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Chapter - II
Study Area: Haryana
Introduction:
Haryana state is selected as a study area for research work. It is located between the 270 39' to
300 55' 05'' North Latitudes and 74
0 27' 08'' to 77
0 36' 05'' East Longitudes. On the
recommendation of the Sardar Hukam Singh Parliamentary Committee, Haryana state came
into existence on 1 November, 1966 as seventeenth state of India. The formation of this
committee was announced in the Parliament on 23 September, 1965. On 23 April, 1966,
acting on the recommendation of the Hukam Singh Committee, the Indian government set up
the Shah Commission under the chairmanship of Justice J. C. Shah, to divide and set up the
boundaries of Punjab and Haryana giving consideration to the language spoken by the people.
The commission gave its report on 31 May, 1966. According to this report the then districts
of Hisar, Mahendragarh, Gurgaon, Rohtak, and Karnal were to be a part of the new state of
Haryana. Further, the tehsils of Jind (district Sangrur), Narwana (district Sangrur),
Naraingarh, Ambala and Jagadhari were also to be included. . Geographically it is one of the
smallest states of India spread over 44212 km2 area and accounts 1.37 percent of country‟s
total area. According to 2011 census, Haryana has 2,53,51,462 population. Both states share a
common capital Chandigarh, which is a union territory also. At present in 2011,state have 4
division, 21 districts, 57 sub divisions, 74 tehsils, 44 sub-tehsils and 119 blocks. The state has
154 towns and 6841 villages. Map 2.1 shows the location of the Haryana state in India and
administrative division of Haryana in 2011.
Historical Background:
The origin of the name of the Haryana is a matter of controversy that admits diverse
interpretation. The empirical gazetteer of India says that Haryana is probably is derived from
Hary (green) and it reminds of time when this was a rich and fertile tract. F. Wilson opinion
that Haryana is so called because formally a green forest (Haryan Ban). Haryana was the
outermost location of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization with centers such as Banawali and
Rakhigarhi. The most extensive center, Rakhigarhi, is now a village in Hisar District. The site
is dated to be over 5,000 years old. Evidence of paved roads, drainage system, large rainwater
collection, storage system, terracotta brick, statue production, and skilled metal work (in both
bronze and precious metals) has been uncovered. After ousting the Huns, king
Harshavardhana established his capital at Thanesar near Kurukshetra in the 7th century AD.
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After his death, the kingdom of his clansmen, the Pratiharas continued to rule over a vast
region for quite a time from Harsha's adopted capital of Kannauj. Muhammad Ghori
conquered this area in the Second Battle of Tarain. Following his death, the Delhi Sultanate
was established that ruled much of India for several centuries. Firoz Shah Tughlaq
established a fort at Hisar in 1354 to further fortify the region, and also constructed canals or
rajwahas as they were referred to in the Indo-Persian historical texts.
The three famous battles of Panipat took place near the modern town of Panipat in Haryana.
The first battle took place in 1526, where Babar, the ruler of Kabul, defeated Ibrahim Lodi of
the Delhi Sultanate. In the second battle of Panipat (5 November 1556), Akbar's forces
defeated Hemu. The Third Battle of Panipat was fought in 1761 between the Afghan warlord
Ahmad Shah Abdali and the Marathas under Sadashivrao Bhau of Pune. Ahmad Shah won
decisively, on 13 January 1761. But in present time Haryana is a well developed state of
India. Although the industrial development of state is growing slowly but in recent period
name of Haryana is come in industrial state of India due to government policy.
Boundary:
There are two parts of boundary i.e. (i) Physical boundary and (ii) Political boundary.
(A) Physical Boundary:
There are Shiwalik hills, an outer range of Himalaya is found in the northern part of the state,
it makes the northern boundary while Yamuna makes its western boundary which separated
from Uttrakhand and Uttar Pradesh. South and South eastern boundary is made by Arawali
hills, that running from south of Delhi to Gurgaon and Mahendragarh districts up to Alwar
and further on the desert of Bikaner forms its south to west boundaries, in west it is bounded
half way by Ghagger river and for the rest by the line drawn by the Sarhind in northern
direction of shiwalik range. These natural boundaries produced in more or less isolated
conditions, distinct culture, and a special mode of living and different language pattern.
(B) Political Boundary:
Haryana is an inner state of India. Its boundary does not touch any international boundary.
Haryana is surrounded by Uttar Pradesh in east, Punjab in North West, Himachal Pradesh and
Uttrakhand in north and Rajasthan in south. National capital Delhi is surrounded three sides
by Haryana. Panipat, Sonipat, Rohtak, Jhajjar, Rewari, Gurgaon, Mewat and Faridabad
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districts lies in National Capital Region of Haryana state. All districts of Haryana (except
Rohtak district) touch to the other state boundary.
Physical Characteristics:
(A) Topography:
Haryana is basically known as plain area, situated near to the water divided between drainage
of rivers of Indus and Ganga and the major part of the plain lies between Ghagger and
Yamuna rivers. It is formed due to depositional work of the rivers in the south-western part of
Haryana plain a great deal of sand dunes of different size and magnitude. The general slope
of the terrain of Haryana is from north-east to south-west and west with an exception in the
south in Bhiwani, Mahendragarh, Rewari and Gurgaon districts where the slope is towards
north. The alluvial is covered by sand, hence the region becomes as bad as desert. There are
mainly four types of relief features i.e. (i) Shiwalik ranges of Himalayas, (ii) Ganga Yamuna
plain, (iii) Semi deserted sandy plain and (iv) Arawali hills range. Map 2.2 shows the relief
features and drainage pattern of Haryana.
