Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
Study Guide Solutions
Table of Contents Chapter 1 – A Physics Toolkit .................................................................................................................................. 3
Vocabulary Review .............................................................................................................................................. 3
Section 1.1: Mathematics and Physics ................................................................................................................ 3
Section 1.2: Measurement .................................................................................................................................. 3
Section 1.3: Graphing Data ................................................................................................................................. 4
Chapter 2 – Representing Motion ........................................................................................................................... 4
Vocabulary Review .............................................................................................................................................. 4
Section 2.1: Picturing Motion .............................................................................................................................. 4
Section 2.2: Where and When? .......................................................................................................................... 4
Section 2.3: Position-Time Graphs ...................................................................................................................... 5
Section 2.4: How Fast? ........................................................................................................................................ 5
Chapter 3 – Accelerated Motion ............................................................................................................................. 5
Vocabulary Review .............................................................................................................................................. 5
Section 3.1: Acceleration .................................................................................................................................... 6
Section 3.2: Motion with Constant Acceleration ................................................................................................ 7
Section 3.3: Free Fall ........................................................................................................................................... 8
Chapter 4 – Forces in One Dimension ..................................................................................................................... 9
Vocabulary Review .............................................................................................................................................. 9
Section 4.1: Force and Motion .......................................................................................................................... 10
Section 4.2: Using Newton’s Laws..................................................................................................................... 10
Section 4.3: Interaction Forces.......................................................................................................................... 11
Chapter 5 – Forces in Two Dimensions ................................................................................................................. 11
Vocabulary Review ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Section 5.1: Vectors .......................................................................................................................................... 11
Section 5.2: Friction........................................................................................................................................... 15
Section 5.3: Force and Motion in Two Dimensions .......................................................................................... 15
Chapter 6 – Motion in Two Dimensions ................................................................................................................ 17
Vocabulary Review ............................................................................................................................................ 17
Section 6.1: Projectile Motion ........................................................................................................................... 17
2
Section 6.2: Uniform Circular Motion ............................................................................................................... 18
Section 6.3: Relative Velocity ............................................................................................................................ 19
Chapter 7 – Gravitation ......................................................................................................................................... 19
Vocabulary Review ............................................................................................................................................ 19
Section 7.1: Planetary Motion and Gravitation ................................................................................................ 19
Section 7.2: Using the Law of Universal Gravitation ......................................................................................... 20
Chapter 9 – Momentum and Its Conservation...................................................................................................... 20
Vocabulary Review ............................................................................................................................................ 20
Section 9.1: Impulse and Momentum ............................................................................................................... 21
Section 9.2: Conservation of Momentum ......................................................................................................... 22
Chapter 10 – Energy, Work, and Simple Machines ............................................................................................... 23
Vocabulary Review ............................................................................................................................................ 23
Section 10.1: Energy and Work ......................................................................................................................... 23
Section 10.2: Machines ..................................................................................................................................... 24
Chapter 11 – Energy and Its Conservation ............................................................................................................ 24
Vocabulary Review ............................................................................................................................................ 24
Section 11.1: The Many Forms of Energy ......................................................................................................... 25
Section 11.2: Conservation of Energy ............................................................................................................... 26
3
Chapter 1 – A Physics Toolkit
Vocabulary Review 1. Physics
2. Scientific method
3. Significant digits
4. Inverse relationship
5. Line of best fit
6. Hypothesis
7. Independent variable
8. Scientific law
9. Measurement
10. Linear relationship
11. Scientific theory
12. Accuracy
13. Dependent variable
14. Dimensional analysis
15. Quadratic relationship
16. Precision
Section 1.1: Mathematics and Physics 1. Experiments
2. Experimental data
3. Results
4. Theories
5. Equations
6. Units
7. Dimensional analysis
8. Graphs
9. C
10. E
11. A
12. F
13. H
14. D
15. B
16. I
17. G
18. Least
19. Three
20. With the number of significant digits
required by the problem
21. 2
22. 1
23. 3
24. This can best be described as an observation because you have noticed a natural phenomenon.
25. The fact that exact units are mentioned makes this a quantitative measurement.
26. This statement describes the summing up of observations into a scientific law.
27. This is a hypothesis or prediction based on previous experience.
28. This is an example of reproducing results because you are doing the experiment a second time.
29. This is a scientific theory based on many observations and supported by experimental results.
Section 1.2: Measurement 1. A
2. C
3. D
4. B
5. C
6. A
7. D
4
Section 1.3: Graphing Data 1. Quadratic
2. The dependent variable is time and the
independent variable is distance.
