Ex No 1 Study and Identification of Peripherals

30-11-2012

Aim: To study and identify the different hardware peripherals in a computer.

Description: Hardware components of a modern personal computer.

Mother board:

The motherboard is the main component inside the case. It is a large rectangular

board with integrated circuitry that connects the other parts of the computer

including the CPU, the RAM, the disk drives (CD, DVD, hard disk, any others) as

well as any peripherals connected via the ports or the expansion slots.

Computer monitor:

A monitor or display (also called screen or visual display unit) is an electronic

visual display for computers. The monitor comprises the display device, circuitry,

and an enclosure. The display device in modern monitors is typically a thin film

transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) thin panel, while older monitor s a

cathode ray tube about as deep as the screen size.

Central processing unit:

The central processing unit (CPU) is the portion of a computer system that

carries out the instructions of a computer program, to perform the basic

arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. The CPU plays a

role somewhat analogous to the brain in the computer. The term has been in

use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s.The form, design and

implementation of CPUs have changed dramatically since the earliest examples,

but their fundamental operation remains much the same.

CPU

Power supply unit

Random access memory

Random-access memory:

Random access memory (RAM) is a form of computer data storage. Today, it

takes the form of integrated circuits that allow stored data to be accessed in any

order with a worst case performance of constant time. Strictly speaking, modern

types of DRAM are therefore not random access, as data is read in bursts,

although the name DRAM / RAM has stuck. However, many types of SRAM,

ROM, OTP, and NOR flash are still random access even in a strict sense. RAM is

often associated with volatile types of memory (such as DRAM memory

modules), where its stored information is lost if the power is removed. Many

other types of non-volatile memory are RAM as well, including most types of

ROMand a type of flash memory called NOR-Flash. The first RAM modules to

come into the market were created in 1951 and were sold until the late 1960s

and early 1970s

Expansion card:

The expansion card (also expansion board, adapter card or accessory card) in

computing is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot of

a computer motherboard or backplane to add functionality to acomputer system

via the expansion bus.

Power supply unit:

Power supply unit (PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC power

for the internal components of the computer. Modern personal computers

universally use a switched-mode power supply. Some power supplies have a

manual selector for input voltage, while others automatically adapt to the supply

voltage.

Optical disc drive:

In computing, an optical disc drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses laser light or

electromagnetic waves near the light spectrum as part of the process of reading

or writing data to or from optical discs. Some drives can only read from discs, but

recent drives are commonly both readers and recorders, also called burners or

writers. Compact discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are common type of

Keyboard

Hard disk drive

optical media which can be read and recorded by such drives. Optical drive is the

generic name; drives are usually described as "CD" "DVD", or "Blu-Ray", followed

by "drive", "writer", etc.

Hard disk drive:

A hard disk drive (HDD; also hard drive, hard disk, or disk drive) is a device for

storing and retrieving digital information, primarily computer data. It consists of

one or more rigid (hence "hard") rapidly rotating discs (often referred to as

platters), coated with magnetic material and with magnetic heads arranged to

write data to the surfaces and read it from them.

Hard drives are classified as non-volatile, random access, digital, magnetic, data

storage devices. Introduced by IBM in 1956, hard disk drives have decreased in

cost and physical size over the years while dramatically increasing in capacity and

speed.

Computer keyboard:

In computing, a keyboard is a typewriter-style keyboard, which uses an

arrangement of buttons or keys, to act as mechanical levers or electronic

switches. Following the decline of punch cards and paper tape, interaction via

teleprinter-style keyboards became the main input device for computers.

Despite the development of alternative input devices, such as the mouse,

touchscreen, pen devices, character recognition and voice recognition, the

keyboard remains the most commonly used and most versatile device used for

direct (human) input into computers.

Mouse:

In computing, a mouse is a pointing device that functions by detecting two-

dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface. Physically, a mouse

consists of an object held under one of the user's hands, with one or more

buttons. It sometimes features other elements, such as "wheels", which allow

the user to perform various system-dependent operations, or extra buttons or

features that can add more control or dimensional input. The mouse's motion

typically translates into the motion of a cursor on adisplay, which allows for fine

control of a graphical user interface.

Optical disc drive

Motherboard

Chassis:

A computer case is also known as computer chassis, cabinet, box, tower,

enclosure, housing, system unit or simply case. It is the enclosure that contains

most of the components of a computer. Computer cases are usually constructed

from steel or aluminum. Plastic is sometimes used and other materials such as

wood and even logo blocks have appeared in home built cases.

CMOS RAM:

Nonvolatile memory refers to a small memory on PC motherboards that is used

to store BIOS setting. It is called CMOS. The use is to keep the real time going and

to start BIOS.

Result:

Thus parts of computer are identified and studied.

Aim:To understand how to assemble and disassemble a PC.

Things to get in place:

• Set of screw drivers

• Pliers

• Brush

• Wire markers

• Lay out

Disassembly of a PC:

Removing the Cover

The standard way of removing tower cases used to be to undo 4-6 screws on the

back of the case, slide the cover back about an inch and lift it off.

Don't Force Anything. If it has to be forced, it will probably break. If there are no

screws on the back of the case for the cover, check the plastic faceplate on the

front. Some pry off to reveal screws or release levers (remember, careful

inspection). If everything on the front has its own bezel around it (including the

LEDs) then maybe the plastic front pops off (or maybe the case slides off the

front).

If you notice a separation between the sides and the top, then they must come

off separately. Make sure any screws removed are for the cover. You don't want

to unscrew the power supply by accident and have it fall inside your computer.

That's a bad thing.

After the case is removed, place it in a safe place, where it won't get knocked of a

table, kicked or stepped on and bent.