(i) Shiwalik Hills:
An outer range of Himalayas found in the northern part of the state which is mainly spread in
Panchkula and Ambala districts, known as Morni hills in the entire state. It has varying
altitude between 900-2300 meters from the sea level, these hills are the source of small rivers
and their tributaries.
(ii) Plain Region:
The plain area where alluvial soil mostly found in the districts of Panipat, Yamuna Nagar,
Kaithal, Karnal, Kurukshetra, Jind, Rohtak, and Sonipat etc. Entire region is rich in irrigation
facilities and highly fertile soil. The mean height of the plain from the sea level is 225 to 250
meters.
(iii) Semi Deserted Plain Region:
In the western part of Hisar and Sirsa districts, south western part of Bhiwani district is
characterised by deserted topography, sand dunes of varying in height, and some of them are
found many feet in height and go beyond miles in length. The alluvial soil is covered by the
sand particles and region is characterized as deserted features. The region where sand dunes
are not found is utilized for agriculture and other economic activities.
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(iv) Arawali Hills:
In the southern part of the state, there found weathered, eroded and fragmented Arawali
ranges in Mahendragarh, Gurgaon, and Faridabad districts. Some part of the hills is also
found in Rewari and Bhiwani district. This is oldest hill range in the world.
(B) Soil:
There found large deposits of alluvial soil in the entire region. But the sub mountainous area
is generally hilly in nature and the soil covers over hills is very thin. On the slope of hills,
unconsolidated sand stone, pebbles, conglomerate and clay are found. At the foot of these
Hills have large deposits of cotises and gravel. This sandy and pebbly soil covered with the
thorn bushes and scrubs. The flood plain of Yamuna and Ghagger are known as „Khaddar‟, it
contains recent age alluvial soil deposits that are brought by river and their tributaries
continuously each and every year which require lesser quantity of fertilizer. Along the
abandoned courses of Yamuna, Ghaggar, Saraswati and other streams old alluvial is found,
which is not renewed by river‟s flood, known as „Bhabar‟. In the south and southern parts,
the windblown sand particles and accumulates in the form of sand dunes, this region is
known as „Bagar‟ in local language. These sand dunes are significantly long and high. The
shifting sand dunes are interrupted by firmer and loamy bottoms at some places. This type of
soil is like deserted soil and has a low moisture retaining capacity. In the presence of high
content of mineral, this soil becomes very fertile.
(C) Climate:
Haryana state lies in north western part of the country and there is mainly continental type
climate. There is found arid to semi arid type monsoon climate. German climatologist
Vladimir Koeppen divided Haryana into two climatic regions; Bshw type climate is found in
western part of state and Cwg type climate found in eastern part of state. Map 2.3 shows the
normal monthly and annual temperature in Haryana. It shows that temperature decreased
from west to north-east region.
(i) Temperature:
The temperature varies season to season, during winter season in December to January
temperature found very low, sometimes nearly close to freezing point or below its. While on
the other hand in summer season the region become very hot, temperature is nearly 45o -50°
c and very hot wind blows in entire region, which is known as „Loo‟ and temperature
becomes too hot that it behaves like a furnace.
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(ii) Rainfall:
The rainfall is of the entire weather element is the primarily ecological parameter that
profoundly influence crop-growth and production which determine farming system and
farmers choice of enterprise (Husain, 1996). The southern and south-western half of Haryana
is bounded on its north by 500 millimetres isohyets. In the northern half, rainfall gradually
increases towards Siwalik Hills where it approaches 1,100 millimetres. The rainy season from
June to October and monsoon arrives between in middle of June to mid July. The rainy
season starts with the bursting of monsoon. The state gets approximately 45 cm average
annual rainfall, and 80 percent of this rainfall is received by monsoon winds from July to
October and the rest of 20 percent is received by western disturbance from November to
March. There found unequal distribution of rainfall, the north and north eastern gets more
rainfall than south south-western part mainly Bhiwani, Rewari, and Mahendragarh districts.
Haryana gets rainfall from both branches of monsoon winds; Arab‟s sea monsoon winds and
Bay of Bengal‟s winds. The total amount of rainfall decreases from north-east to south-west.
In rainy season temperature is not high as in May and June but humidity is too much high that
makes the weather uncomfortable. Map 2.4 shows normal monthly and annual rainfall in
Haryana, 1991. Figure 2.1 shows the monthly rainfall in Haryana in 2009.
Table 2.1: Mean Monthly Rainfall (in m.m.) in Haryana, 2009
Month January February March April May June
Rainfall 3.44 7.32 4.42 12.79 7.21 19.54
Month July August September October November December
Rainfall 120.92 81.21 181.02 3.86 1.98 0.03
Source: Statistical Abstract of Haryana, 2012
(D) Drainage:
Haryana is mainly drained by non-perennial streams. There is no large river in the state. But
the evidence of archaeological finding, old abandoned channels and historical records
explained that this is the land of many rivers and streams and due to existence of these water
bodies Haryana known as greenery and granary in the past. At present there is no perennial
river which flowing exactly through Haryana. Yamuna is the only perennial river in the state
which is flowing in its eastern border line from north to south. In the western part Ghagger
with its tributaries and some seasonal rivers such as Markanda, Sahibi, Tangri and Saraswati
etc. flows in different parts of the state. Main and minor river of Haryana are as follows:-
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Fig. 2.1
Yamuna:
The Yamuna is the only perennial and also biggest river of the state. The source of Yamuna
River lies in western greater Himalayan‟s Yamnotri glacier and it flows along with the
eastern boundary of the state. It is marked the boundary between Haryana and Uttar Pradesh
and provides water for irrigation and the drinking water facilities to the state, that‟s why it is
called life line of eastern Haryana.
