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Study of Air Quality Impacts Resulting from Prescribed Burning on Military Facilities. Karsten Baumann, Mei Zheng, Michael Chang, and Ted Russell. Endangered Species Act. Clean Air Act. Measurement Sites 2000-2002. Correlations with Wind Direction: Occurrence. Period 2001+ 02 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Study of Air Quality Impacts Resulting from Prescribed Burning on Military Facilities
Karsten Baumann,
Mei Zheng,
Michael Chang, and
Ted Russell
Clean Air Act
EndangeredSpecies Act
Measurement Sites 2000-200235.0
34.5
34.0
33.5
33.0
32.5
32.0
31.5
-85.5 -85.0 -84.5 -84.0 -83.5 -83.0 -82.5 -82.0 -81.5 -81.0
Atlanta
FAQS measurement sites GA-EPD monitoring sites coal burning power plants point sources w/ CO:NOx > 1
20x20 km
Augusta RP
Ft. Gordon
Macon SBP
Columbus OLC
Water Works
Griffin
Tifton
Ft Mountain
Waleska
S-DekalbConfed Ave
Fayetteville
Kennesaw
Crime Lab
Macon SE
Airport
Leslie
LHS
Bayvale ES
Correlations with Wind Direction: Occurrence34.4
34.2
34.0
33.8
33.6
33.4
33.2
33.0
32.8
32.6
32.4
32.2
32.0
-85.5 -85.0 -84.5 -84.0 -83.5 -83.0 -82.5 -82.0
Atlanta
FAQS measurement sites GA-EPD monitoring sites coal burning power plants point sources w/ CO:NOx > 1
20x20 km
Period 2001+ 02MAY-OCT NOV-APR
N
E
S
W6 12
%28 31Macon SBP
N
E
S
W6 12
%
Columbus OLC 29 31
N
E
S
W6 12
%5 12Griffin
N
E
S
W6 12
%41 42Augusta RP
Correlations with Wind Direction: Wind Speed34.4
34.2
34.0
33.8
33.6
33.4
33.2
33.0
32.8
32.6
32.4
32.2
32.0
-85.5 -85.0 -84.5 -84.0 -83.5 -83.0 -82.5 -82.0
Atlanta
FAQS measurement sites GA-EPD monitoring sites coal burning power plants point sources w/ CO:NOx > 1
20x20 km
Period 2001+ 02MAY-OCT NOV-APR
N
E
S
W1.5 3
m/s
27.7%30.8%Macon SBP
N
E
S
W
1.5 3m/s
Columbus OLC 29.4% 30.6%
N
E
S
W1.5 3
m/s
4.9%11.5%Griffin
N
E
S
W1.5 3
m/s
40.9%42.0%Augusta RP
Correlations with Wind Direction: O3
34.4
34.2
34.0
33.8
33.6
33.4
33.2
33.0
32.8
32.6
32.4
32.2
32.0
-85.5 -85.0 -84.5 -84.0 -83.5 -83.0 -82.5 -82.0
Atlanta
FAQS measurement sites GA-EPD monitoring sites coal burning power plants point sources w/ CO:NOx > 1
20x20 km
Period 2001+ 02MAY-OCT NOV-APRDaytime only
N
E
S
W30 60
ppb38.228.5Macon SBP
N
E
S
W30 60
ppb
Columbus OLC 30.7 19.8
N
E
S
W30 60
ppb30.222.2Augusta RP
N
E
S
W30 60
ppb44.236.1Griffin
Correlations with Wind Direction: PM2.5
34.4
34.2
34.0
33.8
33.6
33.4
33.2
33.0
32.8
32.6
32.4
32.2
32.0
-85.5 -85.0 -84.5 -84.0 -83.5 -83.0 -82.5 -82.0
Atlanta
FAQS measurement sites GA-EPD monitoring sites coal burning power plants point sources w/ CO:NOx > 1
20x20 km
Period 2001+ 02MAY-OCT NOV-APR
N
E
S
W9 18
µg m-316.7 15.5Macon SBP
N
E
S
W9 18
µg m-3
Columbus OLC 16.6 19.3
N
E
S
W9 18
µg m-3
15.8 13.4 Griffin
N
E
S
W9 18
µg m-315.0 14.2Augusta RP
Seasonal Differences in Diurnal Cycles: O3 & PM2.5
00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:00
Time (EST)
WINTER HALF NOV-APRMac '01/'02 '00/'01Col '01/'02 '00/'01Aug '01/'02 '00/'01
WINTER HALF NOV-APRGrif '01 Tift '01Mac '01 '00Col '01 '00Aug '01 '00
25
20
15
10
5
0
PM2.