3. Positive
4.
5. The graph is steeper at 2.0 s than at 1.0 s.
6. 15 m
7. ( )
8. Inverse
9. Negative
10. Ohms/A
11. 5 A
12.
13. D
14. C
15. F
16. A
17. E
18. B
Chapter 2 – Representing Motion
Vocabulary Review 1. Instantaneous velocity
2. Magnitude
3. Position
4. Time interval
5. Vector
6. Average velocity
7. Coordinate system
8. Origin
9. Position time graph
10. Motion diagram
11. Resultant
12. Particle model
13. Distance
14. Scalar
15. Instantaneous position
16. Displacement
17. Average speed
Section 2.1: Picturing Motion 1. B
2. B
3. D
4. C
5. A
Section 2.2: Where and When? 1. 4 m, -4 m, 5 m, 3 m, and 0 m
2. 1 m/s
3. -1 m/s
4. A, C, D
5. B
5
Section 2.3: Position-Time Graphs 1. Time
2. Position
3. 9.0 m
4. 4.0 s
5. 1.5 m/s
6.
7.
(
) ( )
Section 2.4: How Fast? 1.
2. At 15.0 m, . At 5.0 m, .
3.
4. At ,
At s, m
5.
6.
7. Average speed
8. +2.5 m/s
9.
10.
(
) ( )
11.
12. (
) ( )
Chapter 3 – Accelerated Motion
Vocabulary Review 1. Velocity-time graph
2. Instantaneous acceleration
3. Acceleration
4. Free fall
5. Average acceleration
6. Acceleration due to gravity
6
Section 3.1: Acceleration
2. C
3. B
4. D
5. C
6. A
7. Object B; the graph for Object B has a larger slope than that of Object A.
8. Object C has a negative slope, and it therefore decelerating.
9. Object B started from rest with a velocity of zero. Object C slows to a stop (
) and remains
stopped.
10. Object D begins with negative velocity, crosses the axis, and continues with positive velocity. This
behavior indicates that it slows to a complete stop and then starts moving again.
11. Object A is moving forward (positive velocity) and object E is moving backwards (negative velocity).
7
Section 3.2: Motion with Constant Acceleration
8
Section 3.3: Free Fall 1. Air resistance
2. True
3. The same
4. True
5. True
6. 29.4 m/s
7. True
8. True
9. 9.80 m/s2
10. True
9
Chapter 4 – Forces in One Dimension
Vocabulary Review 1. External world
2. Gravitational force
3. Newton’s first law
4. Force
5. Field force
6. Interaction pair
7. Tension
8. Net force
9. Equilibrium
10. Drag force
11. Newton’s second law
12. Apparent weight
13. Contact force
14. Newton’s third law
15. Normal force
16. System
17. Inertia
18. Agent
19. Free-body diagram
20. Terminal velocity
21. Weightlessness
10
Section 4.1: Force and Motion 1. True
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. True
6. False
7. False
8. True
9. D
10. B
11. C
12. D
13. C
14. C
15. A
16. D
Section 4.2: Using Newton’s Laws 1. C
2. D
3. A
4. G
5. F
6. B
7. H
8. E
9. A
10. B
11. B
12. C
13. C
14. A
15. Direction opposite to
16. True
17. More
18. The drag force equals the force of gravity
11
Section 4.3: Interaction Forces
Chapter 5 – Forces in Two Dimensions
Vocabulary Review 1. Component
2. Static Friction
3. Equilibrant
4. Kinetic friction
5. Coefficient of kinetic friction
6. Vector resolution
7. Coefficient of static friction
Section 5.1: Vectors 1. True
2. Velocity
3. True
4. True
5. May or may not be
6. True
7. Tip
12
13
14
15
Section 5.2: Friction 1. C
2. B
3. C
4. C
5. B
Section 5.3: Force and Motion in Two Dimensions
16
17
Chapter 6 – Motion in Two Dimensions
Vocabulary Review 1. E
2. A
3. C
4. D
5. B
Section 6.1: Projectile Motion 1. To an observer at Position A, the ball would appear to move straight up and then straight down.