Saraswati:
The Saraswati is considered to be very sacred throughout the country. One of the greatest
river of ancient India (mention in the Rig Veda as a „river par excellence‟), today it has been
relegated to being just a rivulet. The source of Saraswati River lies in depression of Kalawar,
north of Mustafa bad in Jagadhari tehsil of Ambala district, river received water form drained
out Sirmur, Shiwalik hills. It reaches the plain near Adh-badri and thereafter lost in sands.
After a few kilometres it reappears about 5 kilometres south of Bhawanipur. It again lost in
sands near Bal Chhaper and again reappears in the south-west direction of (Pehowa) and
Pehowa-Narkanda meet with Saraswati. Its co- influence with Ghagger take place about 5
kilometres from Serga.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Rai
nfa
ll in
(m
m)
Months
Haryana
Rainfall2009
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Ghaggar:
After Yamuna, Ghagghar is another important river which comes out from the Sirmur hills in
Himachal Pradesh. It flows between the Yamuna and the Satluj river towards the North West
direction. Ghaggar enters in Haryana near Bariser village in Panchkula as a ranging torrent.
After enter in Ambala district, it takes the south-western turn and meet in the Saraswati River
near Serga .It fulfils the requirement of drinking water and irrigation in Ambala, Sirsa,
Fatehabad and Karnal district etc. It is generally dry in summer and carries water only during
the rainy season. Ghaggar has about 291 km. length of its course which terminates a little to
the east of Hanumangarh in Rajasthan.
Markanda:
The River Markanda was known as „Aruna‟ in ancient time. It is a seasonal stream like the
Ghaggar. It comes out from Shiwalik‟s Sirmur range and enters in Ambala near Kala Amb
and after reaching in Shahabad known as Shahabad Markanda. During monsoon `s season,
this stream swell up into a raging torrent notorious for its devastating power. The surplus
water is let out carried on to the Sanisa Lake where the Markanda joins the Saraswati. Tangri
is an important tributary of this river.
Tangri:
The Dangri (Tangri) stream rises in Morni hills and flows in a southerly direction up to
village Chhajju Majra where it is joined by the Baliali nadi. It further flows as a southerly
course running on the eastern side of the Ambala Cantonment. The Dangri (Tangri) seems to
have changed its course towards the close of the 19th century when the drainage was
confined to the eastern channel which is famous for its floods and creates a fertile flood plain.
Sahibi:
The Sahibi raises in the Sewar hills of the Jaipur district of Rajasthan. It enters Haryana one
kilometre east of village Gaduwas of Tijara tahsil in the Alwar district of Rajasthan. It
reaches with voluminous proportions, from about a hundred tributaries, forming a broad
stream around Alwar and Patan. On reaching Jhajjar its branches off into two smaller
streams, finally reaching the outskirts of Delhi and flowing into the Yamuna.
Indori:
It originates from Aravalli hills in Rajasthan near village Indaur. After passing through
villages Nanuka, Khaika, Bhogipur, Chundhika, Sunari, Untwan, Bhudka, Rathiwas,
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Sidhrawali and Baspadamka, it joins Sahibi Nadi on the upstream side of Pataudi Railway
Station. It is supplemented with so many tributaries coming from Aravalli hills. The total
catchment of the nadi up to its submergence is 197.9 sq. km.
Krishnawati:
Kasaunti or Krishnawati originates about 1.6 kilometres south-east of Nim Ka Thana in
Jaipur hills (Rajasthan). Flowing in a northerly direction it enters Narnaul tahsil near
Bhadanti and Dostpur, about 25 kilometres south of Narnaul. It passes about 1.6 kilometres
east of Narnaul town. The stream has a course of about 49 kilometres which terminates near
Dahina village at the northern boundary of the Rewari tahsil. During flood, the water of the
stream spreads towards Nuni Kalan, Saloni and Budlana villages in the Narnaul tahsil.
Dohan:
Dohan also take off from Jaipur hills about 6 kilometres short of Nim Ka Thana (Rajasthan).
It flows for 29 kilometres in Rajasthan territory before entering the Mahendragarh tehsil.
Dohan is an important source of drinking water for the areas of the Narnaul and
Mahendragarh tehsils. It runs a length of about 50 kilometres in the Mahendragarh district.
The stream penetrates out at Bassai village which is about 16 kilometres north of
Mahendragarh town.
Ground water:
The Depth of ground or underground water in Haryana varies from region to region. In the
Shiwalik hills region, the ground water table is quite deep. But rest of region the ground
water table rises as one meters from south and south west to north and east. The water level
in Mahendragarh, Bhiwani, Hisar, Jind and Sirsa district is found generally at the depth of 10
meters. But in Karnal, Ambala, Kurukshetra, Sonipat, Jhajjar and Rohtak, the water table is
often found at an average depth of three metres. In the Yamuna and Ghaggar basin along the
river course, the ground water quality is good. In the Yamuna basin, ground water quality is
good between the river and National Highway No. 1.The ground water quality deteriorates as
well to the south-west. Ground water is highly saline in the inland drainage basin which is
moving toward saucer-shaped depression around Rohtak-Hisar-Sirsa axis. According to
Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, of the total geographical area of is
38537square Kms. Yamuna and its inland drainage basin of 26,989 sq. km. is having problem
associated with brackish water. (Rao, 1986)
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Vegetation:
Haryana has arid and semi arid type climate and also agriculturally advanced with developing
industries, which indicates that the state has not rich in vegetation, the vegetation found in
state differ from region to region and depends upon climatic factors such as; temperature,
rainfall, distance from sea and altitude above sea level etc. The natural vegetation found over
plain is tropical thorny forest that receives annual rainfall from 25 cm to 50 cm. The areas
where rainfall is sufficient tropical dry deciduous forest are found and main trees are Kikar,
Neem, Shisham, Janti, Eucalypts and leafless Kair and Jaal etc. The state forest occupies 4.2
percent of total geographical area of the state which is very poor than other northern states
and from general requirement 33 percent of the total area of the state.