5 (
g m
-3)
00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:00
Time (EST)
SUMMER HALF MAY-OCTGrif '02Mac '02 '01 '00Col '02 '01 '00Aug '02 '01 '00
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
O3
(ppb
v)SUMMER HALF MAY-OCTTift '02 '01Grif '02 '01Mac '02 '01
'00Col '02 '01
'00Aug '02 '01
'00
N
E
S
W10 20 µg m-3
PM2.5 Eceedance for SE winds in Winter 2001
Causes for PM2.5 Eceedance in Winter 2001
0.00
Win
d B
arb
40
30
20
10
0WS
(m/s
) T m
ax-T
min
(C) 80
60
40
20
0
8hm
ax O3 (ppbv)
Columbus GIT OLCEPD AirptEPD Crlab
4
68
10
2
4
68
100
2
4
24h
- PM
2.5
(µg
m-3
)
10/21/01 10/31/01 11/10/01 11/20/01 11/30/01 12/10/01Time (EST)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Ft Benning (acr burnt)
Griffin MaconAugusta Columbus
wild firesprescribed
Study of Air Quality Impacts Resulting from Prescribed Burning on Military Facilities
Objectives and Outlook
• In this initial pilot study, establish understanding of the direct and indirect impact of current burn practices on sub-regional AQ.
• Lay foundation for more comprehensive and better focused Phase II Study to optimize burn practices toward minimum AQ impact.
• Create results for the benefit of LMBs on other mil installations in the SE-US and beyond.
• Learn lessons that help create and implement new revised land management strategies for the benefit of other agencies and institutions that face often times devastating wild fires in other parts of the Nation.
Impacts on local to global scalesIn the continental U.S. prescribed burns and forest fires contribute ~37 %
to the total direct fine PM emissions of ~1 Mio t per year*
* Nizich et al., EPA Report 454/R-00-002 (NTIS PB2000-108054), RTP, NC, 2000
Effects on• Health
• Visibility• Air Quality
• ClimateDo prescribed burns reduce the risk of wild fires?
OLC site upgradeResearch site at
Oxbow Meadows Environmental Learning Center
upgraded for PM source apportionment and in situ
gas phase sampling
3’
4’
a/c
11’
8’
Stair step
4’ 14’
Guy wired8m Towertilt down
10’ Gate
45’ x 40’ Fence
N
10’ x 12’ Shelter
4 additional 20 A circuit breakers
33’ x 7’ level Platform~ 1’ above ground
4 quadruple outlets on individual breakers
PM2.5 Sampling at OLCTable 1: PM2.5 sampler operation at OLC during prescribed burn events at Fort Benning.
sample day sample type start time duration Hi-Vol PCM
EST h sample sample
day before background 0:00 12 E1 A1+D1
day before background 12:00 12 F1 A1+D1
operator exchanges sample media in Hi-Vol samplers (E&F) and PCMs (A&D)
burn day flaming stage 12:00 5 E2 B1+D2
burn day flaming stage 17:00 5 F2 C1+D2
operator exchanges sample media in Hi-Vol samplers (E&F) and PCMs (B&C&D)
burn day smoldering stage 22:00 5 E3 A2+D3
post burn day smoldering stage 3:00 5 F3 B2+D3
operator exchanges sample media in hi-vol sampler (E)
day after plume impact 8:00 >5 E4 C2+D3
TOTAL >49 7 10
Table 2: Time series schematic of Hi-Vol and PCM PM2.5 sampler operation from Table 1.
PCM A
PCM B
PCM C
PCM D
HV E
HV F
Time (h) 0 12 24 12 17 22 3 8 13
Activity pre-burn burn day post-burn
stage background flaming smoldering
VOC sampling at OLC, Fts. Benning & GordonTable 3: VOC sampling schedule for Fort Benning (top), and Fort Gordon (bottom), period Jan-Jun 2003.