2. To an observer at Position B, the ball would appear to move in a straight line.
3. To an observer at Position C, the ball’s path would appear as in the diagram (as a parabola).
18
4. Throughout its flight, a projectile is constantly being accelerated toward the ground, even when it is
moving upward. Thus, the vertical vector of a projectile’s flight first points upward and shrinks until
the projectile reaches its maximum height, at which point the projectile has no vertical component to
its motion. The vertical vector then points to the ground and grows larger until the projectile returns
to Earth. The horizontal vector always points parallel to the ground and has the same magnitude
throughout the projectile’s flight.
5. Both stones will hit the ground at the same time because the horizontal component of their velocities
is independent of the vertical component. They both start out with zero vertical velocity and they
both undergo the same acceleration due to gravity.
Section 6.2: Uniform Circular Motion 1. The object must be moving in a circle with a fixed radius and the object must be moving at constant
speed.
2. While speed is a directionless quantity (scalar), velocity is a vector and therefore any change in
direction indicates a change in velocity.
3. Newton’s first law states that a body moving at a constant velocity will continue moving at a constant
velocity unless an unbalanced force acts on that body. Since an object in uniform circular motion has a
changing velocity, it must be experiencing a non-zero net force.
4. Newton’s second law states that the net force acting on an object causing an acceleration in the same
direction as the net force. As shown in #3, an object in uniform circular motion must be experiencing a
non-zero net force. Therefore, there must be a non-zero acceleration in the same direction as the net
force.
19
Section 6.3: Relative Velocity
Chapter 7 – Gravitation
Vocabulary Review 1. Inertial mass
2. Kepler’s Second Law
3. Gravitational Mass
4. Gravitational Field
5. Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
Section 7.1: Planetary Motion and Gravitation Note: Kepler’s Laws will be discussed during second semester. They will not be on the first semester final
exam.
1. Copernicus
2. Brahe
3. Brahe
4. Kepler
5. Newton
6. Kepler
7. Newton
8. Kepler
9. Third
10. First
11. First
12. Third
13. Second
14.
15. Planet B’s average distance from the Sun
16. It is least at point 3 and greatest at point 1.
17. The magnitude of the force at point 3 is
18. √
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
20
24. The planet’s mean distance from the Sun as well as the mass of the Sun
25. It was a thin rod with small lead spheres at each end. The rod was suspended by a thin wire attached
at its center so that the rod could spin freely. He then placed two larger lead spheres in fixed positions
near the smaller spheres. The gravitational attraction between the lead spheres allowed Cavendish to
obtain a value for the universal gravitational constant.
26.
(
)( )( )
( ) . This is the same number as the
universal gravitational constant. The universal gravitational constant is the force of gravity between
two 1.00 kg objects that are separated by exactly one meter.
Section 7.2: Using the Law of Universal Gravitation 1. Horizontal, vertical
2. 9.80 m/s2
3. Horizontal
4. Air resistance
5. Orbit
6. The radius of the satellite’s orbit
7. The same
8. True
9. Would change
10. Inverse-square relationship
11. True
12. N/kg
13. Toward Earth’s center
14. Gravitational mass determines the force of
attraction between two masses and inertial
mass determines an object’s resistance to
any type of force.
15. No; the inertial mass is a function of an
object’s resistance to an exterior force, not
to its position relative to other objects.
16. C
17. E
18. D
19. F
20. B
21. A
22. Gravitational
23. Force; space
24. Space
25. Mass
26. General relativity
Chapter 9 – Momentum and Its Conservation Note: Anything that mentions “angular” was not discussed in class, and will not be on any test.
Vocabulary Review 1. Angular momentum
2. Law of conservation of momentum
3. Angular impulse – angular momentum theorem
4. Law of conservation of angular momentum
5. Closed system
6. Impulse
7. Isolated system
8. Momentum
9. Impulse-momentum theorem
21
Section 9.1: Impulse and Momentum 1. 8.0 N
2. 6.0 s
3. Impulse
4.