Minerals:
Haryana state is also poor in the context of mineral. There are no largest deposits of any kind
of minerals in the state. Only in district Mahendragarh, some iron ores, calcite, copper ores,
mica and limestone are found. It may be the reason of less industrial development of state.
Despite all these things the state has some natural resources that found rarely one or two sites
of world that is „flexible stone‟ which is found in „Kaliyana‟ village of Bhiwani district.
Socio-Economic Characteristics:
Demography:
According to 2011 provisional census population of Haryana is 2, 53, 53,081 persons.
Although the number of cities and towns has increased in the state but still above 65 percent
of total population are living in rural areas. The population density of state is 573 people per
square kilometre that is higher than nation‟s 382 people per square kilometre density. District
Faridabad with 2298 person per square kilometre is most dense district of state while district
Sirsa with 303 people per square kilometre accounts lowest place in state. According to 2001
census Hindus are majority in Haryana and are about 90% of the population, Sikhs 5.53%,
Muslims 5.8% and Christian‟s 0.10%.Hindus make up about 1,86,55,925 of the population,
Sikhs 11,70,662, Muslims 12,22,916, Jains 57,167, Christians 27,185, and Buddhists 7,140.
Muslims are mainly in the Mewat district, while Sikhs are mostly in the districts adjoining
Punjab, Hisar and Jind. These days the state is seeing a massive influx of immigrants from
across the nation, primarily from Bihar, Bengal, Uttrakhand, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and
Nepal.
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Table 2.2: Haryana: Figure at a Glance, 2011
S. No. Characteristics
1 Area (in sq. km.) 44,212
2 Divisions 4
3 Districts 21
4 Sub-Divisions 57
5 Tehsils 74
6 Sub-Tehsils 44
7 Blocks 119
8 Towns 154
9 Villages 6,841
10 Total Population 2,53,53,081
11 Male Population 1,35,05,130
12 Female Population 1,18,47,951
13 Rural Population 1,65,31,493
14 Urban Population 88,21,588
15 Population Density (per sq. km.) 573
16 Percentage of Rural Population 65.21
17 Percentage of Urban Population 34.79
18 Sex Ratio (female/1000 male) 877
19 Child Sex Ratio 830
20 Total Literacy Rate 76.64
21 Rural Literacy Rate 72.74
22 Urban literacy Rate 83.83
23 Male Literacy Rate 85.38
24 Female Literacy Rate 66.77
25 Decadal Growth Rate 19.9 Source: Provisional Census of India, 2011
Literacy:
Literacy is one of the main components of socio-economic development of an area or
country. It is also one of the main components of Human Development Index (HDI) with life
expectancy and per capita income. The overall literacy rate of state is 76.64 of total
population. The male literacy rate is 85.4 per cent which is higher than female literacy rate
which is 66.8 per cent. There is highest literacy rate and lowest literacy rate in Gurgaon and
Mewat districts respectively. On the one hand male literacy rate is highest in Rewari and
lowest in Mewat, while on the other hand female literacy rate is high in Gurgaon and lowest
in Mewat district. It has also been recorded that rural literacy rate is high in Gurgaon district
while lowest in Mewat district, and the highest urban literacy rate in Panchkula district and
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the lowest in Mewat district. Map 2.5 shows the spatial pattern of various dimensions of
literacy in Haryana in 2011. This map shows that literacy rate in southern Haryana and
eastern Haryana is high (except Mewat and Palwal) than other regions.
Table 2.3: Area and Population Characteristics of Haryana, 2011 S.
No. Districts
Area (in
Sq. Km.)