Approx Burn Stage Sampling Location Total
Time upwind burn unit downwind OLC sampled analyzed
1100 pre-ignition 1 1 2 2
1400 mostly flaming 1 1 1 1 4 3
1700 mostly smoldering 1 1 1 1 4 3
2200 mostly smoldering 1 1 1
800 residual impact 1 1 1
Total sampled 2 3 2 5 12
Total analyzed 2 3 1 4 10
Approx Burn Stage Sampling Location Total
Time upwind burn unit downwind RP sampled analyzed
1000 pre-ignition 1 1 2 2
1400 mostly flaming 1 1 1 3 3
1700 mostly smoldering 1 1 1 3 2
Total sampled 3 2 3 8
Total analyzed 3 1 2 6
Difficulties
• Are at the mercy of met conditions and (therefore) have to be prepared (flexible).
• Sample media collection and delivery time consuming.
Collaborators and Contributors
CSU-OLC: Jill Whiting, Jim Trostle, site operatorsBecky Champion, director, “courier”
Ft Benning: Polly Gustafson, EMD, reporting to J BrentJack Greenlee, LMB, reporting to R LarimoreHugh Westbury, SERDP, contractor,
reporting to D Price, US Army, Vicksburg, MSFt Gordon: Allen Braswell, ENRMO, reporting to S WillardAugusta RP: Shari Mendrick, Col.Cty.Eng.Dept., Evans, GA
Preliminary PCM Results
TEOM Mass
PM2.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1/20/0
3 0:00
1/21/0
3 17:00
1/22/0
3 3:00
2/5/03
12:00
2/5/03
22:00
2/6/03
8:00
AVG
3/10/0
3 17:00
3/11/0
3 8:00AVG
3/24/0
3 12:00
3/25/0
3 22:00
3/27/0
3 22:00
AVG
Start Time (EST)
(g
m-3
)
[K+] [Na+] [NH4+] [Cl-] [NO3-] [SO4-2] Acetate Formate Oxalate OC EC OOE UnID
Background937 acres 1256 acres
3770 acres
Preliminary PCM Results, cont’ed
28%
9%
8%2%
27%
18%
5% 3% SO4=
NO3-
NH4+
EC
OC
OOE
LOA
Others
Average mass = 11.4 +-2.5 g m-3
OM/OC = 1.6 +-0.3
Period 20-22 January
23%
10%
11%
2%31%
13%
7%3%
Average mass = 14.2 +-2.5 g m-3OM/OC = 1.4 +-0.1
Period 2-6 February
25%
5%
3%
3%
33%
18%
3%
10%
Average mass = 15.6 +-2.7 g m-3
OM/OC = 1.6 +-0.1
Period 10-11 March
18%
2%
7%
2%
43%
23%
4% 1%
Average mass = 23.6 +-4.8 g m-3
OM/OC = 1.5 +-0.2
Period 24-27 March
Progressively increasing
fine PM mass and increasing
organics fraction
MorePreliminary
Results:March’03
25%
5%
3%
3%
33%
18%
3%
10%
SO4=
NO3-
NH4+
EC
OC
OOE
LOA
Others
Average mass = 15.6 +-2.7 g m-3
OM/OC = 1.6 +-0.1
Period 10-11 March
50
40
30
20
10
0
PM2.
5 (µ
g/m
3 ) N
O N
Oy
O3
(ppb
v)
00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00
Time (EST)
3-9
00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00
Time (EST)
10-162671acres
00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00
Time (EST)
17-23
00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00
Time (EST)
600
500
400
300
200
100
CO
(ppbv)
24-303770acres
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
RH
(%)
PAR
(W/m
2 ) W
D (d
egN
)
3-9 10-16 17-23
20
15
10
5
0
air T (C) W
S (m/s)
24-30
18%
2%
7%
2%
43%
23%
4% 1%
Average mass = 23.6 +-4.8 g m-3
OM/OC = 1.5 +-0.2
Period 24-27 March
Increased fine PM mass and organics fraction correlate with increased temperature, solar radiation, and O3, indicating increased oxidizing potential, hence formation of SOA
Still To Do
• Collect more samples as progressing into summer• Analyze VOC samples• Analyze POC High-Volume samples• QA/QC all met, gas and PM data• Do source apportionment for select samples• Integrate ECMI met data from Ft Benning• Merge all AQ data with fuel data• Evaluate fuel-type – AQ relationship• Prepare data for model integration• Develop strategy for phase II
For more information
• Dr. Karsten Baumann (PI) [email protected]
• Dr. Mei Zheng [email protected]
• Dr. Michael Chang [email protected]
• Dr. Ted Russell [email protected]
Find this presentation as 030429 FAQS Col briefg in ppt-format at
http://arec.gatech.edu/Presentations