpreted as “Very Much Comparable (VMC)’’.Number 2

obtained a mean of 4.55 , a standard deviation of 0.57 and verbally interpreted

as “Very Much Comparable (VMC)’’.Number 3 obtained a mean of 4.48 with 0.78

standard deviation and verbally interpreted as “Very Much Comparable

(VMC)’’.Number 4 obtained a mean of 4.60 with 0.72 standard deviation and

verbally interpreted as “Very Much Comparable (VMC)’’.Lastly , Number 5 having

a mean of 4.50 with standard deviation of 0.73 and verbally interpreted as “Very

Much Comparable (VMC)’’.


(GONOY) when it comes to the perceptions of the respondents show that

Number 1 obtained a mean of 4.24 , a standard deviation of 0.79 and verbally

interpreted as “Very Much Observed (VMO)’’. Number 2 with a weighted mean of

4.11 , a standard deviation of 0.69 and verbally interpreted as “Much Observed

(MO)’’.Number 3 obtained a mean of 4.08 with a 0.83 standard deviation and

verbally interpreted as “Much Observed (MO)’’.Number 4 have a mean of 4.17 , a

standard deviation of 0.76 and verbally interpreted as “Much Observed

(MO)’’.Lastly ,Number 5 obtained a mean of 4.00 with 0.80 standard deviation

and verbally interpreted as “Much Observed (MO)’’.






Observed (MO)”

The result implies that Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated with

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) has the greatest effect on the quality of fruits in

terms of color. According to V.S Rao Organic herbicide are considered almost

synonymous with modern weed science technology as they gave a new direction

to the farmer to realize the maximum yield potential of the crop at lower

production cost, priorly never possible. This help in making more effective,

economical and safe recommendation for control of numerous weeds in different

crops.6

The Significant Difference on the Perception of the Respondents on the Quality of Fruits Treated and Not Treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in Terms of Texture,Taste, Scent and Color.

Table 7 shows the significant difference on the perception of the

respondents on the quality of fruits treated and not treated with Chromolaena

odorata (GONOY) in terms of texture, taste, scent and color.

Table 7

The Significant Difference on the Perception of the Respondents on the Quality of Fruits Treated and Not Treated With

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in Terms of Texture, Taste, Scent and Color.

t df P-value Ho VITexture 3.54 29 .001 R STaste 3.92 29 .000 R SScent 3.96 29 .000 R SColor 2.95 28 .006 R S

The table shows that there is significant difference on the perception of the

respondents on the quality of fruits treated and not treated with Chromolaena

odorata (GONOY) in terms of texture, taste, scent and color. Since the P-value of

.001, .000, .000, and .006 respectively exceeded .05 level of significance, thus

the null hypothesis is rejected.

The result implies that Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated with

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) has a greatest effect on the quality of fruits in

terms of texture, taste, scent and color. According to Chris Boerboom Organic

http://128.104.239.6/uw_weeds/faculty/boerboom.htm

Herbicides are amazing chemicals. Ideally expect herbicides to eliminate weeds

and protect crops from weed competition, without harming the crop.7

NOTE1Undergraduate Thesis, URS-Morong “The influence of Lactuca sativa

(Lettuce) on the yield performance of Chromolaena odorata (Gonoy) 2007”

2http://sacramento.bizjournals.com/sacramento/stories/2008/06/16/daily46.html

3http://soil.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/32/2/222

4http://www.arbico-organics.com/1453808.html

5http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-172802477.html

6http://jeq.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/1/4/333

7http://jeq.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/1/4/333

http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-172802477.html

http://www.arbico-organics.com/1453808.html

http://soil.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/32/2/222

http://sacramento.bizjournals.com/sacramento/stories/2008/06/16/daily46.html

Chapter 4

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the findings of the study, the conclusions based

from the result obtained and recommendations.

Summary of Findings

The summary of findings from the analysis of data and results obtained in

the previous chapter were hereby presented:

1. The growth performance of Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated and

not treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in terms of height, quality of

leaves, weight of fruits, and weeds grown in the area.