Rural
Population
Urban
Population
Total
Population
Population
Density
Growth
Rate
1 Ambala 1,574 6,32,243 5,04,541 11,36,784 722 12.06
2 Panchkula 898 2,52,231 3,06,659 5,58,890 622 19.32
3 Yamunanagar 1,768 7,41,370 4,72,792 12,14,162 687 16.56
4 Kurukshetra 1,530 6,85,296 2,78,935 9,64,231 630 16.81
5 Kaithal 2,317 8,37,171 2,35,690 10,72,861 463 13.39
6 Karnal 2,520 10,50,293 4,56,030 15,06,323 598 18.22
7 Panipat 1,268 6,49,866 5,52,945 12,02,811 949 24.33
8 Sonipat 2,122 10,28,393 4,51,687 14,80,080 697 15.71
9 Rohtak 1,745 6,13,864 4,44,819 10,58,683 607 11.95
10 Jhajjar 1,834 7,13,933 2,42,974 9,56,907 522 8.73
11 Faridabad 743 3,69,861 14,29,093 17,98,954 2298 31.75
12 Gurgaon 1,254 4,72,085 10,42,000 15,14,085 1241 73.93
13 Rewari 1,594 6,64,718 2,31,411 8,96,129 562 17.09
14 Mahendragarh 1,899 7,88,705 1,32,975 9,21,680 485 13.43
15 Bhiwani 4,778 13,06,531 3,22,578 16,29,109 341 14.32
16 Jind 2,702 10,28,119 3,03,923 13,32,042 493 11.95
17 Hisar 3,983 11,89,789 5,53,026 17,42,815 438 13.38
18 Fatehabad 2,538 7,62,182 1,79,340 9,41,522 371 16.79
19 Sirsa 4,277 9,74,624 3,20,490 12,95,114 303 15.98
20 Mewat 1,500 9,65,389 1,24,017 10,89,406 729 37.94
21 Palwal 1,368 8,04,830 2,35,663 10,40,493 761 25.49
Haryana 44,212 1,65,31,493 88,21,588 2,53,53,081 573 19.90 Source: Provisional Census of India, 2011
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Table 2.4: Various Dimensions of Literacy in Haryana, 2011
Sr. No. Districts General
Literacy
Male
Literacy
Female
Literacy
Rural
Literacy
Urban
Literacy
1 Panchkula 83.44 88.65 77.48 77.45 88.25
2 Ambala 82.89 88.47 76.64 78.64 88.15
3 Yamunanagar 78.93 85.06 71.99 74.96 85.04
4 Kurukshetra 76.7 83.46 69.18 73.3 84.87
5 Kaithal 70.56 79.33 60.69 68.29 78.52
6 Karnal 76.44 83.73 68.29 73.1 83.94
7 Panipat 77.46 85.45 68.23 74.09 81.37
8 Sonipat 80.83 89.4 70.88 78.53 86.02
9 Jind 72.73 82.49 61.58 70.16 81.37
10 Fatehabad 69.13 78.1 59.29 66.73 79.22
11 Sirsa 70.35 78.64 61.16 66.9 80.77
12 Hisar 73.24 82.79 62.31 70.02 80.08
13 Bhiwani 76.74 87.39 64.4 75.2 82.91
14 Rohtak 80.37 88.42 71.19 78.03 83.56
15 Jhajjar 80.83 89.44 70.96 78.92 86.42
16 Mahendragarh 78.87 91.28 65.25 78.04 83.8
17 Rewari 82.23 92.92 70.54 80.87 86.13
18 Gurgaon 84.44 90.27 77.64 81.1 85.94
19 Mewat 56.14 72.98 37.58 54.01 71.78
20 Faridabad 83.04 89.94 75.17 75.72 84.87
21 Palwal 70.32 82.6 56.4 67.87 78.3 Source: Provisional Census of India, 2011
Sex Ratio:
Haryana have the worst place in the context of sex ratio in the country with 877 females/1000
males (Census of India, 2011). It is very low than that the national average; that is 940females/
1000 males. According to the census of 2011, highest sex ratio is found in Kerala. Haryana has
the last rank in terms of sex ratio. Mewat district has most favourable sex ratio with 906 females
per 1000 males in the state while Sonipat and Gurgaon recorded the lowest sex ratio in the state
which is 853 females /1000 males. Although child sex ratio in Haryana has been increased from
819 in 2001 to 830 in 2011, but it is still lowest in India. Jhajjar district has the lowest child sex
ratio among all the district of India. It has been noticed that there is some improvement in sex
ratio i.e. 877 in 2011, while it was 861 in 2001. There is also a variation in sex ratio within the
state. Sonipat and Gurgaon have most adverse sex ratio in the state with 853 females per 1000
males. Map 2.6 (a) and (b) shows the spatial pattern of sex ratio and child sex ratio in Haryana in
2011. Figure 2.2 shows the trend of sex ratio in Haryana from 1971 to 2011.
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Table 2.5: Sex Ratio and Child Sex Ratio in Haryana, 2001-11
Districts Sex Ratio (2001) Sex Ratio (2011) Child Sex Ratio
(2001)
Child Sex Ratio
(2011)
Panchkula 823 870 829 850
Ambala 868 882 782 807
Yamunanagar 862 877 806 825
Kurukshetra 866 889 771 817
Kaithal 853 880 791 821
Karnal 865 886 809 820
Panipat 829 861 809 833
Sonipat 839 853 788 790
Jind 852 870 818 835
Fatehabad 884 903 828 845
Sirsa 882 896 817 852
Hisar 851 871 832 849
Bhiwani 879 884 841 831
Rohtak 847 868 799 807
Jhajjar 847 861 801 774
Mahendragarh 918 894 818 778
Rewari 899 898 811 784
Gurgaon 850 853 807 826
Mewat 899 906 893 903
Faridabad 826 871 847 842
Palwal 862 879 854 862
Haryana 861 877 819 830
Source: Provisional Census of India, 2011
Table 2.6: Trend of Sex Ratio in Haryana, 1971-2011
S. No. Years Sex Ratio Child Sex Ratio
1 1971 867 899
2 1981 870 902
3 1991 865 879
4 2001 861 819
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5 2011 877 830
Source: Provisional Census of India, 2011
Fig. 2.2
Health Care Facilities:
Provision of basic health care services to rural community is the primary objective of
government as well as non-governmental organizations in the context of rural development
(Srinivasan, 2006). But there are regional disparities in the distribution of health care facilities in
India. Haryana is also not exception of this. There are 3242 health institute in Haryana, out of
them 69 hospitals, 429 PHCs, 193 dispensaries, 86 CHCs and 2465 SCs (Haryana Statistical
Abstract, 2012). The highest health centres are located in Bhiwani district while the lowest health
centres in Panchkula district. (Table 2.7)
Vital Indicators:
Vital statistics denote the health status of people better than any other data. They constitute the
most important base on which health planning is done (Misra, R.P., 2007). Table 2.8 shows the
trend of birth rate, death rate and infant mortality rate in over the years in Haryana. It shows that
there is positive change in these indicators. It indicates that birth rate was 38 per thousand in
760
780
800
820
840
860
880
900
920
1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Pe
r Th
ou
san
d
Trend of Sex Ratio in Haryana1971-2011
Sex Ratio
Child Sex Ratio
Years
15
1975, while it is 22.7 per thousand in 2009. There is decline of nearly 16 points. Death rate was
12.3 per thousand in 1975, while it is half of 2009. Infant mortality rate was 114 per thousand in
1975, but now 51 per thousand in 2009. It declines 63 points during this period. Figure 2.3 shows
the trends of birth rate, death rate and infant mortality rate in Haryana from 1975 to 2009. It
shows that these three vital indicators are continuously declining.