Ex No 2 PC Assembly and Disassembly

8-12-2011

Removing Adapter Cards

Check the card for any cables or wires that might be attached and decide if

it would be easier to remove them before or after you remove the card.

Undo the screw that holds the card in place.

Grab the card by its edges, front and back, and gently rock it lengthwise to

release it. Do not wiggle it side to side as you can break the card, the slot,

or the solder. Sometimes it helps to grasp the inside corner of the card

with one hand and place a finger from the other hand under the

associated port out the back of the computer to pry up the one end of the

card.

Once the card is removed, you may want to record any jumper settings

you see, just in case one is accidentally dislodged. Try to store the card in

an antistatic bag. If you don't plan on replacing the card then a cover

should be installed over the slot opening.

Removing Drives

They usually have a power connector and a data cable attached from the device

to a controller card or a connector on the motherboard. CD-ROMs may have an

analog cable connected to the sound card. The power will be attached using one

of two connectors, a large Molex connector or a smaller Berg connector for the

floppy drive. The Molex connector may need to be wiggled slightly from side to

side while applying gentle pressure outwards. The Berg connector may just pull

straight out or it may have a small tab that has to be lifted with a tiny flat

screwdriver.

If a bay is removable, you may have to remove some screws or unclip a lever

then slide the bay back and off. If the bay is not removable, there should be

access ports on the other side of the case that allow for access to those .Now you

can remove the screws and slide the drive out the back of the bay. If the drive

slides out the front of the case, then remove the screws and gently slide it

forward.

Assembling a PC:

Step 1: Installing the motherboard

Make sure you have all the components in place and a nice, clean and big enough

place to work with.

Put your antic-static wrist strap on to prevent your components from getting

affected. Make sure your hands are clean before starting. First we will be

installing the motherboard which is a piece of cake to install.

• Open the side doors of the cabinet

• Lay the cabinet on its side

• Put the motherboard in place

• Drive in all the required screws

Step 2: Installing the CPU

CPU is the heart of a computer so make sure you handle it properly and do not

drop it or mishandle it. Also try not to touch the pins frequently so that they do

not get dirty. Get hold of your motherboard and CPU manual. You need to place

the CPU on the dotted white patch of the motherboard in a particular fashion for

it to fit properly. There is a golden mark on the CPU to help you assist. Consult

both your motherboard and CPU manual to see which position it fits exactly or

you could also use try all the 4 positions.

• Lift the CPU lever on the motherboard

• Place the CPU properly on the motherboard

• Pull down the lever to secure the CPU in place

Step 3: Installing the heat sink

After installing the processor we proceed to installing the heat sink. There are

different kinds of heat sinks that are bundled with the processor and each has a

different way of installation. Look into your CPU manual for instructions on how

to install it properly.

• Place the heat sink on the processor

• Put the jacks in place

• Secure the heat sink with the lever

After this you will need to connect the cable of the heat sink on the

motherboard. Again look into the motherboard manual on where to connect it

and then connect it to the right port to get your heat sink in operational mode.

Step 4: Installing the RAM

Installing the RAM is also an easy job. The new RAM i.e. DDR RAMs are easy to

install as you don’t have to worry about placing which side where into the slot.

The older ones, SDRAMs are plagued by this problem.

If you want to use dual channel configuration then consult your manual on which

slots to use to achieve that result.

• Push down the RAM into the slot

• Make sure the both the clips hold the RAM properly

Step 5: Installing the power supply

We will now install the power supply as the components we install after this will

require power cables to be connected to them. There is not much to be done to

install a PSU.

• Place the PSU into the cabinet

• Put the screws in place tightly

Step 6: Installing the video card

First you will need to find out whether your video card is AGP or PCI-E. AGP

graphics cards have become redundant and are being phased out of the market

quickly. So if you bought a spanking new card it will certainly be a PCI-E.

• Remove the back plate on the cabinet corresponding to the graphics card

• Push the card into the slot

• Secure the card with a screw

• Plug in the power connection from PSU (if required)

High-end graphics cards need dedicated power supply and if your graphics card

needs one then connect the appropriate wire from PSU into the graphics card.

Step 7: Installing the hard disk

Hard disk is another fragile component of the computer and needs to handle

carefully.

• Place the hard drive into the bay

• Secure the drive with screws

• Connect the power cable from PSU

• Connect the data cable from motherboard into the drive

If your hard drive is a SATA one then connect one end of SATA cable into the

motherboard and other into the SATA port on the hard disk. If your hard disk is

PATA type then use the IDE cable instead of the SATA cable.

Step 8: Installing optical drive

The installation an optical drive is exactly similar to a hard drive.

• Place the optical drive into the bay

• Drive in the screws

• Connect the power cable and data cable

Tip: When installing multiple optical drives take care of jumper settings. Make

sure you make one as primary and other slave by using the jumper. This is not

applicable if the drives are SATA drives.

Step 9: Connecting various cables

First we will finish setting up internal components and then get on to the

external ones. You will need to consult your motherboard manual for finding the

appropriate port for connecting various cables at the right places on the

motherboard.

• Connect the large ATX power connector to the power supply port on your

motherboard

• Next get hold of the smaller square power connector which supplies power

to the processor and connect it to the appropriate port by taking help from your

motherboard manual

• Connect the cabinet cables for power,reset button in the appropriate port

of the motherboard

• Connect the front USB/audio panel cable in the motherboard

• Plug the cable of cabinet fans

Step 10: Installing the OS and drivers

We are done with the hardware part. Now get your favorite OS disks ready and

the CD that came with your motherboard.

• Set the first boot device to CD/DVD drive in BIOS

• Pop in the OS disk

Reboot the PC

• Install the OS

• Install drivers from motherboard CD (applicable only to Windows OS)

RESULT:

Thus Assembling and Disassembling of a PC is done and understood.