1.1 In terms of height, Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated with

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) obtained a highest mean of

211.13. Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) not treated with

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) obtained the lowest mean of

179.25.

1.2 In terms of Quality of leaves, Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated

with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) obtained a highest mean of

89.98 and Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) not treated with


81.97.

1.3 In terms of weight of fruits, Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated

with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) obtained a highest mean of

654.33. While Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) not treated with


624.33

1.4 In terms of weeds, Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated with

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) has the greatest effect on the

rate of inhibition of weeds with a value of 61.08 for the mean and

1.95 for standard deviation.

2. The significant difference on the growth performance of Zea rugosa

(SWEET CORN) treated and not treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in

terms of height, quality of leaves, weight of fruits, and weeds grown in the area.

2.1 It was found out that there is significant difference on the growth

performance of Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated and not

treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in terms of height, as

revealed by the significance of .000 that was less than the .05

level of significance, therefore the null hypothesis is rejected.

2.2 It was found out that there is significant difference on the growth

performance of Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated and not

treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in terms of quality of

leaves, as revealed by the significance of .05 that is equal to .05

level of significance, thus the null hypothesis is rejected.

2.3 In terms of weight of fruits, it was found out that there is significant

difference on the growth performance of Zea rugosa (SWEET

CORN) treated and not treated with Chromolaena odorata

(GONOY) in terms of weight of fruits, as revealed by the

significance of .014 that was less than the .05 level of significance,

therefore the null hypothesis is rejected.

2.4 In terms of total number of weeds, it was found out that there is

significant difference on the growth performance of Zea rugosa

(SWEET CORN) treated and not treated with Chromolaena

odorata (GONOY) in terms of total number of weeds, as revealed

by the significance of .000 that was less than the .05 level of


3. The perception of the respondents on the quality of fruits when treated

and not treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in terms of texture, taste,

scent and color.

3.1 In terms of texture, Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated with

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) obtained the highest general

mean 4.52 while Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) not treated with

Chromolaena odorata obtained the lowest general mean of 4.14.

3.2 In terms of taste, Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated with


mean 4.54 and Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) not treated with


3.3 In terms of scent, Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated with




3.4 In terms of color, Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated with




4. The significant difference on the perception of the respondents on the


(GONOY) in terms of texture, taste, scent and color.

4.1 It was found that there is significant difference on the perception of

the respondents on the quality of fruits when treated and not

treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in terms of texture,

since P-value of .001 respectively exceeded .05 level of


4.2 In terms of taste, it was found out that there is significant

difference on the perception of the respondents on the quality of

fruits when treated and not treated with Chromolaena odorata

(GONOY) in terms of taste, as revealed by the significance of .000

that was less than .05 level of significance, therefore the null

hypothesis is rejected.

4.3 It was found that there is significant difference on the perception of

the respondents on the quality of fruits when treated and not

treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) in terms of scent,

since P-value of .000 respectively exceeded .05 level of


4.4 In terms of color, it was found out that there is significant

difference on the perception of the respondents on the quality of

fruits when treated and not treated with Chromolaena odorata

(GONOY) in terms of color, as revealed by the significance of .006

that was less than .05 level of significance, therefore the null

hypothesis is rejected.

Conclusion;

The growth performance of Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) when treated

with Chromolaena odorata in terms of height, quality of leaves, weight of fruits,

quality of fruits and weeds grown in the area was better.

Recommendations;

Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations were

hereby suggested.

1. It is recommended that farmers should used Chromolaena odorata

(GONOY) herbicide in Sweet Corn planting.

2. Chromolaena odorata (GONOY) herbicide should be used for other

species of plant.

3. Further study should be conducted involving other uses of

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY).