Table 2.7: Medical Institutions in Haryana, 2010-11
Districts Hospitals PHCs Dispensaries CHCs Sub-Centres Total
Ambala 5 17 7 3 100 132
Panchkula 2 9 13 2 51 77
Yamunanagar 4 18 12 4 111 149
Kurukshetra 1 21 4 4 107 137
Kaithal 1 22 2 5 144 174
Karnal 2 25 12 5 141 185
Panipat 2 16 6 2 90 116
Sonipat 2 29 14 6 161 212
Rohtak 8 21 12 6 113 160
Jhajjar 3 22 5 4 123 157
Faridabad 4 10 29 1 57 101
Palwal 1 14 2 3 78 98
Gurgaon 6 12 8 1 71 98
Mewat 1 13 4 3 84 105
Rewari 3 16 4 5 107 135
Mahendragarh 1 23 3 5 103 135
Bhiwani 8 39 16 6 214 283
Jind 3 27 9 6 158 203
Hisar 7 35 15 8 200 265
Fatehabad 2 16 5 3 106 132
Sirsa 3 24 11 4 146 188
Haryana 69 429 193 86 2,465 3242
Source: Haryana Statistical Abstract, 2012
Table 2.8: Birth, Death and Infant Mortality Rate Pattern in Haryana, 1975-2009
S. No. Years Birth Rate Death Rate Infant Mortality Rate
1 1975 38 12.3 114
2 1980 37.2 11.2 103.5
3 1985 35.7 9.1 85
4 1990 31.9 8.4 69
16
5 1995 29.9 8.1 69
6 2000 26.9 7.5 67
7 2005 24.3 6.7 60
8 2009 22.7 6.6 51
Source: Haryana Statistical Abstract, 2012
Fig. 2.3
Land Use/Land Cover:
Land use is referred as „man‟s activities and the various uses which are carried on land‟. Land
cover is referred as „natural vegetation, water bodies, rock/soil, artificial cover and others
resulting due to land transformation‟ (Manonmani and Suganya, 2010). Table 2.9 and figure 2.4
show that 81.2 percent of total area is under net are sown category. Forest covers only 0.9
percent of total area. 13.1 percent area is under the category of land not available for cultivation,
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009
Per
Th
ou
san
d
Trend of Birth, Death and Infant Mortality Rate in Haryana1975-2009
Birth Rate
Death Rate
Infant Mortality Rate
Years
17
1.6 percent area is covered by other uncultivated land and fallow land accounts 3.2 percent of
total area in the state.
Table 2.9: Land Use/Land Cover in Haryana, 2009-10
S. No. Category Area in percent
1 Net Area Sown 81.2
2 Forests 0.9
3 Land Not Available for Cultivation 13.1
4 Other Uncultivated Land Excluding Fallow Land 1.6
5 Fallow Land 3.2
6 Total 100
Source: Haryana Statistical Abstract, 2012
Fig. 2.4
Agriculture:
Despite recent industrial development, Haryana is primarily an agricultural state. About 70% of
81%
1%
13%
2%
3%
Haryana
Land Use/Land Cover 2009-10
Net Area Sown
Forests
Land Not Available for Cultivation
Other Uncultivated Land Excluding Fallow Land
Fallow Land
18
residents are engaged in agriculture who got second position in food grain production in the
country. Haryana is self-sufficient in food production and the second largest contributor to
India's central pool of food grains. The major crops of Haryana are wheat and rice which are
followed by sugarcane, cotton, oilseeds, gram barley, corn, millet etc. They are put up in two
main types of crops in Haryana i.e. (i) Rabi and (ii) Kharif. Kharif crops include rice, jowar,
bajra, maize, cotton, jute, sugarcane, sesame and groundnut. Rabi crops are wheat, tobacco,
gram, linseed, rapeseed and mustard. The total geographical area of the state is 4.44 m ha, which
is 1.4 percent of total geographical area of country. The cultivable area is 3.8 m ha. Which is 86
percent of total geographical area of state and out of this 3.62 m ha, i.e. 96.2 percent is under
cultivation. The gross cropped area of state is 6.32 m ha and net cropped area is 3.62 m ha. with
a cropping intensity of 177 percent, which represents dominancy of agriculture in the state.