5. ( )( )
6.
7.
8.
9.
( ) (
)
10.
( ) (
)
11.
( ) (
)
12.
( ) (
)
13. Increase the size of the force, or increase the amount of time the force is acting.
22
14. Injuries occur as a result of the large force between the driver’s body and the steering wheel during an
accident. An air bag increases the time of the collision. Since the same impulse is required to stop the
driver’s body, a longer collision time results in a lower force, and less chance of injury.
15. True
16. Angular
17. True
18. Increases
19. True
20. Constant
21. Faster
Section 9.2: Conservation of Momentum 1. They have equal magnitude but are opposite in direction.
2. They have equal magnitude but are opposite in direction.
3. They are equal in both magnitude and direction.
4. Closed system
5. Internal forces
6. External forces
7. Isolated system
8. Law of conservation of momentum
9. Change
10. Conditions
11. Interaction
12. Zero
13. Zero
14. Less than zero
15. Greater than zero
16. C
17. C
18. D
19. B
20. A
21. C
22. Since skater N has initial momentum only in the -direction, and skater E has initial momentum only in
the -direction, the final momentum in each direction is equal to the initial momentum of each skater.
( ) (
)
( ) (
)
√
√(
)
(
)
23
(
) (
)
The skaters move at , north of east.
Chapter 10 – Energy, Work, and Simple Machines
Vocabulary Review 1. Efficiency
2. Machine
3. Compound machine
4. Resistance force
5. Watt
6. Effort force
7. Work-energy theorem
8. Energy
9. Kinetic energy
10. Power
11. Mechanical advantage
12. Joule
13. Ideal mechanical advantage
14. Work
Section 10.1: Energy and Work 1. C
2. B
3. E
4. D
5. F
6. A
24
7. True
8. Positive
9. True
10. Decreases
11. Is constant
12. True
16. 0.50 m
17. 30.0 N
18. The area represents the work done on the crate.
19. ( )( )
20. From 0.0 m to 0.40 m, the area under the graph is ( )( ) . Using the equation
for work, ( )( ) . The answers are the same.
21. First, find the area under the graph from 0.50 m to 0.70 m, consisting of a rectangle and a triangle on
top of it formed by the sloped line.
( )( )
( )( )
Add these areas to the area of the rectangle from problem #21 to find the total word done.
22. D
23. B
24. C
25. E
26. A
Section 10.2: Machines We did not discuss machines, and you will not be tested on it.
Chapter 11 – Energy and Its Conservation
Vocabulary Review 1. Conservation of energy
2. Reference level
3. Mechanical energy
4. Kinetic energy
5. Gravitational potential energy
6. Inelastic collision
25
7. Rotational kinetic energy
8. Thermal energy
9. Elastic collision
10. Elastic potential energy
Section 11.1: The Many Forms of Energy 1. B
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. and 6.
7. B
8. A
9. A
10. B
11. C
12. B
13. C
14. B
15. D
16. A
17. B
18. True
19. True
20. Increases
21. True
22. Gravitational potential energy
23. Elastic
24. B
25. C
26
26. D
Section 11.2: Conservation of Energy
1. a. ( )( )( )
b. If you want to go twice as fast, you need four times as much kinetic energy ( is proportional
to ). Since potential energy is converted to kinetic energy as the skater goes down the
ramp, the skater needs four times as much starting potential energy. Since gravitational
potential energy is directly proportional to height, the ramp must be four times as high.
c. Use conservation of mechanical energy. The gravitational potential energy change is equal to
the kinetic energy change. Since the skater starts with 380 J of potential energy (see part a)
and no kinetic energy, and finishes with no potential energy, the skater must finish with 380 J
or kinetic energy.
2. The path that an object follows in reaching the ground does not affect the final kinetic energy of the
object.
3. Some of the original mechanical energy in the system is converted to another form of energy within
members of the system or transmitted to energy outside the system. For example, some of the energy
is lost to friction or air resistance; some energy is converted to thermal energy or sound energy.
4. D
5. A
6. B
7. C