4. Other researchers should conduct chemical analysis regarding

Chromolaena odorata (GONOY).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A.Books

Manual of Weeds of Tobacco farms in the Philippines p.1

Technology and Home Economics by Ines Alcantara de Guzman and Cesar P. Suratos p. 260

Arcelia M. Alfonso-Alejar et al. Fundamental of PLANT PHYSIOLOGY p. 52In: Rizvi, S.J.H. and V. Rizvi. Allelopathy: Basic and Applied aspects. p.256-268

Philippine Constitution 1987

Carmelita M. Capco-Yang et.al Science and Technology BIOLOGY p.6-7

B. Dictionary

Edward N. Teall,A.M Webster New Handy Pocket Dictionary

C. Encyclopedia

The World Encyclopedia Vol. 15 p. 516

The New Universal Library p. 318

The World Book Encyclopedia Vol. 9 p. 197

World Book Millennium 2000 p. 179

Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge p. 215

D. Web/Internet

www.wisegeek.com/what_are_some_natural_herbicides

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromolaena_Odorata

http://www.mdidea.com/products/new/new072paper.html


http://www.census.gov.ph/Rizal/2007%20CP.htm

http://sacramento.bizjournals.com/sacramento/stories/2008/06/16/daily46.htmlhttp://soil.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/32/2/222



http://jeq.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/1/4/333

E. Journal

Pharmaceutical Biology (formerly International Journal of Pharmacognosy), Volume 35, No. 2

F. Undergraduate Thesis

Undergraduate Thesis, University of the Philippines Los Baños”Phytochemical Screening of Gonoy (Chromolaena Odorata) Leaves, its Antimicrobial and Coagulative Properties”.

Undergraduate Thesis, URS-Morong “The influence of Lactuca sativa (Lettuce) on the yield performance of Chromolaena odorata (Gonoy) 20007”



http://soil.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/32/2/222

http://sacramento.bizjournals.com/sacramento/stories/2008/06/16/daily46.html

http://www.census.gov.ph/Rizal/2007%20CP.htm


http://www.wisegeek.com/what_are_some_natural_herbicides

APPENDIX A

Material Used in the Study

Agricultural Tools

Blender

Tap water

Weighing Scale

Record Sheet

APPENDIX BSample Record Sheet for Height and Weight of Fruits

Treated with GonoyPlant Height Weight of fruits

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

Sample Record Sheet for Height and Weight of FruitsNot Treated with Gonoy

Plant Height Weight of fruits

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

Plant no. 3 Plant no. 6 Plant no. 9 Plant no. 12 Plant no. 15

Sample Record Sheet for the Quality of LeavesTreated with Gonoy

Sample Record Sheet for the Quality of LeavesNot Treated with Gonoy

Plant no. 3 Plant no. 6 Plant no. 9 Plant no. 12 Plant no. 15

Sample Record Sheet for the Number of Weeds and Types of Weeds

May June July

1st

Week2nd

Week3rd

Week4th

Week5th

Week6th

Week7th

Week8th

Week9th

Week10th

Week11th

Week

Seed Planting

11-17 18-19 25-31 1-7 8-14 15-21 22-28 29-5 6-12 13-9 20-26

Bakis-bakisan

Palmer amaranth

Total no. of Weeds

Treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY)

Sample Record Sheet for the Number of Weeds and Types of Weeds

Not treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY)

May June July

1st

Week2nd

Week3rd

Week4th

Week5th

Week6th

Week7th

Week8th

Week9th

Week10th

Week11th

Week

Seed Planting

11-17 18-19 25-31 1-7 8-14 15-21 22-28 29-5 6-12 13-9 20-26

Bakis-bakisan

Palmer amaranth

Total no. of Weeds

APPENDIX C

Republic of the PhilippinesUNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM

Morong, Rizal

COLLEGE OF SCIENCE

Certificate of Content Validation

This is to certify that the following experts have validated the questionnaire

for the thesis entitled “The Growth Performance of Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN)

treated and not treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY)” by the following

researchers namely JAYRALYN A. MISA, ROSE ANN S. COLEMAN,

JEDDALYN M. EMPERADOR and RONA MAE AIRA P. QUISQUINO.