(www.haryana/govt.nic.in). The percentage of workers who are engaged in agricultural work is
51.29 (2001) including 36.03 percent cultivator and 15.26 percent agricultural labourers. Highest
agricultural workers are in Fatehabad district and the
Table 2.10: Agricultural Development in Haryana, 2010-11
Districts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ambala 132 56.8 91.3 83.82 5.6 85.6 207 56,155
Panchkula 24 62.5 64.1 84.1 8.21 66.7 39 5,101
Yamunanagar 125 72.8 93.5 75.88 13.38 92 216 70,391
Kurukshetra 150 88 100 82.4 7.14 100 283 97,309
Kaithal 202 88.1 99.7 89.87 1.87 99.5 380 85,273
Karnal 197 97.5 99.7 88.87 2.44 100 389 116,216
Panipat 95 98.9 100 87.25 2.8 100 189 47,982
Sonipat 153 94.1 98.3 87.64 2.36 99.3 297 86,560
Rohtak 140 60 87.5 84.46 11.96 80 224 56,179
Jhajjar 163 41.7 81.9 79.57 15.09 74.2 232 20,841
Faridabad 37 86.5 100 73.68 2.35 97.3 68 18,442
Palwal 104 82.7 94.7 76.63 3 90.4 190 60,443
Gurgaon 84 39.3 88.9 80 12.48 84.5 117 16,647
Mewat 107 61.7 59 68.44 16.59 62.6 173 22,547
Rewari 126 51.6 78.1 58.39 34.38 86.5 192 45,960
Mahendragar
h 151 77.5 56.3 55.3 35.56 83.4 268 31,877
Bhiwani 371 92.5 56.4 60.03 24.57 54.5 714 59,063
Jind 238 96.2 95.1 79.36 11.24 97.1 467 102,503
Hisar 332 82.5 89.1 56.5 31.24 80.4 606 112,000
19
Fatehabad 224 85.3 98.3 67.54 23.01 99.1 415 103,536
Sirsa 395 73.7 96.5 52.77 34.55 93.9 686 142,597 Source: Compiled by Researcher based on Statistical Abstract of Haryana, 2012
1 .Net area sown (in thousand hectares), 2. Percentage of Area Sown more than once to Net Area Sown 3.
Percentage of Gross Area Irrigated to Gross Area Sown, 4. Percentage of Gross Area Sown under Food grains Crops
to Total Cropped Area, 5. Percentage of Gross Area Sown under Commercial Crops to Total Cropped Area, 6.
Percentage of Net Area Irrigated to Net Area Sown, 7. Total cropped area (in thousand hectares)
8. Fertilizer consumption (in tonnes).
lowest in Panchkula district because Fatehabad is agricultural dominated district while
Panchkula is dominated by industries and administration related acivities. Net Area Sown is high
in Sirsa and Bhiwani and the lowest in Panchkula because Sirsa and Bhiwani is the biggest
district of state and Panchkula is smallest one. Percentage of area sown more than once to net
area sown is highest in Panipat and the lowest in Gurgaon. Gross area irrigated to gross area
sown is 100 percent in Kurukshetra, Faridabad and Panipat while the lowest in Mahendragarh
district. On the one hand percentage of gross area sown under Food grain crops to total cropped
area is the highest in Kaithal and the lowest in Sirsa and on the other hand percentage of gross
area sown under commercial crops is highest in Mahendragarh and the lowest in Kaithal.
Percentage of net area irrigated to net area sown is 100 percent in Kurukshetra, Karnal and
Panipat while lowest in Bhiwani. Total cropped area is highest in Bhiwani and the lowest in
Panchkula. Fertilizer consumption is highest in Sirsa while the lowest in Panchkula. (Haryana
Statistical Abstract, 2012).
Table 2.11: Infrastructural Facilities in Haryana, 2010-11
Districts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ambala 110 12 37 112 80 14 5 12
Bhiwani 119 17 7 148 51 8 2 14
Faridabad 93 6 148 29 71 10 5 5
Fatehabad 86 14 13 163 60 9 3 15
Gurgaon 69 6 121 47 57 22 5 10
Hisar 79 15 20 126 54 8 2 13
Jhajjar 115 16 52 139 72 9 1 14
Jind 76 15 12 84 41 7 3 12
Kaithal 87 16 12 168 78 9 3 11
Karnal 87 12 31 106 64 11 5 12
Kurukshetra 102 14 17 122 77 11 5 12
Mahendragarh 102 15 7 112 54 7 3 13
20
Mewat 81 10 0 87 51 3 4 7
Palwal 109 9 2 80 61 6 4 N.A
Panchkula 86 14 28 107 67 23 13 9
Panipat 60 10 68 74 71 10 5 9
Rewari 110 15 22 113 64 11 2 14
Rohtak 66 15 28 96 58 12 2 11
Sirsa 83 15 9 173 53 9 2 13
Sonipat 96 15 44 98 67 11 2 12
Yamunanagar 127 12 105 97 67 10 6 11
Haryana 92 13 41 106 61 10 3 11 Source: Compiled by Researcher based on Haryana Statistical Abstract, 2012 N.A= Data not available
1. Schools per lakh population, 2. Medical Institutions per lakh population, 3. Registered Factories per lakh
population, 4. Road length per lakh population, 5. Road Density 6. Banks per lakh population, 7. Regulated Markets
per lakh Hectares of Net Area Sown, 8. Number of Post Offices per lakh of Population
Infrastructure:
Infrastructural development shows the quality of life of people in a region or country. The
infrastructure is the totality of the structure of road network, communication, transmission of
information, health and other facilities. The development of a region depends upon the
development of agriculture and industry but such a development cannot take place without
simultaneous development of infrastructure (Naseer, 2005). Table 2.11 shows the infrastructural
facilities in Haryana during 2010-11. For detailed analysis and analysis of development eight
indicators have been taken into consideration, viz., schools per lakh population, medical
Institutions per lakh population, registered factories per lakh population, road length per lakh
population, road density, banks Road length per lakh population, regulated markets per lakh
hectares of net area sown and number of post offices per lakh of population. Based on composite
index of these data, Haryana is divided into three categories viz., (i) developed districts (ii)
moderate developed districts and (iii) less developed districts. Bhiwani, Kurukshetra, Fatehabad,
Sonipat, Ambala, Rewari and Jhajjar districts came in the category of developed districts.
