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STUDY OF HIGH PERFORMANCE CURING COMPOUNDS FOR CONCRETE
PAVEMENTS IN WISCONSIN
WisDOT/WHRP Project #0092-11-05
Samuel Helgeson, former graduate studentDesign Engineer at Epstein in Chicago
Steven Cramer, PhD, PE
University of Wisconsin-MadisonDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association Annual Workshop - 2015
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 1 of 29
This research project was funded through WisDOT and the USDOT. Neither WisDOT nor the USDOT assume any liability for the contents or the use thereof nor does this presentation reflect official views, policies, standard specifications or regulations of either department.
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 2 of 29
Problem Statement• Research project is in response to reported premature scaling damage
within new Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) pavements that have been cured using membrane forming curing compounds (MFCC’s)
http://nebula.wsimg.com/a3fe97072ab1155fdc32cdd5c9ce0fd3?AccessKeyId=D94D99729EAEC69E9267&disposition=0&alloworigin=1
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 3 of 29
Membrane Forming Curing Compounds• MFCCs are chemical solutions that may consist of three parts
• Carrier: Water or organic solvent• Solid Constituent: Chemical suspended in carrier
• Forms hydrophobic membrane after carrier evaporates
• Pigmentation
• Purpose: Provide a continuous hydrophobic membrane that prevents evaporation of water necessary for hydration
• Applied by pressure sprayers
• Guidance from ACI 308:• ‘After bleeding has ceased and surface is free of visible bleed water’
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 4 of 29
Concrete Bleeding
Cross section of Concrete Pavement Visually identified bleed water
• Time dependent process• Usually terminates with full evaporation after 2-4 hours• In application, end of bleed process is subjective call
http://civildigital.com/bleeding-concrete-definition-negative-effects-control/
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 5 of 29
Project Goal• Determine the influence of MFCC application time on F/T surface
durability of paving concrete specimens (ASTM C672)
• 30 Minutes: Bleeding is occurring, with water on surface• 2 Hours: Bleeding progress is unknown, bleed water may be on
surface• 4 Hours: Bleeding has terminated, bleed water is no longer
present on surface
• Emulsions: 30 Minutes, 2 Hours, and 4 Hours• Acrylic: 30 Minutes and 4 Hours• Mixes containing Fly Ash: 30 Minutes and 4 Hours
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 6 of 29
Mix Design• Two coarse aggregate types (WISDOT #1)
• River run glacial gravel• Limestone
• One fine aggregate source• Cementitious materials
• Ordinary Portland Cement• 30% mass replacement Fly Ash or Ground Granulated Blast
Slag• Madison municipal water• Air entraining agent and water reducing admixtures• w/cm ratio: 0.4• Slump: 3±1 inches• Air entrainment: 6±1%
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 7 of 29
Materials and Methods-Concrete Mixing and Specimen Manufacture
• ASTM C672 Scaling Test Specimens• Three replicate specimens per mix type-curing compound-application time
combination• MFCCs applied using balance accurate to 0.1 grams• 3” deep by 12” diameter• 1” deep, 10” diameter PVC dam adhered to testing surface• Sealed with caulk on testing edge, epoxy around non-testing surfaces• Cured for 56 days prior to freeze-thaw testing
Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 3 Mix 4 Mix 5 Mix 6Limestone-
OPCLimestone-
SlagLimestone-
Fly Ash Gravel-OPC Gravel-Slag Gravel-Fly Ash
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 8 of 29
Methods and Materials-MFCC Descriptions
• Wet Room Curing• One set of specimens from each mix type, used to as representative of
more traditional methods for comparison
• Water-based emulsion MFCCs (white pigmented for WISDOT use)
• Linseed Oil• Application rate of 14.9 grams/specimen, solids fraction of 40-50%
• Wax• Application rate of 14.9 grams/specimen, solids fraction of 15-25%
• Poly-alpha-methylstyrene (PAMS)• Application rate of 14.9 grams/specimen, solids fraction of approximately
52.5%
• Sealing Compound (non-pigmented)• Acrylic
• Application rate of 9.1 g/specimen, solids fraction of approximately 25%
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 9 of 29
Methods and Materials-Specimen Pictures
Specimen prior to freeze-thaw testing
Fresh specimen on application
balance
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 10 of 29
Methods and Materials-Scaling Test• ASTM C672
• ¼” layer of 4% by mass NaCl in deionized water solution
• 1 freeze-thaw cycle: 4 hours at 32oC, 20 hours at -16oC
• Every 5 cycles, pooled water is poured over #200 sieve.