Experts Signature Date

Prof. Domingo S. Pantaleon ____________ ____________Prof. Nenita L. Dela Cruz ____________ ____________Prof. Aida M. Odi ____________ ____________Prof. Ricardo R. Ariston ____________ ____________Dr. Emma E. Linga ____________ ____________Prof. Zenaida S. Angeles ____________ ____________

APPENDIX D

LETTER OF REQUEST TO THE RESPONDENTS

University of Rizal SystemMorong, Rizal

College of Science

DEAR RESPONDENTS,

We are presently conducting a study entitled “THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) TREATED AND NOT TREATED WITH Chromolaena odorata (GONOY)”. This study aimed to measure the quality of sweet corn.

In this connection, we are appealing for your cooperation to fill up this questionnaire-checklist. Rest assures that all information will be treated confidentially.

Thank you very much and Godbless!

Very truly yours,

JAYRALYN A. MISA

ROSE ANN S. COLEMAN

JEDDALYN M. EMPERADOR

RONA MAE AIRA P. QUISQUINO

Researchers

DR. EMMA E. LINGAAdviser

APPENDIX E

University of Rizal SystemMorong. Rizal

College of Science

QUESTIONNAIRE CHECKLIST

The Growth Performance of Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated and not treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY)

Name: _________________________________(Optional)

Please Check:¨ Faculty¨ Students

Directions: Rate the following statement to determine the quality of Zea rugosa (SWEET CORN) treated and not treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY). The following scale and verbal interpretations will used for the description.

Verbal InterpretationsScale Treated with GONOY Not treated with GONOY

4.20 - 5.00 VMC- Very Much Comparable

VMO- Very Much Observed

3.40 - 4.19 MC- Much Comparable MO- Much Observed2.60 - 3.39 C -Comparable O- Observed1.80 - 2.59 LC- Less Comparable LO- Less Observed1.00 - 1.79 NC- Not Comparable NO- Not Observed

The harvested corn which is treated and not treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY). In terms of;

(Treated) (Not treated)

A. Texture 5(VMC)

4(MC)

3(C)

2(LC)

1(NC)

5(VMO)

4(MO)

3(O)

2(LO)

1(NO)

1. Kernel or grains of the corn is perfectly arranged.2. The corn is full of kernel without any space.3. Kernel or grains of the corn is tender and firm.4. Kernel or grains of corn is juicy.5. Kernel or grains of corn is smooth.


B. Taste of kernel or grains.

5(VMC)

4(MC)

3(C)

2(LC)

1(NC)

5(VMO)

4(MO)

3(O)

2(LO)

1(NO)

1. Kernel or grains of the corn is sweet.2. The taste lingers in your mouth.

3. The corn is delicious.4. Appeals to the sense of taste.5. The taste is great.

(Treated) (Not treated)C. Scent 5

(VMC)4

(MC)3

(C)2

(LC)1

(NC)5

(VMO)4

(MO)3

(O)2

(LO)1

(NO)1. The aroma is very sweet.2. The smell is very tempting.3. Smells good.4. It has a very pleasant and attractive scent.5. The scent is acceptable.


D. Color 5(VMC)

4(MC)

3(C)

2(LC)

1(NC)

5(VMO)

4(MO)

3(O)

2(LO)

1(NO)

1. Kernel or grains of the corn is yellow.2. The color is very tempting.3. The color of the corn treated with Gonoy is comparable with the corn treated without Gonoy.4. The color is very attractive and pleasant to the eyes.

5. The color is bright and shiny.

The Researchers

ActivitiesN

ov.

De

c.

Jan

.

Feb

.

Mar

.

Apr

.

May

Jun

.

Jul.

Aug

.

Sep

t.

Oct

.

Planning PeriodTitle DefensePreparing Chapters 1 and 2ColloquiumRevision of Chapters 1 and 2Preparation of materials needed in the ExperimentationExperimentation and ObservationComputation, Analysis, and Interpretation of DataPreparing Chapters 3 and 4Oral DefenseRevision of the Final Output of the StudyBook Binding

APPENDIX FGantt Chart Of Activities Of The Growth Performance of Zea rugosa (SWEET

CORN) treated and not treated with Chromolaena odorata (GONOY)

Documents

study about Chromolaena odorata (GONOY)