Karnal, Mahendragarh, Rohtak, Hisar, Panchkula, Yamuna Nagar and Kaithal came under the
category of moderate developed districts. While Mewat, Jind, Palwal, Panipat, Faridabad,
Gurgaon and Sirsa came under the category of less developed category.
Roads and Railways:
21
Roads and railways are two means of transport which became life line of an area or country.
Haryana state has suitable conditions for the development of inland transport system. Haryana
was first state in the country to link all villages with all-weather roads. . It has a total road length
of 29,726 kilometres (Haryana Statistical Abstract, 2012). The remotest parts of the state are linked
with metalled roads. Its modern fleet of 3,864 buses cover a distance of 1.15 million kilometres
per day. It was the first State in the country to introduce luxury video coaches. Grand Trunk
Road, commonly abbreviated to GT Road pass through the state which is one of South Asia's
oldest and longest major roads. It passes through the districts of Sonipat, Panipat, Karnal,
Kurukshetra, Ambala, Faridabad and Palwal. Bhiwani district has highest length of road and
Faridabad has lowest length of road. On the other hand highest road density is in Ambala and
lowest in Jind. The state government proposes to construct Express highways and freeways for
speedier vehicular traffic. The Kundli-Manesar-Palwal Expressway (KMP) which is 135.6-km
long will provide high-speed link to northern Haryana with its southern districts such as Sonipat,
Jhajjar, Gurgaon and Faridabad. The work on this
Table 2.12: Roads in Haryana, 2007-08
S. No. Category Length in kms.
1 National Highways 1512
2 State Highways 2523
3 Other P.W.D. Roads 20108
4 Urban Roads 5024
5 Project Roads 559
6 Total 29726
Source: Haryana Statistical Abstract, 2012
Fig. 2.5
22
project has already been started and was scheduled to be completed by July 2009; but it is not
completed till now. Haryana and Delhi government has also constructed Delhi-Gurgaon
Expressway which has the largest toll plaza in Asia and 3rd largest in the world. Map 2.7 shows
the transport network in Haryana, 2013. There are five categories of road of Haryana, 2007-08
i.e. (i) National Highways (ii) State Highways (iii) Other PWD Roads (iv) Urban Roads and (v)
Projected Roads. The highest length 20,108 km. recorded in other PWD roads followed by urban
roads 5,024 km., state highways 2523 km., national highways 1512 km. and the lowest 559 km
projected roads. Figure 2.5 also clears the position of all categories of road. Haryana is well
connected to the railway network as well as roads. Eastern Haryana lies in the northern railway
zone while western Haryana lies in north western railway zone and it have approximately 1553
km length of railway lines (http://www.ircep.gov.in/AboutUs.html). There is 75 km. long new
route of Rohtak-Jhajjar-Rewari is also started in January 2013. The following main railway
routes passing through the state; Amritsar - Delhi, Delhi - Ahmadabad, Bhiwani - Rohtak -
Delhi, Ambala - Ferozepur, Delhi - Ferozepur, Kalka - Jodhpur, Kalka - Howrah, Amritsar –
Howrah, Delhi- Jammu and Delhi – Shimla. Thus we can say that Haryana good and developed
position in terms of road and railways.
5%
8%
68%
17%
2%
Haryana
Roads Under Different Categories2007-08
National Highways
State Highways
Other P.W.D. Roads
Urban Roads
Project Roads
23
References:
1. Census of India (1991): "Regional divisions of India-A Cartographic Analysis”,
Occasional Paper, Series 1, Volume VII, Haryana.
2. Government of Haryana (2002): Statistical Abstract 2000-01, Economic and Statistical
Adviser, Haryana.
3. Government of Haryana (2010): Statistical Abstract 2008-09, Economic and Statistical
Adviser, Haryana.
4. Government of Haryana (2012): Statistical Abstract 2010-11, Economic and Statistical
Adviser, Haryana.
5. Haryana State Gazetteer, Volume – I
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/haryana
7. http://www.ircep.gov.in/AboutUs.html
8. Husain, Majid (1996): Systematic Agriculture Geography, Rawat Publication, Jaipur.
9. Manonmani, R and Suganya, G. Mary Divya (2010): “Remote Sensing and GIS
Application in Change Detection Study in Urban Zone Using Multi Temporal Satellite”,
International journal of Geomatics and Geosciences, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 60-65.
10. Misra, R.P. (2007): Geography of Health, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.
11. Naseer, Yasmeen (2005): “Levels of Development: A Case Study of Western Plain of
Uttar Pradesh”, Geographical Review of India, Vol. 66, No. 4, pp.350-360.
12. Rao, H. (1986): Regional Disparities and Development in India, Ashish Publishing
House, New Delhi, pp. 61-63.
13. Shafi, Mohammad (2006): Agriculture Geography, Pearson Education Publisher, Delhi,
pp.13-14.
14. Singh, Jaibir (1989): Haryana: Past and Present, P.G. Publication, New Delhi, pp.12.
24
15. Singh, Jasbir (1976): An Agricultural Geography of Haryana, Vishal Publication
University Campus, Kurukshetra, p. 91.
16. Srinivasan, S. (2006): Health Care Services in Rural India: Current Status and Future
Challenges, in Verma, S.B., Jiloka, S.K., Pathak, A.C. (eds.), Rural Health Care and
Housing, Deep and Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
17. Wilson, F. (1978): History of Haryana, Intellectual Publishing House, Delhi, p.11.
18. Wilson, F. (1979): History of Haryana, Prentice Hall, London, p. 13
19. www.haryana/govt.nic.in
20. http://www.haryanapwd-bandr.org/