• Specimen is gently rinsed over sieve
• Solution replaced and put back into freeze-thaw chamber
• Collected mass is dried for 24 hrs, weighed and recorded
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 11 of 29
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Mas
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Cycles
ASTM C672 Results Mix 1-A: Wet Room Cured
Wet Room
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 12 of 29
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ASTM C672 ResultsMix 1-B: Linseed Oil
30 Minutes 2 Hours 4 Hours
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 13 of 29
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ASTM C672 ResultsMix 1-C: Wax
30 Minutes 2 Hours 4 Hours
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 14 of 29
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ASTM C672 ResultsMix 1-D: PAMS
30 Minutes 2 Hours 4 Hours
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 15 of 29
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ASTM C672 ResultsMix 1-E: Acrylic
30 Minutes 4 Hours
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 16 of 29
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Mas
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ASTM C672 ResultsMix 2-A: Wet Room Cured
Wet Room
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 17 of 29
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Mas
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ASTM C672 ResultsMix 2-B: Linseed Oil
30 Minutes 2 Hours 4 Hours
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 18 of 29
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Mas
s Los
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ASTM C672 ResultsMix 2-C: Wax
30 Minutes 2 Hours 4 Hours
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 19 of 29
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Mas
s Los
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Cycles
ASTM C672 ResultsMix 2-D: PAMS
30 Minutes 2 Hours 4 Hours
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 20 of 29
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Mas
s Los
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Cycles
ASTM C672 ResultsMix 2-E: Acrylic
30 Minutes 4 Hours
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 21 of 29
0
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Limestone &OPC
Limestone &Slag
Limestone &Fly Ash
Gravel &OPC
Gravel &Slag
Gravel & FlyAsh
Mas
s Los
s (g/
m2 )
Mix Type
30 Minutes
2 Hours
4 Hours
C672 Results: Linseed Oil Scaling Data Across Mix Types
Comparison Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 3 Mix 4 Mix 5 Mix 630 Min v. 2 Hr NO YES YES NO30 Min v. 4 Hr NO YES YES YES NO YES
2 Hr v. 4 Hr NO NO YES NO
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 22 of 29
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
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Limestone &OPC
Limestone &Slag
Limestone &Fly Ash
Gravel &OPC
Gravel &Slag
Gravel & FlyAsh
Mas
s Los
s (g/
m2 )
Mix Type
30 Minutes
2 Hours
4 Hours
C672 Results: Wax Scaling Data Across Mix Types
Comparison Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 3 Mix 4 Mix 5 Mix 630 Min v. 2 Hr YES NO NO NO30 Min v. 4 Hr NO YES YES NO NO NO
2 Hr v. 4 Hr YES YES NO NO
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 23 of 29
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Limestone &OPC
Limestone &Slag
Limestone &Fly Ash
Gravel &OPC
Gravel &Slag
Gravel & FlyAsh
Mas
s Los
s (g/
m2 )
Mix Type
30 Minutes2 Hours4 Hours
C672 Results: PAMS Scaling Data Across Mix Types
Comparison Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 3 Mix 4 Mix 5 Mix 630 Min v. 2 Hr NO NO NO NO30 Min v. 4 Hr NO NO NO NO NO NO
2 Hr v. 4 Hr NO NO NO NO
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 24 of 29
0
200
400
600
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Limestone &OPC
Limestone &Slag
Limestone &Fly Ash
Gravel &OPC
Gravel &Slag
Gravel & FlyAsh
Mas
s Los
s (g/
m2 )
Mix Type
30 Minutes
4 Hours
Results: Acrylic Scaling Data Across Mix Types
Comparison Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 3 Mix 4 Mix 5 Mix 6
NO YES YES30 Min v. 4 Hr YES NO YES
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 25 of 29
C672 Results-Scaling Performance of MFCCs vs Wet Room
• MFCC-Application time scaling data was normalized to the Wet Room scaling data for the corresponding mix type
• Provides comparison of MFCC scaling damage relative to Wet Room amounts
Curing Compound Application Time
Range of FactorsAverage
Min Max
Linseed Oil30 Minutes 5 28 12
2 Hours 2 26 94 Hours 2 20 6
Wax30 Minutes 3 18 7
2 Hours 5 36 134 Hours 2 15 5
PAMS30 Minutes 1 10 4
2 Hours 5 10 74 Hours 1 8 4
Acrylic30 Minutes 3 8 6
4 Hours 1 5 2
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 26 of 29
Conclusions
• Different curing compounds work best when applied at times that reflect mix characteristics and conditions of the concrete surface
• Linseed Oil and Acrylic formulations were sensitive to time of application. 30 minutes is too soon to apply linseed oil and acrylic formulations.
• Two to four hours depending on conditions. Two hours application time very dependent on conditions.
• Wax varied but 2 hours was worst and 4 hours was best.
• PAMS formulations were not consistently time sensitive
• In particular PAMS performed inconsistently with Slag Cement
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 27 of 29
Acknowledgements• WISDOT• Kevin McMullen, WCPA• Andrea Breen, LaFarge North
America• Isabelle Girard and John
Newton, UW Biotron Facility• Jake Effinger, Tom McAdams,
Dylan Kissinger, Jaime Yanez Rojas, and Turner Papendieck, UW students who assisted
• Curing compound suppliers
• Bill Lang, WSMTL• Carole Kraak, WSMTL• Ramsey Kropp
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 28 of 29
WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Steve Cramer Presentation February 12, 2015 29 of 29